518 lines
71 KiB
XML
518 lines
71 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A33F99752260F2397D9F9E23701C1379">Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3E7E147FC3900ED39CA13E862D40260C">Souto, Camilla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D71A6DCDF2CF2DC1BE032F152208EC4">Martins, Luciana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="72B45221C8C0C89D313E2F84DB9DAE24">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D94A5DFC6BFFF9CF8BFEA5FEB9AE9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5978155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148691884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5978155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D94A5DFC6BFFF9CF8BFEA5FEB9AE9D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D94A5DFC6BFFF9CF8BFEA5FEB9AE9D" lastPageId="12" pageId="8">
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<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFDCF8BFEA5FE85AB2F" pageId="8" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0874C27FC6BFFFDCF8BFEA5FDE8AB40" bold="true" box="[151,639,285,311]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFEA5FDE8AB40" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,639,285,311]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFEA5FDE8AB40" bold="true" box="[151,639,285,311]" pageId="8">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFEA5FE29AB40" bold="true" box="[151,446,285,311]" italics="true" pageId="8">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCED8FEA5FDE8AB40" box="[452,639,285,311]" pageId="8" refId="ref11555" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; presentant leurs caracteres essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la consideration de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement etabli dans les galeries du Museum d'hist. naturelle, parmi leurs depouilles conservees; precede du discours d'ouverture de cours de zoologie donne dans le Museum national d'histoire naturelle l'an 8 de la Republique. Chez l'auteur & Deterville, Paris, 432 pp." type="book">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE87FE85AB2F" blockId="8.[151,639,285,344]" box="[151,274,319,344]" pageId="8">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCF83FE87FE9EAB2F" box="[159,265,319,344]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox-0="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="8">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFDCF8BFE3AFD6AABC0" pageId="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE3AFD0BABEF" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,668,386,408]" pageId="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB60DC65FC6BFFFDCF8BFE3AFD0BABEF" box="[151,668,386,408]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFE3AFDF4ABEF" authority="Lamarck, 1801: 348" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityPageNumber="348" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,611,386,408]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cariboearum">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFE3AFE18ABEF" box="[151,399,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="8">Cassidulus cariboearum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCE89FE3AFDF4ABEF" author="" box="[405,611,386,408]" page="348" pageId="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCE89FE3AFDA5ABEF" box="[405,562,386,408]" pageId="8" refId="ref11555" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; presentant leurs caracteres essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la consideration de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement etabli dans les galeries du Museum d'hist. naturelle, parmi leurs depouilles conservees; precede du discours d'ouverture de cours de zoologie donne dans le Museum national d'histoire naturelle l'an 8 de la Republique. Chez l'auteur & Deterville, Paris, 432 pp." type="book">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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: 348
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</taxonomicName>
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–349.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE19FD6AABC0" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,765,417,439]" pageId="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB60DC65FC6BFFFDCF8BFE19FD6AABC0" box="[151,765,417,439]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFE19FE55ABC0" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,450,417,439]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Rhyncholampas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFE19FE55ABC0" box="[151,450,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="8">Rhyncholampas caribaearum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCEFBFE1AFD53ABC0" author="" box="[487,708,417,439]" page="270" pageId="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCEFBFE1AFD00ABC0" box="[487,663,417,439]" pageId="8" refId="ref10330" refString="Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1 (9), 253 - 308." type="journal article">A. Agassiz, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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:270
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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–271.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFDCF8BFE78FC8CAB83" pageId="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE78FCE3ABA1" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,884,448,470]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFE78FE23ABA1" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,436,448,470]" class="Echinoidea" family="Faujasiidae" genus="Rhynchopygus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFE78FE23ABA1" box="[151,436,448,470]" italics="true" pageId="8">Rhynchopygus caribaearum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCEC6FE78FD1DABA1" box="[474,650,448,470]" pageId="8" refId="ref10372" refString="Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3, 383 - 762." type="journal article">
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A. Agassiz,
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<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCD49FE78FD1DABA1" box="[597,650,448,470]" pageId="8" value="1872" valueMax="1874">1872</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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–1874:153, 343, pl. 15.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE66FC8CAB83" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,795,478,500]" pageId="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB60DC65FC6BFFFDCF8BFE66FC8CAB83" box="[151,795,478,500]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFE66FE55AB83" box="[151,450,478,500]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Rhyncholampas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cariboearum">
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<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFE66FE55AB83" box="[151,450,478,500]" italics="true" pageId="8">Rhyncholampas cariboearum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCEFBFE67FD54AB83" author="" box="[487,707,478,500]" page="106" pageId="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCEFBFE67FD00AB83" box="[487,663,478,500]" pageId="8" refId="ref10811" refString="Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific echini. The Echinoneidae, Nucleoltitidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 46 (2), 91 - 283." type="journal article">H.L. Clark, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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:106
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 144.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFDCF8BFE45FD44A845" pageId="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFE45FB01A864" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,1174,509,531]" pageId="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB60DC65FC6BFFFDCF8BFE45FB01A864" box="[151,1174,509,531]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFE45FE18A864" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,399,509,531]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFE45FE18A864" box="[151,399,509,531]" italics="true" pageId="8">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCEA9FE46FD08A864" author="" box="[437,671,509,531]" page="205" pageId="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCEA9FE46FDE7A864" box="[437,624,509,531]" pageId="8" refId="ref12053" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IU. 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 363 pp." type="book">Mortensen, 1948a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 205
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–210, pls. 2, 11;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCC54FE45FC4CA864" author="" box="[840,987,509,531]" page="34" pageId="8">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCC54FE45FC2BA864" box="[840,956,509,531]" pageId="8" refId="ref11059" refString="Gray, J. E. (1855) Catalogue of the Recent Echinida, or sea eggs, in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Echinida Irregularia. Order of the Trustees, London, 69 pp." type="book">Gray, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:34
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCCF9FE45FB05A864" author="" box="[997,1170,509,531]" page="80" pageId="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCCF9FE45FBFBA864" box="[997,1132,509,531]" pageId="8" refId="ref12014" refString="Mooi, R. (1990 b) Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 130 (1), 63 - 85." type="journal article">Mooi, 1990b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFDA4FD44A845" blockId="8.[151,1174,386,562]" box="[151,723,540,562]" pageId="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB60DC65FC6BFFFDCF8BFDA4FD44A845" box="[151,723,540,562]" pageId="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCF8BFDA4FE18A845" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,399,540,562]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cariboearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFDA4FE18A845" box="[151,399,540,562]" italics="true" pageId="8">Cassidulus cariboearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD1DD5AFC6BFFFDCEA9FDA4FDC3A845" author="" box="[437,596,540,562]" page="176" pageId="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6BFFFDCEA9FDA4FDB3A845" box="[437,548,540,562]" pageId="8" refId="ref11259" refString="Kier, P. M. (1962) Revision of the cassiduloid echinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 144, 1 - 262." type="journal article">Kier, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 176
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–178, pl. 26.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFDCF8BFDE6FB83A904" pageId="8" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCF8BFDE6FBC1A8EC" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCF8BFDE6FED2A800" bold="true" box="[151,325,606,631]" pageId="8">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6BFFFDCF8BFDE6FF45A800" box="[151,210,606,631]" pageId="8">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6BFFFDCE50FDE7FE3CA800" box="[332,427,607,631]" pageId="8" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(designated herein): Caribbean Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6BFFFDCC56FDE6FBA9A800" box="[842,1086,606,631]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="8">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6BFFFDCB56FDE6FB26A800" box="[1098,1201,606,631]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="8">Anegada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Loblolly Bay,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCA41FDE6FF38A8ED" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" unit="m" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">
|
||
0.5–
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCA8FFDE6FF38A8ED" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collected by R. Mooi and M. Telford,
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCD78FD3AFD75A8EC" box="[612,738,642,667]" pageId="8" value="1986-04-01">01.IV.1986</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCDF2FD3AFCF7A8ED" box="[750,864,642,667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.668" pageId="8" unit="mm" value="26.68">26.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED61638EFC6BFFFDCC84FD3BFC7CA8EC" box="[920,1003,643,667]" pageId="8">CASIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
222205).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBFD1EFBE3A970" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCFDBFD1EFE15A8C8" bold="true" box="[199,386,678,703]" pageId="8">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6BFFFDCFDBFD1EFEBEA8C8" box="[199,297,678,703]" pageId="8" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
choice.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the absence of specimens from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6BFFFDCC24FD1FFCFFA8C8" box="[824,872,679,703]" pageId="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, we chose an adult specimen from one of the few well-studied populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCD22FD73FD63A894" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[574,756,715,739]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCD22FD73FD63A894" box="[574,756,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="8">C. caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimen agrees with the original description of the species and is in great condition (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCD11FD57FDA7A971" box="[525,560,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="8">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, test is intact and still has spines and pedicellariae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBFCAAFB83A904" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCFDBFCAAFDCAA95C" bold="true" box="[199,605,786,811]" pageId="8">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6BFFFDCD75FCABFC15A95C" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[617,898,787,811]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCD75FCABFC15A95C" box="[617,898,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="8">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6BFFFDCC92FCAAFC60A95C" box="[910,1015,786,811]" name="Bahamas" pageId="8">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCB24FCABFB1BA95D" box="[1080,1164,787,811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="8" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
(NHM-UK 87.6.27.7);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6BFFFDCF8BFC8EFE19A938" box="[151,398,822,847]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="8">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6BFFFDCE87FC8EFD95A938" box="[411,514,822,847]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="8">Anegada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCD25FC8FFD31A939" box="[569,678,823,847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="8" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="9.0">9–30 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED61638EFC6BFFFDCDAAFC8FFC9EA938" box="[694,777,823,847]" pageId="8">CASIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCC0DFC8EFCF0A938" box="[785,871,822,847]" pageId="8" value="32-11-26">112632</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCC68FC8EFC5DA938" box="[884,970,822,847]" pageId="8" value="33-11-26">112633</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCCCBFC8EFBBAA938" box="[983,1069,822,847]" pageId="8" value="37-11-26">112637</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCB25FC8EFB18A938" box="[1081,1167,822,847]" pageId="8" value="38-11-26">112638</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCB80FC8EFB64A938" box="[1180,1267,822,847]" pageId="8" value="83-11-26">112683</date>
|
||
A); and French Antilles, TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6BFFFDCE3BFCE3FE05A905" box="[295,402,859,883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="8.0">8–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
(UF 11786–11788, 11797–11798, 11825, 11892, 11933).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6BFFFECFDBFCC6FE6CAAA3" lastPageId="11" pageId="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBFCC6FD53AE74" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCFDBFCC6FECEA9E0" bold="true" box="[199,345,894,919]" pageId="8">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Test oval (TW
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCD05FCC7FDACA9E1" box="[537,571,895,918]" italics="true" pageId="8">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
85% of TL), lateral edges straight, anterior and posterior margins round; greatest height at apical disc, test height decreases sharply from apical disc to periproct; transverse cross section triangular; oral region concave along the midline of the anterior-posterior axis. Test measurements (TL * TW * TH in mm): 26.68 * 22.65 * 11.71 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCEE7FC52FD2FAE74" box="[507,696,1002,1027]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="8">Fig. 4A–B, D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBFBB6FE51AEE4" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
Apical disc anterior, monobasal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCD58FBB7FDC8AE51" box="[580,607,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="8">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 11% of TL, flat, with four elongated gonopores on disc edge; anterior gonopores closer together, posterior gonopores further apart (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCC4DFB8AFC40AE3C" box="[849,983,1074,1099]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="8">Fig. 4A; 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
, not from N); hydropores abundant and spread across plate. Anterior ocular plates between their adjacent gonopores; posterior ocular plates near distal edge of gonopores 1 and 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBFB26FB42AF8C" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
Petalodium system about 74% of TL. Posterior petals longer than others; anterior petals wider than posterior petals. Anterior petals broad in the middle and narrow distally (not closing), and with bowed columns of respiratory podia. Posterior petals roughly with same width throughout; columns of respiratory podia curved outwards towards test edge. Poriferous zone of petals narrow, pores slightly conjugated; outer pores slightly elongated, inner pores round and smaller than outer. Columns
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCC40FA97FCFDAF31" box="[860,874,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6BFFFDCCBFFA96FC26AF31" box="[931,945,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="8">b</emphasis>
|
||
of posterior petals differ by 3–5 pore-pairs (number of respiratory podia: petal I, 27/30; petal V, 27/32), of anterior paired petals differ by 3–4 pore-pairs (number of respiratory podia: petal II, 20/23; petal IV, 20/24), anterior petal is equal (petal III, 25/25 respiratory podia). Primary tubercles present in poriferous zone; 2, sometimes 3 primary tubercles per petal plate. No occluded plates in petals. Ambulacra beyond petals increase 55% in relation to end-petal W; unipores in plates beyond petals: aboral plates wider than long, pores on suture, between adradial edge and middle of plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBF9BEFD22ACFD" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
Phyllodes with unipores, with only one column of pores on each half (number of phyllopores: phyllodes 1 and 5, 4/5; phyllodes 2 and 4, 6/6; phyllode 3, 6/5) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCDF9F992FCD4AC34" box="[741,835,1578,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="8">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Columns mostly straight, largest W adorally and phyllodes narrow down distally. Buccal pores same size as phyllopores. Four to 6 sphaeridia (109–116 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCA6CF9F6FF20ACFC" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="8">Fig. 5L</figureCitation>
|
||
) in large and enclosed pits near buccal pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBF92EFEA1AC80" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">Peristome anterior (34% TL from anterior region), slightly transverse (L 68% of W), pentagonal. Mouth opening in center of peristomial membrane. Bourrelets slightly developed as mounds mostly towards the inside of the peristome.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBF8BAFD68AD14" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">Naked zone well-developed throughout midline of test on interambulacrum 5 and ambulacrum III, wider anteriorly than posteriorly (W 22% of TW). Deep pits present in oral region, mostly on naked zone. One primary tubercle present on naked zone, adjacent to phyllode 1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6BFFFDCFDBF8D6FA94AD84" blockId="8.[151,1437,606,2035]" pageId="8">
|
||
Periproct marginal and transverse (L 70% of W), beyond posterior petals; aboral plates form a prominent lip, oral and lateral plates do not bend inside the periproct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCC0EF82AFC3DADDC" box="[786,938,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="8">
|
||
Fig. 4E;
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCC64F82BFC18ADDC" box="[888,911,1939,1963]" pageId="8">4I</date>
|
||
–J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, not from N). Periproctal membrane with 2 rows of 5–6 medium- to large-sized plates; smaller plates scattered in aboral region near anus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6BFFFDCBDAF80EFAB9ADB8" box="[1222,1326,1974,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="8">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6BFFFDCBE7F80FFA84ADB8" box="[1275,1299,1975,1999]" pageId="8">4I</date>
|
||
–J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, not from N). Anus opening aborally, on center of periproctal membrane and surrounded by elongated papillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0FABC3FC6AFFFCCF8BF944FE53ADFA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="9" startId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" targetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6AFFFCCF8BF944FE53ADFA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1788,1933]" pageId="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6AFFFCCF8BF944FE83AD66" bold="true" box="[151,276,1788,1810]" pageId="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6AFFFCCE00F944FD2EAD65" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[284,697,1788,1810]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6AFFFCCE00F944FD81AD65" box="[284,534,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck, 1801
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0FABC3FC69FFFFCF8BFB5EFA05AF2E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10" startId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" targetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC69FFFFCF8BFB5EFA05AF2E" blockId="10.[151,1435,1254,1369]" pageId="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC69FFFFCF8BFB5EFE84AE8B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1254,1276]" pageId="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC69FFFFCE06FB5EFD23AE8B" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[282,692,1254,1276]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC69FFFFCE06FB5EFD84AE8B" box="[282,531,1254,1276]" italics="true" pageId="10">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck, 1801
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC69FFFFCFDBFA38FD45AC07" blockId="10.[151,1437,1408,2009]" pageId="10">
|
||
Primary tubercles perforate and slightly crenulate. Oral primary tubercles with mamelon displaced in the opposite direction of the spine (usually anteriorly from center of bosses) and 2.25x as large as aboral tubercles. Aboral spines short, straight, apex thicker than base, shaft serrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCCD4FA70FBB2AF96" box="[968,1061,1480,1505]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
); bourrelet spines curved, shaft serrated, base short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCE9EFA54FE4AAC72" box="[386,477,1516,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
); oral spines long, straight, thicker at the base than at the apex, shaft mostly smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCF83F9A8FF6FAC5E" box="[159,248,1552,1577]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
; not from N); spines on lip above periproct thin, straight, intermediate in size between oral and aboral spines, shaft slightly serrated on both extremities. Miliary spines abundant, short, straight, thickness uniform, tip crown-shaped, shaft serrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCEFBF9E0FDAEAC06" box="[487,569,1624,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
, not from N).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC69FFFECFDBF9C4FE6CAAA3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1408,2009]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="11" pageId="10">
|
||
Periproctal and peristomial membranes with small ossicles. Triphyllous pedicellariae small and apparently abundant near aboral ambulacra. Valves short and broad (45–56 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCCABF918FBB8ACCE" box="[951,1071,1696,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 6A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
) with delicate teeth along whole blade margin. Ophicephalous pedicellariae small and rare. Valves (135–181 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCB4CF97CFB5DACAA" box="[1104,1226,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 6C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with coarse teeth along whole blade margin (open row, U-shaped). Hinge broad, handles conspicuous. Two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC69FFFFCBD4F951FA94AD76" box="[1224,1283,1769,1793]" pageId="10">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of tridentate pedicellariae found. Large
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC69FFFFCEDFF8B5FE64AD52" box="[451,499,1805,1829]" pageId="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
found near posterior petals and periproct; valves (302–407 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCBC4F8B4FAD9AD52" box="[1240,1358,1804,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 6E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) broad and robust; blade with thin teeth along whole margin, teeth on distal margin numerous and very long; region between blade and basal region wide, basal region tall; stalk (494–553 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCB3FF8ECFBEAAD1A" box="[1059,1149,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
) robust, proximal region thicker than distal region and with pointy upward projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCC4BF8C0FC26ADE6" box="[855,945,1912,1937]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
), no neck present. Small
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC69FFFFCBD2F8C1FB69ADE6" box="[1230,1278,1913,1937]" pageId="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
found around apical disc where embryos and young (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCD57F824FD53ADC2" box="[587,708,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are; valves (228–302 µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC69FFFFCB0CF824FBEBADC2" box="[1040,1148,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1398,265,1464]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="10">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC69FFFFCB58F824FBCDADC2" box="[1092,1114,1948,1973]" pageId="10">6I</date>
|
||
–L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) broad; blade with coarse teeth along whole margin, teeth on distal margin larger; region between blade and basal region narrow, basal region short and spineless; stalk (610–767 [broken] µm L;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC68FFFECDC0FF2FFCB0AAC7" box="[732,807,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="11">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC68FFFECC13FF2FFCB0AAC7" box="[783,807,151,176]" pageId="11">5I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) long and thin, base thicker than apex, stereom thin and intricate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC68FFFECE1EFF04FEC5AAA2" box="[258,338,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1254,1276]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,195,1233]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457577/files/figure.png" pageId="11">Fig. 5J</figureCitation>
|
||
), neck present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0FABC3FC68FFFECF8BFA75FE1FAC48" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457579/files/figure.png" pageId="11" startId="11.[151,250,1485,1507]" targetBox="[189,1398,265,1464]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC68FFFECF8BFA75FE1FAC48" blockId="11.[151,1436,1485,1599]" pageId="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECF8BFA75FE83AF95" bold="true" box="[151,276,1485,1507]" pageId="11">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC68FFFECE00FA75FD2EAF94" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[284,697,1485,1507]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECE00FA75FD81AF94" box="[284,534,1485,1507]" italics="true" pageId="11">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck, 1801
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC68FFF9CFDBF9D4FC22ABA7" lastPageId="12" pageId="11" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC68FFFECFDBF9D4FB94ADBE" blockId="11.[151,1436,1644,1993]" pageId="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECFDBF9D4FBBBACF2" bold="true" box="[199,1068,1644,1669]" pageId="11">Additional information based on comparative material and literature.</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior region of apical disc slightly bulged towards interambulacrum. Oral plates beyond petals about 1.15–1.60x longer than wide, pores near the distal edge of plate suture. Plates on phyllodes sometimes unequal in size and shape; pyrinoid plates not present. Phyllopores usually aligned in a uniform column. Ambulacral basicoronal plates pierced by buccal pore and one per ambulacrum also pierced by a phyllopore in the sequence a, b, a, b, b from phyllode I to V (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC68FFFECA28F944FA07AD63" box="[1332,1424,1788,1813]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="11">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Columns
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECE1AF899FE83AD4F" box="[262,276,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="11">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECE4DF898FEC8AD4F" box="[337,351,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="11">b</emphasis>
|
||
of interambulacrum 5 with 6–7 plates between basicoronal plate and base of periproct and 3 (rarely 4) until adapical region of periproct (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC68FFFECDA4F8FDFD75AD2B" box="[696,738,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="11">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||
periproct is framed by 4 [rarely 3] plates on each side). Interambulacral basicoronal plates 1 and 4 narrower than others, 5 the broadest, 2 and 3 intermediate in size. Second and third oral plates on interambulacrum 5 are much longer than wide. Periproct framed adorally by plates 5.a.6 (or 5.a.7) and 5.b.7, and adapically by plates 5.a.10 (or 5.a.9) and 5.b.10.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFF2FFB9AAB6A" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
Gastric caecum highly reduced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CD27FF2FFC88AAC7" box="[571,799,151,176]" pageId="12" refId="ref12965" refString="Ziegler, A., Faber, C., Mueller, S. & Bartolomaeus, T. (2008) Systematic comparison and reconstruction of sea urchin (Echinoidea) internal anatomy: a novel approach using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Biology, 6, 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 6 - 33" type="journal article">
|
||
Ziegler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CD8BFF21FD5DAAC7" box="[663,714,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anterior stomach located in ambulacrum III, where it joins the short esophagus, and in interambulacrum 3; a cluster of 4–6 smooth, finger-like pouches at the junction of esophagus and anterior stomach, and further subdivided into two smaller clusters directed laterally towards interambulacra 2 and 3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CEBBFEBCFD14AB6B" box="[423,643,260,285]" pageId="12" refId="ref13098" refString="Ziegler, A., Mooi, R., Rolet, G. & De Ridder, C. (2010) Origin and evolutionary plasticity of the gastric caecum in sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 313" type="journal article">
|
||
Ziegler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CD1CFEBDFDA5AB6B" box="[512,562,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Color
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CDC0FEBDFCB0AB6B" box="[732,807,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
: white (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CC98FEBCFB97AB6A" box="[900,1024,260,285]" pageId="12" refId="ref11284" refString="Kier, P. M. (1975) The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.206" type="journal article">Kier, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFE9FFC22ABA7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CFDBFE9FFE7DAB37" bold="true" box="[199,490,295,320]" pageId="12">Intraspecific variability.</emphasis>
|
||
Besides the difference in the number of plates on oral interambulacrum 5, other differences were observed between specimens. For instance, the difference in the number of respiratory podia between the columns
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CE97FEC9FE0EABFF" box="[395,409,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="12">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CECCFEC8FE49ABFF" box="[464,478,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="12">b</emphasis>
|
||
of anterior paired petals varies from 2–4 pore-pairs. Also, the number of phyllopores varies from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CE03FE2CFEF0ABDA" box="[287,359,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="12" unit="in" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 in</quantity>
|
||
phyllodes I, III and V, and from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CDC7FE2CFCB4ABDA" box="[731,803,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="12" unit="in" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 in</quantity>
|
||
phyllodes II and IV; and although most specimens have deep pits in the naked region, a few others have shallow and small pits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36AA8C0FC6FFFF9CFDBFE64FEB9AE9D" pageId="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFE64FC2CA8DF" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CFDBFE64FD2DAB82" bold="true" box="[199,698,476,501]" pageId="12">Bathymetric and geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6FFFF9CDDEFE64FC43AB83" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[706,980,476,500]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CDDEFE64FC43AB83" box="[706,980,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12">Cassidulus caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B435A9FC6FFFF9CBD3FE64FA8EAB82" box="[1231,1305,476,501]" country="Belize" name="Belize" pageId="12">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CBD3FE64FA8EAB82" box="[1231,1305,476,501]" name="Belize" pageId="12">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CA53FE64FEA8A86F" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="12">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CE4FFE47FE27A86F" box="[339,432,511,536]" name="Jamaica" pageId="12">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B435A9FC6FFFF9CED8FE47FD8BA86F" box="[452,540,511,536]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="12">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CED8FE47FD8BA86F" box="[452,540,511,536]" name="Mexico" pageId="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B435A9FC6FFFF9CD2CFDB8FD1EA860" box="[560,649,512,535]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="12">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CD2CFDB8FD1EA860" box="[560,649,512,535]" name="Panama" pageId="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CDCCFDB8FCCAA86F" box="[720,861,511,536]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="12">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CC68FE47FBBCA86F" box="[884,1067,511,536]" pageId="12" refId="ref11555" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; presentant leurs caracteres essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la consideration de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement etabli dans les galeries du Museum d'hist. naturelle, parmi leurs depouilles conservees; precede du discours d'ouverture de cours de zoologie donne dans le Museum national d'histoire naturelle l'an 8 de la Republique. Chez l'auteur & Deterville, Paris, 432 pp." type="book">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CB23FE47FA96A86F" box="[1087,1281,511,536]" pageId="12" refId="ref11021" refString="Gladfelter, W. B. (1978) General ecology of the cassiduloid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology, 47, 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00395636" type="journal article">Gladfelter, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CA09FE47FA00A86F" box="[1301,1431,511,536]" pageId="12" refId="ref11284" refString="Kier, P. M. (1975) The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.206" type="journal article">Kier, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CF8BFD9CFE39A84B" box="[151,430,548,573]" pageId="12" refId="ref12716" refString="Tzompantzi, D. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Laguarda-Figueras, A., Abreu-Perez, M. & Duran-Gonzalez, A. (1999) Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Mexican Caribbean: Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Avicennia, 10 / 11, 43 - 72." type="journal article">
|
||
Tzompantzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CE3AFD9DFEF5A84B" box="[294,354,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CEA0FD9CFD21A84B" box="[444,694,548,573]" pageId="12" refId="ref10485" refString="Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37 - 55." type="journal article">
|
||
Alvarado
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CD32FD9DFDFEA84B" box="[558,617,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CDD8FD9CFBA5A84B" box="[708,1074,548,573]" pageId="12" refId="ref12223" refString="Rodriguez-Barreras, R., Sabat, A. M., Benavides-Serrato, M. & Bontemps, D. R. (2012) A new record for Puerto Rico of the irregular echinoid Cassidulus caribaearum. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 85." type="journal article">
|
||
Rodríguez-Barreras
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CCB7FD9DFC71A84B" box="[939,998,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CB55FD9CFB27A84A" box="[1097,1200,548,573]" name="Bahamas" pageId="12">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and French Antilles (extended herein). The NHM-UK database holds occurrences from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CCA5FDFFFB2FA817" box="[953,1208,583,608]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="12">
|
||
Antigua and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B435A9FC6FFFF9CB49FDFFFB2FA817" box="[1109,1208,583,608]" country="Antigua and Barbuda" name="Barbuda" pageId="12">Barbuda</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Occurrence of the species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BBDBFC6FFFF9CE12FDD4FE22A8F2" box="[270,437,620,645]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="12">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic has been indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CC36FDD4FC71A8F3" box="[810,998,620,645]" pageId="12" refId="ref10440" refString="Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41 (2), 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0" type="journal article">Alvarado (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but we have not been able to find the original reference for the occurrence nor a record in museum databases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFD0CFB46A887" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
This species occurs in shallow water, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CDB5FD0CFD76A8BB" box="[681,737,692,716]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="12" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
|
||
of depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CC4EFD0CFB3FA8BA" box="[850,1192,692,717]" pageId="12" refId="ref12014" refString="Mooi, R. (1990 b) Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 130 (1), 63 - 85." type="journal article">Mooi, 1990b; extended herein</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A. Agassiz’s (
|
||
<date id="FFCEDD8BFC6FFFF9CA49FD0CFF45A887" pageId="12" value="1872" valueMax="1874">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CA49FD0CFA1AA8BB" box="[1365,1421,692,716]" pageId="12" refId="ref10372" refString="Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3, 383 - 762." type="journal article">1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
– 1874
|
||
</date>
|
||
, p. 343) record of specimens living at 106 fathoms (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CC07FD61FCA1A887" box="[795,822,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="12">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CC5FFD60FC1CA887" box="[835,907,728,752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" pageId="12" unit="m" value="194.0">194 m</quantity>
|
||
) of depth is probably wrong.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFD44FD24A9D0" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CFDBFD44FE5DA962" bold="true" box="[199,458,764,789]" pageId="12">Natural history notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Even though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6FFFF9CD79FD44FC82A963" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[613,789,764,788]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CD79FD44FC82A963" box="[613,789,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="12">C. caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described more than 200 years ago and is fairly welldistributed in shallow Caribbean waters, information about this species is still scarce. The specimens analyzed herein were collected from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CEFDFCFCFDF9A92B" box="[481,622,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" unit="mm" value="55.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="10.0">10–100 mm</quantity>
|
||
beneath the surface of the sediment, which was composed of clean calcareous sand. This specific population migrates with changes in season and the density of individuals varies between 5–25 individuals/m2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CEF6FC36FD30A9D0" box="[490,679,910,935]" pageId="12" refId="ref11021" refString="Gladfelter, W. B. (1978) General ecology of the cassiduloid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology, 47, 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00395636" type="journal article">Gladfelter, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFC0BFB0BAED5" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
Some cassiduloids are known to brood their young (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CC39FC0BFC6FA9BC" box="[805,1016,947,971]" pageId="12" refId="ref12053" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IU. 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 363 pp." type="book">Mortensen, 1948a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sometimes in brooding pouches or among the aboral spines, as is the case for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6FFFF9CD6AFC6FFCBFA998" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[630,808,983,1007]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CD6AFC6FFCBFA998" box="[630,808,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="12">C. caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6FFFF9CC75FC60FC55A987" box="[873,962,984,1008]" pageId="12" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
described herein has several embryos and young in the aboral region (see dark yellow patch around apical disc on
|
||
<figureCitation id="134BE7CEFC6FFFF9CCD8FC42FB89AE64" box="[964,1054,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[190,1396,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–E]; CASIZ 112683B [F–G, I–J]; CASIZ 112683A [H]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view; SRµCT-based volume renderings of apical disc in (F) external and (G) internal view (arrows indicate calcareous ridges beneath madreporic plate), (H) of peristome in internal view, and of periproct in (I) internal and (J) external view. Scale bars: A–E, 5 mm; F–J, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457575/files/figure.png" pageId="12">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CB2DFC42FB62AE64" box="[1073,1269,1018,1043]" pageId="12" refId="ref11021" refString="Gladfelter, W. B. (1978) General ecology of the cassiduloid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology, 47, 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00395636" type="journal article">Gladfelter (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that fertilization in this species may be internal and he also did not rule out the possibility of parthenogenesis; both hypotheses remain to be tested. Sexual dimorphism in gonopore size is not as apparent as in other cassiduloids (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CFBCFBD0FF5FAE08" box="[160,200,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="12">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6FFFF9CFC4FBDFFD0FAE08" authority="A. Agassiz, 1869" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1869" box="[216,664,1126,1151]" class="Echinoidea" family="Neolampadidae" genus="Neolampas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rostellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CFC4FBDFFE5DAE08" box="[216,458,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="12">Neolampas rostellata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CECEFBDFFD0FAE08" box="[466,664,1126,1151]" pageId="12" refId="ref10330" refString="Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1 (9), 253 - 308." type="journal article">A. Agassiz, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but because of the presence of embryos on the test, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CB45E9FC6FFFF9CA34FBD0FA16AEF7" box="[1320,1409,1128,1152]" pageId="12" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is most likely a female. Sexual maturity was observed in individuals larger than
|
||
<quantity id="4C8856AEFC6FFFF9CB1CFB33FBD8AED5" box="[1024,1103,1163,1187]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in TL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFB4BFC6FFFF9CFDBFB17FEB9AE9D" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1259]" pageId="12">
|
||
See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CFE7FB16FE55AEB0" box="[251,450,1198,1223]" pageId="12" refId="ref11021" refString="Gladfelter, W. B. (1978) General ecology of the cassiduloid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology, 47, 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00395636" type="journal article">Gladfelter (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE186BAFC6FFFF9CD1EFB16FC83AEB0" box="[514,788,1198,1223]" pageId="12" refId="ref12665" refString="Telford, M. & Mooi, R. (1996) Podial particle picking in Cassidulus caribaearum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) and the phylogeny of sea urchin feeding mechanisms. Biological Bulletin, 191, 209 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1542924" type="journal article">Telford & Mooi (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for additional information on the natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7080C8FC6FFFF9CA9EFB17FEBFAE9C" authorityName="? Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" class="Echinoidea" family="Cassidulidae" genus="Cassidulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cassiduloida" pageId="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribaearum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9042759FC6FFFF9CA9EFB17FEBFAE9C" italics="true" pageId="12">C. caribaearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |