202 lines
23 KiB
XML
202 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="EEAD72BE6246EC55A58E3524F4777B08" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF8BF6658C6A351DF705F6AF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus macrotis Peters 1867" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FABBC1ED349ADD788B4931753218B8CF">
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<mods:title id="42626CEF91F4E86429F574E296DFF52F">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FFC8E869729BBAD71CDDA8378B3DE6A6">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7FED0F9B5034E690ADA45C6409D3F14">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="C6208D47386D72BB9E5E87888C5E9C58">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="29D973F876B4965529E3AFDC25ABC6F0">
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<mods:title id="31A9BD1DA2D779990D792BF0E14B4575">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF8BF6658C6A351DF705F6AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794706" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199963754" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF8BF6658C6A351DF705F6AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF8BF6658C6A351DF705F6AF" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6A351DFA61FEB4" box="[1396,1476,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6A351DFA61FEB4" blockId="79.[1392,2388,257,387]" box="[1396,1476,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF8BF6658C6A351DFA61FEB4" box="[1396,1476,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF8BF6658C6A351DFA61FEB4" box="[1396,1476,257,303]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">138.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658CCB351DF824FEB4" box="[1493,1921,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658CCB351DF824FEB4" blockId="79.[1392,2388,257,387]" box="[1493,1921,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF8BF6658CCB351DF824FEB4" box="[1493,1921,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8BF6658CCB351DF824FEB4" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1493,1921,257,303]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Big-eared Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658EDA351DF75CFEB4" box="[1988,2297,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658EDA351DF75CFEB4" blockId="79.[1392,2388,257,387]" box="[1988,2297,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF8BF6658EDA351DF75CFEB4" box="[1988,2297,257,303]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658EDA351DF75CFEB4" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1988,2297,257,303]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658EDA351DF75CFEB4" box="[1988,2297,257,303]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Pteropus macrotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6F355DF8F1FEE5" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6F355DF6F6FECD" blockId="79.[1392,2388,257,387]" box="[1393,2387,321,342]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF8BF6658C6F355DF6F6FECD" box="[1393,2387,321,342]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6F355DFA18FECD" bold="true" box="[1393,1469,321,342]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8BF6658CD9355DF944FECD" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1479,1761,321,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Roussette a grandes oreilles</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658FE8355DF8F4FECD" bold="true" box="[1782,1873,321,342]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8BF6658E44355DF7A1FECD" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1882,2052,321,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Grofsohrflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658104355DF7D0FECD" bold="true" box="[2074,2165,321,342]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8BF6658160355DF6F6FECD" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2174,2387,321,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Zorro volador orejudo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6F3575F8F1FEE5" blockId="79.[1392,2388,257,387]" box="[1393,1876,361,382]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF8BF6658C6F3575F8F1FEE5" box="[1393,1876,361,382]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6F3575F9CDFEE5" bold="true" box="[1393,1640,361,382]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8BF6658F6C3575F8F1FEE5" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1650,1876,361,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Large-eared Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658ECB35B3F581FE57" box="[2005,2596,431,460]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658ECB35B3F581FE57" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" box="[2005,2596,431,460]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658ECB35B3F7D5FE57" bold="true" box="[2005,2160,431,460]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF665819F35B3F585FE57" ID-CoL="4Q32P" authority="Peters, 1867" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2177,2592,431,460]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Pteropus macrotis Peters, 1867</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658ECA35C6F657FE68" box="[2004,2546,474,499]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658ECA35C6F657FE68" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" box="[2004,2546,474,499]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF8BF6658ECA35C6F657FE68" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391327" box="[2004,2546,474,499]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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Wokam Island, Aru Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF665807F35C6F64BFE68" box="[2401,2542,474,499]" name="Indonesia" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658EC835E1F581FDDA" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658EC835E1F581FDDA" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658EC835E1F714FD81" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2006,2225,509,538]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Pteropus macrotis</taxonomicName>
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is currently in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF66580AD35E1F58DFD81" authorityName="Kittlitz" authorityYear="1836" box="[2483,2600,509,538]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pelagicus">pelagicus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658EC83654F995FCE4" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF8BF6658EC83654F995FCE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803856/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" startId="79.[2006,2160,584,617]" targetBox="[1390,1982,439,852]" targetPageId="79">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658EC83654F6C2FDF2" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" box="[2006,2407,584,617]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658EC83654F6C2FDF2" bold="true" box="[2006,2407,584,617]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658EC8366FF794FD23" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658EC8366FF794FD23" authority="Peters, 1867" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="macrotis">P.m.macrotisPeters,1867—AruIs(Indo-nesia).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658EC836A2F995FCE4" blockId="79.[2004,2600,431,853]" lastBlockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658EC836A2F6F2FD44" authority="Ramsay, 1878" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1878" box="[2006,2391,702,735]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="epularius">P. m. epularius Ramsay, 1878</taxonomicName>
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— New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF66580DF36A2F582FD44" box="[2497,2599,702,735]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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and Raja Ampat Is (Salawati). Also sightings and photographs in Australian Boigu Is, but voucher specimens are needed for confirmation.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6F3798F7F8FAC3" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6F3798F7F8FAC3" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6F3798F9C9FC3E" bold="true" box="[1393,1644,900,933]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658E373798F878FC3E" box="[1833,2013,900,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1149999999999998" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="1.7899999999999998" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="211.5" valueMax="244.0" valueMin="179.0">179-244 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF66581B23798F6E7FC3E" box="[2220,2370,900,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="28.0">28-37 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot 36-
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF66580E33798FA7DFC56" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="2.0">2— 55 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658F7237B0F880FC56" box="[1644,1829,940,973]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.345" metricValueMax="1.5699999999999998" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="134.5" valueMax="157.0" valueMin="112.0">112-157 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658EBC37B0F790FC56" box="[1954,2101,940,973]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.47" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.1399999999999997" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="g" value="347.0" valueMax="480.0" valueMin="214.0">214-480 g</quantity>
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||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 56— 64-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658C8337CFFA57FC6F" box="[1437,1522,979,1012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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||
. Dark brown face sprinkled with silvery hairs on forehead variably forming spots or stripes. Mantle is pale yellow, and middle of neck is reddish yellow. Back, throat, chest, and belly are dark brown to black. Forearm and lower leg is naked in front. Dorsally, hair extends to first one-third of forearm and on one-half of lower leg. Shoulders and lumbar region have long woolly hair. Attachment points of wing membranes in lumbar region are separated by c.
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF665813D3084F72EFB22" box="[2083,2187,1176,1209]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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. Wings attach to first joint of second toe. Index finger has claw. Skull is relatively flat between orbits, and braincase is slightly elongated and rounded posteriorly. Zygomatic arch is weak and low. Zygomatic process of upper jaw at base is very extended from front to back. Lower incisors are double lobed, and molars are small and bicuspid.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6C3142F69CFA6E" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6C3142F69CFA6E" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6C3142FA44FAE4" bold="true" box="[1394,1505,1374,1407]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Wide variety of lowland landscapes including primary and secondary moist forests, monsoon and dry forests, savanna woodlands, mangrove forests, plantations, and rural gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF665814531B1F712FA55" box="[2139,2231,1453,1486]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Big-eared Flying Fox might prefer drier habitats for foraging than other flying fox species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6C31E0F9B5F9F6" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6C31E0F9B5F9F6" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6C31E0F9DEF986" bold="true" box="[1394,1659,1532,1565]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Some Big-eared Flying Foxes were caught eating flowers of coconut palms. Two individuals were caught near a jackfruit tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF66581F9323FF6D0F9DF" box="[2279,2421,1571,1604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
heterophyllus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658C6D324CF9A6F9F6" box="[1395,1539,1616,1645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6C326EF9B5F8A9" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6C326EF9B5F8A9" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6C326EFA5DF908" bold="true" box="[1394,1528,1650,1683]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
One pair of Big-eared Flying Foxes was observed copulating in a coconut palm in April. A pregnant female was captured in October, a female with dependent offspring in January, and young in March—July. One young made its first flight 184 days after birth and ate fruit independently; consequently, weaning takes place with six months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6E332BF753F81B" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6E332BF753F81B" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6E332BF9F9F8C3" bold="true" box="[1392,1628,1847,1880]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Big-eared Flying Foxes are nocturnal and probably rest in trees (e.g. mangrove trees) during the day, flying to foraging areas at dusk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6C339AF943F86C" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6C339AF943F86C" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6C339AF7E4F83C" bold="true" box="[1394,2113,1926,1959]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There are observations of flights of more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658F2133B2F931F854" box="[1599,1684,1966,1999]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
between New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF6658E7533B2F874F854" box="[1899,2001,1966,1999]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Boigu Island. Big-eared Flying Foxes probably roost in colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6D33E1F953F727" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6D33E1F953F727" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6D33E1F968F785" bold="true" box="[1395,1741,2045,2078]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big-eared Flying Fox is still relatively common in most of its distribution and is found in several protected areas. In some areas, it is hunted for food, but effects of hunting are unknown. There are no reports of other threats, and its population is currently considered stable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF6658C6D3CD7F705F6AF" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF6658C6D3CD7F705F6AF" blockId="79.[1392,2605,870,2356]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF6658C6D3CD7F9A9F77F" bold="true" box="[1395,1548,2251,2276]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Hall (2008a), Helgen (2004), Helgen, Salas, Hamilton & Hall (2008), Jackson & Groves (2015), McKean (1972), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Peters (1868a), Rainey & Pierson (1992), Ramsay (1878), Simmons (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |