215 lines
26 KiB
XML
215 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="14F12E3358094AA5F8CB6616A09E73AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFD7F639899F3F42FA61F575" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chironax melanocephalus" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="06556F1F18DE4C66252891B87F0C91C4">
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<mods:title id="8B77D772FE08C1299D9F428AFCBE5328">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C60EEDB39BAB64CE433D192E7F23CC3F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C086864B54CA3219D74330DD28D8F684">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7939872B50CB9FA7370E451900D95964">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F5E6D427BB9564502BEF69C299A4E02F">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="184BEE182D37AEF26D92C37B738C4ABE" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0DD9DC53F26327DF3FC5DBB801516A15">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2D2A1CA87DF6B47929F05BBB894F697B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2669A2172BFDC86C9A0712EF565E8E0A">
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<mods:title id="F762492508731DCBF2EE92DDD5E942CD">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="F7300207E28C5DB4C448C0C9CFACBF82">16</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="3781B1729D0892C7873CD1FED4A696B2">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1E16A27FF7C7C0B9084E0F81E699BA5C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="32A76B2584FA17FF5036BA6C2F898160" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD7F639899F3F42FA61F575" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448887" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD7F639899F3F42FA61F575" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD7F639899F3F42FA61F575" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F639899F3F42FF60F417" box="[129,197,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899F3F42FF60F417" blockId="19.[126,1183,2910,3076]" box="[129,197,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F639899F3F42FF60F417" box="[129,197,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD7F639899F3F42FF60F417" box="[129,197,2910,2956]" captionStart="Plate 2: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="13.[140,170,3324,3349]" captionTargetBox="[14,2760,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="15. Brooks's Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus brooksi), 16. Common Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), 17. Philippine Large-headed Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus rickarti), 18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat (Sphaerias blanfordi), 19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris maculata), 20. Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris seemundi), 21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops aequalis), 22. Common Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops alecto), 23. Common Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus nigrescens), 24. Suhaniah’s Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus suhaniahae), 25. Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (Alionycteris paucidentata), 26. Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), 27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus), 28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Latidens salimaliz), 29. Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax melanocephalus), 30. Sulawesi Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax tumulus), 31. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasu)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448837/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">29.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F63989D53F42FCF9F417" box="[203,860,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63989D53F42FCF9F417" blockId="19.[126,1183,2910,3076]" box="[203,860,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F63989D53F42FCF9F417" box="[203,860,2910,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F63989D53F42FCF9F417" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[203,860,2910,2956]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F639899A3F99FDC3F428" box="[132,614,2949,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899A3F99FDC3F428" blockId="19.[126,1183,2910,3076]" box="[132,614,2949,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F639899A3F99FDC3F428" box="[132,614,2949,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639899A3F99FDC3F428" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[132,614,2949,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F639899A3F99FDC3F428" box="[132,614,2949,2995]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Chironax melanocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F639899E3FD9FDFBF39A" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899E3FD9FB3AF441" blockId="19.[126,1183,2910,3076]" box="[128,1183,3013,3034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F639899E3FD9FB3AF441" box="[128,1183,3013,3034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F639899E3FD9FF69F441" bold="true" box="[128,204,3013,3034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F63989CA3FD9FE10F441" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[212,437,3013,3034]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Cynoptére a téte noire</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F63988D43FD9FD81F441" bold="true" box="[458,548,3013,3034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398B303FD9FCCDF441" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[558,872,3013,3034]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Sunda-Schwarzkappenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398A603FD9FC7CF441" bold="true" box="[894,985,3013,3034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398AFD3FD9FB3AF441" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[995,1183,3013,3034]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Chironax de Sunda</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63989613FF0FDFBF39A" blockId="19.[126,1183,2910,3076]" box="[127,606,3052,3073]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F63989613FF0FDFBF39A" box="[127,606,3052,3073]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F63989613FF0FED2F39A" bold="true" box="[127,375,3052,3073]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F639889F3FF0FDFBF39A" ID-CoL="69T6F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[385,606,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Black-capped Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F63989613833FCDCF3CB" box="[127,889,3119,3152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63989613833FCDCF3CB" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" box="[127,889,3119,3152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F63989613833FEBFF3CB" bold="true" box="[127,282,3119,3152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63988303833FCD1F3CB" ID-CoL="7WP9R" authority="Temminck, 1825" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1825" box="[302,884,3119,3152]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Pteropus melanocephalus Temminck, 1825</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398A933833FF54F304" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398A933833FF54F304" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD7F6398A933833FF48F304" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391420" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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“L’ile de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398D0B3833FBF6F3CB" box="[1045,1107,3119,3152]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Java</collectingRegion>
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.” Restricted by W. Bergmans and F. G. Rozendaal in 1988 to Gunung Karang,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398D1F384BFBCAF3E3" box="[1025,1135,3159,3192]" country="Indonesia" name="Banten" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Bantam</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398D9E384BFB5BF3E3" box="[1152,1278,3159,3192]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">west Java</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD7F6398C0E384BFF48F304" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F639899E38B9FDF6F375" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899E38B9FDF6F375" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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Former subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639888038B9FDA2F35D" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[414,519,3237,3270]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">tumulus</taxonomicName>
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considered as full species here following Bergmans in 2011. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F639896138E4FCBBF217" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD7F639896138E4FCBBF217" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803636" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803636/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" startId="19.[127,281,3320,3349]" targetBox="[1405,1997,287,702]" targetPageId="19">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639896138E4FDB5F28E" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" box="[127,528,3320,3349]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F639896138E4FDB5F28E" bold="true" box="[127,528,3320,3349]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899C3900FDACF2FF" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639899C3900FDACF2FF" authority="Temminck, 1825" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1825" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanocephalus" subSpecies="melanocephalus">C.m.melanocephalusTemminck,1825—MalayanPeninsula(fromSThailand),N&SSumatra,NiasI,andWJava.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F639899C396FFCBBF217" blockId="19.[126,1334,3119,3475]" box="[130,798,3443,3468]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639899C396FFD29F217" authority="Maharadatunkamsi, 2012" authorityName="Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="2012" box="[130,652,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanocephalus" subSpecies="dyasae">C. m. dyasae Maharadatunkamsi, 2012</taxonomicName>
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— Borneo.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398EFB350BF92DF888" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398EFB350BF92DF888" blockId="19.[2021,2614,279,706]" lastBlockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398EFB350BF744FEA3" bold="true" box="[2021,2273,279,312]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F6398081350BF591FEA3" box="[2463,2612,279,312]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="55.0">55-72 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F63981A7355FF6F1FEFB" box="[2233,2388,323,352]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">11-15 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot 9-3- 10-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F639810E3576F7D4FE1C" box="[2064,2161,362,391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F63980063576F61EFE1C" box="[2328,2491,362,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="44.0">44-48 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F6398EF63591F7FCFE35" box="[2024,2137,397,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="g" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16-20 g</quantity>
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||
. Sumatran specimens appear to have two morphs; one is slightly larger and more similar to the Bornean subspecies dyasae, which might represent an undescribed species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63980043636F62AFDD0" box="[2330,2447,554,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chironax</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Head and moderately elongated muzzle are blackish and almost hairless, nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent, philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves, and lower lip pads are large. Skin around eyes is naked, eyes are large, and iris is dark brown. Ears are short, rounded, and almost black. Head pelage is short, dense, and very dark blackish brown, continuing on nape; dorsum is a lighter grayish, with longer woollier hairs (lighter or “linoleum brown” in dyasae). Uropatagium is undeveloped at center and densely covered dorsally with soft brown hairs, calcar is small, and foot claws are whitish. Throat is sparsely haired; sides of neck and shoulders have tufts of yellowish to intensely orange hairs, turning creamy in chest and more grayish and woollier on venter to genitals. Underside of uropatagium is densely haired. Wing membranes are black from sides of body and attach on second toe, and index claw is present. Skull is small and delicate, with no basicranial deflection; rostrum is gracile, gently sloping into forehead; premaxillae are fused; orbit is large; zygomatic root is only slightly above upper alveolar line; zygomais very thin and arched posteriorly; and braincase is rounded and globose. Dorsally, rostrum is relatively wide, paranasal recesses are inflated, surpassing posteriorly root of small, thin postorbital processes; postorbital constriction is not marked; braincase is oval, with barely noticeable sagittal crest; and nuchal crest is obvious. Ventrally, palate is flat, tooth rows are gently diverging, post-dental palate is long and convergent, end of post-dental palate 1s flat, sphenoid crest is present, and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly and internally edged by adpressed and wide entotympanic. Mandible is thin, coronoid is long and sloping, condyle is level with lower alveolar line, and angle is rounded and distinct. Dental formula for all species of Chironaxis12/2,C1/1,P3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 30. Upper dentition has two pairs of crowded, relatively short incisors; C' is thin, short, and slightly decurved; P' is a spicule; next premolar (P°) is large and triangular, with distinct additional anteroexternal cusp; posterior cheekteeth decrease in size, and all cheekteeth are rectangular in outline. Lower dentition has two pairs of small incisors; C, 1s small, short, and barely curved; P|, has pointed crown; and posterior cheekteeth are anteriorly almost as high as C,, decreasing in size and all with rectangular outline, except peg-like M..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C60333EF65AF8F9" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C60333EF65AF8F9" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C60333EFA48F8A0" bold="true" box="[1406,1517,1826,1851]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forests, more common in hill and montane rainforests, at elevations above
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F6398C61335DFA72F8F9" box="[1407,1495,1857,1890]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat uses all forest strata below the canopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C603375F866F705" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C603375F866F705" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C603375F922F811" bold="true" box="[1406,1671,1897,1930]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. It is a long-term resident that uses “steady-state” fruiting plants in which a few fruits ripen in a given night and are exploited sequentially as they become available during an extended fruiting season (greater than two months) and fruit from large trees with shortduration (less than two weeks) large crops (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639812E3C1BF713F7B3" box="[2096,2230,2055,2088]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63981D73C1BF6FCF7B3" box="[2249,2393,2055,2088]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD7F6398C603C32FA53F7D4" box="[1406,1526,2094,2127]" name="Malaysia" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, diet contains fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F6398E233C32F730F7D4" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1830" box="[1853,2197,2094,2127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Polyalthia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Polyalthia (Annonaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63981BB3C32F67EF7D4" box="[2213,2523,2094,2127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diospyros (Ebenaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63980F53C32F58BF7D4" box="[2539,2606,2094,2127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F6398C603C4AF8A9F7EC" box="[1406,1804,2134,2167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Pellacalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pellacalyx (Rhizophoraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F6398E3E3C4AF771F7EC" box="[1824,2260,2134,2167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Pentaphylacaceae" genus="Adinandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Adinandra (Pentaphylacaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
; important
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639809A3C4AF596F7EC" box="[2436,2611,2134,2167]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Ficus species</taxonomicName>
|
||
are I fistulosa, I. globosa, and F. scortechinii.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C603CB9F936F68F" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C603CB9F936F68F" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C603CB9F9A0F75D" bold="true" box="[1406,1541,2213,2246]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Batis possibly monoestrous, with pregnant females from February (peak) through July, and females with dependent young chiefly in February-March.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C623D07F644F6F8" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C623D07F644F6F8" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C623D07F9CFF6A7" bold="true" box="[1404,1642,2331,2364]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bats roost in cave entrances, rock shelters, and tree cavities in forest subcanopy and on undersides of tree fern fronds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C633D76F8C3F629" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C633D76F8C3F629" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C633D76F791F610" bold="true" box="[1405,2100,2410,2443]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat roosts in groups of 2-8 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C603DA4F82BF5EC" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C603DA4F82BF5EC" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C603DA4F94FF642" bold="true" box="[1406,1770,2488,2521]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat is common, widespread, and unlikely to decline fast enough to change category. Nevertheless, overall population trend is unknown, and it is fragmented in three main regions: Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD7F63981343E2BF707F5CB" box="[2090,2210,2615,2640]" name="Malaysia" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Sumatra, and Java, with two morphometrically distinct subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C603E9AFA61F575" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C603E9AFA61F575" blockId="19.[1404,2614,712,2798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C603E9AF9B2F504" bold="true" box="[1406,1559,2694,2719]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (2011), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Hodgkison (2001), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hutson, Kingston & Suyanto (2008), Kingston et al. (2006), Maharadatunkamsi (2012), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |