452 lines
67 KiB
XML
452 lines
67 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9C733DB3CFE2D500649AA702310C4C0E">Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83834F6DEE160F240EFF981154CF943C">Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6F204D53833EC2ED33B5846749165A88">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E67AAD47575F66DBDE6982F5110A685">Oyama, Ken</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B5F03B727253AEF24CBCF8D38392D73">González-Rodríguez, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89A7A9E85209B8D1537E57109B8301B9">Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7628E03F8B2E305CE1CB69146B738762">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4688914C54D270EE6D0783CAFB1FC05B">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="37C9424CEFF66FA21E06283127442D92">4274</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A12C6E25AC353B5B2CBED3E5FCC8A90B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029400" ID-GBIF-Taxon="131876332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029400" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC353B5B2CBED3E5FCC8A90B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12C6E25AC353B5B2CBED3E5FCC8A90B" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC353B5A2CBED3E5FB84AEC9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CBED3E5FDC9AEAF" blockId="50.[151,1060,393,453]" box="[151,617,393,419]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="7272685FAC353B5A2CBED3E5FDC9AEAF" bold="true" box="[151,617,393,419]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2CBED3E5FDC9AEAF" ID-CoL="6Z9L4" authority="Gerstaecker, 1873" authorityName="Gerstaecker" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,617,393,419]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CBED3E5FDC9AEAF" bold="true" box="[151,617,393,419]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CBED3E5FE22AEAF" bold="true" box="[151,386,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Sphenarium histrio</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC353B5A2DA0D3E5FDC9AEAF" author="Gerstaecker" box="[393,617,393,419]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Gerstaecker, A. (1873) Acridiodea nonnulla nova insigniora descropsit. Entomologische Zeitung, 34, 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="1873">Gerstaecker, 1873</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CBED3C0FB84AEC9" blockId="50.[151,1060,393,453]" box="[151,1060,428,453]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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(http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2E3AD3C0FD34AEC9" box="[531,660,428,453]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:37005)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC353B5A2CBED39DFDB0AD0B" box="[151,528,497,519]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CBED39DFDB0AD0B" blockId="50.[151,528,497,519]" box="[151,528,497,519]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2CBED39DFDB0AD0B" ID-CoL="4YV47" authority="Bolivar, 1904" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,528,497,519]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatum">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CBED39DFEDFAD0B" box="[151,383,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Sphenarium carinatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC353B5A2DAFD39DFDB0AD0B" author="Bolivar" box="[390,528,497,519]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Bolivar, I. (1904) Notas sobre los Prygomorfidos (Pyrgomorphidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 4, 306 - 326." type="journal article" year="1904">Bolivar, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC353B5A2CBED05DFB69A9C1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CBED05DFBA0AA32" blockId="50.[151,1437,561,2029]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CBED05DFE89AD46" bold="true" box="[151,297,561,586]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Description.</emphasis>
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External morphology (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2E1BD05DFD2EAD46" box="[562,654,561,586]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
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Q, R, S, T; 18C, D; 20A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J): total body length ranging from
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC353B5A2D18D03AFE58AD61" box="[305,504,598,622]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1905" metricValueMax="4.18" metricValueMin="2.201" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="31.905" valueMax="41.8" valueMin="22.01">22.01 to 41.8 mm</quantity>
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in females and from
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC353B5A2ECFD039FC1BAD61" box="[742,955,597,622]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.872" metricValueMax="3.8869999999999996" metricValueMin="1.857" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="28.72" valueMax="38.87" valueMin="18.57">18.57 to 38.87 mm</quantity>
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in males. In most cases: antennae filiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head subtriangular-elongated slightly longer than wide in females or conical notably longer than wide in males, with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in females or notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in males; tegmina strap-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males somewhat tapered in the apex; dorsal ovipositor valves rounded or lanceolate slightly elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of ectophallus slightly longer than the length of lateral plates (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2835D141FBD7AC4A" box="[1052,1143,813,838]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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G-I, J-I; 21A-I, D-I, G-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view small with lateral borders of ramus convergent, straight (morphotypes 1, 3, and 4;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A294CD13DFF12AC82" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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G-II; 21A-II, D-II, respectively) or slightly rounded (morphotypes 2 and 5;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A283DD119FBCFAC82" box="[1044,1135,885,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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J-II; 21G-II, respectively); basal emargination of cingulum notably or slightly developed; interspace between the apodemal plates notably closed. Ectophallus in posterior view with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath closed (morphotype 4;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2CBED18DFF48ACF6" box="[151,232,993,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 21. Male genital structures of S. histrio: morphotype 3 (A – C), morphotype 4 (D – F), and morphotype 5 (G – I); and S. occidentalis sp. n. holotype (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804228/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
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E) or moderately open (other morphotypes;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2ECBD18DFC9EACF6" box="[738,830,993,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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H, K; 21B, H); inflections of supraramus moderately developed, with distal borders ventrally (morphotypes 1, 2, and 5;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2FB5D669FC59AB12" box="[924,1017,1029,1054]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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H, K; 21H, respectively) or laterally directed (morphotypes 3 and 4;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2E3BD645FDC7AB4E" box="[530,615,1065,1090]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
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B, E, respectively); valves of cingulum principally triangular but with distinct variations, each morphotype with its own form;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2F0FD621FC23AB6A" box="[806,899,1101,1126]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
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H, K; 21B, E, H), small (morphotypes 1-4) or moderately large (morphotype 5). Ectophallus in lateral view with valves of cingulum moderately developed dorsoposteriorly (morphotype 5;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2E3AD6F9FDC5ABA2" box="[531,613,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 21. Male genital structures of S. histrio: morphotype 3 (A – C), morphotype 4 (D – F), and morphotype 5 (G – I); and S. occidentalis sp. n. holotype (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804228/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC353B5A2E60D6FAFDC5ABA2" box="[585,613,1174,1198]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1921-01">21</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I) or not developed posteriorly (morphotypes 1-4;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2887D6F9FAACABA2" box="[1198,1292,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC353B5A28C6D6FAFAACABA2" box="[1263,1292,1174,1198]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1919-01">19</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, L; 21C, F, respectively). Endophallus in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2EB9D6D5FD4EABDE" box="[656,750,1209,1234]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
G-III, J-III; 21A-III, D-III, G-III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves very small, tapered in the apex without apical spine; aedegala valves and sclerites as long as (morphotype 5,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2F2AD76DFCF0AA16" box="[771,848,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 21. Male genital structures of S. histrio: morphotype 3 (A – C), morphotype 4 (D – F), and morphotype 5 (G – I); and S. occidentalis sp. n. holotype (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804228/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
G-III) or about ¾ (other morphotypes;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A292BD76DFAFAAA16" box="[1282,1370,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,208,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,193,1832]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A – C) and morphotype 2 (D – F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804224/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
G-III, J-III; 21A-III, D-III) the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CEED725FB69A9C1" blockId="50.[151,1437,561,2029]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CEED725FEFFAA6E" bold="true" box="[199,351,1353,1378]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
Ground colours vary from olive green, yellow or brown. Body uniformly coloured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A293AD725FAC4AA6E" box="[1299,1380,1353,1378]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
R, T; 20B) or with the following colour traits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2E5DD701FD71AA8A" box="[628,721,1389,1414]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
Q, S; 20A, B, C, D, E, F): antennae black, gray or dark blue; fastigium blue, brown or black; lateral postocular bands frequently present, narrow and yellowish; dorsal medial line frequently present, wide, yellowish or whitish; dorsal shades frequently present black, brown to dark blue, in southern populations covering entirely the dorsal portion of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2F95D7B5FBB0AAFE" box="[956,1040,1497,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,205,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 20. External morphology of S. histrio: morphotype 2 m (A and C) and f (B and D), morphotype 3 m (E) and f (F), morphotype 4 m (G) and f (H), and morphotype 5 m (I) and f (J); S. occidentalis sp. n. holotype m (K) and paratypes m # 2 (M), f # 3 (L) and f # 4 (N); S. totonacum sp. n. holotype m (O) and paratype f # 1 (P); S. adelinae sp. n. holotype m (Q) and paratype f # 1 (R); S. miztecum sp. n. holotype m (S) and paratype f # 1 (T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804226/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D); lateral shades often present, black or dark blue; lateral bands of blotches frequently present, mostly reddish, in some populations in northern ranges of the species yellowish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2E33D44DFDD1A936" box="[538,625,1569,1594]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
S); ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide, whitish or bluish; pronotum with white lateral carinas and small strips and dots in the posterior margin; mesonotum dorsally red; frequently mesonotum and metanotum laterally white or yellow; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment frequently present and whitish; tegmina green, red, magenta or blue; generally hind femora uniformly coloured with knees laterally black, dorsally bluish or brownish; hind tibia green, brown, reddish or blue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC353B5A2CEED4B4FB8DA88D" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5A2CEED4B4FB8DA88D" blockId="50.[151,1437,561,2029]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CEED4B4FEE1A9FD" bold="true" box="[199,321,1752,1777]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Externally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2DECD4B5FD8BA9FD" box="[453,555,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2DECD4B5FD8BA9FD" box="[453,555,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2ED2D4B5FC36A9FC" box="[763,918,1753,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2ED2D4B5FC36A9FC" box="[763,918,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2F8FD4B5FB99A9FC" box="[934,1081,1753,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="totonacum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2F8FD4B5FB99A9FC" box="[934,1081,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. totonacum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C2BE5AAC353B5A2868D4B4FBD8A9FD" box="[1089,1144,1752,1777]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2868D4B4FBD8A9FD" bold="true" box="[1089,1144,1752,1777]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">sp.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2891D4B5FAFCA9FD" box="[1208,1372,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2891D4B5FAFCA9FD" box="[1208,1372,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C2BE5AAC353B5A294DD4B4FA3BA9FD" box="[1380,1435,1752,1777]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A294DD4B4FA3BA9FD" bold="true" box="[1380,1435,1752,1777]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">sp.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Nevertheless, the phallic structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC353B5A2E5DD491FD42A819" box="[628,738,1788,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2E5DD491FD42A819" box="[628,738,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from other species as follows: ectophallus small, conspicuous sclerotized hollow of the sheath moderately open or close, inflections of supraramus moderately developed with distal portions ventrally directed in most cases (except in morphotypes 3 & 4), and valves of cingulum with distinct form not developed or slightly developed dorsoposteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC353B5B2CEED5E0FCBEAD6C" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC353B5B2CEED5E0FCBEAD6C" blockId="50.[151,1437,561,2029]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1437,151,1544]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC353B5A2CEED5E0FEC0A8A9" bold="true" box="[199,352,1932,1957]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is distributed in elevations ranging approximately from
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC353B5A28B1D5E0FA9BA8A8" box="[1176,1339,1932,1957]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" metricValueMax="2.225" metricValueMin="0.015" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1120.0" valueMax="2225.0" valueMin="15.0">15 to 2225 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2CBED5DCFF54A8C5" box="[151,244,1968,1993]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2D29D5DCFEC8A8C4" box="[256,360,1968,1992]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2D5DD5DCFE6BA8C4" box="[372,459,1968,1992]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2DFED5DCFD95A8C5" box="[471,565,1968,1993]" country="Mexico" name="Tabasco" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tabasco</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Veracuz, in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2F18D5DCFC2AA8C5" box="[817,906,1968,1993]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC353B5A2F18D5DCFC2AA8C5" box="[817,906,1968,1993]" name="Mexico" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
; and in the states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A285FD5DCFA86A8C5" box="[1142,1318,1968,1993]" country="Guatemala" name="Huehuetenango" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Huehuetenango</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2977D5DCFF6FA8E0" country="Guatemala" name="Santa Rosa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Santa Rosa</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC353B5A2CDCD5B8FECEA8E1" box="[245,366,2004,2029]" country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC353B5A2CDCD5B8FECEA8E1" box="[245,366,2004,2029]" name="Guatemala" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC353B5A2D56D5B8FE64A8E0" box="[383,452,2004,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). We observed that the five morphotypes identified within the species are apparently restricted to different geographic areas. The morphotype 1 is mainly distributed across the southern Pacific Cost and the outer slope of the Sierra Madre del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2E5ED2D0FD3EAFD8" box="[631,670,188,212]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2EE9D2D0FCB8AFD8" box="[704,792,188,212]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The morphotype 2 is distributed in the Pacific Cost south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, as well as in the mountain ranges of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2F84D2B3FBA7AFF4" box="[941,1031,223,248]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
and north-western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B28CED2B3FAC4AFF4" box="[1255,1380,223,248]" country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC343B5B28CED2B3FAC4AFF4" box="[1255,1380,223,248]" name="Guatemala" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The remaining morphotypes are more geographically restricted: the morphotype 3 is distributed principally in the central Valleys of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2D4FD344FE1AAE4C" box="[358,442,296,320]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the Sierra Madre del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2EFBD344FD59AE4C" box="[722,761,296,320]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2F23D34BFCEFAE33" box="[778,847,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C), the morphotype 4 was observed in the southeastern portion of the Sierra Madre del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2E7AD320FDDAAE68" box="[595,634,332,356]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
also in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2EFAD320FC87AE68" box="[723,807,332,356]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2F1ED320FCDBAE68" box="[823,891,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C), and morphotype 5 was observed only few localities in the Pacific Cost of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2DDFD303FDF3AE84" box="[502,595,367,392]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2E76D303FD14AE84" box="[607,692,367,392]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC343B5B2E76D303FD14AE84" box="[607,692,367,392]" name="Mexico" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2EEDD303FCA7AE84" box="[708,775,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Overall, here we recognised smaller distribution ranges for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CE8D3F9FE88AEA1" box="[193,296,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CE8D3F9FE88AEA1" box="[193,296,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2DA0D3F8FD80AEA0" author="Boyle" box="[393,544,404,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2E72D3F9FD5BAEA0" author="Kevan" box="[603,763,404,428]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Kevan, D. K. M. (1977) The American Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 36 (1 - 4), 3 - 28." type="journal article" year="1977">Kevan (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Within the examined material we identified two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B291DD3F9FA3CAEA1" box="[1332,1436,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B291DD3F9FA3CAEA1" box="[1332,1436,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2D0CD3D4FED4AEDC" box="[293,372,440,464]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
(morphotype 2) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2E5BD3DBFD66AEDC" box="[626,710,439,464]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sinaloa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(morphotype 3). However, we considered these specimens as mislabelled records considering that multiple collectors, including us, have not recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B288ED3B1FAB1AEF9" box="[1191,1297,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B288ED3B1FAB1AEF9" box="[1191,1297,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
beyond the above-specified limits. Moreover, according to the revised material, S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2FC0D393FB92AD14" box="[1001,1074,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2FC0D393FB92AD14" box="[1001,1074,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently absent from the lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2E95D049FCFAAD30" box="[700,858,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2E95D049FCFAAD30" box="[700,858,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed. Additional fieldwork will clarify if these two species are sympatric in this geographic region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC343B5B2CEED000FB43AA58" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC343B5B2CEED000FC8EADFC" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC343B5B2CEED000FC8EADFC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451437" country="Mexico" county="Material" elevation="398" location="We" municipality="Testuaco" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Santa Rosa" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CEED000FE10AD89" bold="true" box="[199,432,620,645]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C05BA7BFAC343B5B2CEED000FE8FAD89" box="[199,303,620,645]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material</collectingCounty>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2D9FD001FDBAAD89" box="[438,538,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2D9FD001FDBAAD89" box="[438,538,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC343B5B2E01D000FD2AAD89" box="[552,650,620,645]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2EB8D001FD05AD88" box="[657,677,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">m</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2E9DD000FCA3AD88" box="[692,771,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1021,1043]" captionTargetBox="[166,1431,180,993]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[156,1435,177,997]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 18. Type specimens of S. bolivari: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype m (B); S. histrio holotype m (C) and S. carinatum holotype m (D) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804222/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
C) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC343B5B2F4AD000FC1CAD89" box="[867,956,620,645]" name="Mexico" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
; designation by monotypy; location: BZM.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CBED0FCFE87ADA4" box="[151,295,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CBED0FCFE87ADA4" box="[151,295,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. carinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC343B5B2D11D0E3FE3AADA4" box="[312,410,655,680]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2D8BD0FDFE17ADA4" box="[418,439,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">m</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2DEED0E3FDB8ADA4" box="[455,536,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1021,1043]" captionTargetBox="[166,1431,180,993]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[156,1435,177,997]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 18. Type specimens of S. bolivari: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype m (B); S. histrio holotype m (C) and S. carinatum holotype m (D) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804222/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
D) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC343B5B2E57D0E3FD5CADA4" box="[638,764,655,680]" name="Guatemala" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC343B5B2F21D0FCFC2AADAB" box="[776,906,656,680]" country="Guatemala" name="Santa Rosa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Santa Rosa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C95E4549AC343B5B2FBED0FCFC5EADAB" box="[919,1022,656,679]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Testuaco</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
; designation by monotypy; location: SIE.
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC343B5B2CE7D0D9FF52ADC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC353B5B2CBED3E5FCC8A90B:2C5A89E8AC343B5B2CE7D0D9FF52ADC0" box="[206,242,693,716]" country="Mexico" county="Material" municipality="Testuaco" name="We" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Santa Rosa">We</location>
|
||
could examine only the external morphology of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC343B5B2F6AD0D9FCD3ADC1" box="[835,883,693,717]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2FCAD0D8FB1FADC1" box="[995,1215,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Additional material</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC343B5B28E4D0D8FAB1ADC0" box="[1229,1297,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9799999999999995" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="398.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC343B5B28E4D0D8FAB1ADC0" box="[1229,1297,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9799999999999995" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="398.0">
|
||
398
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B28D4D0D9FAB1ADC0" box="[1277,1297,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 326
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2979D0D8FAF8ADC0" box="[1360,1368,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">f</emphasis>
|
||
, form 91 Mexican and Guatemalan localities (Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="6407EA88AC343B5B2EE2D0BBFC80ADFC" box="[715,800,727,752]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="68.[119,196,494,513]" captionText="TABLE 5. Lisŧ of localiŧies reviseđ of eacħ Sphenarium species aŊđ morpħoŧypes (Ŋumbers wiŧħiŊ pareŊŧħesis) iđeŊŧifieđ. Localiŧies iŊcluđeđ our geŊeŧic aŊalysis are đeŊoŧeđ iŊ bolđ. For localiŧy we iŊđicaŧe iŧs localiŧy Ŋumber (LN), đescripŧioŊ, Ŋumber specimeŊs (F, females and M, males) eXamiŊeđ, đeposiŧory of ŧħe eXamiŊeđ maŧerial as iŊđicaŧeđ iŊ ŧħe meŧħođs" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC343B5B2CEED090FB43AA58" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CEED090FE76AC19" bold="true" box="[199,470,764,789]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2DC9D090FD1BAC18" author="Gerstaecker" box="[480,699,764,789]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Gerstaecker, A. (1873) Acridiodea nonnulla nova insigniora descropsit. Entomologische Zeitung, 34, 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="1873">Gerstaecker (1873)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
originally described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2F9DD091FBBDAC19" box="[948,1053,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2F9DD091FBBDAC19" box="[948,1053,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male from an unknown Mexican locality considering mainly coloration traits as diagnostic characters for this species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2961D173FF41AC50" author="Bolivar" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Bolivar, I. (1884) Monografia de los Pyrgomorfinos. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 13, 1 - 500." type="journal article" year="1884">Bolivar (1884)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-described this species based on a male and a female, but also from an unspecified Mexican locality. The validity of this species remained constant in posterior taxonomic studies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B282AD10BFB0DAC8C" author="Hebard" box="[1027,1197,871,896]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 58 (3), 201 - 371." type="journal article" year="1932">Hebard (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized a closer relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2DACD1E1FE4AACA9" box="[389,490,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2DACD1E1FE4AACA9" box="[389,490,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2E36D1E1FD14ACA8" box="[543,692,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2E36D1E1FD14ACA8" box="[543,692,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S.mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on their morphological resemblance. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B28CED1E0FA3CACA9" author="Marquez" box="[1255,1436,908,933]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Marquez, C. (1962) Estudios de las especies del genero Sphenarium basado en sus genitalia (Acrididae; Orthoptera), con la descripcion de una nueva especie. Anales de Instituto de Biologia UNAM Serie Zoologia, 33, 247 - 258." type="journal article" year="1962">Márquez (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2CE0D1C3FEC0ACC4" author="Boyle" box="[201,352,943,968]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified differences in endophallic morphology between these two species. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2970D1C3FF41ACE0" author="Boyle" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2D08D1B9FE1FACE0" author="Kevan" box="[289,447,980,1004]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Kevan, D. K. M. (1977) The American Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 36 (1 - 4), 3 - 28." type="journal article" year="1977">Kevan (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2EA7D1B9FD57ACE1" box="[654,759,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2EA7D1B9FD57ACE1" box="[654,759,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2FCAD1B9FB22ACE0" box="[995,1154,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2FCAD1B9FB22ACE0" box="[995,1154,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B28BED1B9FA2CACE1" box="[1175,1420,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mexicanum" subSpecies="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B28BED1B9FA2CACE1" box="[1175,1420,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. mexicanum histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2D2FD19BFD8AAB1C" box="[262,554,1015,1040]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Pedraza-Lara, C., Barrientos-Lozano, L., Rocha-Sanchez, A. Y. & Zaldivar-Riveron, A. (2015) Montane and coastal species diversification in the economically important Mexican grasshopper genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 84, 220 - 231." type="journal article">
|
||
Pedraza-Lara
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2D88D195FE79AB1C" box="[417,473,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2E76D19BFC3FAB1C" box="[607,927,1015,1040]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Sanabria-Urban, S., Song, H., Oyama, K., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A., Serrano-Meneses, M. A. & Cueva del Castillo, R. (2015) Body size adaptations to altitudinal climatic variation in neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Plos ONE, 10 (12), 1 - 24." type="journal article">
|
||
Sanabria-Urbán
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2F3FD195FCEEAB1C" box="[790,846,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have proposed the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2933D194FADEAB1C" box="[1306,1406,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2933D194FADEAB1C" box="[1306,1406,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an independent and valid species within the genus based on morphologic and genetic evidence. In our phylogenetic analysis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CDED62CFEFCAB54" box="[247,348,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CDED62CFEFCAB54" box="[247,348,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered as a paraphyletic species despite its notable morphologic cohesiveness. Moreover, we observed notable genetic (with
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2E0DD608FD79AB71" box="[548,729,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">CO1 P-distance</emphasis>
|
||
> 3%) and morphological differentiation in the male genitalia between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CD4D6E4FEC4ABAC" box="[253,356,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CD4D6E4FEC4ABAC" box="[253,356,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2DB7D6E4FD9BABAC" box="[414,571,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2DB7D6E4FD9BABAC" box="[414,571,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, here we also agreed in considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2877D6E4FB65ABAC" box="[1118,1221,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2877D6E4FB65ABAC" box="[1118,1221,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species. Moreover, during this revision we examined several specimens collected near to the reported localities of two putative new taxa recently identified,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2E60D6A3FD70ABE4" box="[585,720,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2E60D6A3FD70ABE4" box="[585,720,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sphenarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Oax9 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2F53D6A3FBA1ABE4" box="[890,1025,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2F53D6A3FBA1ABE4" box="[890,1025,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sphenarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Oax2 (Pedraza-lara
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B293ED6BDFAF1ABE4" box="[1303,1361,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015) (L11, L167, L172, and L173; Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="6407EA88AC343B5B2E4CD698FD1BAA01" box="[613,699,1268,1293]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="68.[119,196,494,513]" captionText="TABLE 5. Lisŧ of localiŧies reviseđ of eacħ Sphenarium species aŊđ morpħoŧypes (Ŋumbers wiŧħiŊ pareŊŧħesis) iđeŊŧifieđ. Localiŧies iŊcluđeđ our geŊeŧic aŊalysis are đeŊoŧeđ iŊ bolđ. For localiŧy we iŊđicaŧe iŧs localiŧy Ŋumber (LN), đescripŧioŊ, Ŋumber specimeŊs (F, females and M, males) eXamiŊeđ, đeposiŧory of ŧħe eXamiŊeđ maŧerial as iŊđicaŧeđ iŊ ŧħe meŧħođs" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). The male genitalia of these specimens were similar to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CF3D774FEE2AA3C" box="[218,322,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CF3D774FEE2AA3C" box="[218,322,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals. Moreover,
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2E7FD774FD2BAA3C" box="[598,651,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">CO1</emphasis>
|
||
sequences of these taxa intermingled with our samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B291DD774FA3CAA3C" box="[1332,1436,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B291DD774FA3CAA3C" box="[1332,1436,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC343B5B2CB6D750FF51AA58" box="[159,241,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1885,1907]" captionTargetBox="[223,1345,196,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[218,1358,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 11. Bayesian phylogeny of Sphenarium species based on CO 1 sequences of Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) and this study. The analysis was conducted using the substitution model estimated previously and under the same conditions above specified for the concatenated phylogenetic analysis in methods section. Terminals of different colours represent the 17 recognized species in this study. Black dots behind the nodes indicate PP values greater than 95 %. Black bottom bars are equal to 0.04 substitutions per site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804206/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, we consider that these putative new taxa probably represent part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B285FD751FB7BAA59" box="[1142,1243,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B285FD751FB7BAA59" box="[1142,1243,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC343B5B2CEED733FCC8A90B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC343B5B2CEED733FCC8A90B" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2CEED733FE68AA74" ID-CoL="4YV47" box="[199,456,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2CEED733FE68AA74" box="[199,456,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Sphenarium carinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described based on a single male from an uncertain Guatemalan locality, Testuaco, probably Tecuaco (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2DCCD7E8FD20AA90" author="Bolivar" box="[485,640,1412,1437]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Bolivar, I. (1904) Notas sobre los Prygomorfidos (Pyrgomorphidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 4, 306 - 326." type="journal article" year="1904">Bolivar 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In later taxonomic studies this species was synonymised with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B294BD7E9FF40AACC" ID-CoL="6Z9L4" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mexicanum" subSpecies="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B294BD7E9FF40AACC" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. m. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2CD9D7CBFED7AACC" author="Boyle" box="[240,375,1447,1472]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC343B5B2DADD7C4FDB1AACC" author="Kevan" box="[388,529,1448,1472]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Kevan, D. K. M. (1977) The American Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 36 (1 - 4), 3 - 28." type="journal article" year="1977">Kevan 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study we examined multiple specimens from north-western Guatemala; which were similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2DFBD7A1FD97AAE9" ID-CoL="6Z9L4" box="[466,567,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2DFBD7A1FD97AAE9" box="[466,567,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals in southern Mexico. Therefore, in the lack of additional evidence we agree in recognising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2D81D79CFD97A904" ID-CoL="4YV47" box="[424,567,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2D81D79CFD97A904" box="[424,567,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. carinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC343B5B2ED5D79CFCC1A904" ID-CoL="6Z9L4" box="[764,865,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC343B5B2ED5D79CFCC1A904" box="[764,865,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |