394 lines
57 KiB
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394 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="1B66E1892B2B37F2FC4B17ECFF2613F1" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8257941" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1692304364411" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mohammadbagheri, Leila, Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi, Abdossi, Vahid & Naderi, Davood" docDate="2021" docId="039E878EFF909233FFFAF928FC77FE2B" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.190.112884.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry (112884) 190" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112884" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F36D69FC8B198FBE91029DF9C24697D3.5:Phytochemistry.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F36D69FC8B198FBE91029DF9C24697D3" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Capsicum annuum" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFA7FFF6FF969234FF9EFF96FF91FF89" masterDocTitle="Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1692618184504" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:title id="5027872C9CF77009B6DB744FEAA26FE2">Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7E60811C6EA6FFB318AF24983DA81177">Mohammadbagheri, Leila</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6D3BD5EA8DD7A8CB864510525BB1ABD0">Horticultural Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2FF24B9E3F14F0B4AABE163963159C10">Nasr-Esfahani, Mehdi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7138EC61FC4623826497D642CEC467F5">Abdossi, Vahid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2BF60AC836D2B0BB98B2B2DD6DE38CEB">Naderi, Davood</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="75BDE9DA4C917B77998029BDD98D1036">2021</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0C081F4FF909232FFFAF928FDE1F958" bold="true" box="[100,624,1725,1745]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FFFAF928FDE1F958" bold="true" box="[100,624,1725,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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5.3. Disease severity assessment on inoculated
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FD93F928FDE1F958" ID-CoL="QT4R" ID-ENA="4072" authority="L." box="[525,624,1726,1745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D6513FF909233FF1AF963FC77FE2B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FF1AF963FBE3FF4A" blockId="6.[100,770,1781,1982]" lastBlockId="6.[818,1487,148,195]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FF2EF960FE89F880" authority="L." box="[176,280,1782,1801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
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plants at 40-day-old seedling stage of were inoculated with
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FF58F884FE8CF8AD" box="[198,285,1809,1829]" class="Peronosporea" family="Peronosporaceae" genus="Phytophthora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peronosporales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Oomycota" rank="species" species="capsici">P. capsici</taxonomicName>
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isolates, as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FD9CF887FD54F8AD" author="Candole, B. L. & Conner, P. J. & McGregor, C. & Waters, V. & Ji, P." box="[514,709,1809,1829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="417 - 424" refId="ref9027" refString="Candole, B. L., Conner, P. J., McGregor, C., Waters, V., Ji, P., 2012. The disease reactions of heirloom bell pepper ' California Wonder' to Phytophthora capsici. J. Agric. Sci. 3, 417 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / as. 2012.33049." type="journal article" year="2012">Candole et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FD51F884FF71F8C9" author="Dunn, A. R. & Lange, H. W. & Smart, C. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 24" refId="ref9204" refString="Dunn, A. R., Lange, H. W., Smart, C. D., 2014. Evaluation of commercial bell pepper cultivars for resistance to Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici). Plant Health Prog. 15, 19 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PHP-RS- 13 - 0114." type="journal article" year="2014">Dunn et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FE88F8B8FD86F8C9" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Chatraee, M. & Shafizadeh, S. & Jalaji, S." box="[278,535,1837,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref10913" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Chatraee, M., Shafizadeh, S., Jalaji, S., 2012. Evaluation of resistance of cucurbit and cucumber cultivars to Phytophthora drechsleri in greenhouse. Iran. Seed Plant Improv. J. 28, 407 - 417. https: // www. sid. ir / en / journal / ViewPaper. aspx? id = 267967." type="journal article" year="2012">Nasr Esfahani et al. (2012</bibRefCitation>
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; 2014). Percent disease ∑ RT× 100 severity (PDS) in each replication was calculated using =
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<subScript id="17B334DDFF909232FD58F8F6FD78F8E7" attach="right" box="[710,745,1888,1902]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S × N</subScript>
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formula, 2 weeks post inoculations by counting wilted
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FD08F8E5FC93F80F" authority="L." box="[662,770,1907,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
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plants, where, T is the total number of underground stems in each category; R is the disease severity scale; N is the total number of underground stems tested; S is the highest number in the scale (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FAE5FF02FC0CFF4A" author="Forghani, D. & Bazgir, E. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Darvishnia, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="217 - 238" refId="ref9334" refString="Forghani, D., Bazgir, E., Nasr Esfahani, M., Darvishnia, M., 2021. Genomic structure of novel Iranian Rhizoctonia solani AG- 3 PT isolates on potato. Solanum tuberosum. Sydowia 73, 217 - 238." type="journal article" year="2021">Forghani et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FC37FF26FBF5FF4A" author="Tehrani, M. M. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Mousavi, A. & Mortezaiinezhad, F. & Azimi, M. H." box="[937,1124,176,195]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="3013 - 3020" refId="ref11852" refString="Tehrani, M. M., Nasr Esfahani, M., Mousavi, A., Mortezaiinezhad, F., Azimi, M. H., 2020. Regulation of related genes promoting resistant in Iris against root rot disease, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Genomics 112, 3013 - 3020. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ygeno. 2020.05.013." type="journal article" year="2020">Tehrani et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCACFF7EFB91FF73" blockId="6.[818,1024,231,251]" box="[818,1024,231,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FCACFF7EFB91FF73" bold="true" box="[818,1024,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.4. Bio-mass analysis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCCFFEB6FAC6FD9B" blockId="6.[818,1488,288,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Bio-mass analysis was determined by measuring the following biomass parameters: Root Fresh Weight (RFW), Root Dry Weight (RDW), Stem Fresh Weight (SFW), Stem Dry Weight (SDW), Stem Diameter (SD), Root Diameter (RD), Stem length (SL), Root Length (RL), Root Volume (RV) and Leaf length (LL) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FB32FE19FAD3FE2B" author="Liu, Y. & Xin, J. & Liu, L. & Song, A. & Guan, Z. & Fang, W. & Chen, F." box="[1196,1346,399,419]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref10299" refString="Liu, Y., Xin, J., Liu, L., Song, A., Guan, Z., Fang, W., Chen, F., 2020 a. A temporal gene expression map of Chrysanthemum leaves infected with Alternaria alternata reveals different stages of defense mechanisms. Hortic. Res. 7, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2020">Liu et al., 2020a</bibRefCitation>
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, 2020b;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FA0BFE19FC30FE37" author="Zhang, S. & Xu, X. & Sun, Y. & Zhang, J. & Li, C." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="336 - 347" refId="ref12685" refString="Zhang, S., Xu, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Li, C., 2018. Influence of drought hardening on the resistance physiology of potato seedlings under drought stress. J Integ Agr 17, 336 - 347." type="journal article" year="2018">Zhang et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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, 2019). The mean squares of variance analysis and mean comparison of the individual effect of inoculation treatment for susceptible and resistant
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FB98FE75FBFFFE7F" authority="L." box="[1030,1134,483,502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
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genotypes were evaluated (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FAE3FE75FC0CFD9B" author="Hashemi, L. & Golparvar, A. R. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Golabadi, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1494 - 1504" refId="ref9646" refString="Hashemi, L., Golparvar, A. R., Nasr Esfahani, M., Golabadi, M., 2019. Correlation between cucumber genotype and resistance to damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora melonis. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 33 (1), 1494 - 1504. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13102818.2019.1675535." type="journal article" year="2019">Hashemi et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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, 2020;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FC7BFE69FB16FD9B" author="Yang, F. & Yang, F. & Wang, G. & Kong, T. & Wang, H. & Zhang, C." box="[997,1159,511,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="734542" refId="ref12467" refString="Yang, F., Yang, F., Wang, G., Kong, T., Wang, H., Zhang, C., 2020. Effects of water temperature on tissue depletion of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) following multiple oral doses. Aquaculture 515, 734542." type="journal article" year="2020">Yang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FB0DFE69FAD8FD9B" author="Zhang, J. & Liu, F. & Yao, L. & Luo, C. & Yin, Y. & Wang, G. & Huang, Y." box="[1171,1353,511,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref12566" refString="Zhang, J., Liu, F., Yao, L., Luo, C., Yin, Y., Wang, G., Huang, Y., 2012 a. Development and bioassay of transgenic Chinese cabbage expressing potato proteinase inhibitor II gene. Breed Sci. 62, 105 - 112." type="journal article" year="2012">Zhang et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCACFDA1FB96FDC3" blockId="6.[818,1031,567,586]" box="[818,1031,567,586]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FCACFDA1FB96FDC3" bold="true" box="[818,1031,567,586]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.5. Statistical analysis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCCFFDF9FAC5FCE8" blockId="6.[818,1487,623,865]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Data were transformed to arcsine square-root and then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA, P
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FBC0FD1DFBFFFD17" box="[1118,1134,651,670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"><</emphasis>
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0.01), and the means were compared by Duncan’ s multiple range test using SAS software version 9.2. The evaluated genotypes were categorized in four groups: resistant, partially resistant, susceptible, and partially susceptible (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FA96FD49FCF3FC84" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Chatraee, M. & Shafizadeh, S. & Jalaji, S." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref10913" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Chatraee, M., Shafizadeh, S., Jalaji, S., 2012. Evaluation of resistance of cucurbit and cucumber cultivars to Phytophthora drechsleri in greenhouse. Iran. Seed Plant Improv. J. 28, 407 - 417. https: // www. sid. ir / en / journal / ViewPaper. aspx? id = 267967." type="journal article" year="2012">Nasr Esfahani et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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, 2014). Disease rating was scored based on a scale of 0–5, where: 0 = no disease symptoms, 1=
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FBADFC81FBD2FCA3" box="[1075,1091,791,810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"><</emphasis>
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10 % of the wilted plants; 2 = 11≤ to 25 %; 3 = 26≤ to 50 % and 4 = 51≤ to 100 % of the wilted plants (National Institution of Agriculture Botany (NIAB)
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<collectingCountry id="F3207608FF909232FB2AFCD8FB45FCE8" box="[1204,1236,846,865]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry>
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; Anon 1985).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCACFC10FAD7FC10" blockId="6.[818,1350,902,921]" box="[818,1350,902,921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FCACFC10FAD7FC10" bold="true" box="[818,1350,902,921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.6. Genomic DNA extraction for genetic diversity analysis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCCFFC28FA94FAB5" blockId="6.[818,1488,958,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Genomic DNA extraction for genetic diversity analysis was from the leaf samples taken from the 1-month-old apical leaves of
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FAF8FC4CFA5EFC64" authority="L." box="[1382,1487,986,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
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plants following CTAB method (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FBF4FC60FAA2FB80" author="Ghasemi, A. R. & Golparvar, A. R. & Nasr Esfahani, M." box="[1130,1331,1014,1033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="975 - 984" refId="ref9550" refString="Ghasemi, A. R., Golparvar, A. R., Nasr Esfahani, M., 2014. Analysis of genetic diversity of sugar beet genotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA marker. Genetika 46 (3), 975 - 984. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / GENSR 1403975 G." type="journal article" year="2014">Ghasemi et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FADFFC60FCF3FBAD" author="Tsaballa, A. & Ganopoulos, L. & Timplalexi, A. & Aliki, X. & Bosmali, E. & Athanasios, T. & Madesis, P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="256 - 263" refId="ref11927" refString="Tsaballa, A., Ganopoulos, L., Timplalexi, A., Aliki, X., Bosmali, E., Athanasios, T., Madesis, P., 2015. Molecular characterization of Greek pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) landraces with neutral (ISSR) and gene-based (SCoT and EST-SSR) molecular marker. Biochem. Systemat. Ecol. 59, 256 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. bse. 2015.02.005." type="journal article" year="2015">Tsaballa et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FCEFFB84FB81FBAC" author="Zou, Q. & Xing, P. & Wei, L. & Liu, B." box="[881,1040,1042,1061]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="205 - 218" refId="ref12904" refString="Zou, Q., Xing, P., Wei, L., Liu, B., 2019. Gene 2 vec: gene subsequence embedding for prediction of mammalian N 6 - methyladenosine sites from mRNA. RNA 25, 205 - 218." type="journal article" year="2019">Zou et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three samples were collected from each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FA22FB84FCEEFBC8" authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotype and pooled for DNA extraction to make high-resolution mapping practical with the DNA markers. DNA quality and quantity were checked on Agarose gel (1.0 %) and TBE 1X buffer and nano-drop device, respectively, and were stored at 20
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF909232FAC4FBE8FAF0FB02" attach="right" box="[1370,1377,1150,1163]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">◦</superScript>
|
||
C. For ISSR, 21 UBC primers were used for PCR, polymerase chain reaction (Supplementary
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50323FF909232FC38FB2FFC61FB45" box="[934,1008,1209,1228]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1606,1622]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Table 1 Mean squares of variance analysis of inoculation treatment for biomass parameters in susceptible and resistant pepper genotypes to root and basal rot disease, caused by Phytophthora capsici, Root Fresh Weight (RFW), Root Dry Weight (RDW), Stem Fresh Weight (SFW), Stem Dry Weight (SDW), Stem Diameter (SD), Root Diameter (RD), Stem length (SL), Root Length (RL), Root Volume (RV) and Leaf length (LL)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). PCR was performed as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FAECFB2FFC52FB61" author="Lijun, O. & Xuexiao, Z." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="752 - 757" refId="ref10183" refString="Lijun, O., Xuexiao, Z., 2012. Inter simple sequence repeat analysis of genetic diversity of five cultivated pepper species. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11, 752 - 757. https: // doi. org / 10.5897 / AJB 10.2551." type="journal article" year="2012">Lijun and Xuexiao (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FC50FB43FB17FB61" author="Naderi, N. & NasrEsfahani, M. & Bakhshi Khaniki, G." box="[974,1158,1237,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="297 - 307" refId="ref10697" refString="Naderi, N., NasrEsfahani, M., Bakhshi Khaniki, G., 2020. Analysis of molecular characterizations of beets, Beta vulgaris in response to cyst nematodes, Heterodera schachtii. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 112, 297 - 307." type="journal article" year="2020">Naderi et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FB2DFB43FA30FB61" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[1203,1441,1237,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="112486" refId="ref10571" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2020. Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternate. Phytochemistry 179, 112486. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2020.112486." type="journal article" year="2020">Moghaddam et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The amplification products were separated by gel electrophoresis in 1.5–2% Agarose gel and were photographed using gel documentation system (Alpha Imager, 2200;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FB9CFABEFB66FAB5" author="Gholamaliyan, A. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Dababat, A. A." box="[1026,1271,1320,1340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="257 - 269" refId="ref9610" refString="Gholamaliyan, A., Nasr Esfahani, M., Dababat, A. A., 2021. Novel Iranian wheat cultivars resistant to Bipolaris sorokiniana. Sydowia 73, 257 - 269." type="journal article" year="2021">Gholamaliyan et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCCFFAD2FB27FA76" blockId="6.[818,1488,958,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The electrophoretic pattern was visually analyzed and DNA bands were scored as present (1) and or absent (0) of the related bonds. The obtained matrix was fed into the NTSYS-pc software package (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FA11FAEAFC30FA22" author="Nasehi, A. & Al-Sadi, A. M. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Alsultan, W. & Javan-Nikkhah, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="965 - 974" refId="ref10746" refString="Nasehi, A., Al-Sadi, A. M., Nasr Esfahani, M., Alsultan, W., Javan-Nikkhah, M., 2019. Molecular re-identification of Stemphylium lycopersici and Stemphylium solani isolates deposited in NCBI GenBank and morphological characteristics of Malaysian isolates. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 153, 965 - 974." type="journal article" year="2019">Nasehi et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FC2EFA0EFBB0FA22" author="Rohlf, F. J." box="[944,1057,1432,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11593" refString="Rohlf, F. J., 1993. NTSYS-pc. Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis: Version 2.02. Applied Biostatics Inc, New York. https: // www. scirp. org / (S (351 jmbntvnsjt 1 aadkposzje)." type="url" year="1993">Rohlf, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FBB1FA0FFB43FA22" author="Wan, R. & Liu, J. & Yang, Z. & Zhu, P. & Cao, Q. & Xu, T." box="[1071,1234,1432,1452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="325 - 335" refId="ref12092" refString="Wan, R., Liu, J., Yang, Z., Zhu, P., Cao, Q., Xu, T., 2020. Genome-wide identification, characterisation and expression profile analysis of DEAD-box family genes in sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida under abiotic stresses. Genes Genom. 42, 325 - 335." type="journal article" year="2020">Wan et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the genotypes were grouped. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) of molecular data was also performed using NTSYS-pc to demonstrate multiple dimension distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FC7DFA7AFBDBFA76" authority="L." box="[995,1098,1516,1535]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCCFF99EFA93F903" blockId="6.[818,1488,958,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Correlation between resistant, bio-mass parameters molecular markers and enzyme activities was evaluated using similarity coefficient and the SPSS 16.0 software package. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design and the means were compared using LSD test and SAS 9.1 software (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FBAEF9E1FB65F903" author="Hashemi, L. & Golparvar, A. R. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Golabadi, M." box="[1072,1268,1655,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1494 - 1504" refId="ref9646" refString="Hashemi, L., Golparvar, A. R., Nasr Esfahani, M., Golabadi, M., 2019. Correlation between cucumber genotype and resistance to damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora melonis. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 33 (1), 1494 - 1504. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13102818.2019.1675535." type="journal article" year="2019">Hashemi et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF909232FCACF926FA92F94B" blockId="6.[818,1283,1711,1731]" box="[818,1283,1711,1731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF909232FCACF926FA92F94B" bold="true" box="[818,1283,1711,1731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.7. Evaluation of defense-related enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF909233FCCFF971FD6DFF4A" blockId="6.[818,1488,1767,1982]" lastBlockId="7.[100,770,148,195]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Leaf tissue (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF909232FC5AF971FC67F973" box="[964,1014,1767,1786]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="g" value="0.5">0.5 g</quantity>
|
||
) from each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FBF2F971FB45F972" authority="L." box="[1132,1236,1767,1787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">C. annuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotype inoculated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D1BFF909232FA23F97EFCE3F89F" class="Peronosporea" family="Peronosporaceae" genus="Phytophthora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peronosporales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Oomycota" rank="species" species="capsici">P. capsici</taxonomicName>
|
||
isolate was ground in liquid N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334DDFF909232FB08F89CFB0EF891" attach="left" box="[1174,1183,1802,1816]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</subScript>
|
||
, and then freeze dried. For estimation of the enzymes activity, the extracted enzyme was processed according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FC35F8ADFB09F8C7" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[939,1176,1851,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="500 - 509" refId="ref10505" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2019. Genetic defense analysis of tomatoes in response to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 142, 500 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2019.08.011." type="journal article" year="2019">Moghaddam et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF909232FB5BF8ADFA0CF8C7" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." box="[1221,1437,1851,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Leaf tissue from each genotype was homogenized in 0.1 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF909232FAFCF8C7FAFAF8D6" attach="right" box="[1378,1387,1873,1887]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</superScript>
|
||
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), containing 1 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF909232FAE6F8FBFA10F8F2" attach="left" box="[1400,1409,1901,1915]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</superScript>
|
||
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), PMSF 2 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF909232FABFF81FFABBF81E" attach="right" box="[1313,1322,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</superScript>
|
||
, Triton x-100 0.1 % and 1 % polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (w/v) at 4
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF909232FA83F831FAB5F83D" attach="right" box="[1309,1316,1959,1972]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">◦</superScript>
|
||
C. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design and the means were compared using LSD test and SAS 9.1 software (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FDB5FF26FD7FFF4A" author="Hashemi, L. & Golparvar, A. R. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Golabadi, M." box="[555,750,176,195]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1494 - 1504" refId="ref9646" refString="Hashemi, L., Golparvar, A. R., Nasr Esfahani, M., Golabadi, M., 2019. Correlation between cucumber genotype and resistance to damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora melonis. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 33 (1), 1494 - 1504. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13102818.2019.1675535." type="journal article" year="2019">Hashemi et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAFF71FDF2FF73" blockId="7.[100,611,231,251]" box="[100,611,231,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAFF71FDF2FF73" bold="true" box="[100,611,231,251]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAFF71FDF2FF73" bold="true" box="[100,611,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.1. Evaluation of peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AFE95FED2FE37" blockId="7.[100,771,259,446]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The peroxidase (POX) mixture activity was determined from tissue extract, 3.9 ml potassium phosphate buffer (100 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FDE3FE8FFD17FEAE" attach="right" box="[637,646,281,295]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
; pH 6) and 1 ml pyrogallol solution (5 % w/v), and incubated at 20
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FDE6FEAEFDEEFECC" attach="right" box="[632,639,312,325]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">◦</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FD1EFEADFD1CFEC7" box="[640,653,315,334]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
for 10 min. Then, 1 ml of 0.5 %
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FEB3FEC1FEAFFEE3" box="[301,318,343,362]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
|
||
2
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FED7FEC1FEC8FEE3" box="[329,345,343,362]" country="Norway" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">O</collectionCode>
|
||
2 was added to the reaction and recorded at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FFFAFEE5FF3CFE0F" box="[100,173,371,390]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="420.0">420 nm</quantity>
|
||
continuously. The activity of POX was expressed as pyrogallol oxidized min
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF73FE1FFE8DFE2B" box="[237,284,393,418]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="1.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF73FE1FFF67FE1E" attach="right" box="[237,246,393,407]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
mg
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FEB6FE1FFEA0FE1E" attach="right" box="[296,305,393,407]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
protein in l lmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE6BFE1FFE6FFE1E" attach="right" box="[501,510,393,407]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FD91FE19FD6DFE2B" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[527,764,399,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="112486" refId="ref10571" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2020. Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternate. Phytochemistry 179, 112486. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2020.112486." type="journal article" year="2020">Moghaddam et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FFFAFE3DFEA7FE37" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." box="[100,310,427,446]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAFE74FD50FE7C" blockId="7.[100,705,482,502]" box="[100,705,482,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAFE74FD50FE7C" bold="true" box="[100,705,482,502]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAFE74FD50FE7C" bold="true" box="[100,705,482,502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.2. Evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AFE68FD05FD30" blockId="7.[100,770,510,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was analyzed using the method of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FFE3FD8CFEC8FDA4" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." box="[125,345,538,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 3-ml reaction solution tubes consisted of 40 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF2BFDA6FF2FFDB7" attach="right" box="[181,190,560,574]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 0.1 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FDD7FDA6FDC3FDB7" attach="right" box="[585,594,560,574]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FDC4FDA0FD02FDC0" box="[602,659,566,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">EDTA</collectionCode>
|
||
, 2 lmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FD67FDA6FC93FDB7" attach="right" box="[761,770,560,574]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
riboflavin, 75 lmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FEB5FDDAFEA5FDD3" attach="right" box="[299,308,588,602]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
NBT, 13 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE47FDDAFE73FDD3" attach="right" box="[473,482,588,602]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
methionine and tissue extract, were kept under fluorescent lamp of 30 W for 20 min. The mixture was scored at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF5BFD1CFE80FD14" box="[197,273,650,669]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="560.0">560 nm</quantity>
|
||
, and recorded in unit mg
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FD87FD12FDB3FD1B" attach="right" box="[537,546,644,658]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
protein (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FDE1FD1CFF05FD30" author="Ghaebi, M. & Abdolmohammadi, V. & Ahmadi, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref9491" refString="Ghaebi, M., Abdolmohammadi, V., Ahmadi, M., 2019. T cell subsets in peripheral blood of women with recurrent implantation failure. J. Reprod. Immunol. 131, 21 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jri. 2018. 11.002." type="journal article" year="2019">Ghaebi et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FF3FFD30FE16FD30" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[161,391,678,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="112486" refId="ref10571" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2020. Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternate. Phytochemistry 179, 112486. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2020.112486." type="journal article" year="2020">Moghaddam et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FE0AFD30FD16FD30" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Hashemi, L. & Nasehi, A." box="[404,647,678,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="873 - 884" refId="ref11053" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Hashemi, L., Nasehi, A., 2020. Novel Cucumis enzymes associated with host-specific disease resistance to Phytophthora melonis Katsura. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 34, 873 - 884." type="journal article" year="2020">Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAFD4BFD3CFD79" blockId="7.[100,685,733,753]" box="[100,685,733,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAFD4BFD3CFD79" bold="true" box="[100,685,733,753]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAFD4BFD3CFD79" bold="true" box="[100,685,733,753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.3. Evaluation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AFD6FFF3FFC3D" blockId="7.[100,770,761,948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was recorded using the procedure of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FF5EFC83FE01FCA1" author="Raymond, J. & Rakariyatham, N. & Azanza, J. L." box="[192,400,789,809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="927 - 931" refId="ref11456" refString="Raymond, J., Rakariyatham, N., Azanza, J. L., 1993. Purification and some properties of polyphenoloxidase from sunflower seeds. Phytochemistry 34, 927 - 931. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0031 - 9422 (00) 90689 - 7." type="journal article" year="1993">Raymond et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The solution contained 0.1 ml of tissue extract, a buffer of 2.5 ml of 0.2 mol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE53FCBDFE47FCB0" attach="right" box="[461,470,811,825]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) and 0.2 ml of 20 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FEAAFCD1FEACFCDC" attach="right" box="[308,317,839,853]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
pyrogallol. The result was recorded at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FD26FCDBFC93FCE9" box="[696,770,845,864]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="430.0">430 nm</quantity>
|
||
continuously, and was expressed as pyrogallol oxidized min
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FD5BFCF5FD6BFCF5" box="[709,762,867,892]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="1.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FD5BFCF5FD5FFCF8" attach="right" box="[709,718,867,881]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
mg
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
1 protein
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF2BFCE9FF4BFC11" box="[181,218,895,920]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="1.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF2BFCE9FF2FFC04" attach="right" box="[181,190,895,909]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
lmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FEB2FCE9FEA4FC04" attach="right" box="[300,309,895,909]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FED9FC13FDDBFC11" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Hashemi, L. & Nasehi, A." box="[327,586,901,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="873 - 884" refId="ref11053" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Hashemi, L., Nasehi, A., 2020. Novel Cucumis enzymes associated with host-specific disease resistance to Phytophthora melonis Katsura. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 34, 873 - 884." type="journal article" year="2020">Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FDC4FC13FD6DFC11" author="Xu, L. & Jiang, S. & Zou, Q." box="[602,764,901,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12297" refString="Xu, L., Jiang, S., Zou, Q., 2020 a. An in silico approach to identification, categorization and prediction of nucleic acid binding proteins. Bioinformatics. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / bib / bbaa 171." type="book" year="2020">Xu et al., 2020a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FFFAFC37FF0EFC3D" author="Xu, X. & Zhang, L. & Chen, L. & Liu, C." box="[100,159,929,948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="150" refId="ref12347" refString="Xu, X., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Liu, C., 2020 b. The role of soil N 2 O emissions in agricultural green total factor productivity: an empirical study from China around 2006 when agricultural tax was abolished. Agriculture 10, 150." type="journal article" year="2020">2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAFC4FFDDAFC65" blockId="7.[100,587,984,1004]" box="[100,587,984,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAFC4FFDDAFC65" bold="true" box="[100,587,984,1004]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAFC4FFDDAFC65" bold="true" box="[100,587,984,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.4. Evaluation of catalase (CAT) enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AFC62FF4CFB1A" blockId="7.[100,770,1012,1171]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Activity of Catalase (CAT) was determined as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FD3CFC62FF4BFBAD" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The mixture was of 20 ml of protein extract, a buffer (pH 7.0) of 50 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE86FBB1FEB0FBBC" attach="right" box="[280,289,1063,1077]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
potassium phosphate and 15 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FD15FBB1FD05FBBC" attach="right" box="[651,660,1063,1077]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FD05FBBAFD3CFBB6" box="[667,685,1068,1087]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
|
||
2
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FD26FBBAFD58FBB6" box="[696,713,1068,1087]" country="Norway" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">O</collectionCode>
|
||
2. The results were scored at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FEB1FBDEFEE6FBD5" box="[303,375,1096,1116]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="240.0">240 nm</quantity>
|
||
, and presented as the units of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FD17FBDEFD0BFBD2" box="[649,666,1096,1115]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
|
||
2
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FD3BFBDEFD24FBD2" box="[677,693,1096,1115]" country="Norway" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">O</collectionCode>
|
||
2 breaks down min
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF50FBC8FF69FBFE" box="[206,248,1118,1143]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="1.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF50FBC8FF46FBE5" attach="right" box="[206,215,1118,1132]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
mg
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE9BFBC8FE9FFBE5" attach="right" box="[261,270,1118,1132]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
protein in l mol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FE32FBF2FDE9FBFE" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." box="[428,632,1124,1143]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FD1CFBF2FF41FB1A" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Hashemi, L. & Nasehi, A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="873 - 884" refId="ref11053" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Hashemi, L., Nasehi, A., 2020. Novel Cucumis enzymes associated with host-specific disease resistance to Phytophthora melonis Katsura. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 34, 873 - 884." type="journal article" year="2020">Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAFB2EFC93FB42" blockId="7.[100,770,1207,1227]" box="[100,770,1207,1227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAFB2EFC93FB42" bold="true" box="[100,770,1207,1227]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAFB2EFC93FB42" bold="true" box="[100,770,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.5. Evaluation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AFB42FF33FA77" blockId="7.[100,770,1236,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Activity of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was evaluated as the procedure defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FEA9FB66FD98FA8A" author="Martinez, M. & Estrella, S. M. & Diaz-Mendoza, M. & Arnaiz, A. & Carrillo, L. & Ortego, F. & Diaz, I." box="[311,521,1264,1283]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1747" refId="ref10429" refString="Martinez, M., Estrella, S. M., Diaz-Mendoza, M., Arnaiz, A., Carrillo, L., Ortego, F., Diaz, I., 2016. Phytocystatins: defense proteins against phytophagous insects and acari. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (10), 1747. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / ijms 17101747." type="journal article" year="2016">Martinez et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The mixture consisted of 0.1 ml of tissue extract, 1 ml of the extraction buffer, 0.4 ml of double distilled water (ddH2
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FEAAFAB1FED4FAB3" box="[308,325,1319,1338]" country="Norway" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">O</collectionCode>
|
||
), and 0.5 ml of 10 mmol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FDC6FAB4FDF0FAB9" attach="right" box="[600,609,1314,1328]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
l-phenylalanine, then kept at 37
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF6AFAD6FF6AFAC4" attach="right" box="[244,251,1344,1357]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">◦</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FF62FAD5FE98FADF" box="[252,265,1347,1366]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
for 60 min, and the reaction was ceased by addition of 0.5 ml of 6 mol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE97FACFFE83FAEE" attach="right" box="[265,274,1369,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
HCl. The produced trans-cinnamic acid was removed by ethyl acetate (5 ml). Solid residue was diffused in 3 ml of NaOH (0.05 mol l
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FF3EFA07FF38FA16" attach="right" box="[160,169,1425,1439]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||
) after solvent evaporation. The results were recorded at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FD24FA01FC93FA23" box="[698,770,1431,1450]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="290.0">290 nm</quantity>
|
||
for determination of cinnamic acid presence as min
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FDA1FA25FDFDFA4F" box="[575,620,1459,1478]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="1.0">1 mg</quantity>
|
||
1 protein in lmol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FFF2FA59FEC4FA6B" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[108,341,1487,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="112486" refId="ref10571" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2020. Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternate. Phytochemistry 179, 112486. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2020.112486." type="journal article" year="2020">Moghaddam et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FEFCFA59FDA7FA6B" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." box="[354,566,1487,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FDDDFA59FF05FA77" author="Nasr Esfahani, M. & Hashemi, L. & Nasehi, A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="873 - 884" refId="ref11053" refString="Nasr Esfahani, M., Hashemi, L., Nasehi, A., 2020. Novel Cucumis enzymes associated with host-specific disease resistance to Phytophthora melonis Katsura. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 34, 873 - 884." type="journal article" year="2020">Nasr Esfahani et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAF9B4FDDEF9BC" blockId="7.[100,591,1570,1590]" box="[100,591,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAF9B4FDDEF9BC" bold="true" box="[100,591,1570,1590]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAF9B4FDDEF9BC" bold="true" box="[100,591,1570,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.6. Evaluation of β-1,3-glucanase enzyme activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AF9A9FE65F8B8" blockId="7.[100,770,1598,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
To obtain the enzymatic extract of β-1,3-glucanase, the pre-weighed infected and non-infected leaves were homogenized in 1.5 ml of 0.05 M (pH 5.5) Na-acetate buffer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 14 000 g for 20 min at 4
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE8BF919FE8DF915" attach="right" box="[277,284,1679,1692]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">◦</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FE80F904FEBFF92C" box="[286,302,1682,1701]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
. To determineβ-1,3-glucanase activity, spectrophotometry at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF69F938FED2F948" box="[247,323,1710,1729]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="500.0">500 nm</quantity>
|
||
was used to assess the occurrence of a catalyzed reaction, using laminarin (Sigma L-9634) as the substrate and the di-nitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Miller, 1959). The β-1,3-glucanase enzyme activity was expressed as the amount of glucose as min
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FD2AF897FD73F89C" box="[692,738,1793,1813]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="1.0">1 mg</quantity>
|
||
1 of soluble protein (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FE9EF88BFE76F8B8" author="Moghaddam, G. A. & Rezayatmand, Z. & Nasr Esfahani, M. & Khozaei, M." box="[256,487,1821,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="500 - 509" refId="ref10505" refString="Moghaddam, G. A., Rezayatmand, Z., Nasr Esfahani, M., Khozaei, M., 2019. Genetic defense analysis of tomatoes in response to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 142, 500 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2019.08.011." type="journal article" year="2019">Moghaddam et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FFFAF8C3FD9BF8E1" blockId="7.[100,522,1877,1896]" box="[100,522,1877,1896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0C081F4FF919233FFFAF8C3FD9BF8E1" bold="true" box="[100,522,1877,1896]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EA8AFF919233FFFAF8C3FD9BF8E1" bold="true" box="[100,522,1877,1896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.7.7. Evaluation of phenolic content activities</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883698FF919233FF1AF8E7FC77FE2B" blockId="7.[100,770,1905,1980]" lastBlockId="7.[818,1488,148,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Total phenolic content measurement was obtained as follows. Stem tissue (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FF39F81BFF48F829" box="[167,217,1933,1952]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="g" value="0.5">0.5 g</quantity>
|
||
) was homogenized in 2 ml methanolic HCl and then were transferred to a water bath at 50
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BD0FF919233FE0BF830FE0DF83A" attach="right" box="[405,412,1958,1971]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">◦</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26AE5DFF919233FE00F83FFE3AF835" box="[414,427,1961,1980]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
for 3 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 13 000 g for 20 min. The final supernatant was used to measure total phenolic content. The total phenolic content in sunflower stem was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method (Kaur and Kapoor, 2002). One ml of supernatant was mixed with 250 μl of 25 % Folin–Ciocalteu reagent after 3 min, 1 ml of 400 mmol/l sodium carbonate was added. The mixture was kept for 1 h in the dark, and absorbance was measured at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B7DFF919233FCACFEADFCEFFEC7" box="[818,894,315,334]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="nm" value="725.0">725 nm</quantity>
|
||
. The concentration of total phenolics was calculated from the gallic acid calibration curve. The content of total phenolic compounds was expressed as ug of gallic acid equivalent per g fresh weight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B69FF919233FA00FEE5FC48FE2B" author="Monazzah, M. & Rabiei, Z. & Tahmasebi Enferadi, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1832" refId="ref10630" refString="Monazzah, M., Rabiei, Z., Tahmasebi Enferadi, S., 2018. The Effect of oxalic acid, the pathogenicity factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the two susceptible and moderately resistant lines of sunflower. Iranian J. Biotech. 16 (1), e 1832. https: // doi. org / 10.21859 / ijb. 1832." type="journal article" year="2018">Monazzah et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |