292 lines
33 KiB
XML
292 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="9E3ACB50175FFF26AFAADE5AE9284414" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4246.1.1SLASH10606" ID-CLB-Dataset="36212" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.437611" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3ff74501-6241-43b2-a52f-0e7580bb2f45" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="437611" ID-ZooBank="D8594E96-D561-4A37-9073-B138EC7E95A7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1490260213340" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zaragoza, Juan A." docDate="2017" docId="03889E18FFAC5502FF5C42CFFEF6FC3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4246.1.1SLASH10606.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4246 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Chthonius C.L. Koch 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFB1E660FFBF5516FFCB4161FF86FFD2" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Ephippiochthonius complex in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Macaronesia, with proposed changes to the status of the Chthonius subgenera (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae)" masterLastPageNumber="221" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1698438337209" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D8E79136136FD2B063E11D44506C5ED1">
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<mods:title id="85A53BA26407393762C2186F1F2405E7">Revision of the Ephippiochthonius complex in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Macaronesia, with proposed changes to the status of the Chthonius subgenera (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="62B17D6A9EA3960BD6FE3A9F6A8D70DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="300E8FA3C73830D56080632D948BCCA2">Zaragoza, Juan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="76F440F7EB7FEDCEB8E67A13946CEFC2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6226DD5F3752FA6E5D26FC484BE78017">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EFA94FB50095FF1B13E28B64D535E053">
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<mods:date id="615E4610D23070B506DB09860CC45CEA">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="923A4ABB758DEDE10072AE60C109CB84" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="188D28D2D7E024197754B15F0569B04E">4246</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="F8AF1FD79485CE65E9014BA25F93D7C6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="EFAC043E167074994CAE0F6D572C6E44">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D0D355CB50EB89FEBE3E883F39811DDE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6D53ED86A2FD52877BEBF46E6BECFD89" type="CLB-Dataset">36212</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BAB341AF4399E511EDA9D07E2579F983" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.437611</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="675C09DB389EEB943F1BC32E582FB3F4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="77D8D52529A573927744C23EBBEBE23D" type="Zenodo-Dep">437611</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03889E18FFAC5502FF5C42CFFEF6FC3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5687022" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127852031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5687022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03889E18FFAC5502FF5C42CFFEF6FC3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03889E18FFAC5502FF5C42CFFEF6FC3D" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAC5505FF5C42CFFDB9FC1A" box="[151,575,942,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF5C42CFFDB9FC1A" blockId="19.[151,575,942,968]" box="[151,575,942,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D0D69862FFAC5505FF5C42CFFDB9FC1A" bold="true" box="[151,575,942,968]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF5C42CFFDB9FC1A" bold="true" box="[151,575,942,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FF2642CFFDB9FC1A" ID-CoL="62LNY" authority="C.L. Koch, 1843" authorityName="C.L. Koch" authorityYear="1843" box="[237,575,942,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF2642CFFEEAFC1A" bold="true" box="[237,364,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chthonius</emphasis>
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C.L. Koch, 1843
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAC5505FF5C4295FB33F9FF" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF5C4295FB33F9FF" blockId="19.[151,1437,1012,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF5C4295FE97FBDF" bold="true" box="[151,273,1012,1037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Chelal hand with fusiform shape, constricted between trichobothria
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FBDB4295FBA0FBDF" box="[1040,1062,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ib</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FBE54295FBC9FBDF" box="[1070,1103,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">isb</emphasis>
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and base of fixed finger (
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<figureCitation id="131A338BFFAC5505FAA54295FF20FBE3" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1277,1300]" captionTargetBox="[180,1399,406,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1439,363,1254]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Chthonius orthodactylus (auct.), female from Blackmoor Copse, Wiltshire, England, left chela. 8, antiaxial view; 9, dorsal view. See Material and methods for abbreviations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/437614/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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); bases of chelal fingers without sclerotized condylar complex; without medial protuberance (
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FB06457BFB65FBE3" box="[1229,1251,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ip</emphasis>
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) between chelal condyles; hand without distoventral hollow; base of hand abruptly constricted paraxially; proximal portion of hand with 4 setae in adults and tritonymphs, seta
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FD544500FD45FBAC" box="[671,707,1121,1150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ph3</emphasis>
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present. Axis of fixed chelal finger apically forming a widely obtuse angle; some species from eastern and southeastern Europe with sigmoid fixed chelal finger; chelal fingers usually with more or less close-set teeth, distinctly reclined backwards, dental row of fixed finger without a modified subdistal tooth (
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FE0A45B0FE5BFB3A" box="[449,477,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">mt</emphasis>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="131A338BFFAC5505FE3245AEFDC7FB3A" box="[505,577,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1277,1300]" captionTargetBox="[180,1399,406,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1439,363,1254]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Chthonius orthodactylus (auct.), female from Blackmoor Copse, Wiltshire, England, left chela. 8, antiaxial view; 9, dorsal view. See Material and methods for abbreviations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/437614/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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); tip of fixed finger without an antiaxial accessory tooth (
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FB2345AEFB78FB3A" box="[1256,1278,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">td</emphasis>
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); tip of fixed chelal finger of male, tritonymph and deutonymph with neither a deep hollow on paraxial face nor a subapical protuberance (
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FEF44478FEDEFAE2" box="[319,344,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sp</emphasis>
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); base of movable chelal finger without an enlarged sclerotized condyle, internal proximal apodeme very poorly developed; coupled sensilla
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FD04445CFD6CFA86" box="[719,746,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pc</emphasis>
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usually distad of trichobothrium
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FBAE445DFBF8FA87" box="[1125,1150,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sb</emphasis>
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, rarely between
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FAF7445DFAD3FA87" box="[1340,1365,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sb</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FA45445DFA1AFA87" box="[1422,1436,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
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(e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FF1D4401FEE0FAAA" box="[214,358,1375,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacnodes">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF1D4401FEE0FAAA" box="[214,358,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. dacnodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FEB14401FE62FAAA" box="[378,484,1376,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuis">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FEB14401FE62FAAA" box="[378,484,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. tenuis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). All chelal lyrifissure groups present in standard numbers. Anterior margin of carapace more strongly dentate between median macrosetae, usually prominent and frequently with epistome. Coxae II and III with coxal spines; bisetose intercoxal tubercle present between coxae III and IV; distal marginal seta of pedipalpal coxa distinctly longer and thicker than that of coxa I; in addition to the stigmatal setae, sternite III in males and females usually with 10 posterior setae, of which the lateral one on each side is reduced in size (microseta). Male genitalia without a median hiatus between setae of each row of guard-setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAC5505FF0C4756FC8DF982" box="[199,779,1591,1616]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF0C4756FC8DF982" blockId="19.[151,1437,1012,2013]" box="[199,779,1591,1616]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF0C4756FEE4F982" bold="true" box="[199,354,1591,1616]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Type species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FEA24756FC81F982" authority="Leach, 1817" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" box="[361,775,1591,1616]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orthodactylum">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FEA24756FDF7F982" box="[361,625,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Obisium orthodactylum</emphasis>
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Leach, 1817
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAC5505FF0C473DFD81F94A" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF0C473DFD81F94A" blockId="19.[151,1437,1012,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF0C473DFEE6F9A7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1628,1653]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widespread in Europe, but also present in Macaronesia,
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<collectingRegion id="49E5E1ECFFAC5505FC3A473DFBB4F9A7" box="[1009,1074,1628,1653]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">North</collectingRegion>
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Africa, from
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<collectingCountry id="F3366F9EFFAC5505FB19473DFAA4F9A7" box="[1234,1314,1628,1653]" name="Turkey" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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to Central Asia, and
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<collectingCountry id="F3366F9EFFAC5505FEC347E1FED3F94A" box="[264,341,1664,1688]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
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(Harvey 2013).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAC5505FF0C47C5FB80F80F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF0C47C5FB3FF89F" blockId="19.[151,1437,1012,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF0C47C5FEBDF96F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1700,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FE0047C5FC89F96E" authority="C.L. Koch, 1843" authorityName="C.L. Koch" authorityYear="1843" box="[459,783,1700,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FE0047C5FDB8F96F" box="[459,574,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chthonius</emphasis>
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C.L. Koch, 1843
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</taxonomicName>
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previously comprised four subgenera:
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FB1547C5FAD7F96F" box="[1246,1361,1700,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FB1547C5FAD7F96F" box="[1246,1361,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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s. st.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FF5C47A6FEEDF932" box="[151,363,1735,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF5C47A6FEEDF932" box="[151,363,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FEB547A6FDB7F932" box="[382,561,1735,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Globochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FEB547A6FDB7F932" box="[382,561,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Globochthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FDBF47A6FCB9F932" box="[628,831,1735,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Hesperochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FDBF47A6FCB9F932" box="[628,831,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hesperochthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FC9847A6FB98F932" box="[851,1054,1735,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Hesperochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FC9847A6FB98F932" box="[851,1054,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hesperochthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is easily distinguishable by the presence of a median hiatus dividing each row of the male genital guard-setae into two groups of two setae. The other three subgenera have mainly been distinguished in the literature by a different shape of the chela, the chelal dentition and the presence/absence of a long apodeme at the base of the movable chelal finger.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAC5505FF0C4636FB80F80F" blockId="19.[151,1437,1012,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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The arrangement of the coxal spines on coxae II and III and the presence of an intercoxal tubercle have apparently been the reasons for maintaining these subgenera within the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FBDA461DFB02F847" box="[1041,1156,1916,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FBDA461DFB02F847" box="[1041,1156,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. During this study some new morphological characteristics have been considered and have led to the conclusion that the current known genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAC5505FF1446A5FED4F80F" box="[223,338,1988,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAC5505FF1446A5FED4F80F" box="[223,338,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chthonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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represents a complex of different genera, as discussed below.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B7C85FFAB5502FF0C41F6FEF6FC3D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
|
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<paragraph id="8B9E2F0EFFAB5502FF0C41F6FEF6FC3D" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FF0C41F6FE1DFF62" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[199,411,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF0C41F6FE1DFF62" box="[199,411,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was created by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB052FFFFAB5502FD9441F6FD77FF62" author="Beier" box="[607,753,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Beier, M. (1930) Neue Hohlen-Pseudoscorpione der Gattung Chthonius. Eos, 6, 323 - 327." type="journal article" year="1930">Beier (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FC7F41F6FBA1FF62" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[948,1063,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC7F41F6FBA1FF62" box="[948,1063,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the original description, the characteristics used to distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FDA441DDFD64FF07" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[623,738,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FDA441DDFD64FF07" box="[623,738,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2664E67FFAB5502FD2141DCFCAEFF06" box="[746,808,189,212]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, were the dorsal depression of the chelal hand distad of trichobothria
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FEFB41BEFEC0FF2A" box="[304,326,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ib</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FEB541BEFE19FF2A" box="[382,415,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">isb</emphasis>
|
||
, the strong sclerotization of the base of movable chelal finger, and the chelal fingers with upright and well-spaced teeth.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FE254065FD44FECF" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[494,706,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FE254065FD44FECF" box="[494,706,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FC424065FC7AFECF" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[905,1020,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC424065FC7AFECF" box="[905,1020,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2664E67FFAB5502FBC84064FBBDFECE" box="[1027,1083,261,284]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in the presence of an accessory tooth (
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF2F4046FF7CFE92" box="[228,250,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">td</emphasis>
|
||
) on antiaxial face at the tip of fixed chelal finger, an enlarged sclerotized condyle at the base of the movable chelal finger and its large proximal apodeme. The presence of a well developed apodeme seems constant within genera and is considered a good characteristic for distinguishing closely related genera, as in the case of the tyrannochthoniines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FEB440F5FDC6FE7F" ID-CoL="62VPZ" box="[383,576,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Lagynochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FEB440F5FDC6FE7F" box="[383,576,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lagynochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FD4740F5FCD0FE7F" ID-CoL="84CD" box="[652,854,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Tyrannochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FD4740F5FCD0FE7F" box="[652,854,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tyrannochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The presence of the following characteristics distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FEF940D6FD80FE02" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[306,518,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FEF940D6FD80FE02" box="[306,518,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. st. from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FD0540D6FCC7FE02" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[718,833,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FD0540D6FCC7FE02" box="[718,833,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-related genera: 3 proximal setae on the chelal hand, lacking
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF3940BDFE90FE2B" box="[242,278,476,505]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ph3</emphasis>
|
||
(versus
|
||
<quantity id="4CD982EBFFAB5502FEB240BDFE20FE27" box="[377,422,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
the other genera); tip of fixed chelal finger of male, tritonymph and deutonymph with a deep hollow on paraxial face and subapical protuberance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FCB64365FC10FDC9" box="[893,918,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">sp</emphasis>
|
||
) (absent in the other genera, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FF5C4347FEEDFDED" ID-CoL="7K9B" box="[151,363,550,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Spelyngochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF5C4347FEEDFDED" box="[151,363,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Spelyngochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, in part, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FDE54347FD67FDED" ID-CoL="4NZQ" box="[558,737,550,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Globochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FDE54347FD67FDED" box="[558,737,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Globochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); presence of a prominent medial bow-like protuberance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FAB64349FA15FDED" box="[1405,1427,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ip</emphasis>
|
||
) between chelal condyles (except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FDF3432BFC89FDB1" ID-CoL="62KTM" box="[568,783,586,611]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Cantabrochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FDF3432BFC89FDB1" box="[568,783,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cantabrochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Apart from those concerning external morphology, few studies have been carried out on the subgenera, but the results are significant:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB052FFFFAB5502FBD7430FFB5AFD55" author="Weygoldt" box="[1052,1244,622,647]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Weygoldt, P. (1968) Vergleichend-embryologische Untersuchungen an Pseudoscorpionen. IV. Die Entwicklung von Chthonius tetrachelatus Preyssl., Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann) (Chthoniinea, Chthoniidae) und Verrucaditha spinosa Banks (Chthoniinea, Tridenchthoniidae). Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 63, 111 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00401032" type="journal article" year="1968">Weygoldt (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found important differences in the development of the protonymph between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FCF343F3FBF0FD79" ID-CoL="V3CJ" box="[824,1142,658,683]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ischnocheles" subGenus="Chthonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FCF343F3FC2DFD79" box="[824,939,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC7743F2FC50FD78" box="[956,982,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC2C43F3FBF0FD79" box="[999,1142,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ischnocheles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FB6543F2FA12FD79" ID-CoL="V3H4" box="[1198,1428,658,683]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetrachelatus" subGenus="Ephippiochthonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FB6543F2FB4EFD78" box="[1198,1224,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FB1243F5FB77FD79" box="[1241,1265,660,683]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FAC943F3FA12FD79" box="[1282,1428,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tetrachelatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB052FFFFAB5502FF5C43D9FEA0FD1D" author="Legg" box="[151,294,694,720]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Legg, G. (1975) The genitalia and associated glands of five British species belonging to the family Chthoniidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Arachnida). Journal of Zoology, London, 177, 99 - 121." type="journal article" year="1975">Legg (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described differences in the internal genital structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FC0643D7FBC6FD1D" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[973,1088,694,719]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC0643D7FBC6FD1D" box="[973,1088,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. st. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FB0A43D7FA13FD1D" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[1217,1429,694,719]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FB0A43D7FA13FD1D" box="[1217,1429,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB052FFFFAB5502FF5C43BBFE46FD21" author="Stahlavsky" box="[151,448,730,755]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Stahlavsky, F. & Kral, J. (2004) Karyotype analysis and achiasmatic meiosis in pseudoscorpions of the family Chthoniidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). Heredita s, 140, 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="2004">Šťáhlavský & Král (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their karyological analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FCFC43BBFC45FD21" ID-CoL="888" box="[823,963,730,755]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chthoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, observed a more pronounced tendency in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FF5C439FFEEDFCC5" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[151,363,766,791]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF5C439FFEEDFCC5" box="[151,363,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
towards reduced chromosome numbers with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FC2A439FFBD2FCC5" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[993,1108,766,791]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC2A439FFBD2FCC5" box="[993,1108,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. st.; Murienne
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FAD84261FAC2FCC5" box="[1299,1348,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008: 174) obtained molecular sequences for one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FCCE4243FC5FFCE9" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[773,985,802,827]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FCCE4243FC5FFCE9" box="[773,985,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and another of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FB5B4243FA85FCE9" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[1168,1283,802,827]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FB5B4243FA85FCE9" box="[1168,1283,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. st. in their phylogenetic analysis of pseudoscorpion families, their results reveal a high level of divergence (21.3% COX1 pdistance, based on an analysis of the GenBank sequences), consistent with their belonging to separate genera (Carles Ribera,
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FE8242F1FE00FC75" box="[329,390,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
.). Taken together, the above characteristics differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FBD542EFFB74FC75" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[1054,1266,910,935]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FBD542EFFB74FC75" box="[1054,1266,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FF5C42D3FE8CFC19" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[151,266,946,971]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FF5C42D3FE8CFC19" box="[151,266,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-related genera are important enough to support the elevation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C21548DFFAB5502FC2942D3FB30FC19" ID-CoL="633WN" box="[994,1206,946,971]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Ephippiochthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955F31CFFAB5502FC2942D3FB30FC19" box="[994,1206,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ephippiochthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full generic rank, as proposed herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |