312 lines
39 KiB
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312 lines
39 KiB
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<mods:title id="7F01825B8E5270B25BED120D2C4F5B31">Dead man’s fingers point to new taxa: two new genera of New Zealand soft corals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) and a revision of Alcyonium aurantiacum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AF14A8FEB0446B110EDFB7B8C0365518">Kessel, Gustav M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="968346510A48D41632DE1FC45DA66461">Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Aotearoa-New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EF941F38FE5219804D81A4280E2F14D1" type="email">gustav.kessel@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B98D4CFA2732811906D0CCC7C99E2E61">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E1FC59EECAF4A67B7D639C1ABA0C4039">Bilewitch, Jaret P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ACF2E97D3C04263937FC1A3E686D9721">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Wellington, Aotearoa-New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4F2C0ADF7AE0FC5113E1F361B489E7C2" type="email">jaret.bilewitch@niwa.co.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="78741E06899569757EF7321D5FD5AE13">Norman, Jerry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="06E01F534516CD96B9259A142A6A94F6">Ngāti Kurī, Tira Me Te Wā, Aotearoa-New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="99AAECD026D03BA4AFA40D81C73C7BB3">Potts, Romana Tekaharoa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1BBEE30919891BF591A0231B9303D6A0">Ngāti Kurī, Tira Me Te Wā, Aotearoa-New Zealand. & Te Wānanga o Aotearoa, Te Ringa Mauī / Ngāti Kurī / Te Ngaki, Aotearoa-New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0D4B01B6407B67A8C7EF45BAAD8D92EC">Gardner, Jonathan P. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB9337480894E3D9BE914EE553B664AE">Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Aotearoa-New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9A38476A21A84F1E453C8AF5539BA114" type="email">jonathan.gardner@vuw.ac.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A3CC76703E3BDEFC55BCA542193805DC">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C999C46A51166543122176D26658C149">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C18705B53D5C6CD3A9205FCA07F7B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7094098" ID-GBIF-Taxon="200635685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7094098" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:89E20C47-8DAD-40C4-B7F7-58A4F8FE4F5A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18705B53D5C6CD3A9205FCA07F7B6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C3726598B53D5C6DD3A9205FCB86F88B" box="[728,935,1815,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53D5C6DD3A9205FCB14F888" authority="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner, 2022" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[728,821,1815,1841]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53D5C6DD3A9205FCB14F888" bold="true" box="[728,821,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kotatea</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53D5C6DD24D2050CB86F88B" box="[828,935,1816,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BD73613B53D5C6DD27C2017CB53F8C0" blockId="6.[401,1263,1815,1913]" box="[781,882,1887,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<figureCitation id="13532A96B53D5C6DD27C2017CB53F8C0" box="[781,882,1887,1913]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="8.[227,270,1738,1764]" captionStartId-1="9.[227,270,1719,1745]" captionStartId-2="10.[227,270,1151,1177]" captionStartId-3="11.[227,270,1371,1397]" captionTargetBox-0="[227,1437,338,1699]" captionTargetBox-1="[301,1361,302,1693]" captionTargetBox-2="[230,1433,302,1107]" captionTargetBox-3="[230,1433,302,1328]" captionTargetId-0="figure-138@8.[227,1437,338,1699]" captionTargetId-1="figure-185@9.[301,1361,302,1693]" captionTargetId-2="figure-111@10.[230,1433,302,1107]" captionTargetId-3="figure-150@11.[230,1433,302,1328]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Collection sites of specimens of Kotatea gen. nov. and Ushanaia gen. nov. Holotype collection sites are indicated by white symbols, paratypes and other material by black symbols. In the case of K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov., the type collection site refers to that described by Quoy & Gaimard (1833). A. Manawatāwhi/Three Kings Islands. B. Far northern NZ, from Piwhane/Spirits Bay to the Poor Knights Islands. C. Northern NZ, from the Mokohinau Islands to East Cape. D. Central NZ, Cook Strait to Banks Peninsula. E. South-East NZ, Fiordland. Note that the holotypes of K. kapotaiora gen. et sp. nov. and K. teorowai gen. et sp. nov. share the same collection site." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Polyps. A. Kotatea amicispongia gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 156312). B. K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov. (NIWA 75330). C. K. kapotaiora gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 3974). D. K. kurakootingotingo gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101538). E. K. kurakootingotingo gen. et sp. nov., paratype, small polyp with coloured collaret and points (MAGNT C015221). F. K. lobata gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101313). G. K. niwa gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MAGNT C015226). H. K. raekura gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101537). I. Ushanaia ferruginea gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 156313). J. U. fervens gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 156311). K. U. solida gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 102133). L. K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov., in situ (uncollected specimen), Poor Knights Islands, photo by Ian Skipworth (ianskipworth.com). M. U. fervens gen. et sp. nov., in situ (uncollected specimen), Fiordland, photo by Shane Geange. Scale bars = ~1 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 3. In situ photographs of species of Kotatea gen. nov. usually possessing finger-like lobes. A–B. K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov. (uncollected specimens), expanded colonies with a contracted colony inupper right background of B, Poor KnightsIslands, photos by Ian Skipworth (ianskipworth.com). C. K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov. (MAGNT C013957/NIWA 101181), large colony, Bay of Plenty, photo by Coral Reef Research Foundation. D. K. raekura gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101537), Manawatāwhi/Three Kings Islands, photo by NIWA. Scale bars = ~3 cm." captionText-3="Fig. 4. In situ photographs of species of Kotatea gen. nov. usually possessing robust lobes. A. K. kurakootingotingo gen. et sp. nov., paratype (MAGNT C013955), Manawatāwhi/Three Kings Islands, photo by Coral Reef Research Foundation. B. K. kurakootingotingo gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101538) with polyps retracted, Manawatāwhi/Three Kings Islands, photo by NIWA. C. K. lobata gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 101313), Houhora Harbour, photo by NIWA. D. K. lobata gen. et sp. nov. (paratype NIWA 101268 / MAGNT C013956), Mokohinau Islands, photo by Coral Reef Research Foundation. E–F. K. lobata gen. et sp. nov. exposed at low tide underneath rock overhangs, large colony (paratype, AK 120774) at Muriwai Beach (E) and small colony (uncollected specimen) at Whatipu Beach (F), photos by Wilma Blom, Auckland War Memorial Museum. Scale bars = ~3 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7084448" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7084450" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7084452" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7084456" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7084448/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7084450/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7084452/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7084456/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3726598B53D5C6DD19220E9CA4EF7B7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BD73613B53D5C6DD19220E9C95CF802" blockId="6.[227,381,1953,1979]" box="[227,381,1953,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D09F817FB53D5C6DD19220E9C95CF802" bold="true" box="[227,381,1953,1979]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53D5C6DD19220E9C95CF802" bold="true" box="[227,381,1953,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="54D388B1B53D5C6DD19220E9C901F802" box="[227,288,1953,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD73613B53D5C6DD1922098CA4EF7B7" blockId="6.[227,1436,2000,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53D5C6DD1922098CB1AF853" ID-CoL="BL47" authority="Quoy & Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[227,827,2000,2026]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantiacum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53D5C6DD1922098CA22F853" box="[227,515,2000,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alcyonium aurantiacum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53D5C6DD3602098CB1AF853" author="Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard J. P." box="[529,827,2000,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37798" refString="Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard J. P. 1833. Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, zoologie, tome quatrieme. J. Tastu, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2132" type="book" year="1833">Quoy & Gaimard, 1833</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, here designated =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53D5C6DD5442099C9B4F7B7" authority="(Quoy & Gaimard 1833)" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantiaca" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53D5C6DD5442099CD01F853" box="[1077,1312,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kotatea aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53D5C6DD4442098C9ACF7B7" author="Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard J. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37798" refString="Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard J. P. 1833. Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, zoologie, tome quatrieme. J. Tastu, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2132" type="book" year="1833">Quoy & Gaimard 1833</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53D5C6DD0EC20BDCA4DF7B7" box="[413,620,2036,2063]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3726598B53C5C6CD1922666CC1DFC8F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD1922666C97DFEF1" blockId="7.[227,348,302,328]" box="[227,348,302,328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D09F817FB53C5C6CD1922666C97DFEF1" bold="true" box="[227,348,302,328]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD1922666C97DFEF1" bold="true" box="[227,348,302,328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD192262ACC1DFC8F" blockId="7.[227,1439,354,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Azooxanthellate soft corals with an erect, lobate growth form. Colonies with finger-like lobes commonly displaying secondary and occasionally tertiary branching. Polyps monomorphic and fully retractile. True calyces absent, although retracted polyps may form low, rounded, mound-like protuberances of varying prominence depending on state of colony expansion. Anthocodial sclerites arranged as collaret and points, composed of slender, warty spindles, points contain thorny clubs distally. Tentacles contain irregular, warty, scale-like forms. Polyp neck contains mostly warty rod- and spindle-like forms. Polyp mounds also contain rod- and spindle-like forms but tend to have mostly clubs. Surface samples also contain a mix of sclerite forms, including rod-like forms and clubs, but radiates tend to predominate. The latter are mainly eight-radiate capstans and their derivatives. Sclerites of the interior differ from those of the surface in being generally larger and in displaying more complex branching processes. Interior sclerites can also be comprised of a mixture of forms, including radiates, rod- and spindle-like sclerites, spheroids and clubs. Sclerites pale to dark orange or colourless.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3726598B53C5C6CD192242BCD2BFAD2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD192242BC94BFCC4" blockId="7.[227,362,867,893]" box="[227,362,867,893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D09F817FB53C5C6CD192242BC94BFCC4" bold="true" box="[227,362,867,893]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD192242BC94BFCC4" bold="true" box="[227,362,867,893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD19224DFCD2BFAD2" blockId="7.[227,1437,918,1387]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD19224DFC961FC09" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[227,320,919,944]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD19224DFC961FC09" box="[227,320,919,944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the Māori word for red soft corals and is given as the genus name to acknowledge their original
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD03924F7C9ACFC61" box="[328,397,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">te reo</emphasis>
|
||
(Māori language) names.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD3BA24F7CACCFC61" box="[715,749,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ko</emphasis>
|
||
refers to a distant point in time, while
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5BA24F7CD27FC61" box="[1227,1286,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">tatea</emphasis>
|
||
translates to offspring or progeny. Additionally,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD3F024AFCA95FBB8" box="[641,692,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">kota</emphasis>
|
||
(hardened shell) refers to the substrate on which some colonies grow, while
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD00B2358C9BFFB90" box="[378,414,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">tea</emphasis>
|
||
(white) refers to the polyps, which together cling to this foundation and illustrate the importance of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD0E8237FC9D7FBE8" box="[409,502,1079,1105]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whānau</emphasis>
|
||
(family), unity, and security. Ngāti Kurī advised on the appropriateness of this name and provided the following
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD3C42317CB20FBC0" box="[693,769,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">kōrero</emphasis>
|
||
(narrative): “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD2D62328CC25FBC0" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[935,1028,1120,1145]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD2D62328CC25FBC0" box="[935,1028,1120,1145]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is all about
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5D12317CCDCFBC0" box="[1184,1277,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whānau</emphasis>
|
||
(family) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD19223C0C94BFB1B" box="[227,362,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whakapapa</emphasis>
|
||
(genealogy) and their physical, emotional and spiritual domains.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5F623C0CCC8FB1B" box="[1159,1257,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Whānau</emphasis>
|
||
means to give birth.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD05D23F8C9AFFB73" box="[300,398,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Whānau</emphasis>
|
||
first embraces the individual,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD27223F8CB1FFB73" box="[771,830,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ahau</emphasis>
|
||
, then
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD2FF23F8CBCAFB73" box="[910,1003,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whānau</emphasis>
|
||
(family), then
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5D723F8CCC0FB73" box="[1190,1249,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">hapū</emphasis>
|
||
(sub-tribe) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD1922391C926FB4B" box="[227,263,1241,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">iwi</emphasis>
|
||
(tribes). The word
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD0842390CA0FFB4B" box="[501,558,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">awhi</emphasis>
|
||
(to embrace) is created from the first letters of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD51C2390CC89FB4B" box="[1133,1192,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ahau</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5C92390CD34FB4B" box="[1208,1301,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whānau</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD4572390CD40FB4B" box="[1318,1377,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">hapū</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD1942249C926FAA3" box="[229,263,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">iwi</emphasis>
|
||
. They are all connected and interdependent through
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD20F2248CC24FAA3" box="[894,1029,1280,1306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whakapapa</emphasis>
|
||
and a common
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5B62249CD39FAA3" box="[1223,1304,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">tūpuna</emphasis>
|
||
(ancestor).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD1952261C967FAFA" box="[228,326,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Whānau</emphasis>
|
||
can also mean to give birth to new realities, for example to new ideas (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5F12261C92EFAD2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ka whānau he whakaaro hou</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD056221AC9A5FAD2" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[295,388,1362,1387]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD056221AC9A5FAD2" box="[295,388,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
embraces the many challenges of the undersea world to sustain its
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5E82219CCD7FAD2" box="[1177,1270,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">whānau</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3726598B53C5C6CD19222DFCA07F7B6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD19222DFC9A8FA08" blockId="7.[227,393,1431,1457]" box="[227,393,1431,1457]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D09F817FB53C5C6CD19222DFC9A8FA08" bold="true" box="[227,393,1431,1457]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD19222DFC9A8FA08" bold="true" box="[227,393,1431,1457]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD1922283CD69F8F6" blockId="7.[224,1438,1483,1871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD0292283C9F4FA5C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[344,469,1483,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD0292283C9F4FA5C" box="[344,469,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53C5C6CD0AD2283CA4DFA5C" box="[476,620,1483,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has been limited to species possessing polyp sclerites in a collaret and points arrangement (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD0A722BBCB50F9B4" author="McFadden C. S. & van Ofwegen L. P." box="[470,881,1523,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="59 - 83" refId="ref35977" refString="McFadden C. S. & van Ofwegen L. P. 2013 a. Molecular phylogenetic evidence supports a new family of octocorals and a new genus of Alcyoniidae (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea). ZooKeys 346: 59 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 346.6270" type="journal article" year="2013">McFadden & van Ofwegen 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2017), species in that genus tend to approach this arrangement only loosely (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD3E42153CBDEF98C" author="Stokvis F. R. & van Ofwegen L. P." box="[661,1023,1563,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="165 - 183" refId="ref38161" refString="Stokvis F. R. & van Ofwegen L. P. 2006. New and redescribed encrusting species of Alcyonium from the Atlantic Ocean (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 80 (4): 165 - 183." type="journal article" year="2006">Stokvis & van Ofwegen 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD5382154CCFDF98C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1097,1244,1563,1590]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="digitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5382154CCFDF98C" box="[1097,1244,1563,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. digitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D388B1B53C5C6CD46A2154CD6FF98F" box="[1307,1358,1564,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of the genus) appears to possess few sclerites in the polyp head with a somewhat irregular and inconsistent arrangement (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD0C02124CA74F93E" author="Hickson S. J." box="[433,597,1644,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="343 - 388" refId="ref35294" refString="Hickson S. J. 1895. The anatomy of Alcyonium digitatum. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 37: 343 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 37.148.343" type="journal article" year="1895">Hickson 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD32E2124CB3EF93F" author="Verseveldt J." box="[607,799,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref38647" refString="Verseveldt J. 1973. On the validity of Alcyonium siderium Verrill (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Zoologische Mededelingen 46 (16): 209 - 216." type="journal article" year="1973">Verseveldt 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD2B62125CC05F93F" authority="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner, 2022" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[967,1060,1645,1670]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD2B62125CC05F93F" box="[967,1060,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53C5C6CD55A2124CCB7F93F" box="[1067,1174,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, where the collaret and points are substantial and comprised of many sclerites, only the Chilean nominal species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD46E21DCCDBDF917" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1311,1436,1684,1710]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD46E21DCCDBDF917" box="[1311,1436,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to have polyp armatures approximating the same level of development, but unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD58221F5CD71F96F" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1267,1360,1725,1750]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD58221F5CD71F96F" box="[1267,1360,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some of these taxa are said to possess calyces (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD38F21ACCCA6F946" author="Verseveldt J. & van Ofwegen L. P." box="[766,1159,1764,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="155 - 181" refId="ref38732" refString="Verseveldt J. & van Ofwegen L. P. 1992. New and redescribed species of Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758 (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea). Zoologische Mededelingen 66 (7): 155 - 181." type="journal article" year="1992">Verseveldt & van Ofwegen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD5E521ADCD45F946" author="Casas C. & Ramil F. & van Ofwegen L. P." box="[1172,1380,1764,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="299 - 311" refId="ref33970" refString="Casas C., Ramil F. & van Ofwegen L. P. 1997. Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Scotia Arc, South Atlantic Ocean. I. The genus Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758. Zoologische Mededelingen 71: 299 - 311." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Casas
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD59221ADCD3EF947" box="[1251,1311,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94BE2B53C5C6CD40321ADC9F8F89E" author="van Ofwegen L. P. & Haussermann V. & Forsterra G." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref38510" refString="van Ofwegen L. P., Haussermann V. & Forsterra G. 2007. The genus Alcyonium (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniidae) in Chile. Zootaxa 1607 (1): 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1607.1.1" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
van Ofwegen
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD0272046C9B3F89E" box="[342,402,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD09F2046CA6AF89E" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[494,587,1806,1831]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD09F2046CA6AF89E" box="[494,587,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a much greater variety of surface sclerites, including clubs and well-developed modifications of the eight-radiates, than all other nominal species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD5B5207DCD60F8F6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1220,1345,1845,1871]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD5B5207DCD60F8F6" box="[1220,1345,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD73613B53C5C6CD1922033CA07F7B6" blockId="7.[227,1437,1915,2063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD04D2033C98FF82C" box="[316,430,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ushanaia</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53C5C6CD0C92034CA09F82F" box="[440,552,1916,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD3472034CAB2F82C" authority="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner, 2022" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[566,659,1916,1941]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD3472034CAB2F82C" box="[566,659,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53C5C6CD3EC2034CB2BF82F" box="[669,778,1916,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does not form encrusting colonies. Additionally, clubs constitute a predominant feature of polyp mounds, and surface and interior sclerites differ markedly in form, neither of which is the case for
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD3CE2084CB18F85F" box="[703,825,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD3CE2084CB14F85F" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[703,821,1996,2022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Ushanaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Ushanaia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Collaret spindles also tend to be smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD4312085CDBCF85F" authority="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner, 2022" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1344,1437,1997,2022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Kotatea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD4312085CDBCF85F" box="[1344,1437,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kotatea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F577AB53C5C6CD19220BDC96FF7B6" box="[227,334,2037,2063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D90B53C5C6CD0DC20BCCA3EF7B7" authorityName="Kessel & Alderslade & Bilewitch & Schnabel & Norman & Potts & Gardner" authorityYear="2022" box="[429,543,2036,2062]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Ushanaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEA01B53C5C6CD0DC20BCCA3EF7B7" box="[429,543,2036,2062]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ushanaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |