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<mods:title id="C5496F198EEB696E9BF1F67B97EA8883">Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03FE87F0FF9AFFE2FF57F819FBD5FE3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6022923" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132650364" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6022923" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FF9AFFE2FF57F819FBD5FE3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87F0FF9AFFE2FF57F819FBD5FE3E" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF9AFFE1FF57F819FEE0F83A" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF9AFFE1FF57F819FC8DF85B" blockId="61.[151,836,1934,1993]" box="[151,836,1934,1960]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<heading id="D0A0818AFF9AFFE1FF57F819FC8DF85B" bold="true" box="[151,836,1934,1960]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF9AFFE1FF57F819FC8DF85B" ID-CoL="6L6LL" authority="A. Agassiz &amp; H. L. Clark, 1907 c" authorityName="A. Agassiz &amp; H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,836,1934,1960]" class="Echinoidea" family="Maretiidae" genus="Gymnopatagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF9AFFE1FF57F819FC8DF85B" bold="true" box="[151,836,1934,1960]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF9AFFE1FF57F819FE7DF85B" bold="true" box="[151,436,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Gymnopatagus magnus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF9AFFE1FE7CF819FC8DF85B" author="Agassiz" box="[444,836,1934,1960]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refString="Agassiz, A. &amp; Clark, H. L. (1907 c) Preliminary report on the Echini collected in 1906, from May to December, among the Aleutian Islands, in Bering Sea, and along the coasts of Kamchatka, Saghalin, Korea, and Japan, by U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, in charge of Lieut. - Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. B ulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 51, 107 - 139." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="c">A. Agassiz &amp; H.L. Clark, 1907c</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF9AFFE1FF57F827FEE0F83A" blockId="61.[151,836,1934,1993]" box="[151,297,1968,1993]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF9AFFE1FF57F827FF2FF83A" box="[151,230,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 72" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[363,1246,519,1081]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[340,1247,516,1083]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 72. Gymnapatagus magnus A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010 b). C. Side view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843471/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
AC.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF99FFE2FF57FF0FFCADFF3F" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF99FFE2FF57FF0FFCADFF3F" blockId="62.[151,1436,152,204]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
G
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF69FF0EFEF9FF5D" box="[169,304,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ymnopatagus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF99FFE2FEF9FF0EFDB3FF5D" authority=": Mortensen, 1951: 447" authorityName=": Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="447" authorityYear="1951" box="[313,634,152,174]" class="Echinoidea" family="Maretiidae" genus="Gymnopatagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FEF9FF0EFE41FF5D" box="[313,392,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">magnus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF99FFE2FE57FF0EFD81FF5D" author="Mortensen" box="[407,584,152,174]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp." type="book" year="1951">Mortensen, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 447
</taxonomicName>
449. Pl. XXVI,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF99FFE2FCEDFF0FFC43FF5D" box="[813,906,152,174]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="13.[151,250,524,546]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1454,1476]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1389,1411]" captionTargetBox-0="[366,1246,193,502]" captionTargetBox-1="[366,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetBox-2="[369,1244,719,1364]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[340,1247,193,502]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[340,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[340,1247,717,1368]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Kionocidaris striata (MBC-A 022213): A. Map showing distribution. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis (SAMC-A 23447): A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica: A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23089). C. Side view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28235)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843339/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843341/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843345/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 79</figureCitation>
. Pl. XXVII,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF99FFE2FBD1FF0FFBB3FF5D" box="[1041,1146,152,174]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="13.[151,250,1454,1476]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1389,1411]" captionStartId-2="15.[151,250,846,868]" captionTargetBox-0="[366,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetBox-1="[369,1244,719,1364]" captionTargetBox-2="[368,1245,198,821]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[340,1247,1110,1433]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[340,1247,717,1368]" captionTargetId-2="figure@15.[340,1247,195,824]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis (SAMC-A 23447): A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica: A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23089). C. Side view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28235)." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Stereocidaris alcocki (SAMC-A 28229): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view (close-up) of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843341/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843345/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843347/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 810</figureCitation>
. Pl. LXI,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FF99FFE2FB23FF0FFA90FF5D" box="[1251,1369,152,174]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStart-2="FIGURE 21" captionStart-3="FIGURE 22" captionStart-4="FIGURE 23" captionStart-5="FIGURE 24" captionStart-6="FIGURE 25" captionStart-7="FIGURE 26" captionStartId-0="22.[151,250,872,894]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionStartId-2="23.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionStartId-3="24.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionStartId-4="25.[151,250,875,897]" captionStartId-5="26.[151,250,962,984]" captionStartId-6="26.[151,250,1979,2001]" captionStartId-7="27.[151,250,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox-0="[368,1244,196,848]" captionTargetBox-1="[373,1244,1191,1877]" captionTargetBox-2="[366,1244,1030,1673]" captionTargetBox-3="[372,1246,833,1492]" captionTargetBox-4="[370,1246,194,845]" captionTargetBox-5="[368,1245,306,937]" captionTargetBox-6="[374,1244,1381,1955]" captionTargetBox-7="[366,1244,1332,1954]" captionTargetId-0="figure@22.[340,1247,195,851]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[340,1247,1188,1880]" captionTargetId-2="figure@23.[340,1247,1028,1676]" captionTargetId-3="figure@24.[340,1247,832,1495]" captionTargetId-4="figure@25.[342,1249,193,848]" captionTargetId-5="figure@26.[340,1247,303,940]" captionTargetId-6="figure@26.[340,1247,1379,1958]" captionTargetId-7="figure@27.[340,1247,1329,1957]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionTargetPageId-3="24" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionTargetPageId-5="26" captionTargetPageId-6="26" captionTargetPageId-7="27" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Hygrosoma petersii (SAMC-A 22219). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Sperosoma biseriatum A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010). C. Oral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010)." captionText-2="FIGURE 21. Tromikosoma uranus (SAMC-A 22122). A. Map showing distribution. B. view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." captionText-3="FIGURE 22. Phormosoma busarium (SAMC-A 22621). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." captionText-4="FIGURE 23. Phormosoma placenta africana (SAMC- A 22250). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." captionText-5="FIGURE 24. Aspidodiadema africanum (MBC-A 022216). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen." captionText-6="FIGURE 25. Astropyga radiata. A. Map showing distribution. B. Live adult (KwaZulu-Natal). C. Oral view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28211)." captionText-7="FIGURE 26. Chaetodiadema africanum. A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of adult preserved specimen (MBC- 077779). C. Aboral view of juvenile preserved specimen (SAMC-A 23717)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843365/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843367/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843369/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843371/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/843373/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/843375/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/843377/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/843379/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 1926</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF99FFE2FAA6FF0FFE8DFF3F" author="Clark" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147." type="journal article" year="1977">A.M. Clark, 1977</bibRefCitation>
*: 139, 145146;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF99FFE2FE31FF21FD48FF3F" author="Schultz" box="[497,641,182,204]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp." type="book" year="2010">Schultz, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 693, Figs
<date id="FFE91026FF99FFE2FD2EFF21FCA9FF3F" box="[750,864,182,204]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1176" valueMax="1179">11761179</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF99FFE2FF57FF6EFCF8FE77" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF99FFE2FF57FF6EFDFEFEE2" blockId="62.[151,1436,249,461]" box="[151,567,249,274]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF57FF6EFE49FEE1" bold="true" box="[151,384,249,274]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</emphasis>
MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FF99FFE2FE23FF6EFDFEFEE2" box="[483,567,249,273]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="87-02-28">022887</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF99FFE2FF07FEB6FCF8FE77" blockId="62.[151,1436,249,461]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF07FEB6FEB9FEC9" bold="true" box="[199,368,289,314]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Identification.</emphasis>
Test heart-shaped, relatively low, highest at apical disc, sloping towards posterior end; somewhat distally closed petals. Preserved specimen yellowish, denuded test light brown.
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF07FEFBFE1BFE76" bold="true" box="[199,466,364,389]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Global maximum size.</emphasis>
Maximum test length
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF99FFE2FD0FFEFAFCE4FE77" box="[719,813,365,389]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="111.0">111 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFF99FFE2FF07FE07FBD5FE3E" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FF99FFE2FF07FE07FBD5FE3E" blockId="62.[151,1436,249,461]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<materialsCitation id="3B3F3CBBFF99FFE2FF07FE07FBD5FE3E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586033328" country="Japan" county="Global" elevation="1540" location="East" municipality="Indian Ocean" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF07FE07FE7AFE5A" bold="true" box="[199,435,400,425]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCounty id="62894E6AFF99FFE2FF07FE07FED1FE5A" box="[199,280,400,425]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Global</collectingCounty>
distribution.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3407676FF99FFE2FE7AFE06FE33FE5B" box="[442,506,401,424]" name="Japan" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Japan</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8CAC9CFF99FFE2FDDEFE07FD7EFE5A" box="[542,695,400,425]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Indian Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E88603DFF99FFE2FD02FE06FD3BFE5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FF9AFFE2FF57F819FBD5FE3E:8E88603DFF99FFE2FD02FE06FD3BFE5B" box="[706,754,401,424]" country="Japan" county="Global" municipality="Indian Ocean" name="East" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="South">East</location>
coast of
<collectingRegion id="4993F804FF99FFE2FC98FE07FC50FE5A" box="[856,921,400,425]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">South</collectingRegion>
Africa; at
<elevation id="007AD1D5FF99FFE2FBD2FE07FB56FE5B" box="[1042,1183,400,425]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" metricValueMax="2.35" metricValueMin="0.73" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="1540.0" valueMax="2350.0" valueMin="730.0">
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FF99FFE2FBD2FE07FB56FE5B" box="[1042,1183,400,425]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" metricValueMax="2.35" metricValueMin="0.73" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="1540.0" valueMax="2350.0" valueMin="730.0">7302350 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FF99FFE2FB32FE07FA45FE5A" author="Schultz" box="[1266,1420,400,425]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp." type="book" year="2010">Schultz 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FF07FE23FEF2FE3E" bold="true" box="[199,315,436,461]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
Distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FF99FFE2FDE2FE23FCF0FE3E" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[546,825,436,461]" class="Echinoidea" family="Maretiidae" genus="Spatagobrissus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FF99FFE2FDE2FE23FCF0FE3E" box="[546,825,436,461]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Spatagobrissus mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its frontal notch.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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