704 lines
76 KiB
XML
704 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1537/ase.070501" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9788cf8-a04b-4c8f-87ee-ca3b1e1720e6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3098249" checkinTime="1533662159536" checkinUser="yanell" docAuthor="Güleç, Erksin Savaş, Sevim, Ayla, Pehlevan, Cesur & Kaya, Ferhat" docDate="2007" docId="03EB87FDC8009813E8EFFB7D6433FEB2" docLanguage="en" docName="GüLEç, E. S.,et al 2007.imf" docOrigin="Anthropological Science 115 (2)" docSource="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/115/2/115_070501/_pdf" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Ouranopithecus turkae GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="157" masterDocId="FFD2FF85C8019817EB71FFC36071FF98" masterDocTitle="A new great ape from the late Miocene of Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="153" pageNumber="154" updateTime="1645595559061" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new great ape from the late Miocene of Turkey</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Güleç, Erksin Savaş</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sevim, Ayla</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Pehlevan, Cesur</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kaya, Ferhat</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Anthropological Science</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2007</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2007-08-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>115</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>153</mods:start>
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<mods:end>158</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/115/2/115_070501/_pdf</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1537/ase.070501</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9788cf8-a04b-4c8f-87ee-ca3b1e1720e6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3098249</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6237768" ID-GBIF-Taxon="147266229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6237768" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87FDC8009813E8EFFB7D6433FEB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB87FDC8009813E8EFFB7D6433FEB2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<subSubSection box="[926,1350,1213,1237]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[877,1397,1097,1237]" box="[926,1350,1213,1237]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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Species
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<taxonomicName authority="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya, 2007" authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[1014,1260,1213,1237]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1014,1260,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Ouranopithecus turkae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1267,1350,1214,1237]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[243,392,1227,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,392,1227,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053499" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,392,1227,1247]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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<taxonomicName box="[243,335,1227,1247]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="indet." kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Ovibovini">
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<specimenCount box="[243,335,1227,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Ovibovini</specimenCount>
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</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[243,479,1252,1273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,479,1252,1273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053500" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,475,1252,1273]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[243,318,1252,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="indet." kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" species="indet.">Bovidae</taxonomicName>
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gen. et.
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<specimenCount box="[396,422,1254,1273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="generic">sp.</specimenCount>
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indet
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[817,1414,1258,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1457,1258,1354]" box="[817,1414,1258,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,946,1258,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Turkae for the people who live in Anatolia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[175,374,1279,1298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[175,374,1279,1298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1848" box="[175,374,1279,1298]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">PERISSODACTYLA</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[197,335,1303,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[197,335,1303,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicName box="[197,335,1303,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="indet." kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" species="indet.">Rhinocerotidae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1457,1258,1354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1891073008" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" collectingRegion="Çankiri" collectionCode="University of Ankara" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,928,1302,1325]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<typeStatus box="[817,923,1302,1325]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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CO-205, a maxilla fragment with right C–M2 and left
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<date box="[886,904,1327,1354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">I1</date>
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–M3.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[243,396,1328,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,396,1328,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053501" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,392,1328,1349]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ringström" authorityYear="1924" box="[243,364,1328,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Chilotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[243,364,1328,1348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Chilotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<specimenCount box="[369,392,1330,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="generic">sp</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[243,439,1354,1374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,439,1354,1374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053505" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,435,1354,1374]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[243,381,1354,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhinocerotinae">
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<specimenCount box="[243,381,1354,1374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Rhinocerotinae</specimenCount>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
indet
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||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[243,468,1379,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,468,1379,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053502" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,468,1379,1399]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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||
<emphasis box="[243,468,1379,1399]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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||
<taxonomicName box="[243,376,1379,1399]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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||
<specimenCount box="[243,376,1379,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Ceratotherium</specimenCount>
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</taxonomicName>
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neumayri
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</emphasis>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1458,1375,1486]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1891073009" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" collectingRegion="Çankiri" collectionCode="University of Ankara" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-subadult="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,938,1375,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<typeStatus box="[817,933,1375,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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CO-300, a
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<specimenCount box="[1070,1160,1375,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="subadult">subadult</specimenCount>
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mandible with right C–M2 and left P3–M1;
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1891073010" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" collectingRegion="Çankiri" collectionCode="University of Ankara" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-subadult="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="paratype">
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CO-710, an
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<specimenCount box="[1158,1211,1405,1428]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
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partial right mandible with P3–M2; holotype and paratypes are housed at the
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<collectionCode box="[844,1074,1463,1486]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">University of Ankara</collectionCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[197,271,1404,1424]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[197,271,1404,1424]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[197,271,1404,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Equidae</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[243,390,1431,1450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,390,1431,1450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
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||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053504" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,390,1431,1450]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[243,337,1431,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis box="[243,337,1431,1449]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<specimenCount box="[343,369,1431,1450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="generic">sp.</specimenCount>
|
||
A
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[243,389,1456,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,389,1456,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053503" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,389,1456,1475]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[243,337,1456,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" specie="sp. B">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,337,1456,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<specimenCount box="[343,369,1456,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="generic">sp.</specimenCount>
|
||
B
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[243,389,1481,1501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,389,1481,1501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053498" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,389,1481,1501]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[243,337,1482,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,337,1482,1500]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<specimenCount box="[343,369,1482,1501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="generic">sp.</specimenCount>
|
||
C
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[175,332,1507,1526]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[175,332,1507,1526]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[175,332,1507,1526]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">PROBOSCIDEA</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1458,1506,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,934,1507,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[944,1047,1506,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis box="[944,1047,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from other Miocene hominoids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1077,1244,1536,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ankarapithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1244,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Ankarapithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as the probable sister taxon
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1386,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[1044,1216,1565,1589]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ouranopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
macedoniensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, by a constellation of dentognathic features that includes short- er and more vertical premaxilla, palate narrow relative to postcanine occlusal size, and homomorphic P3 and P4. The P3 is nearly symmetrical and oval in occlusal outline and the pre-and postparacrista are subequal in length.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is further distinguished from
|
||
<emphasis box="[1233,1423,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
by its smaller relative canine to cheek tooth size proportions, shorter-crowned male canines, maxillary incisors nearly aligned with the canines, and perhaps larger (male) size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[197,356,1531,1551]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[197,356,1531,1551]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1922" box="[197,356,1531,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gomphotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[243,479,1556,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[175,572,291,1576]" box="[243,479,1556,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<materialsCitation GeologicalContextID="Miocene" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243053497" Location="Corakyerler" Quarry="Çorakyerler" box="[243,479,1556,1576]" collectingRegion="Çankiri" country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Late Miocene" latitude="40.609" lithoStratigraphicTerms="claystone, pale green mottled marl" longitude="33.634" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central Anatolia" typeStatus="other material">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,479,1556,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schlesinger" authorityYear="1917" box="[243,396,1556,1576]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Choerolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[243,396,1556,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Choerolophodon</specimenCount>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pentelici
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1457,1902,2000]" box="[1065,1210,1902,1928]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[1065,1210,1902,1928]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="154" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1065,1210,1902,1928]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[817,1457,1902,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="154">The upper incisors are very heteromorphic in size and shape. The I1 is robust and squat, with nearly equivalent me-</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3098255/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" startId="2.[152,211,990,1010]" targetBox="[353,1233,248,969]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1458,986,1082]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Figure 2. The Çorakyerler hominoid fossils. CO-205: (a) occlusal view; (b) lingual view of right side and left I1 and I2; (c) buccal view of left C–M3. CO-300: (d) occlusal view; (f) micro-CT-based imagery of right dental row, buccal view; (g) summed voxel projection of right dental row; (h) summed voxel projection of lower canine perpendicular to previous view. CO-710: (e) occlusal view. A summed voxel projection adds CT values of all projected voxels and corresponds to conventional X-ray images.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[129,770,1155,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
siodistal and labiolingual dimensions (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[553,636,1155,1178]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="2.[851,901,1155,1175]" captionText="Table 2. Dental measurements of the CO-205 maxilla (male)" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Its lingual surface is marked by deep vertical fissures, including prominent mesial and distal lingual grooves. The worn incisal edge angles steeply lingually. A prominent basal tubercle, contributing to the labiolingually thick crown, is slightly worn along the incisal wear plane. The I2 crown is wider labiolingually than mesiodistally, and has a strong basal lingual cingulum and marked lingual relief. Relative to the cheek teeth, the incisors are small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[851,1423,1155,1175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[851,1423,1155,1175]" box="[851,1423,1155,1175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Table 2. Dental measurements of the CO-205 maxilla (male)</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<table box="[840,1431,1199,1666]" gridcols="5" gridrows="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1199,1219]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[1021,1120,1199,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">MD</th>
|
||
<th box="[1218,1298,1199,1219]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">La-Li</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1234,1258]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1234,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">I1</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1234,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1234,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">11.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1234,1258]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">10.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1259,1283]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1259,1283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">I2</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1259,1283]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1259,1283]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">6.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1259,1283]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1303,1322]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1303,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">MxOB-BL</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1303,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">MxPerp.</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1303,1322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">H</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1340,1361]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1340,1361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">C</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1340,1361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1340,1361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">15.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1340,1361]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1340,1361]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">(21.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1366,1386]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1366,1386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1366,1386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">15.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1366,1386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1366,1386]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">(20.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1406,1425]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1406,1425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">MD</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1406,1425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">BL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1439,1463]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1439,1463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">P3</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1439,1463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1439,1463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">10.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1439,1463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1439,1463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1469,1489]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1469,1489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1469,1489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">10.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1469,1489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1469,1489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1490,1514]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1490,1514]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">P4</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1490,1514]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1490,1514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">9.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1490,1514]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1490,1514]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1519,1539]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1519,1539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1519,1539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">9.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1519,1539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1519,1539]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1540,1565]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1540,1565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">M1</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1540,1565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1540,1565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">14.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1540,1565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">15.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1540,1565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1570,1590]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1570,1590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1570,1590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">(13.95)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1570,1590]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1570,1590]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1591,1615]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1591,1615]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">M2</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1591,1615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1591,1615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">15.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1591,1615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">16.36</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1591,1615]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1620,1641]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1620,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1620,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">16.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1620,1641]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">16.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1620,1641]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1431,1642,1666]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,1642,1666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">M3</th>
|
||
<td box="[920,935,1642,1666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[1021,1120,1642,1666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">17.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1218,1298,1642,1666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">18.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1377,1431,1642,1666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[129,770,1155,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
In buccal aspect, the upper canine crown shoulders are set near the crown base. The basal canine outline is a labiolingually elongate oval. The mesial groove is narrow and deep. The right canine tip was fractured antemortem and the dentine was slightly worn apically. There is a distolingual honing facet formed by contact with the P3 and an extensive and mammelated lingual cingulum. Relative to postcanine tooth size, CO-205 has among the smallest canines of presumed males of any known late Neogene hominoid (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[614,706,1654,1677]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[152,211,928,948]" captionTargetBox="[181,715,246,907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[181,715,246,907]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The Valles-Penedes Dryopithecus laietanus IPMC 18000-5 (left) and Corakyerler CO-205 (right). IPMC 18000-5 is mirrored to facilitate comparisons (from Moyà Solà and Köhler, 1995)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3098261/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[129,770,1155,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[204,304,1682,1706]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,304,1682,1706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper postcanine teeth are in the size range of living gorillas. However, they feature broad, low, rounded cusps, weak cristae, broad, shallow occlusal basins, and simple occlusal morphology. The summed postcanine occlusal area of the CO-205 exceeds that of all other Miocene hominoid primate taxa except
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[399,575,1829,1853]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Gigantopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,575,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Gigantopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote pageId="2" pageNumber="155" targetBox="[840,1431,1199,1666]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[817,1458,1684,1777]" box="[840,1188,1684,1705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Numbers in parentheses are estimates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[817,1458,1684,1777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">L, left; R, right; MD, mesiodistal; BL, buccolingual; La-Li, labiolingual; MxOB-BL, maximum oblique buccolingual; MxPerp., maximum perpendicular; H, height.</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[129,770,1155,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Except for P3,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[309,409,1858,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,409,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
molars and premolars lack cingula and their enamel is thick. The enamel thickness of the lateral crown faces in CO-300 measured by recently standardized micro-CT methodology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suwa G. & Kono R. T." box="[450,694,1947,1970]" journalOrPublisher="Anthropological Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" pagination="273 - 289" part="113" refId="ref4916" refString="Suwa G. and Kono R. T. (2005) A micro-CT based study of linear enamel thickness in the mesial cusp section of human molars: reevaluation of methodology and assessment of within-tooth, serial, and individual variation. Anthropological Science, 113: 273 - 289." title="A micro-CT based study of linear enamel thickness in the mesial cusp section of human molars: reevaluation of methodology and assessment of within-tooth, serial, and individual variation" type="journal article" year="2005">Suwa and Kono, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) at the major cusps ranges from 1.81 to 2.35 mm in the M2
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[817,1458,1859,2003]" lastBlockId="3.[129,770,1067,2000]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[825,916,1859,1882]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="3.[840,899,1214,1234]" captionTargetBox="[844,1431,820,1192]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[844,1431,820,1192]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 4. Radial enamel thickness of the lateral crown face at each of the five major cusps measured by microfocal X-ray CT. Right, occlusal view surface rendered image of the M2 (CO-300) with white line indicating position of the mesial cusp section (section running through the protoconid and metaconid dentine cusp tips); left, corresponding grayscale image of the mesial cusp section; white bar indicates 2 mm. Maximum lateral enamel thickness in the little-worn lower M2 mesial cusp section (Suwa and Kono, 2005) was 2.35 mm in the protoconid and 2.08 mm in the metaconid. The three-dimensional radial lateral enamel thickness ranged from 2.26 to 2.31 opposite the buccal M2 main cusps and 1.81 to 2.15 opposite the lingual M2 main cusps. In the right M1 with flattened buccal cusps, the maximum lateral enamel thickness in the mesial cusp section was 1.55+ in the protoconid and 1.73 in the metaconid. The three-dimensional radial lateral enamel thickness ranged from 1.63+ to 2.03+ opposite the buccal M1 main cusps, and 1.68 to 1.73 opposite the lingual M1 main cusps. Scans were taken at 150 micron pixel resolution for the mandibular canine through M1, and at 40 micron pixel resolution for the mandibular M2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3098269/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="155">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and from 1.55+ to 2.03+ mm in the M1. Average enamel thickness in the mesial cusp section of the little-worn M2 is 1.94 mm. The relative enamel thickness value (enamel area divided by square root of dentine area;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith T. M. & Martin L. B. & Leakey M. G." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" pagination="283 - 306" part="44" refId="ref4734" refString="Smith T. M., Martin L. B., and Leakey M. G. (2003) Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis. Journal of Human Evolution, 44: 283 - 306." title="Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis" type="journal article" year="2003">Smith et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith T. M. & Lawrence B. M. & Reid D. J. & de Bonis L. & Koufos G. D." box="[889,946,1977,2000]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" pagination="551 - 577" part="46" refId="ref4776" refString="Smith T. M., Lawrence B. M., Reid D. J., de Bonis L., and Koufos G. D. (2004) An examination of dental development in Graecopithecus freybergi (= Ouranopithecus macedoniensis). Journal of Human Evolution, 46: 551 - 577." title="An examination of dental development in Graecopithecus freybergi (= Ouranopithecus macedoniensis)" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[961,1093,1977,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="155" refId="ref4375" refString="Kono R. T. (2004) Molar enamel thickness and distribution patterns in extant great apes and humans: new insights based on a 3 - dimensional whole crown perspective. Anthropological Sci- ence, 112: 121 - 146" type="journal article">Kono, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of M2 is 27.3, making this the thickest enameled Miocene hominoid molar yet examined based on these parameters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith T. M. & Martin L. B. & Leakey M. G." box="[422,615,1097,1120]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" pagination="283 - 306" part="44" refId="ref4734" refString="Smith T. M., Martin L. B., and Leakey M. G. (2003) Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis. Journal of Human Evolution, 44: 283 - 306." title="Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis" type="journal article" year="2003">Smith et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith T. M. & Lawrence B. M. & Reid D. J. & de Bonis L. & Koufos G. D." box="[626,684,1097,1120]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" pagination="551 - 577" part="46" refId="ref4776" refString="Smith T. M., Lawrence B. M., Reid D. J., de Bonis L., and Koufos G. D. (2004) An examination of dental development in Graecopithecus freybergi (= Ouranopithecus macedoniensis). Journal of Human Evolution, 46: 551 - 577." title="An examination of dental development in Graecopithecus freybergi (= Ouranopithecus macedoniensis)" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[830,1445,246,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">Table 3. Dental measurements of the CO-300 (male) and CO-710 (female) mandibles</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<table box="[840,1442,315,643]" gridcols="7" gridrows="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,315,334]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th box="[941,1040,315,334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">CO-300</th>
|
||
<th box="[1240,1339,315,334]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">CO-710</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,353,373]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,353,373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MxOB-BL</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,353,373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MxPerp.</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,353,373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">H</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,353,373]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MxOB-BL</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,353,373]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MxPerp.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,392,411]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,392,411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">C</th>
|
||
<td box="[899,914,392,411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,392,411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">12.4*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,392,411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,392,411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">19.0*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,392,411]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,392,411]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,416,439]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,416,439]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">P3</th>
|
||
<td box="[899,914,416,439]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,416,439]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,416,439]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">9.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,416,439]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">10.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,416,439]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,416,439]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,442,462]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[899,914,442,462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,442,462]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,442,462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">8.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,442,462]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">11.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,442,462]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">10.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,442,462]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">7.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,482,501]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,482,501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MD</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,482,501]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">BL</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,482,501]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MD</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,482,501]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">BL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,520,542]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,520,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">P4</th>
|
||
<td box="[899,914,520,542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,520,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">9.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,520,542]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">12.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,520,542]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,520,542]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,520,542]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,544,565]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[899,914,544,565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,544,565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">9.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,544,565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">12.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,544,565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,544,565]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">8.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,544,565]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">9.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,570,592]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,570,592]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">M1</th>
|
||
<td box="[899,914,570,592]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">L</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,570,592]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,570,592]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,570,592]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,570,592]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,570,592]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,595,615]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[899,914,595,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,595,615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,595,615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,595,615]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,595,615]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">10.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,595,615]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">10.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[840,1442,620,643]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<th box="[840,867,620,643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">M2</th>
|
||
<td box="[899,914,620,643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">R</td>
|
||
<td box="[941,1040,620,643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">15.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1063,1143,620,643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">14.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1225,620,643]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1240,1339,620,643]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">12.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1362,1442,620,643]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">11.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote pageId="3" pageNumber="156" targetBox="[840,1442,315,643]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[817,1458,659,751]" box="[840,1183,659,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">L, left; R, right; *CT-based estimates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[817,1458,659,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">MD, mesiodistal; BL, buccolingual; MxOB-BL, maximum oblique buccolingual; MxPerp., maximum perpendicular to MxOB-BL; H, labial crown height.</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3098261/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" startId="3.[152,211,928,948]" targetBox="[181,715,246,907]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,769,928,997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Figure 3. The Valles-Penedes
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,695,928,948]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[472,594,928,948]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Dryopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dryopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
laietanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
IPMC 18000-5 (left) and Corakyerler CO-205 (right). IPMC 18000-5 is mirrored to facilitate comparisons (from Moyà Solà and Köhler, 1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,770,1067,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[206,308,1125,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[206,308,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
P3 is oval, rather than of an asymmetrical triangular form as seen in most other fossil and modern apes. The P3 protocone and paracone are of subequal size. In buccal aspect, the crown profile also lacks the asymmetry seen in other ape P3s. This is because of the absence of a strong rootward mesiobuccal projection of the enamel line, and because the distobuccal (postparacrista) and mesiobuccal (preparacrista) occlusal edges are nearly equal in length. The P4 crown is also more oval and symmetric than in most other apes. The mesial and distal foveae of both upper premolars are bounded by thick marginal ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3098269/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" startId="3.[840,899,1214,1234]" targetBox="[844,1431,820,1192]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[817,1459,1214,1668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">Figure 4. Radial enamel thickness of the lateral crown face at each of the five major cusps measured by microfocal X-ray CT. Right, occlusal view surface rendered image of the M2 (CO-300) with white line indicating position of the mesial cusp section (section running through the protoconid and metaconid dentine cusp tips); left, corresponding grayscale image of the mesial cusp section; white bar indicates 2 mm. Maximum lateral enamel thickness in the little-worn lower M2 mesial cusp section (Suwa and Kono, 2005) was 2.35 mm in the protoconid and 2.08 mm in the metaconid. The three-dimensional radial lateral enamel thickness ranged from 2.26 to 2.31 opposite the buccal M2 main cusps and 1.81 to 2.15 opposite the lingual M2 main cusps. In the right M1 with flattened buccal cusps, the maximum lateral enamel thickness in the mesial cusp section was 1.55+ in the protoconid and 1.73 in the metaconid. The three-dimensional radial lateral enamel thickness ranged from 1.63+ to 2.03+ opposite the buccal M1 main cusps, and 1.68 to 1.73 opposite the lingual M1 main cusps. Scans were taken at 1 50 micron pixel resolution for the mandibular canine through M1, and at 40 micron pixel resolution for the mandibular M2</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,770,1067,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">In keeping with the large and robust premolars, the upper molars are massive, with distal cusps well expressed and not reduced as in some Miocene hominoids. The M1 is smaller than the M2, which is slightly smaller than M3. The latter tapers distally, is mesiodistally elongate, and bears accessory distal cusps. The M1 cusps were worn low before enamel perforation, with dentine exposed only at the protocone. The enamel thickness of the upper molars was not measured, but the enamel bounding the exposed dentine suggests a thickness comparable to that of the measured lower molars.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,770,1067,2000]" lastBlockId="3.[817,1458,1742,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Only the roots and alveoli of the mandibular incisor are preserved in CO-300. The erupting canine had not reached occlusion, but it is tall, narrow, and pointed. In keeping with the morphology of the upper premolars, the P3 is more oval in occlusal outline than in most apes and even some early hominids. A thin lingual cingulum is present. The protoconid is sharp and prominent. A small honing facet can be seen on the mesio-buccal face of the right P3. The P3 of CO- 710 has a prominent wear facet from protoconid to metaconid and also has a slight honing facet on the mesiobuccal surface. As is the case for the P3,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[1169,1269,1770,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1269,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has slightly more oval P3s than those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1055,1244,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[817,1458,1742,2003]" lastBlockId="4.[129,770,246,768]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">
|
||
As in the P3, in buccal view, the mesial occlusal edge (preprotocristid) of the P3 in CO-300 is subequal (but slightly longer) in length compared to the distal occlusal edge (postprotocristid). This morphology is unlike the distinctly longer preprotocristid of most other Miocene and modern apes. Hence, the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[939,1040,1976,2000]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[939,1040,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="156">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
P3 is rather less sectorial in shape than in most other known Miocene hominoids, resembling the modern chimpanzee in this respect. The mandibular dental dimensions are given in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[390,470,305,328]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="3.[830,880,246,266]" captionText="Table 3. Dental measurements of the CO-300 (male) and CO-710 (female) mandibles" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[129,770,246,768]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">
|
||
The palate of CO-205 is distorted, but judging from the posterior margins of the incisor and canine alveoli, as well as a fragment of bone along the right lateral edge of the nasal aperture, it featured a short and fairly vertical premaxilla. As the incisors and canines are relatively reduced, the anterior palate is presumed to be relatively narrow, whereas the massive postcanine teeth render the entire palate long and seemingly narrow relative to postcanine size and palatal length. The incisors extend minimally beyond the anterior transverse plane of the canines and are notably vertically implant- ed, particularly for a young adult. There was little or no precanine diastema. The maxillary palatine processes are thin. We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[268,369,685,709]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,369,685,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to have had a more vertical face than
|
||
<emphasis box="[129,323,714,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
. These apparently derived features may relate to the younger age of the Turkish fossils.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="157" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[129,770,817,2000]" box="[383,515,817,843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[383,515,817,843]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[383,515,817,843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[129,770,817,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[156,266,861,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[156,266,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[509,681,861,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[509,681,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among known Miocene hominoids. The two taxa share many derived features, such as the weakly asymmetric upper and lower P3s, absolutely and relatively large postcanine size, and hyper-thick molar enamel, probably related to a diet that required heavy mastication. This is also evidenced by instances of heavy wear in upper (RPL-128, XIR-1) and lower (RPL-56) dentitions of this genus. This wear was probably associated with an adaptation to more open habitats than those of extant apes. Indeed,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[450,622,1125,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[450,622,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lived in Eurasia during a time of considerable decline in forest cover, and development of more open country and seasonable environments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[242,386,1214,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3337" refString="Bernor R. L. (1983) Geochronology and zoogeographic relationships of Miocene hominoidea. In: Ciochon R. L. and Corruccini R. S. (eds.), New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. Plenum Press. New York, pp. 21 - 64." type="book chapter">Bernor, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Bonis L. & Koufos G." box="[429,619,1214,1237]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Anthropology" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="75 - 83" part="3" refId="ref3751" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1994) Our ancestor's ancestor: Ouran- opithecus is a Greek link in human ancestry. Evolutionary Anthropology, 3: 75 - 83." title="Our ancestor's ancestor: Ouran- opithecus is a Greek link in human ancestry" type="book" year="1994">Bonis et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3426" refString="Bernor R. L., Solounias N., Swisher C. C. III, and Van Couvering J. A. (1996) The correlation of three classical " Pikermian " mammal faunas, Maragheh, Samos and Pikermi, with the European MN Unit System. In: Bernor R. L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H. - W. (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 137 - 156." type="book chapter">Bernor et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[227,487,1243,1266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3859" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1999) The Miocene large mammal succession in Greece. In: Agusti J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (eds.), Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Change in Europe. Volume 1. The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 205 - 237." type="book">Bonis and Koufos, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[497,764,1243,1266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3262" refString="Begun D. R. and Kordos L. (1997) Phyletic affinities and functional convergence in Dryopithecus and other Miocene and living hominids. In: Begun D. R., Ward C. V., and Rose M. D. (eds.), Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 291 - 316." type="book chapter">Begun and Kordos, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[129,270,1273,1296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3162" refString="Begun D. R. (2005) Sivapithecus is east and Dryopithecus is west, and never the twain shall meet. Anthropological Science, 113: 53 - 62." type="journal article">Begun, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[129,770,817,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Previous interpretations of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[443,615,1301,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,615,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had suggested that this genus was a plausible ancestor of African Pliocene
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" box="[129,310,1360,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[129,310,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Australopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on dentognathic morphological similarities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[223,425,1390,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3194" refString="Begun D., Gulec E., and Geraads D. (2003) Dispersal patterns of Eurasian homioids: implications from Turkey. In: Reumer J. W. F. and Wessels W. (eds.), Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA 10: 23 - 39." type="journal article">Begun et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, the resemblance of the upper premolars of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[342,444,1418,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[342,444,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and non-robust Pliocene
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Australopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,521,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Au. africanus</emphasis>
|
||
, is striking. However, most early
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" box="[248,429,1477,1501]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,429,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Australopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dentitions,
|
||
<emphasis box="[554,697,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">A. anamensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward C. V. & Leakey M. G. & Walker A." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="255 - 368" part="41" refId="ref5004" refString="Ward C. V., Leakey M. G., and Walker A. (2001) Morphology of Australopithecus anamensis from Kaanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, 41: 255 - 368." title="Morphology of Australopithecus anamensis from Kaanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya" type="journal article" year="2001">Ward et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[319,448,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">A. afarensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="White T. D." box="[465,604,1507,1530]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Physical Anthropology" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="197 - 230" part="46" refId="ref5046" refString="White T. D. (1977) New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 46: 197 - 230." title="New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania" type="journal article" year="1977">White, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), actually have more primitive postcanine dental features than seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, the African late Miocene hominids
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Senut et al., 2001)" authorityName="Senut et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[129,451,1595,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Orrorin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[129,212,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Orrorin</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Senut B. & Pickford M. & Gommery D. & Mein P. & Cheboi K. & Coppens Y." box="[233,444,1595,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planetes" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="137 - 144" part="332" refId="ref4551" refString="Senut B., Pickford M., Gommery D., Mein P., Cheboi K., and Coppens Y. (2001) First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino formation, Kenya). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planetes, 332: 137 - 144." title="First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino formation, Kenya)" type="journal article" year="2001">Senut et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[469,604,1594,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ardipithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[469,604,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ardipithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="White T. D. & Suwa G. & Asfaw B." journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="306 - 312" part="371" refId="ref5074" refString="White T. D., Suwa G., and Asfaw B. (1994) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371: 306 - 312." title="Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="1994">White et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haile-Selassie, Y." box="[197,420,1625,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="178 – 181" part="412" refId="ref4210" refString="Haile-Selassie, Y. (2001) Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 412: 178 - 181." title="Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia" type="book" year="2001">Haile-Selassie, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[430,712,1625,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref4235" refString="Haile-Selassie Y., Suwa G., and White T. D. (2004) Late Miocene teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and early hominid dental evolution. Science, 303: 1503 - 1505." type="journal article">Haile-Selassie et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Brunet et al., 2002)" authorityName="Brunet et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[129,520,1653,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Sahelanthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[129,295,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Sahelanthropus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[310,513,1654,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3523" refString="Brunet M., Guy F., Pilbeam D., Mackaye H. T., Likius A., Ahounta D., Beauvilain A., Blondel C., Bocherens H., Boisserie J. - R., De Bonis L., Coppens Y., Dejax J., Denys C., Duringer P., Eisenmann V., Fanone G., Fronty P., Geraads D., Lehmann T., Lihoreau F., Louchart A., Mahamat A., Merceron G., Mouchelin G., Otero O., Campomanes P. P., Ponce De Leon M., Rage J. - C., Sapanet M., Schuster M., Suder J., Tassy P., Valentin X., Vignaud P., Viriot L., Zazzo A., and Zollicofer C. (2002) A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature, 418: 145 - 151." type="book">Brunet et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack dentognathic specializations associated with tough/abrasive diets such as that inferred for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[262,434,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[262,434,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in early
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" box="[582,763,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,763,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Australopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such considerations lead us to interpret
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[567,739,1741,1765]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[567,739,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as manifesting substantial dentognathic parallelism with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Australopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[293,589,1801,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3262" refString="Begun D. R. and Kordos L. (1997) Phyletic affinities and functional convergence in Dryopithecus and other Miocene and living hominids. In: Begun D. R., Ward C. V., and Rose M. D. (eds.), Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 291 - 316." type="book chapter">Begun and Kordos, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[609,757,1801,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3090" refString="Begun D. R. (2001) African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae. In: Andrews P., Koufos G., and de Bonis L. (eds.), Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Change in Europe. Volume 2. Phylogeny of the Neogene Hominoid Primates of Eurasia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 231 - 253." type="book">Begun, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, we do not consider these features of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonis and Melentis" authorityYear="1977" box="[598,770,1829,1853]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[598,770,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">Ouranopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to indicate placement within the hominid (African ape-human) clade (contra de
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[365,554,1889,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref4019" refString="de Bonis L., Bouvrain G., Geraads D., and Koufos G. (1990) New hominid skull material from the late Miocene of Macedonia in northern Greece. Nature, 345: 712 - 714." type="book">Bonis et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[564,621,1889,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3859" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1999) The Miocene large mammal succession in Greece. In: Agusti J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (eds.), Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Change in Europe. Volume 1. The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 205 - 237." type="book">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Bonis L. & Koufos G." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="469 - 491" part="24" refId="ref3712" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1993) The face and the mandible of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis: description of new speci- mens and comparisons. Journal of Human Evolution, 24: 469 - 491." title="The face and the mandible of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis: description of new speci- mens and comparisons" type="book" year="1993">Bonis and Koufos, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Bonis L. & Koufos G." box="[288,344,1918,1941]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Anthropology" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="75 - 83" part="3" refId="ref3751" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1994) Our ancestor's ancestor: Ouran- opithecus is a Greek link in human ancestry. Evolutionary Anthropology, 3: 75 - 83." title="Our ancestor's ancestor: Ouran- opithecus is a Greek link in human ancestry" type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[354,410,1918,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" refId="ref3785" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. D. (1997) The phylogenetic and func- tional implications of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis. In: Begun D. R., Ward C. V., and Rose M. D. (eds.), Function, Phy- logeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adap- tations. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 317 - 326." type="book">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Bonis L. & Koufos G." box="[422,570,1918,1941]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" pagination="469 - 491" part="24" refId="ref3712" refString="de Bonis L. and Koufos G. (1993) The face and the mandible of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis: description of new speci- mens and comparisons. Journal of Human Evolution, 24: 469 - 491." title="The face and the mandible of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis: description of new speci- mens and comparisons" type="book" year="1993">Koufos, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[129,770,817,2000]" lastBlockId="4.[817,1457,246,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="GüLeç & Sevim & Pehlevan & Kaya" authorityYear="2007" box="[156,256,1946,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[156,256,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="157">O. turkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the youngest and largest of known Turkish Miocene hominoids, is unlike all modern and other fossil great apes in what is known of its preserved anatomy and its environmental circumstances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |