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<mods:title id="6F297C5D3625312DE779DF6050EDB42F">A species level revision of Bridgerian and Uintan brontotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) exclusive of Palaeosyops</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAFEFF42FD366FC2" blockId="28.[151,733,151,177]" box="[151,733,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0B581B3FFE1DA3FEAFEFF42FD366FC2" bold="true" box="[151,733,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAFEFF42FD366FC2" bold="true" box="[151,733,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Species
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEA90FF42FD366FC2" authority="Osborn 1908" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[249,733,151,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEA90FF42FDDD6FC2" bold="true" box="[249,566,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">METARHINUS fluviatilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFFE1DA3FE854FF42FD366FC2" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[573,733,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="599 - 617" refId="ref45415" refString="Osborn, H. F. (1908) New or little known titanotheres from the Eocene and Oligocene. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24 (32), 599 - 617." type="journal article" year="1908">Osborn 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAFEFF37FE4C6F8A" blockId="28.[151,423,226,249]" box="[151,423,226,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEAC5FF37FE4C6F8A" authority="Riggs 1912" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1912" box="[172,423,226,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAC5FF37FF296F8A" box="[172,194,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAB9FF37FECD6F8A" box="[208,294,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">riparius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFFE1DA3FEB45FF37FE4C6F8A" author="Riggs, E. S." box="[300,423,226,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="17 - 41" refId="ref46053" refString="Riggs, E. S. (1912) New or little known titanotheres from the lower Uinta Formations. Field Museum of Natural History Publication 159, Geological Series, 4 (2), 17 - 41." type="journal article" year="1912">Riggs 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3586554FFE1DA3FEAFEFEFFFD276EE7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAFEFEFFFCAB6E37" blockId="28.[151,1436,298,1044]" box="[151,832,298,324]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FEAFEFEFFFCAB6E37" box="[151,832,298,324]" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="AMNH 1500" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAFEFEFFFEFB6E37" bold="true" box="[151,272,298,324]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<typeStatus id="54F9887DFFE1DA3FEAFEFEFFFEE06E37" box="[151,267,298,324]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBE49EA4FFE1DA3FEB7EFEFFFE5D6E37" box="[279,438,298,324]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">AMNH 1500</specimenCode>
, a partial skull lacking the nasals.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAAEFE87FD276EE7" blockId="28.[151,1436,298,1044]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAAEFE87FE2D6E1F" bold="true" box="[199,454,338,364]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FEBB9FE87FD946E1F" box="[464,639,338,364]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="FMNH 12173" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE49EA4FFE1DA3FEBB9FE87FD916E1F" box="[464,634,338,364]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">FMNH 12173</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FE8E1FE87FCD96E1F" box="[648,818,338,364]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="FMNH 12187" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE49EA4FFE1DA3FE8E1FE87FCD96E1F" box="[648,818,338,364]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">FMNH 12187</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FE929FE87FAEF6E1F" accessionNumber="P 12186" box="[832,1284,338,364]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED53AE1AFFE1DA3FE929FE87FC7E6E1F" box="[832,917,338,364]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
P 12186 (
<typeStatus id="54F9887DFFE1DA3FEE7BFE87FBAD6E1F" box="[1042,1094,338,364]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEE18FE87FB126E18" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1912" box="[1137,1273,338,364]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE18FE87FB626E18" box="[1137,1161,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEEF2FE87FB126E18" box="[1179,1273,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FEF7AFE87FF326EE7" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="PM 3935" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED53AE1AFFE1DA3FEF7AFE87FA8C6E1F" box="[1299,1383,338,364]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBE49EA4FFE1DA3FEF1BFE87FF3F6EE7" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">PM 3935</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FEA89FEAFFE916EE7" accessionNumber="UCM 44939" box="[224,378,378,404]" collectionCode="UCM" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED53AE1AFFE1DA3FEA89FEAFFEC86EE7" box="[224,291,378,404]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34854" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34854" name="University of Colorado Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="University or college">UCM</collectionCode>
44939,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FEBEBFEAFFDC76EE7" box="[386,556,378,404]" collectionCode="UCMP" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="UCMP 81278" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE49EA4FFE1DA3FEBEBFEAFFDC36EE7" box="[386,552,378,404]" collectionCode="UCMP" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="University or college">UCMP 81278</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FFE1DA3FE85DFEAFFD2C6EE7" accessionNumber="YPM 13125" box="[564,711,378,404]" collectionCode="YPM" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED53AE1AFFE1DA3FE85DFEAFFD9F6EE7" box="[564,628,378,404]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
13125
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FFE1DA3FEAAEFE77FD7D6E97" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAAEFE77FD7D6E97" blockId="28.[151,1436,298,1044]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAAEFE77FEAC6ECF" bold="true" box="[199,327,418,444]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Small species of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FE871FE77FD746EC8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[536,671,418,443]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FE871FE77FD746EC8" box="[536,671,418,443]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with nasals that are broadly flared distally and constricted at the base giving them a distinctive spoon-shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FFE1DA3FEAAEFE27FE416B67" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAAEFE27FBDC6C3F" blockId="28.[151,1436,298,1044]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEAAEFE27FEB96D7F" bold="true" box="[199,338,498,524]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Discussion.</emphasis>
As indicated in the discussion above, the
<typeStatus id="54F9887DFFE1DA3FE93AFE27FC526D7F" box="[851,953,498,524]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEE40FE27FAC36D78" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[1065,1320,498,523]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE40FE27FAC36D78" box="[1065,1320,498,523]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus fluviatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the nasals and is, therefore, only provisionally accepted as representing the variety of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEE14FDCFFAEF6D40" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[1149,1284,538,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE14FDCFFAEF6D40" box="[1149,1284,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with spoonshaped nasals. This conclusion is based solely on the diminutive size of the type specimen, which is smaller than any of the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEB85FDBFFD986DF0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[492,627,618,643]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEB85FDBFFD986DF0" box="[492,627,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with spoon-shaped nasals for which I have data. The size of the skull is probably inconsistent with the possibility that it represents the variety of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEE4FFD47FB466DD8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[1062,1197,658,683]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE4FFD47FB466DD8" box="[1062,1197,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with tapered nasals because individuals with this nasal morphology appear to be larger than those with spoon-shaped nasals. If later work should demonstrate that the
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FE80DFD37FD006D88" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[612,747,738,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FE80DFD37FD006D88" box="[612,747,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with spoon-shaped nasals does not represent the type species (
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEABFFCDFFE876C50" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[214,364,778,804]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEABFFCDFFF056C50" box="[214,238,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEA94FCDFFE876C50" box="[253,364,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">fluviatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) then the next available name for this taxon is probably
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FEE6FFCDFFB606C50" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1912" box="[1030,1163,778,804]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE6FFCDFFBF56C50" box="[1030,1054,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FEE44FCDFFB606C50" box="[1069,1163,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was based on a skull (FMNH P 12186) clearly possessing the spoon-shaped nasal morphology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFFE1DA3FEAAEFC8FFE416B67" blockId="28.[151,1436,298,1044]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFFE1DA3FEAAEFC8FFE466C07" author="Mihlbachler, M. C." box="[199,429,858,884]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref45220" refString="Mihlbachler, M. C. (2005) Phylogenetic systematics of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Columbia University, New York, 763 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mihlbachler (2005)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that, because the
<typeStatus id="54F9887DFFE1DA3FE96BFC8FFC826C07" box="[770,873,858,884]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFFE1DA3FE9FDFC8FFB786C00" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[916,1171,858,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FE9FDFC8FFB786C00" box="[916,1171,858,883]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metarhinus fluviatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks nasals, it would be advisable to designate a
<typeStatus id="54F9887DFFE1DA3FEB89FC57FDD66CEF" box="[480,573,898,924]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for the species in which the nasals are preserved. Mihlbachler proposed FMNH PM 12187, but this specimen can have no validity as a name-holder according to Article 75 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFFE1DA3FE8B0FC07FC766C9F" author="Ride, W. D. L. &amp; Cogger, H. G. &amp; Dupuis, C. &amp; Kraus, O. &amp; Minelli, A. &amp; Thompson, F. C. &amp; Tubbs, P. K." box="[729,925,978,1004]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref45967" refString="Ride, W. D. L., Cogger, H. G., Dupuis, C., Kraus, O., Minelli, A., Thompson, F. C. &amp; Tubbs, P. K. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4 th edition), International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. Available from http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / (accessed 22 April 2008)." type="url" year="1999">
Ride
<emphasis id="B936EACDFFE1DA3FE972FC07FCA46C98" box="[795,847,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
), since the original type specimen (AMNH 1500) is still preserved.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>