198 lines
24 KiB
XML
198 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="A7C67AFFBC76907830582ECD16C0592E" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDFF6368C6B3925FDCBF3C1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rousettus spinalatus Bergmans & Hill 1980" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="85" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="80A31B4091B5A132AF2C2CC7B6C7D97F">
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<mods:title id="CBE1D602E49EE2A0C5E3F2AA8436B17B">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="8D6FFF52C2EE8F14D679E293B5FE1855" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="17B8578D1137276E1C6B8030377ED03C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89F851CCDD820FA7F192489F83E58F0E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="126C360A8A88F133FF7B02264C6115EB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="22F03033A79B189F700CB1B259AC5DCD">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="97AE308C5EDD0D1659659578AC17990E" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="D2AD846BABA4C6CC0D758941E26BD7D6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="E37F99E33E270654D891A56855FD37FD">
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<mods:placeTerm id="FB235B1F34D1090658C96437FF53591C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BB1D23ABB3016903322B739F1FD61A58">
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<mods:title id="0BE45AD927D0BC1FC3DD0162CEB8E8EE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DD3B3E350D69B63E88D5824506BEE2BB">
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<mods:start id="6E5BCD365C52B9767F6E0C195E5873AD">16</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="D2D2AE9DE2B71B7AD81152BB1D47904C">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4B2CDDFD2FA6F62517C23EB878E75501" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B3F48184A263FDCA9FB56E7829556D14" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFDFF6368C6B3925FDCBF3C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448913" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379294" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDFF6368C6B3925FDCBF3C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDFF6368C6B3925FDCBF3C1" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6B3925FA0AF2F0" box="[1397,1455,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6B3925FA0AF2F0" blockId="27.[1395,2428,3385,3478]" box="[1397,1455,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF6318C6B3925FA0AF2F0" box="[1397,1455,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFDFF6318C6B3925FA0AF2F0" box="[1397,1455,3385,3435]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">42.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318CA13925F826F2F0" box="[1471,1923,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318CA13925F826F2F0" blockId="27.[1395,2428,3385,3478]" box="[1471,1923,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF6318CA13925F826F2F0" box="[1471,1923,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF6318CA13925F826F2F0" ID-CoL="4THD3" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[1471,1923,3385,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Bare-backed Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318ED43925F69AF2F0" box="[1994,2367,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318ED43925F69AF2F0" blockId="27.[1395,2428,3385,3478]" box="[1994,2367,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF6318ED43925F69AF2F0" box="[1994,2367,3385,3435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318ED43925F69AF2F0" ID-CoL="4THD3" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[1994,2367,3385,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318ED43925F69AF2F0" box="[1994,2367,3385,3435]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Rousettus spinalatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6B3961F6DEF209" box="[1397,2427,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6B3961F6DEF209" blockId="27.[1395,2428,3385,3478]" box="[1397,2427,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF6318C6B3961F6DEF209" box="[1397,2427,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6B3961FA65F209" bold="true" box="[1397,1472,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF6318CD43961F92CF209" ID-CoL="4THD3" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[1482,1673,3453,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Roussette a dos nu</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318F813961F95CF209" bold="true" box="[1695,1785,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF6318E1A3961F845F209" ID-CoL="4THD3" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[1796,2016,3453,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Nacktrlicken-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318EEB3961F7F4F209" bold="true" box="[2037,2129,3453,3474]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF63181453961F6DEF209" ID-CoL="4THD3" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[2139,2427,3453,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Rosetus de espalda desnuda</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F6368A0E353CFC69FEFE" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F6368A0E353CFC69FEFE" blockId="28.[784,1376,288,712]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F6368A0E353CFC09FEA6" bold="true" box="[784,940,288,317]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD8F6368AA2353CFC62FEFE" ID-CoL="4THD3" authority="Bergmans & Hill, 1980" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Rousettus spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F6368AC03554FC06FE2F" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F6368AC03554FC06FE2F" blockId="28.[784,1376,288,712]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD8F6368AC03554FC06FE2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391347" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
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“northern
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD8F6368D643554FB4AFEFE" box="[1146,1263,328,357]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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(either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat),”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD8F6368A0C358BFC3AFE2F" box="[786,927,407,436]" name="Indonesia" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F6368A0F35A6FBDEFE40" box="[785,1147,442,475]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F6368A0F35A6FBDEFE40" blockId="28.[784,1376,288,712]" box="[785,1147,442,475]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F6368A0F35F9FC34FDC9" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD8F6368A0F35F9FC34FDC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803664/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" startId="28.[785,957,485,514]" targetBox="[169,762,294,710]" targetPageId="28">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F6368A0F35F9FC34FDC9" blockId="28.[784,1376,288,712]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F6368A0F35F9FC64FD99" bold="true" box="[785,961,485,514]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N Sumatra and N Borneo (Sabah,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD8F6368A97360DFC4FFDB1" box="[905,1002,529,554]" name="Brunei" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Brunei</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD8F6368AE3360DFBD5FDB1" box="[1021,1136,529,554]" name="Malaysia" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
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, and North Kalimantan).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F6368A0F364BFD31F608" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F6368A0F364BFD31F608" blockId="28.[784,1376,288,712]" lastBlockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F6368A0F364BFBB0FDE3" bold="true" box="[785,1045,599,632]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368DFB364BFAFAFDE3" box="[1253,1375,599,632]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="105.0">105 mm</quantity>
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(type specimen), tail
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368D4F369FFB78FD3B" box="[1105,1245,643,672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="9.0">9-18 mm</quantity>
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, ear 15- 22.5 mm, hindfoot 15:-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368D4236B7FB79FD53" box="[1116,1244,683,712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="5.0">5-19 mm</quantity>
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, forearm 80-6-89-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F636883A36D3FEDFFD6B" box="[292,378,719,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight 66-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368B3A36D3FD27FD6B" box="[548,642,719,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="9.4" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="g" value="49.0" valueMax="94.0" valueMin="4.0">4-94 g</quantity>
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. Males are larger than females. Wings of the Barebacked Rousette originate at dorsal midline, thereby giving appearance of a bare back. Muzzle is conical, with sparse fur of short very dark brown hairs.
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD8F6368D4E373AFB15FCA4" box="[1104,1200,806,831]" country="France" name="Centre" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Center</collectingRegion>
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of chin and throat is almost naked. There are 15 small warts, each with one long vibrissa, on either side of head between nostrils, eyes, and upperlip; 10-15 warts also occur on either side of chin on lower lip and aboutsix warts at either side of the area under eye behind mouth corner. Nostrils are separated by vertical clef that protrudes slightly and is directed forward and outward.
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD8F6368B9937FFFD6EFB9F" box="[647,715,995,1028]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Chin</collectingRegion>
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pad is widely V-shaped, with shallow groove in median plane and notched at its proximal point and with short and narrow offshoot at each side along lowerlip. Lips are thick, each with single row of very small papillae on posterior one-half of inner margin. Ears are moderately long, rather broad at bases and gradually narrowing to obtuse point; margins are thickened at bases. Antitragal lobe is thick and quite distinct. Ears are naked, except for lower posterior part of outer surfaces; skin of conch is dark brown. Nape has very few, long dark brown hairs. Dorsum between shoulders is almost naked in some specimens. Mantle continues along upper arms in narrow stretch to a point c.
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368A913103FC51FADB" box="[911,1012,1311,1344]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
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from elbow. Male’s necks have yellowish orange tufts on both sides. Chest and belly have relatively dense but rather short drab fur. Dorsum under plagiopatagium and part of adjoining sides of body are covered with fairly long (
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368BBB3189FCBAFA2D" box="[677,799,1429,1462]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5-8 mm</quantity>
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), bicolored hairs. Fur on rest of body is generally pale brownish gray. Wing is relatively short and broad. From a point dorsal to axilla, plagiopatagium extends following distal margin of scapula toward spinalline, which is reached at level of caudal point of scapula, and following spinal line until proximal part of leg and extending up to inside of proximal end offirst phalanx of first toe. Wings are joined for ¢.
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368B653247FD47F9E7" box="[635,738,1627,1660]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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above back before they diverge. Dorsal side of uropatagium, tibia, and toes have sparsely scattered hairs. Dorsally, uropatagium appears as an extension of plagiopatagium because it is also inserted along dorsal side of proximal part of leg, along same commissure as plagiopatagium, further along inner side of tibia, and along spinal line, to halfway on external tail. Wings and tail membrane are dark brown; propatagium, parts of plagiopatagium (near forearm and body), and uropatagium except for caudal zone are more translucent than rest of wing membranes. Ventral sides of legs are naked. Skull is similar to that of Geoffroy’s Rousette (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD8F636885F338BFDECF823" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[321,585,1943,1976]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">R. amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
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), differing mainly in dentition. Premaxillae are slender, in contact but not co-ossified anteriorly. Braincase is moderately deflected. Temporal ridges are separate anteriorly, uniting at c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368BEB33FAFCE2F79C" box="[757,839,2022,2055]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
from supraoccipital ridge. Interorbital constriction is similar in width to postorbital constriction; braincase is highly domed. Zygomatic arches are slender. Mandible is slender and relatively broad anteriorly, with relatively high coronoid process. Palatal ridges have a 3 + 4 + 1 pattern. Upper incisors are small, I? is somewhat larger than I' and curved posteriorly and inwardly, and I? is separated from C' by narrow diastema (c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368A5E3CB7FC3DF757" box="[832,920,2219,2252]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
). P' is small, next premolar (P°) is short and narrow, and P* is low. M! is low and rectangular, and M? is low, more or less rectangular, with anterior width greatest. P| is low, squarish, and rather small; P, is rather high, narrow, and elongated; and P, is low and rounded anteriorly. M,is low, long, and generally rectangular; M,is similar to M, but shorter, lower, and wider anteriorly; and M,is smaller and lower.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AE3D85FB7CF621" box="[176,1241,2457,2490]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AE3D85FB7CF621" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" box="[176,1241,2457,2490]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AE3D85FEBAF621" bold="true" box="[176,287,2457,2490]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical lowland rainforests from sea level to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368D663D85FB70F621" box="[1144,1237,2457,2490]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AE3DDCFBECF592" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AE3DDCFBECF592" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AE3DDCFE12F67A" bold="true" box="[176,439,2496,2529]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Bare-backed Rousette is thought to feed on nectar and fruits. There are anecdotal claims that it damages and eats swiftlet nests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AE3E13FB12F5E4" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AE3E13FB12F5E4" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AE3E13FE93F5AB" bold="true" box="[176,310,2575,2608]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Seven female Bare-backed Rousettes were pregnant in August
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD8F6368DD23E13FA97F5AB" box="[1228,1330,2575,2608]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.03936" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" unit="in" value="1984.0">1984 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD8F6368C5E3E13FF42F5CC" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Similarly, five males collected in the same occasion had greatly enlarged testes.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD8F63689AF3E42FEA0F5E4" box="[177,261,2654,2687]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
is nearly aseasonal, with abundant rainfall every month of the year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689B13E99FED0F484" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689B13E99FED0F484" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689B13E99FE39F53D" bold="true" box="[175,412,2693,2726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Bare-backed Rousettes are nocturnal and presumably emerge from caves after sunset and return before sunrise. They roost in dark caves; individuals in a colony produced click calls similar to those of Geoffroy’s Rousette, suggesting ability to echolocate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AF3F3FFAB4F4F7" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AF3F3FFAB4F4F7" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AF3F3FFCC9F4DF" bold="true" box="[177,876,2851,2884]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of ¢.300 Bare-backed Rousettes have been recorded, and they share roost caves with Geoffroy’s Rousettes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AC3F6EFBBBF391" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AC3F6EFBBBF391" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AC3F6EFDBCF408" bold="true" box="[178,537,2930,2963]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Barebacked Rousette is considered rare. Populations are estimated to have declined by more than 30% over a 15-year period due to habitat loss; this decline is predicted to continue in the future, but no conservation plans are in place.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD8F63689AD3805FDCBF3C1" pageId="28" pageNumber="86" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD8F63689AD3805FDCBF3C1" blockId="28.[171,1385,719,3162]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD8F63689AD3805FEE9F3A9" bold="true" box="[179,332,3097,3122]" pageId="28" pageNumber="86">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans & Hill (1980), Francis (1989), Francis, Hutson, Sinaga & Kingston (2008), Payne et al. (1985), Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |