442 lines
58 KiB
XML
442 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="991E8B4385DEA98F0F2EA0A821C74674" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195067" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35cdc20a-5cad-44f7-9f7a-f706d7dace29" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195067" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460222042960" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Koch, André, Gaulke, Maren & Böhme, Wolfgang" docDate="2010" docId="03E6336C003E0758FF12FF1204D4C180" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02446p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2446" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Varanus cumingi subsp. cumingi Martin 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFDF4B1400330757FF85FF850148C623" masterDocTitle="Unravelling the underestimated diversity of Philippine water monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus salvator complex), with the description of two new species and a new subspecies" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698237814941" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C592734F8A345D767808338F277AAF8D">
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<mods:title id="E931FB20394D0D4858FD9E8D6F9D8382">Unravelling the underestimated diversity of Philippine water monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus salvator complex), with the description of two new species and a new subspecies</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="88E26733E0566C5573254EBF58D5DF73" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D4B50A9876E941CB0637DF8D43BDD758">Koch, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2CC44AEE0E172A7DCE29F00F2080591">Gaulke, Maren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E1EDE8CED957B8684791FFA40779CD79" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="70FB53304F14A384AA82A3617FEAF24C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="08576C7A4848F816F4EA3E59312792B3">Böhme, Wolfgang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="89CCC065CA8205E84B8D8307DCF22316">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="57141F3ED1AFC9B8F901E3501AC6C2C1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="315D5EC25EE2B022D538F986F7ECF717">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="276A22B8A23CAD87A40BEBF57BA21FCB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A900E5B6010BCD312D970C55CC1FEFFA">2446</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F5FEDEBE3210AD3DB2B9B28F63CA6A8F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.195067</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D4A672BA339F1B661655101154F48923" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E6336C003E0758FF12FF1204D4C180" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6204332" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119385445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6204332" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E6336C003E0758FF12FF1204D4C180" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E6336C003E0758FF12FF1204D4C180" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003E075AFF12FF12006AC6F7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF12FF120364C692" blockId="13.[151,556,151,212]" box="[151,556,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="D0B83516003E075AFF12FF120364C692" bold="true" box="[151,556,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003E075AFF12FF120364C692" authority="Martin, 1838" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,556,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cumingi" subSpecies="cumingi">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF12FF120364C692" bold="true" box="[151,556,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF12FF1200CAC692" bold="true" box="[151,386,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Varanus c. cumingi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFE0CFF120364C692" author="Martin" box="[393,556,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Martin, W. (1838) On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 68 - 70." type="proceedings paper" year="1838">Martin, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF12FF3F006AC6F7" blockId="13.[151,556,151,212]" box="[151,290,186,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<figureCitation id="13749EFF003E075AFF12FF3F006AC6F7" box="[151,290,186,212]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4. V. c" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="11.[151,259,979,1003]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,255,1666,1690]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,255,1844,1868]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1383,182,967]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1422,1129,1629]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,1088,1817]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1404,1195,1910]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[202,1384,182,970]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,1118,1645]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[151,1436,1069,1831]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[151,1436,1165,1927]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. V. c. cumingi from west Mindanao showing the typical dorsal colour pattern of indistinctive yellow transverse bands, an interrupted medio-dorsal stripe, and a predominantly yellow head with few dark markings. Photo by Maren Gaulke." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5). The original labels which according to Günther (1872) were written by H. Cuming and W. Martin read “ Isle of Mindana [d] o ” and “ Mindana [d] o, 57.6. 13 186 [the former collection number], Varanus Cumingii ”, respectively. Photo by André Koch." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Dorsum of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5) showing the colour pattern of indistinctive yellow transverse bands. Photo by André Koch." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Drawing of the head of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5) from Günther (1872). Note the enlarged occipital scales characteristic for this Philippine monitor species. The triangle shaped pattern of the neck was mentioned in the description by Martin (1838) supporting the specimen’s original type status. Photo by André Koch." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/195071/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/195072/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/195073/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/195074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 4–7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003E075AFF12FE800012C7AC" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF12FE8000EFC73C" blockId="13.[151,1437,261,1108]" box="[151,423,261,287]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF12FE800068C73C" bold="true" box="[151,288,261,287]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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See above.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF43FEAF0012C7AC" blockId="13.[151,1437,261,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF43FEAF0001C767" bold="true" box="[198,329,298,324]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFF43FEAF000CC767" box="[198,324,298,324]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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BMNH 1946.8.31.5 (
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<figureCitation id="13749EFF003E075AFDDFFEAF0398C767" box="[602,720,298,324]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="11.[151,255,1666,1690]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,255,1844,1868]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1422,1129,1629]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1088,1817]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1404,1195,1910]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[151,1436,1118,1645]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[151,1436,1069,1831]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[151,1436,1165,1927]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5). The original labels which according to Günther (1872) were written by H. Cuming and W. Martin read “ Isle of Mindana [d] o ” and “ Mindana [d] o, 57.6. 13 186 [the former collection number], Varanus Cumingii ”, respectively. Photo by André Koch." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Dorsum of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5) showing the colour pattern of indistinctive yellow transverse bands. Photo by André Koch." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Drawing of the head of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5) from Günther (1872). Note the enlarged occipital scales characteristic for this Philippine monitor species. The triangle shaped pattern of the neck was mentioned in the description by Martin (1838) supporting the specimen’s original type status. Photo by André Koch." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/195072/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/195073/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/195074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
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), adult (dried skin), “Mindanado” [= Mindanao], southern
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<collectingCountry id="F358C2EA003E075AFF12FED50056C749" box="[151,286,336,362]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, collected by H. Cuming, 1836. Purchased by the British Museum from the Zoological Society of London in 1857.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003E0759FF43FE1F0092C7AF" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF43FE1F052FC277" blockId="13.[151,1437,261,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF43FE1F0082C797" bold="true" box="[198,458,410,436]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Other
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFE9FFE1F0018C797" box="[282,336,410,436]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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In the description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003E075AFD48FE1F02BDC797" authority="Martin" authorityName="Martin" box="[717,1013,410,436]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFD48FE1F02DCC790" box="[717,916,410,435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Varanus cumingi</emphasis>
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, Martin
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</taxonomicName>
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(through Bell 1838: 70) mentioned three
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFF5FFE450045C7F9" box="[218,269,448,474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
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specimens deposited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London. As
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFB4DFE450427C7F9" author="Martin" box="[1224,1391,448,474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Martin, W. (1838) On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 68 - 70." type="proceedings paper" year="1838">Martin (1838)</bibRefCitation>
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did not distinguish between
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFE30FE600354C7DC" box="[437,540,485,511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFDD0FE600380C7DC" box="[597,712,485,511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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, all three original specimens have to be regarded as
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFAABFE6004D0C7DC" box="[1326,1432,485,511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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. Only the length of the largest specimen was given as three feet ten inches. However, only one specimen (
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<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003E075AFF1AFDB501B3C469" box="[159,251,560,586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
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1946.8.31.5) of the original
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFDE5FDB503DDC469" box="[608,661,560,586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
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series still exists in the London collection (C. McCarthy, pers. comm.). This specimen should, therefore, be regarded as the
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFCF8FDD002A3C44C" box="[893,1003,597,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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of the taxon
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003E075AFB08FDD004D0C44C" authority="Martin, 1838" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" box="[1165,1432,597,623]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFB08FDD005A5C44D" box="[1165,1261,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">cumingi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFB72FDD004D0C44C" author="Martin" box="[1271,1432,597,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Martin, W. (1838) On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 68 - 70." type="proceedings paper" year="1838">Martin, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, since the other
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFED3FDFF00C3C4B7" box="[342,395,634,660]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
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specimens appear to be lost (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFD79FDFF029DC4B7" author="Koch" box="[764,981,634,660]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Koch, A., Auliya, M., Schmitz, A., Kuch, U. & Bohme, W. (2007) Morphological studies on the systematics of South East Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator Complex): nominotypic populations and taxonomic overview. In: Horn, H-G, Bohme, W. & Krebs, U. (Eds), Advances in Monitor Research III. Mertensiella, 16, pp. 109 - 180." type="journal article" year="2007">
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Koch
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<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFCCFFDFF02C1C4B0" box="[842,905,634,659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Important for this discussion is the assertion by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFEAAFD2500A4C499" author="Gunther" box="[303,492,672,698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" refString="Gunther, A. (1872) On two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1872, 145 - 146." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Günther (1872)</bibRefCitation>
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, almost 35 years after the description by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFC59FD2505CFC499" author="Martin" box="[988,1159,672,698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Martin, W. (1838) On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 68 - 70." type="proceedings paper" year="1838">Martin (1838)</bibRefCitation>
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, that he discovered the “typical specimen” in the collections of the British Museum suggesting that the two remaining
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<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFB68FD40041CC4FC" box="[1261,1364,709,735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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never reached the
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<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003E075AFEAFFD6F00CCC527" box="[298,388,746,772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
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collections. According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFD4DFD6F02CCC527" author="Gunther" box="[712,900,746,772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" refString="Gunther, A. (1872) On two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1872, 145 - 146." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Günther (1872)</bibRefCitation>
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this specimen was purchased by the British Museum in 1857 and still had its original labels at that time. The label in Cuming’s handwriting, stated “Isle of Mindanado”, while another one written by Martin provided the date of donation to the collections of the Zoological Society of London and the names of the collector and species. The identity of
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<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003E075AFB34FCDF0441C557" box="[1201,1289,858,884]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
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||
1946.8.31.5 as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003E075AFF3FFC050064C5B9" box="[186,300,896,922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
of the taxon
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003E075AFE51FC050370C5BA" box="[468,568,896,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
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||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFE51FC050370C5BA" box="[468,568,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed by the matching description of the colour pattern in the description by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFEC0FC2000A6C59C" author="Martin" box="[325,494,933,959]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refString="Martin, W. (1838) On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 68 - 70." type="proceedings paper" year="1838">Martin (1838)</bibRefCitation>
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: “An irregular, but somewhat triangular mark of yellow occupies the back of the neck, whence a line of yellow spots, or, as in one specimen, a continuous line, runs between the shoulders.”
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003E075AFF12FC75001BC229" author="Gunther" box="[151,339,1008,1034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="51" refString="Gunther, A. (1872) On two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1872, 145 - 146." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Günther (1872)</bibRefCitation>
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declared that Martin’s (1838) description was so complete that he “(…) need not add any thing else but a figure [Plate VII] of the upper parts of the head and neck, showing the unusually large plates on the crown of the head, by which the species will be readily recognized” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13749EFF003E075AFB95FBBF0510C277" box="[1040,1112,1082,1108]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[189,1404,1195,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,1165,1927]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Drawing of the head of the lectotype of V. c. cumingi (BMNH 1946.8.31.5) from Günther (1872). Note the enlarged occipital scales characteristic for this Philippine monitor species. The triangle shaped pattern of the neck was mentioned in the description by Martin (1838) supporting the specimen’s original type status. Photo by André Koch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30D2F2003E075AFF12F81B043AC1D6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[189,1404,1195,1910]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003E075AFF12F81B043AC1D6" blockId="13.[151,1436,1950,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFF12F81B0052C195" bold="true" box="[151,282,1950,1974]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Drawing of the head of the lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003E075AFD54F81A0213C195" box="[721,859,1951,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cumingi" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003E075AFD54F81A0213C195" box="[721,859,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1946.8.31.5) from Günther (1872). Note the enlarged occipital scales characteristic for this Philippine monitor species. The triangle shaped pattern of the neck was mentioned in the description by Martin (1838) supporting the specimen’s original type status. Photo by André Koch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FF1D02C5C6F7" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FF43FF1D0034C691" author="Mertens" box="[198,380,152,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" refString="Mertens, R. (1959) Liste der Warane Asiens und der Indoaustralischen Inselwelt, mit systematischen Bemerkungen. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 40 (5 / 6), 221 - 240." type="journal article" year="1959">Mertens (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned four specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FD60FF1D0229C692" box="[741,865,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FD60FF1D0229C692" box="[741,865,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
he examined in the British Museum (of Natural History) without making any statement about the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003D0759FD58FF3F0247C6F7" box="[733,783,186,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FF580092C7AF" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FF43FF5800BDC6D4" bold="true" box="[198,501,221,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">New material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Mindanao (6 spec.):
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003D0759FD6AFF58020FC6D4" box="[751,839,221,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
1946.8.31.5 (adult,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003D0759FBB6FF5805EAC6D4" box="[1075,1186,221,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, Mindanao, collected by H. Cuming, 1836);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003D0759FE35FE870343C73F" box="[432,523,258,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
77.10.9.4–5 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4949F3003D0759FD32FE87020AC73F" box="[695,834,258,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
, Butuan, Mindanao, collected by A. H. Everett);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003D0759FF12FEAD01A7C761" box="[151,239,296,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
79.4.16.1 (subadult, Zamboanga, Mindanao, collected by A. H. Everett);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003D0759FBCFFEAD05EAC761" box="[1098,1186,296,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
77.12.13.5 (juvenile, Placer, NE-Mindanao, collected by A. H. Everett);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5E1ABF003D0759FC93FEC80239C744" box="[790,881,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
77.12.13.6 (subadult, Placer, NE-Mindanao, collected by A. H. Everett).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003D0759FF43FE1203EAC4FF" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FE1205F1C4B1" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FF43FE12000EC792" bold="true" box="[198,326,407,433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The nominotypic subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FD5CFE1D0210C792" box="[729,856,408,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FD5CFE1D0210C792" box="[729,856,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mindanao is clearly distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) an indistinctive dorsal colour pattern of five to six transverse rows of bright spots or dots on a black background colour that may fuse to crossbands in adults; (2) a predominantly yellow dorsal side of the head sometimes replaced by brownish parts with only little black markings; (3) a pronounced dark temporal streak extending from the eye to the upper side of the ear opening; and (4) a bright medio-dorsal stripe sometimes extending along the neck and dorsum. The position of the nostrils (5) is about two times closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye (index 2 = 1.91–2.26, mean = 2.08).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FD1803EAC4FF" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
For details about scalation features and colour pattern of the remaining
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358C2EA003D0759FBBCFD1805F9C494" box="[1081,1201,669,695]" name="Philippines" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Philippine</collectingCountry>
|
||
members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FA03FD1801BFC4F8" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FA03FD1801BFC4F8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex we refer to
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CDB7C1003D0759FE74FD47031BC4FF" box="[497,595,706,732]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,240,1002,1026]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1165,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Descriptive statistics of main morphometric and meristic characters in all six Philippine water monitor taxa compared with V. s. macromaculatus from Borneo. Provided for each character are range (min – max), mean (x) ± standard deviation (SD), and number (n) of specimens examined." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30D2F200340750FF12FC6F0218C26B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF30D2F200340750FF12FC6F0218C26B">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CDB7C1003D0759FD0EFD4703D4C4FF" box="[651,668,706,732]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,242,490,514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,656,1895]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of colour patterns (A: dorsal side, B: ventral side) of the six Philippine water monitor taxa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421">5</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003D0759FF43FD62058DC2E1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FD6202A6C271" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FF43FD620009C522" bold="true" box="[198,321,743,769]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CDB7C1003D0759FED5FD6D00E4C521" box="[336,428,744,770]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,240,1002,1026]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1165,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Descriptive statistics of main morphometric and meristic characters in all six Philippine water monitor taxa compared with V. s. macromaculatus from Borneo. Provided for each character are range (min – max), mean (x) ± standard deviation (SD), and number (n) of specimens examined." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30D2F200340750FF12FC6F0218C26B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF30D2F200340750FF12FC6F0218C26B">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
summarises the main morphometric and scalation features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FB3DFD6D0412C522" box="[1208,1370,744,769]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cumingi" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FB3DFD6D0412C522" box="[1208,1370,744,769]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ontogenetic change of colour pattern has been described under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FC1CFC880550C505" box="[921,1048,781,806]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FC1CFC880550C505" box="[921,1048,781,806]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CDB7C1003D0759FB5BFC880472C504" box="[1246,1338,781,807]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,242,490,514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,656,1895]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of colour patterns (A: dorsal side, B: ventral side) of the six Philippine water monitor taxa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). While juveniles exhibit transverse rows of distinct bright spots, the spots fuse to crossbands in adults. The head of adult monitors is usually light yellow with only little black markings of varying extent. In some specimens, wide parts of the head are brown. This brownish colouration may also replace other yellow parts of the body. In addition to the transverse pattern, a bright medio-dorsal stripe is sometimes present on the back and may extend along the neck. Ventrally, the bright chin and throat may exhibit some dark bars or crossbands, particularly in juveniles. These markings, however, fade in adults leaving these parts unicoloured yellow. The extent and shape of the ventral dark bars or crossbands between the fore and hind limbs vary individually. Eight to eleven more-or-less distinctive bars or crossbands are displayed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FBD8058DC2E1" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The tongue of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FEF4FBD8034DC255" box="[369,517,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c. c u m i n g i</emphasis>
|
||
is partitioned into the flesh-coloured base and the dark pigmented second half towards the tips. Usually, only the dorsal side shows pigmentation but sometimes the ventral side is dark as well. Specimens with entirely flesh-coloured tongues are also known (see e.g., Horn 1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003D0759FF43FB4800CEC031" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43FB4800CEC031" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FF43FB48002FC2C4" bold="true" box="[198,359,1229,1255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FEEAFB48034FC2C5" box="[367,519,1229,1254]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cumingi" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FEEAFB48034FC2C5" box="[367,519,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits Mindanao and smaller offshore islands like Camiguin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13749EFF003D0759FA85FB480410C2C4" box="[1280,1368,1229,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="42.[151,256,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[237,1343,230,1550]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[222,1365,194,1580]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 34. Distribution ranges of the Philippine species of the V. s a l va t o r complex according to the morphological investigations presented here: V. marmoratus = red; V. nuchalis = blue; V. palawanensis sp. nov. = green; V. rasmusseni sp. nov. = black; V. c. cumingi = yellow; and V. c. s a m a re n s i s ssp. nov. = purple. Question marks denote the water monitor populations from Mindoro, Basilan, and northern Borneo of unknown taxonomic status. The grey shaded areas indicate the paleo-shorelines of several Pleistocene aggregate island complexes, which today, form biogeographic subregions of the Philippines: I = Greater Palawan; II = Greater Luzon; III = Greater Negros – Panay; IV = Greater Mindanao; and V = Greater Sulu. Map modified after Gaulke (in press)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195102/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
). The taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FE00FB760349C32F" box="[389,513,1267,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FE00FB760349C32F" box="[389,513,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Basilan needs further investigations. According to Gaulke (1991, 1994), this island population is characterized by a dark appearance similar to monitor lizards from Bohol, Samar, and Leyte (see below). The western border of the distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FC01FAB80549C375" box="[900,1025,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c u m i n g i</emphasis>
|
||
in the Sulu Archipelago remains unknown. In the online collection database of the California Academy of Science (CAS), three monitor specimens from Jolo, the largest island of the Tapul Island Group, are listed. One of these voucher specimens (CAS-SU [Rep] 11015) is determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FD14FA280237C3E5" box="[657,895,1453,1478]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salvator" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FD14FA280237C3E5" box="[657,895,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. salvator cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both remaining specimens (CAS-SU [Rep] 13665 und CAS-SU [Rep] 13988) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FDC8FA560380C3CF" box="[589,712,1491,1516]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FDC8FA560380C3CF" box="[589,712,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, it remains unclear which water monitor species is found on this island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C355D1F1003D0758FF43F99804D4C180" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43F99800A1C084" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FF43F9980062C014" bold="true" box="[198,298,1565,1591]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FEB3F9980099C015" box="[310,465,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c. c u m i n g i</emphasis>
|
||
inhabits mangrove swamps, riparian habitats, and agricultural areas, especially fishponds and rice fields (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13749EFF003D0759FE4CF9C70359C07F" box="[457,529,1602,1628]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,1221,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[384,1203,1221,1835]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Riverine habitat of V. c. cumingi on Mindanao along the Hibong river. Photo by Maren Gaulke." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195075/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most recorded sightings are from lowland areas up to about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003D0759FB70F9C70408C07F" box="[1269,1344,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (M. Gaulke, own observ.). Some occur up to about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003D0759FD39F9ED024EC0A1" box="[700,774,1640,1666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, but are extremely rare or absent at higher elevations (A. Demegillo pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0759FF43F937009CC134" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Horn (1994) observed ritualistic combat fights of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003D0759FC9EF93602FDC0EF" box="[795,949,1715,1740]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salvator" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FC9EF93602FDC0EF" box="[795,949,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the bipedal clinch phase as is typical for many large varanids. Combat behaviour was observed between male and female, and between females (Horn
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FEC3F97800C9C135" box="[326,385,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003D0758FF43F8A70425C707" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2002]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,442]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
A dissected female (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003D0759FD85F8A70305C11F" box="[512,589,1826,1852]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="52.0">52 cm</quantity>
|
||
) caught in early November in western Mindanao contained 10 almost fully developed eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FE1FF8CD030DC141" author="Gaulke" box="[410,581,1864,1890]" pageId="14" pageNumber="51" refString="Gaulke, M. (1992 a) Taxonomy and biology of Philippine water monitors (Varanus salvator). Philippine Journal of Science, 121 (4), 345 - 381." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Gaulke 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further data on their breeding biology are available from captive or pet raised breeding groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FE3DF8E8030FC1A4" author="Vogel" box="[440,583,1901,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" refString="Vogel, D. (1994) Erstmalige Nachzucht des Mindanao Bindenwarans (Varanus [Varanus] salvator cumingi) im Zoologischen Garten Frankfurt. Monitor, 3, 41." type="journal article" year="1994">Vogel 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FDD1F8E80203C1A4" author="Horn" box="[596,843,1901,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="51" refString="Horn, H. - G. & Visser, G. J. (1997) Review of reproduction of monitor lizards Va ra nu s spp. in captivity. II. International Zoo Yearbook, 35, 227 - 246." type="journal article" year="1997">Horn & Visser 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FCDDF8E80573C1A4" author="Wicker" box="[856,1083,1901,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" refString="Wicker, R., Gaulke, M. & Horn, H. - G. (1999) Contributions to the biology, keeping and breeding of the Mindanao water monitor (Varanus s. cumingi). In: Horn, H. - G. & Bohme, W. (Eds), Advances in Monitor Research II, Mertensiella, 11, pp. 213 - 224." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Wicker
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003D0759FC32F8E802A3C1A5" box="[951,1003,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003D0759FBCDF8E80448C1A4" author="Moschny" box="[1096,1280,1901,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="52" refString="Moschny, D. (2009) Haltung & Zucht des Mindanao-Bindenwarans. Varanus, 1 (1), 8 - 20." type="journal article" year="2009">Moschny 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Up to three clutches containing two to ten eggs were laid within a one year period with intervals of 3.5 to 5 months. The mean egg size was 3.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003D0759FE4DF83D0356C1F1" box="[456,542,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="7.6">7.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with a mean weight of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003D0759FCC1F83D02DBC1F1" box="[836,915,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.61" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="g" value="56.1">56.1 g</quantity>
|
||
. The eggs were guarded by the female and defended against intruders. At an incubation temperature between 27 and 30o C, the incubation time varied from 190 to 220 days. The hatchlings had a SVL of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003C0758FD79FF45023CC6F9" box="[764,884,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 cm</quantity>
|
||
, a ToL of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003C0758FC69FF45052CC6F9" box="[1004,1124,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="29.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="28.0">28–31 cm</quantity>
|
||
, and weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4CB72F9F003C0758FA88FF450427C6F9" box="[1293,1391,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="g" value="34.0" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="26.0">26–42 g</quantity>
|
||
. As mentioned above, most hatchlings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FDD2FF6303BAC6DC" box="[599,754,230,255]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salvator" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FDD2FF6303BAC6DC" box="[599,754,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a distinctively darker and duller colour than adults, while in most other monitor lizards the hatchlings are more colourful than the adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003C0758FB04FE8F0428C707" author="Wicker" box="[1153,1376,266,292]" pageId="15" pageNumber="53" refString="Wicker, R., Gaulke, M. & Horn, H. - G. (1999) Contributions to the biology, keeping and breeding of the Mindanao water monitor (Varanus s. cumingi). In: Horn, H. - G. & Bohme, W. (Eds), Advances in Monitor Research II, Mertensiella, 11, pp. 213 - 224." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Wicker
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FB5AFE8E0452C707" box="[1247,1306,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF43FEB50347C799" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,442]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDEFF8B003C0758FF43FEB50099C769" author="Horn" box="[198,465,304,330]" pageId="15" pageNumber="51" refString="Horn, H. - G. & Gaulke M. (2004) Varanus salvator (Subspecies). In: Pianka, E. R. & King, D. R. (Eds), Varanoid lizards of the world. Bloomington. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis. pp. 258 - 271." type="book chapter" year="2004">Horn & Gaulke (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that intestinal investigations of 10 dissected
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FBA2FEB505F0C76A" box="[1063,1208,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. s. c u m i n g i</emphasis>
|
||
(it is open whether they referred to the nominate form, the new subspecies, or both of them) showed no differences in their food as compared with other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FD07FEFE024CC7B7" box="[642,772,379,404]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FD07FEFE024CC7B7" box="[642,772,379,404]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. The main prey items were different
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F43CD8003C0758FABEFEFF0433C7B7" box="[1339,1403,378,404]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of arthropods, but also vertebrates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" ID-Table-UUID="DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" box="[151,1436,490,514]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30D2F2003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[151,1436,656,1895]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF12FE6F04D4C421" blockId="15.[151,1436,490,636]" box="[151,1436,490,514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF12FE6F0047C421" bold="true" box="[151,271,490,514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of colour patterns (A: dorsal side, B: ventral side) of the six Philippine water monitor taxa
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF12FD8804D4C407" blockId="15.[151,1436,490,636]" box="[151,1436,525,548]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
recognized in this study (± means ‘more-or-less’). The dark and bright forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FC78FD88053BC407" box="[1021,1139,525,548]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FC78FD88053BC407" box="[1021,1139,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed separately due to
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF12FDB7024EC46A" blockId="15.[151,1436,490,636]" box="[151,774,562,585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the high degree of intraspecific variation in colour pattern.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF1AFDE00587C45F" blockId="15.[151,1436,490,636]" box="[159,1231,613,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Taxon Head Neck Back Tail</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FF1AFD150455C0C4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<table id="F94F70DA003CF8A8FF12FD1504D4C144" box="[151,1436,656,1895]" gridcols="5" gridrows="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12FD1504D4C524" box="[151,1436,656,775]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12FD1500C5C524" box="[151,397,656,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AFD150001C4E4" authority="Luzon, Polillo" authorityName="Luzon, Polillo" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Hydrosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AFD150073C484" box="[159,315,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Luzon, Polillo)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AFD1503CFC524" box="[415,647,656,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with 1–2 indistinct bright crossbands on snout</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DFD150237C524" box="[664,895,656,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, interspersed with bright scales or dots</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11FD1505DEC524" box="[916,1174,656,775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with or without 4– 6 transverse rows of ± distinctive larger spots</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DFD1504D4C524" box="[1192,1436,656,775]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, proximad bright spots, distad with indistinct bright crossbands</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12FC9F04D4C591" box="[151,1436,794,946]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12FC9F00C5C591" box="[151,397,794,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AFC9E0002C511" box="[159,330,795,818]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palawanensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AFC9E0002C511" box="[159,330,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. palawanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A208E313003C0758FED4FC9F0186C571" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FED4FC9F0186C571" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Palawan, Busuanga, Calauit, Balabac, Sibutu)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AFC9F03CFC591" box="[415,647,794,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">mostly dark, sometimes with whitish markings, a bright temporal streak ± pronounced</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DFC9F0237C591" box="[664,895,794,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with bright bordered scales, juveniles with numerous bright spots</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11FC9F05DEC591" box="[916,1174,794,946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">mostly dark, mottled with bright bordered scales; sometimes with up to eight transverse rows of spots</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DFC9F04D4C591" box="[1192,1436,794,946]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, proximad bright mottled, distad indistinct bright crossbands</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12FC4004D4C2BF" box="[151,1436,965,1180]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12FC4000C5C2BF" box="[151,397,965,1180]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AFC400079C5FF" box="[159,305,965,988]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rasmusseni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AFC400079C5FF" box="[159,305,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. rasmusseni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A208E313003C0758FEBDFC4000C5C5FE" box="[312,397,965,989]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FEBDFC4000C5C5FE" bold="true" box="[312,397,965,989]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Tawi–Tawi)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AFC4003CFC2BF" box="[415,647,965,1180]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">juveniles: brown with 3 indistinctive dark crossbands on snout; adults: dark brown; a bright temporal streak only in juveniles</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DFC400237C2BF" box="[664,895,965,1180]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">juveniles: brown with bright spots; adults: dark brown mottled with single bright scales</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11FC4005DEC2BF" box="[916,1174,965,1180]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">juveniles: brown with 12 transverse rows of small spots; adults: dark brown mottled with single bright scales</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DFC4004D4C2BF" box="[1192,1436,965,1180]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">juveniles: dark, proximad bright spots, distad distinct bright cross bars; adults: dark with indistinctive bright cross bars</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12FB3504D4C364" box="[151,1436,1200,1351]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12FB3500C5C364" box="[151,397,1200,1351]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AFB35005BC2E4" box="[159,275,1200,1223]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AFB35005BC2E4" box="[159,275,1200,1223]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Negros, Panay, Cebu)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AFB3503CFC364" box="[415,647,1200,1351]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, mostly with white markings</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DFB350237C364" box="[664,895,1200,1351]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with bright bordered scales or small dots, sometimes with bright medio– dorsal stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11FB3505DEC364" box="[916,1174,1200,1351]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with 4 reduced transverse rows of spots, sometimes with bright medium stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DFB3504D4C364" box="[1192,1436,1200,1351]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, proximad whitish mottled, distad with ± distinct bright crossbands</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12FADE04D4C3D1" box="[151,1436,1371,1522]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12FADE00C5C3D1" box="[151,397,1371,1522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AFADE005BC351" box="[159,275,1371,1394]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AFADE005BC351" box="[159,275,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Masbate, Ticao)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AFADE03CFC3D1" box="[415,647,1371,1522]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, mostly without white markings</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DFADE0237C3D1" box="[664,895,1371,1522]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, with bright bordered scales</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11FADE05DEC3D1" box="[916,1174,1371,1522]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">mostly dark, sometimes with 4 transverse rows of spots, sometimes with bright medium stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DFADE04D4C3D1" box="[1192,1436,1371,1522]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dark, proximad whitish mottled, distad with ± distinct bright crossbands</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12F98004D4C0BF" box="[151,1436,1541,1692]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12F98000C5C0BF" box="[151,397,1541,1692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AF980006BC01F" authority="Mindanao" authorityName="Mindanao" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salvator" subSpecies="cumingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AF9800060C03F" box="[159,296,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. c. cumingi</emphasis>
|
||
(Mindanao)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AF98003CFC0BF" box="[415,647,1541,1692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">predominantly yellow, sometimes brownish, with few dark markings</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DF9800237C0BF" box="[664,895,1541,1692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with yellow spots, sometimes with an indistinctive medio–dorsal stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11F98005DEC0BF" box="[916,1174,1541,1692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with 5–6 indistinctive transverse rows, sometimes with bright medio–dorsal stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DF98004D4C0BF" box="[1192,1436,1541,1692]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with yellow crossbands</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357F8038003CF8A8FF12F93504D4C144" box="[151,1436,1712,1895]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76AEE944003CF8A8FF12F93500C5C144" box="[151,397,1712,1895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FF9F9003C0758FF1AF93500C2C0E4" box="[159,394,1712,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cumingi" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="samarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AF93500C2C0E4" box="[159,394,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. cumingi samarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A208E313003C0758FF1AF95501B7C0CB" box="[159,255,1744,1768]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subSpecies">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B5E68003C0758FF1AF95501B7C0CB" bold="true" box="[159,255,1744,1768]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ssp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Samar, Leyte, Bohol)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FE1AF93503CFC144" box="[415,647,1712,1895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">predominantly black, with yellow markings</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FD1DF9350237C144" box="[664,895,1712,1895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with large yellow spots</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FC11F93505DEC144" box="[916,1174,1712,1895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with 6–8 transverse rows of ± distinctive yellow spots, ocelli or markings, without a bright medio- dorsal stripe</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEE944003CF8A8FB2DF93504D4C144" box="[1192,1436,1712,1895]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">black, with yellow crossbands</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0827A003C0758FB40F80904D4C180" blockId="15.[1221,1436,1932,1955]" box="[1221,1436,1932,1955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">continued next page</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |