252 lines
31 KiB
XML
252 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="25C4670A5F0ABA86655C630A2F2E9EF2" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDCF6338CAF3C56FD51F866" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Casinycteris ophiodon" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="55D44E65F68F66099B98FFFAA0F6D674" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EBB0E70983A384BEF9D2380335895847">
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<mods:title id="F811912A331D7756C4A3CFFF4908BBB6">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="748ECFF9A7F098DA2EA1964B7DAED4AF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="199397483BAC72094369103D4373B09E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BBAB9EADD41ED9CEF09B7F24DAE1D608">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6593074466EDBABA1A511F9EEBC05C96">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1B3A1633C5DCA9B005F5FE6981939056" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="C3FFCF842325E5C3B55D7995ED3E6F17">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0BEC602FAB44EE9ADB300490245D51AF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="3691B3261386F05E57739330B96857AA">
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<mods:title id="82E81B68C049EFD43F1E67A6A398A118">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="DECE41E28EE0DBD1FA115605B29DD7A2" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFDCF6338CAF3C56FD51F866" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448903" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448903" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDCF6338CAF3C56FD51F866" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDCF6338CAF3C56FD51F866" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6328CAF3C56FA4FF7E3" box="[1457,1514,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328CAF3C56FA4FF7E3" blockId="24.[1454,2502,2122,2247]" box="[1457,1514,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDCF6328CAF3C56FA4FF7E3" box="[1457,1514,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFDCF6328CAF3C56FA4FF7E3" box="[1457,1514,2122,2168]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">36.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6328CE43C56F8F3F7E3" box="[1530,1878,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328CE43C56F8F3F7E3" blockId="24.[1454,2502,2122,2247]" box="[1530,1878,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDCF6328CE43C56F8F3F7E3" box="[1530,1878,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDCF6328CE43C56F8F3F7E3" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1530,1878,2122,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Pohle’s Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6328E823C56F6B8F7E3" box="[1948,2333,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328E823C56F6B8F7E3" blockId="24.[1454,2502,2122,2247]" box="[1948,2333,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFDCF6328E823C56F6B8F7E3" box="[1948,2333,2122,2168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328E823C56F6B8F7E3" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1948,2333,2122,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328E823C56F6B8F7E3" box="[1948,2333,2122,2168]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Casinycteris ophiodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6328CAE3C96F83EF75C" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328CAE3C96F660F704" blockId="24.[1454,2502,2122,2247]" box="[1456,2501,2186,2207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDCF6328CAE3C96F660F704" box="[1456,2501,2186,2207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328CAE3C96FA5EF704" bold="true" box="[1456,1531,2186,2207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDCF6328F1A3C96F973F704" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1540,1750,2186,2207]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Casinyctére de Pohle</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328FF53C96F8E3F704" bold="true" box="[1771,1862,2186,2207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDCF6328E4E3C96F7DFF704" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1872,2170,2186,2207]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Pohle-Kurzschnauzenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF632818E3C96F74EF704" bold="true" box="[2192,2283,2186,2207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDCF63281EA3C96F660F704" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[2292,2501,2186,2207]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Casinicterio de Pohle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328CB13CAEF83EF75C" blockId="24.[1454,2502,2122,2247]" box="[1455,1947,2226,2247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFDCF6328CB13CAEF83EF75C" box="[1455,1947,2226,2247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328CB13CAEF902F75C" bold="true" box="[1455,1703,2226,2247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDCF6328FAE3CAEF83EF75C" ID-CoL="RKL2" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1712,1947,2226,2247]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Snake-toothed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF632810D3CEEF7FBF6A0" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF632810D3CEEF7FBF6A0" blockId="24.[2067,2665,2290,2719]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF632810D3CEEF70AF688" bold="true" box="[2067,2223,2290,2323]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63281D23CEEF7FCF6A0" ID-CoL="4VY2G" authority="Pohle, 1943" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Scotonycteris ophiodon Pohle, 1943</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63281773D02F5E0F6A0" box="[2153,2629,2334,2363]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63281773D02F5E0F6A0" blockId="24.[2067,2665,2290,2719]" box="[2153,2629,2334,2363]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFDCF63281773D02F5E0F6A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391378" box="[2153,2629,2334,2363]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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Bipindi, Kribi District,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF63280B73D02F5E4F6A0" box="[2473,2625,2334,2363]" name="Cameroon" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF632810B3D5DF6E2F5E3" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF632810B3D5DF6E2F5E3" blockId="24.[2067,2665,2290,2719]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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Until recently,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63281E63D5DF6CFF6F9" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" box="[2296,2410,2369,2402]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">ophiodon</taxonomicName>
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was included in
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63281083D75F716F611" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[2070,2227,2409,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotonycteris</taxonomicName>
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, but it was moved to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63280E93D75F79AF62A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Casinycteris</taxonomicName>
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based on analyses of morphology and cytochrome-b sequences. Sequences differed by 14:4% between
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF632806F3DFCF646F59A" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" box="[2417,2531,2528,2561]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">ophiodon</taxonomicName>
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and S. zenkeriand 7-7% and 8-4% between
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63280EB3E14F5C2F5B2" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" box="[2549,2663,2568,2601]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">ophiodon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63281463E2BF74EF5CB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[2136,2283,2615,2640]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argynnis">C. argynnis</taxonomicName>
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and C. campomaanenss, respectively. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF632810B3E62F87AF552" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFDCF632810B3E62F87AF552" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803652/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" startId="24.[2069,2241,2686,2719]" targetBox="[1453,2044,2302,2716]" targetPageId="24">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF632810B3E62F87AF552" blockId="24.[2067,2665,2290,2719]" lastBlockId="24.[1457,2667,2728,3470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF632810B3E62F763F504" bold="true" box="[2069,2246,2686,2719]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF63281CB3E62F69EF504" box="[2261,2363,2686,2719]" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF63280503E62F64BF504" box="[2382,2542,2686,2719]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF632831C3E62F5C4F504" box="[2562,2657,2686,2719]" name="Ghana" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328CAC3EB4F9ECF552" box="[1458,1609,2728,2761]" name="Cameroon" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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, and
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328F863EB4F87EF552" box="[1688,2011,2728,2761]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6338CAF3ECEFC1DFCAE" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6338CAF3ECEFC1DFCAE" blockId="24.[1457,2667,2728,3470]" lastBlockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328CAF3ECEF90AF574" bold="true" box="[1457,1711,2770,2799]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF632801E3ECEF63CF574" box="[2304,2457,2770,2799]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20-25 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328F813EE5F894F48D" box="[1695,1841,2809,2838]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" metricValueMax="7.9" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="76.5" valueMax="79.0" valueMin="74.0">74-79 mm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328EF13EE5F724F48D" box="[2031,2177,2809,2838]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="77.0" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="73.0">73-81 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF63280963EE5F656F48D" box="[2440,2547,2809,2838]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.85" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="g" value="68.5" valueMax="77.0" valueMin="60.0">60-77 g</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328CEB3F01F9C0F4A5" box="[1525,1637,2845,2878]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="g" value="79.5" valueMax="95.0" valueMin="64.0">64-95 g</quantity>
|
||
(females). Pohle’s Fruit Bat has conspicuous face markings consisting of white patch on forehead in between eyes, white posterior eyespots, broad white band aroundlips; greenish yellow skin on upperlip and snout; moderately expansible upperlip, internally fringed with prominent papillae; and remarkably wide and expansible cheeks of adult males. Muzzle is broad and relatively short. Head is dog-like; eyes are large; irises are greenish brown; and ears are dark brown, with yellowish rims (lighter at base), naked, oval, and slightly pointed at tips, without conspicuous basal white tufts. There are no epaulettes on adult males. Males and females are similar in color; dorsum is medium brown to rusty brown and speckled; hairs have dark brown, almost blackish bases, pale gray to whitish middles, and brown tips; pelage is dense, soft, woolly, and mid-dorsally
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328E4E38B4F874F352" box="[1872,2001,3240,3273]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9-10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and dorsally extends some distance along forearm. Venter is medium to dark brown at flanks, contrasting with paler whitish gray on chin, throat, neck, and mid-venter; pelage of underparts is much shorter and sparser than on dorsum. Wings are brown, with yellowish green reticulations in adults and more or less uniform brown in subadults, dorsally sparsely covered in hairs between forearm and fifth digit, below whitish woolly hairs are spread on membrane around forearm, and attach to first toes; finger joints are yellowish; and thumbs are relatively long; Penis and scrotum are bright greenish yellow in adult males. Skull is rounded, rostrum is of medium length and not upturned; profile of forehead is weakly concave; sagittal crest is low; premaxillae are well developed; zygomatic width is fairly narrow and arches relatively light; bony palate extends well beyond posterior teeth; there are usually six thick, undivided inter-palatal ridges and 10-13 thin, narrow, serrated postdental ridges; and mandible is rather heavy. Canines are long; C' is noticeably curved backward, with serrated inner edges (hence “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338BEB3634FCD9FDD2" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" box="[757,892,552,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">ophiodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
” or snake-toothed); premolars and molars are tall, pointed, and subcircular, with two distinct cusps on inner and outer side of each tooth, except for P, and M,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FNa = 62, with eleven pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and five pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric or subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric (note that most spreadsyielded diploid number of 33 but with varying unpaired elements).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF6338967375CFEC7FC30" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF6338967375CFEC7FC30" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF6338967375CFF4DFCC6" bold="true" box="[121,232,832,861]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Western and West Central Rainforest biotic zones in lowland rainforests, montane forests, and coastal forests at elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDDF6338A5E3774FC38FC1E" box="[832,925,872,901]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</quantity>
|
||
(Oda,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDDF6338D153774FBCCFC1E" box="[1035,1129,872,901]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDDF6338DA13774FA88FC1E" box="[1215,1325,872,901]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
|
||
(Mount Nimba).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF633896637AEFDE9FA95" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF633896637AEFDE9FA95" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF633896637AEFE21FC48" bold="true" box="[120,388,946,979]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pohle’s Fruit Batis frugivorous. Diet primarily contains
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338DA437AEFE84FC60" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus sp. (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast to most other frugivorous bats, Pohle’s Fruit Bat hangs horizontally while feeding, using feet and thumbs, and food is kept on its chest where chunks are bitten off and slowly masticated until fibrous parts are spat out as pellets. It 1s captured in canopy nets, suggesting thatit searches for fruit in crowns of large trees. Captive bats ate a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF63388DC3064FD30FB02" box="[450,661,1144,1177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" rank="variety" variety="offruits">variety offruits</taxonomicName>
|
||
: banana and plantain (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338AC43064FB83FB02" box="[986,1062,1144,1177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Musa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338D283064FB63FB02" box="[1078,1222,1144,1177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); guava (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF633899A3083FF55FB5B" box="[132,240,1183,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF633881B3083FE3EFB5B" box="[261,411,1183,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); pawpaw (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338B5F3083FD0AFB5B" authorityName="Adanson" authorityYear="1763" box="[577,687,1183,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Asimina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asimina</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and soursop (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338A883083FBA2FB5B" box="[918,1031,1183,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Annona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Annona</taxonomicName>
|
||
), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338D6D3083FA83FB5B" box="[1139,1318,1183,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; grapefruit, orange, and lime (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338B3530D7FDD9FB73" box="[555,636,1227,1256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Citrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338B8E30D7FCB3FB73" box="[656,790,1227,1256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); pineapple (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338AC530D7FBE7FB73" box="[987,1090,1227,1256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ananas</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338D4830D7FAB8FB73" box="[1110,1309,1227,1256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF63389A730F1FE80FA95" box="[185,293,1261,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aptandraceae" genus="Ongokea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ongokea</taxonomicName>
|
||
gore (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF633886A30F1FD9AFA95" box="[372,575,1261,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aptandraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aptandraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF63389693109FBD0FA36" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF63389693109FBD0FA36" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF63389693109FF5BFAAD" bold="true" box="[119,254,1301,1334]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Litter size of Pohle’s Fruit Bat is one. Pregnant females were found in August-December in West Africa, and most births occurred at end of wet season (November-December). Lactating females are generally found in dry season (December— March). These findings suggest that females are seasonally monoestrous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF633896B31AFFD59F9B8" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF633896B31AFFD59F9B8" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF633896B31AFFEC6FA4F" bold="true" box="[117,355,1459,1492]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Pohle’s Fruit Bats were captured throughout the night, with peaks at 19:30-20:30 h, 23:30-02:30 h, and 03:30 h to dawn. They roost in vegetation; one individual was found hanging on a forest tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF63389683236FE5FF902" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF63389683236FE5FF902" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF63389683236FC9BF9D0" bold="true" box="[118,830,1578,1611]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Recapture data indicate that Pohle’s Fruit Bats have extremely restricted home ranges with linear dimensions ofless than a few hundred meters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF633896832B9FE5AF835" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF633896832B9FE5AF835" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF633896832B9FE77F959" bold="true" box="[118,466,1701,1730]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDDF6338DF932B9FEF2F972" authorityName="Pohle" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Scotonycteris ophiodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Overall population of Pohle’s Fruit Bat is in significant decline (but less than 30% over ten years). Its susceptibility to habitat degradation suggests thatits statusis probably be close to Vulnerable. Specific threats include logging, mining, and conversion of forests into agricultural land. Pohle’s Fruit Bat occurs in protected areas such as: Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDDF6338BFE3376FCECF81C" box="[736,841,1898,1927]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDDF6338A463376FC1BF81C" box="[856,958,1898,1927]" name="Liberia" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDDF6338D143376FB0EF81C" box="[1034,1195,1898,1927]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and Tai National Park (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDDF6338853338DFE57F835" box="[333,498,1937,1966]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDDF633896833A2FD51F866" pageId="25" pageNumber="83" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDDF633896833A2FD51F866" blockId="25.[116,1329,276,2049]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDDF633896833A2FEAAF84C" bold="true" box="[118,271,1982,2007]" pageId="25" pageNumber="83">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (1991), Eisentraut (1960a), Fahr (2013b), Haiduk et al. (1980), Hassanin (2014), Mickleburgh et al. (2010), Rosevear (1965), Wolton et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |