226 lines
27 KiB
XML
226 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="89D3E262AFE033CE6D3F2F648F83CF52" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5401706" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5401706" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630335078311" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Coppard, Simon Edward & Campbell, Andrew C." docDate="2006" docId="03FE87C2070FFFD1FD3AFA69FEC2A9B8" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2006.28.1.93-112.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 28 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Echinothrix diadema" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="104" masterDocId="FFC7FFBA0706FFDAFFE6FFC2FF83AA13" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1699232855758" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:mods id="D2A76BD8C413A96AA40466360B34AEB6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BEEC6BBE338C500F54519ECC83AC5E7E">
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<mods:title id="0F619451E8765170F824C9E2D95F09B8">Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="585676BD6AA2B6D29E6FB95BA0BDBEDD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E40A73146CFF51C192553C00E5EDCD0D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E12410F576B46FE5C587C36D001CAE9F">Coppard, Simon Edward</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1EEF247E4EC93121BAAD05DF67FB8692" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5F2EFE0E0E1A539696DC3D43C676B372">
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<mods:roleTerm id="46B3C067F9026302C71733DCCEE2A2B2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F439635FC5AF0D64E0E67B4F4FCE64E9">Campbell, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C8BE0BEB9DEE34E1F88F6DB5E78E48FB">School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E 1 4 NS (United Kingdom) simon @ diadema. fsnet. co. uk</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="722C28244FFC200287CF76F0372787EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="DF533726423064C2BA40F1B0529CBA7C" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E27085D1A5938E12B6C718F159C128A0">
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<mods:title id="EDCB72DE13B106BA47AD2BE3991302B9">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8425FDC83C3C87C81548E7754E393AFD">
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<mods:date id="ACFE7D7D874F23EE814FE607302D0550">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="FAF75CDB99610C8213404AF42734FAC2" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="78C7A4607646580650845CEA351E7D4B">28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="1F98E9A498BB6559CD17575A6A813F7A" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="4FB4F677B467F2143BF6C868E9DCC335">1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="55D0A541D80B5DF40D5623033BF26ED4">93</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F48A71993A8D5E510BF00EB349D84EE0">112</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="EBA0D1112CD0DB12A9813E0ADE5329A0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1EA257A14FFDD18C4F0DC97FB5170734" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5401706</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AA323DB30A17C5B67C0D6F53BF3146EB" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8687199778CE72DE4991CB9997074558" type="Zenodo-Dep">5401706</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03FE87C2070FFFD1FD3AFA69FEC2A9B8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87C2070FFFD1FD3AFA69FEC2A9B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87C2070FFFD1FD3AFA69FEC2A9B8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection id="C34D655F070FFFD3FD3AFA69FBBEACB7" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FD3AFA69FB01AFD5" blockId="9.[732,1154,1451,1478]" box="[732,1154,1451,1478]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="D0A081B8070FFFD3FD3AFA69FB01AFD5" box="[732,1154,1451,1478]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070FFFD3FD3AFA69FB01AFD5" ID-CoL="38LCX" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[732,1154,1451,1478]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="diadema">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070FFFD3FD3AFA69FC42AFD5" bold="true" box="[732,961,1451,1478]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Echinothrix diadema</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FD43FA29FBBEACB7" blockId="9.[677,1210,1515,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
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Specimens were collected from Malmahera (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FB71FA29FD7DAC36" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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), Haunomu Bay, Kahe Point (Hawaii),
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<collectingRegion id="4993F836070FFFD3FD43F9E8FCB2AC57" box="[677,817,1578,1604]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Bougainville" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Bougainville</collectingRegion>
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Is. (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FC82F9E8FBCBAC56" box="[868,1096,1578,1605]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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), Mariana Is. (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FD2AF988FC96AC77" box="[716,789,1610,1636]" name="Guam" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Guam</collectingCountry>
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), Ignoitijala (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FC45F988FB89AC76" box="[931,1034,1610,1637]" name="Maldives" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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), Luzon (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FB88F988FD61AC97" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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), Dravuni Is., Taveuni Is., Yanuca Is., Suva (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FD4AF94BFD55ACB7" box="[684,726,1673,1700]" name="Fiji" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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), and Nouméa (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070FFFD3FC65F94BFBB1ACB7" box="[899,1074,1673,1700]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF28665C070CFFD0FF97FCD1FEF7A928" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5401716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" startId="10.[113,124,787,804]" targetBox="[122,1092,217,743]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FF97FCD1FEF7A928" blockId="10.[113,1209,787,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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FIG. 4. — Cluster analysis based on 28 test characters (zero Euclidean distance = greatest similarity). Abbreviations:
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FBD0FCD1FBC2A937" bold="true" box="[1078,1089,787,804]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">b</emphasis>
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, brown colour morph;
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FF54FCE8FF42A928" bold="true" box="[178,193,810,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">w</emphasis>
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, white colour morph.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C34D655F070CFFD1FF6EFCB3FEC2A9B8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FF6EFCB3FD83AE19" blockId="10.[113,647,881,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Th e tests were black with a blue-green sheen in young specimens. Th is feature was lost with age. Juveniles had very diff erent colouration to the adults. However, this was mainly associated with the spines as the test remained black.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FF6EFBCDFEE4AFF6" blockId="10.[113,647,881,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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Adult specimens had mean test diameters of
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FF97FBEDFF43AE59" box="[113,192,1071,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="92.0">92 mm</quantity>
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(h.d.) (SD ±
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FEBCFBEDFE30AE59" box="[346,435,1071,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
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) and
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FE13FBEDFDC6AE59" box="[501,581,1071,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
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(v.d.) (SD ±
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FF26FB8DFE9CAE7A" box="[192,287,1103,1129]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
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). Th e maximum test diameters recorded for this species in this study were
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FDBDFBADFF1EAEBA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
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(h.d.) by
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070CFFD0FEE9FB4CFEDDAEBA" box="[271,350,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
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(v.d.) from
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<specimenCount id="9D51FD5D070CFFD0FE00FB4CFD04AEBB" box="[486,647,1166,1192]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" type="generic">200 specimens</specimenCount>
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examined. Th e tests were not as flattened aborally as seen in
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FF07FB0CFEE1AEF4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[225,354,1229,1255]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FF07FB0CFEE1AEF4" box="[225,354,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, while the ambulacra were not conspicuously raised or the interambulacra conspicuously sunken. Th e tests had a greater vertical diameter to horizontal diameter ratio than
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FD89FAEFFF52AF75" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FD89FAEFFF52AF75" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and thus had a more rounded appearance. Th e ambulacra measured 22-26% of the interambulacra measured at the ambitus, increasing in width towards the periproct but not increasing in width towards the peristome.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FF6EFA29FE49ACB0" blockId="10.[113,647,881,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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Th e apical system was monocyclic (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070CFFD0FDE3FA29FDCEAC16" box="[517,589,1515,1541]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,680,697]" captionTargetBox="[171,1160,218,635]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[134,1189,203,645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Drawings of the apical systems, showing species specific characters of the periproct and genital plates: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. ascensionis; C, D. mexicanum; D, D. palmeri; E, D. paucispinum; F, D. savignyi; G, D. setosum; H, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); I, E. calamaris (white colour morph); J, E. diadema. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401708/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
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) and measured 20-25% (h.d.). Th erefore, it was smaller than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FF2EF9E9FEC9AC57" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[200,330,1578,1604]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FF2EF9E9FEC9AC57" box="[200,330,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Th e periproct measured 12- 15% (h.d.) and had a small black anal cone (not swollen as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FEE2F9A8FE06AC90" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[260,389,1641,1667]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FEE2F9A8FE06AC90" box="[260,389,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) lacking white platelets or other distinguishing features.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FD5DFCB3FC2FAE39" blockId="10.[677,1210,881,1161]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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Th e genital plates (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070CFFD0FC73FCB3FC60A998" box="[917,995,881,907]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,680,697]" captionTargetBox="[171,1160,218,635]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[134,1189,203,645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Drawings of the apical systems, showing species specific characters of the periproct and genital plates: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. ascensionis; C, D. mexicanum; D, D. palmeri; E, D. paucispinum; F, D. savignyi; G, D. setosum; H, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); I, E. calamaris (white colour morph); J, E. diadema. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401708/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
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) had four to eight tubercles present, not just along their inner edge but distributed all over the plate beneath the gonopores. Th e gonopores were particularly large in this species, made more noticeable by the reduced size of the apical system.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FD5DFBEDFD66AE9A" blockId="10.[677,1210,881,1161]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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Th e peristome was black and measured 38-46% (h.d.), being somewhat smaller than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FB81FB92FD5CAE9B" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FB81FB92FD5CAE9B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FD43FB0CFC0FAF14" blockId="10.[677,1122,1230,1288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">COMPARISON BETWEEN SPECIES WITHIN GENERA</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD0FD43FAEFFBEBAFB5" blockId="10.[677,1210,1325,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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Comparisons using ordination by multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), and cluster analysis using Euclidean distances of taxonomic similarity, based on 28 test features, are illustrated in
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070CFFD0FC5DFA4EFB9EAFB5" box="[955,1053,1420,1446]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[359,370,882,899]" captionTargetBox="[172,1103,218,840]" captionTargetId="figure-23@9.[66,995,210,841]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — MDS plots of taxonomic similarity based on 28 test characters." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401714" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401714/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070CFFD0FBB2FA4EFBE6AFB5" box="[1108,1125,1420,1446]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,787,804]" captionTargetBox="[122,1092,217,743]" captionTargetId="figure-46@10.[382,651,479,567]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cluster analysis based on 28 test characters (zero Euclidean distance = greatest similarity). Abbreviations: b, brown colour morph; w, white colour morph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">4</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070CFFD1FD5DFA6EFDA9AB83" blockId="10.[677,1210,1325,1700]" lastBlockId="11.[113,647,216,939]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
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From the dendrogram (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070CFFD0FC24FA69FB87AFD6" box="[962,1028,1451,1477]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,787,804]" captionTargetBox="[122,1092,217,743]" captionTargetId="figure-46@10.[382,651,479,567]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cluster analysis based on 28 test characters (zero Euclidean distance = greatest similarity). Abbreviations: b, brown colour morph; w, white colour morph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) a distinct association can be seen between the white and brown colour morphs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FCB8FA29FC59AC16" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[862,986,1515,1541]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FCB8FA29FC59AC16" box="[862,986,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Although this shows a reasonable level of similarity, it is not as high as would be expected for two colour morphs of the same species (zero Euclidean distance). Th is level of similarity is considerably less than for different species within the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070CFFD0FC4BF94BFB8DACB0" authorityName="G RAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[941,1038,1673,1699]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070CFFD0FC4BF94BFB8DACB0" box="[941,1038,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">Diadema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. Th e MDS plot (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136C2A51070DFFD1FF9FFF1AFF3FAAE1" box="[121,188,216,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[359,370,882,899]" captionTargetBox="[172,1103,218,840]" captionTargetId="figure-23@9.[66,995,210,841]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — MDS plots of taxonomic similarity based on 28 test characters." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401714" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401714/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) substantiates this, with a large distance between the white and the brown colour morphs of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF76FEDAFE90AB22" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[144,275,279,305]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
|
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF76FEDAFE90AB22" box="[144,275,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. From this information it can be surmised that based on test structures and proportions, the brown and white colour morphs of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF97FEB5FF71AB83" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[113,242,374,400]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF97FEB5FF71AB83" box="[113,242,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">E. calamaris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are possibly separate species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE836D4070DFFD1FF6EFE54FEC2A9B8" blockId="11.[113,647,216,939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
|
The next group incorporates all the species of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF05FE77FEC5ABDC" authorityName="G RAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[227,326,437,463]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF05FE77FEC5ABDC" box="[227,326,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Diadema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, as well as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FE22FE74FDBDABDC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[452,574,437,463]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FE22FE74FDBDABDC" box="[452,574,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">E. diadema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FDA8FE77FEADABFC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FDA8FE77FEADABFC" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Echinothrix diadema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the first divergent species, indicating only slight association with species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF76FDD7FF70A83C" authorityName="G RAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[144,243,533,559]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF76FDD7FF70A83C" box="[144,243,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Diadema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Each of the two species in a group composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FEE6FDF7FEF2A85D" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1967" box="[256,369,564,590]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="palmeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FEE6FDF7FEF2A85D" box="[256,369,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. palmeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FE43FDF7FD96A85D" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[421,533,565,590]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FE43FDF7FD96A85D" box="[421,533,565,590]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, possessed species-specific test features. This is supported by the MDS plot which indicates their disassociation from other members of the genus. The next group comprises all other species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FDFCFD71FDFCA8DE" authorityName="G RAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[538,639,691,717]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FDFCFD71FDFCA8DE" box="[538,639,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Diadema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF97FD11FEE5A8FF" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[113,358,723,749]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="paucispinum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF97FD11FEE5A8FF" box="[113,358,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">Diadema paucispinum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the first divergent species from this grouping, which then subdivides into two groups composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FE5FFCD1FDD4A93F" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[441,599,787,812]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FE5FFCD1FDD4A93F" box="[441,599,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF97FCF1FF64A95F" authorityName="Michelin" authorityYear="1845" box="[113,231,819,844]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF97FCF1FF64A95F" box="[113,231,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. savignyi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FEC2FCF1FE3BA95F" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1845" box="[292,440,818,844]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FEC2FCF1FE3BA95F" box="[292,440,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FE0BFCF1FDFCA95F" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1909" box="[493,639,819,844]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ascensionis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FE0BFCF1FDFCA95F" box="[493,639,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. ascensionis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. These clusterings are illustrated on the MDS plot, with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FF4EFCB0FEB8A998" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1845" box="[168,315,881,907]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FF4EFCB0FEB8A998" box="[168,315,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070DFFD1FE89FCB0FE7DA998" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1909" box="[367,510,882,907]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Diademaceae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ascensionis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070DFFD1FE89FCB0FE7DA998" box="[367,510,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="104">D. ascensionis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
showing the closest association.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |