192 lines
22 KiB
XML
192 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4855E3B05E3BACAEA8A84BA12191473D">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="70E033C11D67AFE922176EDDC509C1CF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EB6F6A4D131A344680771EF23549D42">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="7CEB7D4993DEE90F51518F832ED0E29C">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="A75FD29CBAF0EC2F969EF9384ED23A3E">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF6238C62319AFA16FA2F" box="[1404,1459,1414,1460]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFCDF6238C62319AFA16FA2F" box="[1404,1459,1414,1460]" captionStart="Plate 1: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="5.[121,151,3364,3389]" captionTargetBox="[16,2802,17,3663]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Temminck’s Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops ecaudatus), 2. Javan Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops kusnotoi), 3. Ratanaworabhan’s Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops niphanae), 4. White-collared Fruit Bat (Megaerops albicollis), 5. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx), 6. Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), 7. Horsfield’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus horsfieldui), 8. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynoplerus luzoniensis), 9. Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus minutus), 10. Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus nusatenggara), 11. Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynoplerus titthaecheilus), 12. Lesser Musky Fruit Bat (Ptenochirus minor), 13. Greater Musky Fruit Bat (Plenochirus jagorn), 14. Mindanao Fruit Bat (Ptenochirus wetmorei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448829/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">10.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238CDA319AF716FA2F" box="[1476,2227,1414,1460]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238CDA319AF716FA2F" blockId="9.[1400,2600,1414,1544]" box="[1476,2227,1414,1460]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF6238CDA319AF716FA2F" box="[1476,2227,1414,1460]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF6238CDA319AF716FA2F" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1476,2227,1414,1460]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6031B1F8FFFA40" box="[1406,1882,1453,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6031B1F8FFFA40" blockId="9.[1400,2600,1414,1544]" box="[1406,1882,1453,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF6238C6031B1F8FFFA40" box="[1406,1882,1453,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238C6031B1F8FFFA40" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1406,1882,1453,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6031B1F8FFFA40" box="[1406,1882,1453,1499]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Cynopterus nusatenggara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6731F3F58DF99F" box="[1401,2600,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6731F3F58DF99F" blockId="9.[1400,2600,1414,1544]" box="[1401,2600,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF6238C6731F3F58DF99F" box="[1401,2600,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6731F3FA67F99F" bold="true" box="[1401,1474,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF6238CD431F3F978F99F" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1482,1757,1519,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">
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Cynoptere de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238F4A31F3F978F99F" box="[1620,1757,1519,1540]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238FEF31F3F8ECF99F" bold="true" box="[1777,1865,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF6238E4C31F3F705F99F" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1874,2208,1519,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">Nusa-Tenggara-Kurznasenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF62381AD31F3F6A9F99F" bold="true" box="[2227,2316,1519,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF623800A31F3F58DF99F" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[2324,2600,1519,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">
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Cynéptero de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF623808031F3F58DF99F" box="[2462,2600,1519,1540]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238EC3322BF66EF9E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238EC3322BF66EF9E0" blockId="9.[2012,2606,1591,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238EC3322BF7DCF9CF" bold="true" box="[2013,2169,1591,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238195322BF663F9E0" ID-CoL="6BVYL" authority="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi, 1991" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nusatenggara">Cynopterus nusatenggara Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi, 1991</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF62380C1327EF793F8FC" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF62380C1327EF793F8FC" blockId="9.[2012,2606,1591,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFCDF62380C1327EF793F8FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391461" latitude="-8.866667" longitude="116.833336" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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“Desa Belo, Jerewah, West Sumbawa Island,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238EC332B5F6AAF951" box="[2013,2319,1705,1738]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Barat" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Nusa Tenggara Barat</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFCDF623803A32B5F60AF951" box="[2340,2479,1705,1738]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFCDF62380D232B5F583F951" box="[2508,2598,1705,1738]" degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" precision="925" value="-8.866667">8°52’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFCDF6238EC132CCF7F9F96A" box="[2015,2140,1744,1777]" degrees="116" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" precision="925" value="116.833336">116°50'E</geoCoordinate>
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) ... from the boundary between dense, tall, mixed evergreen lowland rainforest and ricefields at an altitude of +
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCDF6238EC3335AF784F8FC" box="[2013,2081,1862,1895]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="40.0">40m</quantity>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238EC23372F60BF814" box="[2012,2478,1902,1935]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238EC23372F60BF814" blockId="9.[2012,2606,1591,2014]" box="[2012,2478,1902,1935]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Three subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238EC23389F6D1F7E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFCDF6238EC23389F6D1F7E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803606/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" startId="9.[2012,2166,1941,1974]" targetBox="[1397,1988,1596,2010]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238EC23389F6C8F82D" blockId="9.[2012,2606,1591,2014]" box="[2012,2413,1941,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238EC23389F6C8F82D" bold="true" box="[2012,2413,1941,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238EC133A1F804F7B0" blockId="9.[2012,2606,1591,2014]" lastBlockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238EC133A1F804F7B0" authority="Kitchener & Maharada- tunkamsi, 1991" authorityName="Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nusatenggara" subSpecies="nusatenggara">C.n.nusatenggaraKitchener&Maharadatunkamsi,1991—LesserSundaIs(Bali,Lombok,Sumbawa,Sumba,Komodo,Rinca,Flores,Adonara,[Lembata,andTimor).</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C673C2EF58DF7C8" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1401,2600,2098,2131]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238C673C2EF58DF7C8" authority="Kitchener, 1996" authorityName="Kitchener" authorityYear="1996" box="[1401,2600,2098,2131]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nusatenggara" subSpecies="sinagai">C.n.sinagaiKitchener,1996—ELesserSundaIs(Pantar,Alor,Moyo,andSangeangIs).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C643C42F6D1F7E0" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1402,2420,2142,2171]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238C643C42F880F7E0" authority="Kitchener, 1996" authorityName="Kitchener" authorityYear="1996" box="[1402,1829,2142,2171]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nusatenggara" subSpecies="wetarensis">C. n. wetarensis Kitchener, 1996</taxonomicName>
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— E Lesser Sunda Is (Wetar) and BabarIs.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C683C96F781F357" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C683C96F781F357" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C683C96F9C8F738" bold="true" box="[1398,1645,2186,2211]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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, tail
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, ear
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, hindfoot
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|
||
, forearm 55-1-64-8 mm; weight 24-5-37-5 g (mean in males 27-9 g, mean in females 29-9 g). The Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat is medium-sized and brown, without white ear rims or wing digits. Muzzle is short, skin is brown, and nostrils are shortly tubular and diverging. Eyes are moderately large; iris is chestnut-brown to olive-brown. Ears are moderately short; pinnae are light brown, oval, with small round antitragus, slightly attenuated attip, and light brown rims. Head pelage is short and brown; nape and dorsum are lighter brown to olive-brown, with slightly longer hairs. Tibia is lightly haired, uropatagium and tail are well developed, tuft of hair occurs around tail, and calcar is short. Yellowish brown ruff extends to back of adult males and is lighter and less extended on females. Chest and belly are grayer. Wing membranes are warm brown, originate on sides of body and attach to first toe; index claw is present; and dorsal skin of metacarpals and phalanges is light brown, not contrasting with patagial, which is lightly furred with ocherous buff near body. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, laterally, rostrum is very short and moderately deep and slopes gently to forehead, orbits are large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic rootis slightly above alveolar line, and zygoma is moderately thin and gently arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is moderately wide; paranasal recesses are inflated and reach postorbital foramina; postorbital processes are short and projectlaterally; and braincase is oval, with thin parallel temporal lines and inconspicuous nuchalcrest. Ventrally, palate is flat; post-dental is long and converges posteriorly; palatine spine is inconspicuous and joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is wide anteriorly, with entotympanic alongside its inner margin. Mandible is moderatelythin; coronoid is long and steep, with narrow tip; condyle is slightly above lower alveolar line; and angle is round off. Upper incisors are small and rather long; C' is small and decurved; P' is minute; and posterior cheekteeth are small and decrease in size posteriorly. Lower incisors are small; C, is thin and short; P, has triangular crown; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease posteriorly, without marked additional surface cusps; and M, is small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6C38C4F583F36E" box="[1394,2598,3288,3317]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6C38C4F583F36E" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1394,2598,3288,3317]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6C38C4FA44F36E" bold="true" box="[1394,1505,3288,3317]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland forests in secondary and disturbed areas up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCDF62380D838C4F587F36E" box="[2502,2594,3288,3317]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6C38E7F5B3F287" box="[1394,2582,3323,3356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6C38E7F5B3F287" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1394,2582,3323,3356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6C38E7F9DDF287" bold="true" box="[1394,1656,3323,3356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6C393DF942F2D9" box="[1394,1767,3361,3394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6C393DF942F2D9" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1394,1767,3361,3394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6C393DFA5DF2D9" bold="true" box="[1394,1528,3361,3394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6E3955F8EEF2F1" box="[1392,1867,3401,3434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6E3955F8EEF2F1" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1392,1867,3401,3434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6E3955F9FEF2F1" bold="true" box="[1392,1627,3401,3434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6C3969F6BBF209" box="[1394,2334,3445,3474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6C3969F6BBF209" blockId="9.[1392,2604,2024,3474]" box="[1394,2334,3445,3474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6C3969F78AF209" bold="true" box="[1394,2095,3445,3474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCEF62089B23500FC76FEFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCEF62089B23500FC76FEFD" blockId="10.[170,1376,284,438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCEF62089B23500FDA2FEA6" bold="true" box="[172,519,284,317]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat is stable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCEF62089B23568FEC3FE2D" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCEF62089B23568FEC3FE2D" blockId="10.[170,1376,284,438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCEF62089B23568FEE0FE16" bold="true" box="[172,325,372,397]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991, 1996), Ruedas, Maryanto & Maharadatunkamsi (2008), Simmons (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |