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<mods:title id="12EC51006D40AE79AABC491115BDCACF">Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57FF49FD43FF0B" ID-CoL="4GRNN" authority="A. Agassiz 1881" authorityName=": A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,650,222,248]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bursarium">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57FF49FD43FF0B" bold="true" box="[151,650,222,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57FF49FE76FF0B" bold="true" box="[151,447,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma bursarium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FE05FF49FD43FF0B" author="Agassiz" box="[453,650,222,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321." type="journal article" year="1881">A. Agassiz 1881</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57FE96FEE3FEEA" blockId="24.[151,650,222,282]" box="[151,298,257,282]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFBFFFC4FF57FE96FF2FFEEA" box="[151,230,257,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[372,1246,833,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[340,1247,832,1495]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 22. Phormosoma busarium (SAMC-A 22621). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843371/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
AC.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57FEDEFDBAFEAC" ID-CoL="4GRNN" authority=": A. Agassiz, 1881: 99" authorityName=": A. Agassiz" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,627,329,351]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bursarium">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57FEDEFE47FEAC" box="[151,398,329,351]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma bursarium</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FE5BFEDDFDBAFEAC" author="Agassiz" box="[411,627,329,351]" page="99" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FE5BFEDDFD84FEAC" author="Agassiz" box="[411,589,329,351]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321." type="journal article" year="1881">A. Agassiz, 1881</bibRefCitation>
: 99
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</taxonomicName>
. Pl. X, Fig. b; Alcock &amp; Anderson, 1984: 192;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FB94FEDDFAD4FEAC" author="Clark" box="[1108,1309,329,351]" page="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FB94FEDDFACDFEAC" author="Clark" box="[1108,1284,329,351]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1924">H.L. Clark, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 3
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FAE8FEDDFEF9FE8D" author="Clark" page="54" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FAE8FEDDFEC0FE8D" author="Clark" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">H.L. Clark, 1925a</bibRefCitation>
: 54
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FEFCFEFEFDD6FE8D" author="Mortensen" box="[316,543,360,382]" page="135" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1935">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FEFCFEFEFE25FE8D" author="Mortensen" box="[316,492,360,382]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp." type="book" year="1935">Mortensen, 1935</bibRefCitation>
: 135
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141. Pl. II,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFBFFFC4FD61FEFFFD24FE8D" box="[673,749,360,382]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[373,1244,1191,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[340,1247,1188,1880]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Sperosoma biseriatum A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010). C. Oral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843367/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
. Pl. III,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFBFFFC4FC84FEFFFC69FE8D" box="[836,928,360,382]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1430,448,1187]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1421,1342,1713]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1206]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,1330,1731]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Detail of regular echinoid: upper (Stomopneustes variolaris) and lower (Stereocidaris excavata) side, showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843327/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843329/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 12</figureCitation>
. Pl. LXXIV,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFBFFFC4FBE9FEFFFB53FE8D" box="[1065,1178,360,382]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 13" captionStart-3="FIGURE 14" captionStart-4="FIGURE 15" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionStartId-3="18.[151,250,603,625]" captionStartId-4="18.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox-0="[369,1245,1218,1785]" captionTargetBox-1="[383,1235,1111,1734]" captionTargetBox-2="[346,1245,592,1158]" captionTargetBox-3="[369,1246,196,580]" captionTargetBox-4="[367,1244,1005,1643]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[340,1247,1217,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[358,1236,1109,1736]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[340,1247,591,1161]" captionTargetId-3="figure@18.[340,1247,195,581]" captionTargetId-4="figure@18.[340,1247,1004,1645]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Stereocidaris capensis (MB-A 077743): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Stereocidaris excavata (SAMC-A 23320). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-2="FIGURE 13. Stereocidaris squamosa (MBC-A 077750). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-3="FIGURE 14. Acanthocidaris maculicollis (SAMC- A 28233). A. Map showing distribution. B. Spine close-up view of preserved specimen." captionText-4="FIGURE 15. Plococdaris verticillata (SAMC-A 28236). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843349/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843351/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843353/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843355/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/843357/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 1115</figureCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FB69FEFFFA51FE8D" author="Clark" box="[1193,1432,360,382]" page="136" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FB69FEFFFAAAFE8D" author="Clark" box="[1193,1379,360,382]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147." type="journal article" year="1977">A.M. Clark, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 136
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FF07FE11FDF5FE6F" author="Clark" box="[199,572,390,412]" page="221" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FF07FE11FDC0FE6F" author="Clark" box="[199,521,390,412]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, A. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FD86FE11FCDAFE6F" author="Schultz" box="[582,787,390,412]" page="1071" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FD86FE11FD1CFE6F" author="Schultz" box="[582,725,390,412]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp." type="book" year="2011">Schultz, 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 1071
</treatmentCitation>
, Figs
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.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC4FF57FE5EFF22FDA1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57FE5EFCEDFE11" blockId="24.[151,1436,457,777]" box="[151,804,457,482]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57FE5EFE49FE11" bold="true" box="[151,384,457,482]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</emphasis>
A22124;
<accessionNumber id="9404AB05FFBFFFC4FE30FE5EFD87FE12" box="[496,590,457,481]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/A22219" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="EnaNcbi">A22219</accessionNumber>
; A22248; A22251.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF07FE66FF22FDA1" blockId="24.[151,1436,457,777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF07FE66FEB9FDF9" bold="true" box="[199,368,497,522]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Identification.</emphasis>
Oral side slightly arced, aboral side distinctively low-hemispherical. Tubercles and associated areoles particularly large and conspicuous. Primary spines coarse, upper ones being more or less distinctively curved.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC4FF07FDF7FD39FD32" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF07FDF7FC86FD8B" blockId="24.[151,1436,457,777]" box="[199,847,608,633]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF07FDF7FE1BFD8A" bold="true" box="[199,466,608,633]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Global maximum size.</emphasis>
Maximum test diameter
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFBFFFC4FD2BFDF6FC82FD8B" box="[747,843,609,633]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="128.0">128 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF07FD13FD39FD32" blockId="24.[151,1436,457,777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF07FD13FE7AFD6E" bold="true" box="[199,435,644,669]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Global distribution.</emphasis>
East coast region of South Africa and Arabian Sea to Japan, Hawaii and New Zealand; at
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFBFFFC4FF57FD3EFEFBFD33" box="[151,306,681,705]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.255" metricValueMax="2.34" metricValueMin="0.16999999999999998" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1255.0" valueMax="2340.0" valueMin="170.0">170 2340 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FE45FD3EFD88FD32" author="Mortensen" box="[389,577,680,705]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp." type="book" year="1935">Mortensen 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FD8DFD3FFD2DFD32" author="Schultz" box="[589,740,680,705]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp." type="book" year="2011">Schultz 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC4FF07FD5BFBE6FCFB" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF07FD5BFBE6FCFB" blockId="24.[151,1436,457,777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF07FD5BFEF2FD16" bold="true" box="[199,315,716,741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</emphasis>
Species shows variation in many characters, such as number of tubercles orally and aborally and arrangements of tubercles, which may be limited to distal parts, or extend to apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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