156 lines
16 KiB
XML
156 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="B02D0CD748AFD8D3224CF4E83E0548B9" ID-DOI="10.1649/1055.1" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369782" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630267956662" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Johnson, James B., Emberson, Rowan M. & Marris, John M. W." docDate="2008" docId="03EB87B73A7390411713FA46FC46FBB7" docLanguage="en" docName="1055.1.pdf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 62 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/1055.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76939A7658C5F80CF4BB6818E728552A.2:TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="76939A7658C5F80CF4BB6818E728552A" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Metaxina ornata Broun 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="FFD2FFCF3A719042164DFFE0FFABFFFD" masterDocTitle="Biology ofMetaxina ornataBroun (Coleoptera: Metaxinidae), with Notes on Associated Beetle Taxa" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="215" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1699207228945" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8DD0C33204E848ED2F6174D9BC43BBF0">
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<mods:title id="CC11FF26B00584B4D4236E843C11C451">Biology ofMetaxina ornataBroun (Coleoptera: Metaxinidae), with Notes on Associated Beetle Taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="88DB40879ED282C03F622D9D694DC630">Johnson, James B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B837ADD876B026CB1DA616C9132975E9">Emberson, Rowan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="274B74FDEC0D1BB9822C02778C8E31C1">Marris, John M. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="60C77BB5294D3C217A78A868B7504F87">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F49133E7DCCF2CB79D91396933E90282">
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<mods:date id="D5DB77DD2B069439B3C09DB60F887AA7">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6D6AF1FBC4D65C6ACD903C4A8256C54B">2008-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="55A42426289E0B2E98FCF4A612D61049">62</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F7A3B5C5B141755775FDE7D7708D52EE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/1055.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="4E873A14E528A275F1D37ED1817B8C78" type="DOI">10.1649/1055.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FFF63D12CD5BB84482E5FDA983CA1FA9" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EB87B73A7390411713FA46FC46FBB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5461526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5461526" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87B73A7390411713FA46FC46FBB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB87B73A7390411713FA46FC46FBB7" lastPageId="3" pageId="2">
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<subSubSection id="C358652A3A7390401713FA46FCAFFA41" box="[350,772,1446,1468]" pageId="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36A13A7390401713FA46FCAFFA41" blockId="2.[350,772,1446,1468]" box="[350,772,1446,1468]" pageId="2">
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<heading id="D0B581CD3A7390401713FA46FCAFFA41" box="[350,772,1446,1468]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7390401713FA46FCAFFA41" bold="true" box="[350,772,1446,1468]" pageId="2">
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Observations on
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A7390401445FA46FD18FA41" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[520,691,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7390401445FA46FD18FA41" bold="true" box="[520,691,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="2">Metaxina ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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biology
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358652A3A73904116E7FA37FC46FBB7" lastPageId="3" pageId="2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36A13A73904116E7FA37FC6BFE85" blockId="2.[146,975,1495,1570]" lastBlockId="3.[175,1005,194,1098]" lastPageId="3" pageId="2">
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Two middle sections of the original branch (diameter
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<quantity id="4CBA9B443A73904014B7FA37FCECFA10" box="[762,839,1495,1517]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 cm</quantity>
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, lengths
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<quantity id="4CBA9B443A73904015E6FA37FF7AF9F5" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" unit="cm" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">18– 25 cm</quantity>
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) were sequentially removed from the first rearing container for dissection on 12 October. Initial examination of the branch segments did not reveal any insect activity. Tapping the branch segments sharply on the bench top did not dislodge any insects. However, during the first ten minutes of more detailed external examination of each branch segment,
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<specimenCount id="9D44FD283A72904114DCFF17FD58FEF0" box="[657,755,247,269]" pageId="3" type="adult">five adult</specimenCount>
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904114B7FF17FCCAFEF1" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[762,865,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904114B7FF17FCCAFEF1" box="[762,865,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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emerged and walked on the surface of the branch segments. None of the beetles showed a tendency to fly and all were captured with forceps and placed in a killing vial. This indicates that adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904117F1FEA7FD8DFEA1" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[444,550,327,348]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904117F1FEA7FD8DFEA1" box="[444,550,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are active within the mass of sooty mold, concealed from view and difficult to dislodge by typical collecting methods.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36A13A729041168AFE9DFDB6FDE4" blockId="3.[175,1005,194,1098]" pageId="3">
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In some areas the sooty mold layer was found to be up to
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<quantity id="4CBA9B443A7290411565FE9DFCC8FE6E" box="[808,867,381,403]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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thick among the tests formed by the scale insects. This amount of sooty mold apparently suppressed the growth of moss and lichen that were common on branches with less sooty mold. Searching through the sooty mold did not reveal any
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904115CDFE2EFC4DFE1E" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[896,998,462,483]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904115CDFE2EFC4DFE1E" box="[896,998,462,483]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but did reveal staphylinid adults,
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A729041144CFE08FDCCFE00" baseAuthorityName="Sharp" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[513,615,488,509]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Hisparonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hystrix">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A729041144CFE08FDCCFE00" box="[513,615,488,509]" italics="true" pageId="3">H. hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adults and larvae,
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A729041156BFE08FC02FE00" box="[806,937,488,509]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophagidae" genus="Triphyllus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidellus">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A729041156BFE08FC02FE00" box="[806,937,488,509]" italics="true" pageId="3">T. hispidellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adults and larvae, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A7290411715FDE3FE64FDE5" box="[344,463,515,536]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Doxozilora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7290411715FDE3FE64FDE5" box="[344,463,515,536]" italics="true" pageId="3">D. punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36A13A729041168AFDFEFCEAFCC2" blockId="3.[175,1005,194,1098]" pageId="3">
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After removing the sooty mold, individual scale tests were popped from the branch segments using a stout scalpel blade. Many contained adult or immature scales. In tests with no scale or obvious scale remains we found six, late-instar larvae and
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<specimenCount id="9D44FD283A729041176DFD8EFED4FD79" box="[288,383,622,644]" pageId="3" type="pupa">one pupa</specimenCount>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904117EDFD8FFDADFD79" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[416,518,623,644]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904117EDFD8FFDADFD79" box="[416,518,623,644]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Most of the larvae and the pupa were found in areas with particularly abundant scales and sooty mold,
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7290411549FD69FC83FD63" box="[772,808,649,670]" italics="true" pageId="3">e.g.</emphasis>
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, where the branch forked. It is assumed that the larvae entered the scale test via the dorsal opening produced by the scale for exsertion of the wax tube used to secrete honeydew and exit of the scale progeny. This behaviour would correlate with the small, narrow head of
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A729041174EFD14FEC2FCF4" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[259,361,756,777]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A729041174EFD14FEC2FCF4" box="[259,361,756,777]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae. Some of the larvae had a pink background body color, similar to that of the scale insects. Others were white in life, but turned pink when boiled.
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904116B0FCC9FECFFCC3" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[253,356,809,830]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904116B0FCC9FECFFCC3" box="[253,356,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae did not score the wood below the test.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36A13A729041168AFCA4FC46FBB7" blockId="3.[175,1005,194,1098]" pageId="3">
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Half of the larvae and the pupa were immediately boiled and preserved in 70% ETOH. Remaining larvae were set up to attempt rearing in 1 dram glass vials. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A7290411693FC9AFEEEFC72" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[222,325,890,911]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7290411693FC9AFEEEFC72" box="[222,325,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae were supplied with two or three scale tests and sooty mold for shelter. Larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904117D7FC75FD8AFC57" box="[410,545,917,938]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophagidae" genus="Triphyllus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidellus">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904117D7FC75FD8AFC57" box="[410,545,917,938]" italics="true" pageId="3">T. hispidellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(the most abundant coleopteran) and scale insects were supplied to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A72904117A4FC4FFDFEFC39" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[489,597,943,964]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A72904117A4FC4FFDFEFC39" box="[489,597,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae. No larvae gave indication of consuming
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A729041176BFC2AFE07FC22" box="[294,428,970,991]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophagidae" genus="Triphyllus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidellus">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A729041176BFC2AFE07FC22" box="[294,428,970,991]" italics="true" pageId="3">T. hispidellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae. Larvae were observed to consume scale insects, few molted and none pupated, but this is consistent with the report of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B503A7290411532FC04FEB9FBE8" author="Morales" pageId="3" pagination="24 - 37" refId="ref3076" refString="Morales, C. F., M. G. Hill, and A. K. Walker. 1988. Life history of the sooty beech scale (Ultracoelostoma assimile) (Maskell) in New Zealand Nothofagus forests. New Zealand Entomologist 11: 24 - 37." type="journal article" year="1988">
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Morales
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A7290411597FC05FF62FBE9" italics="true" pageId="3">et al.</emphasis>
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(1988)
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</bibRefCitation>
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which associated
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D223A729041179EFC1FFD97FBE9" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1909" box="[467,572,1023,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Metaxina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis id="B936EAB33A729041179EFC1FFD97FBE9" box="[467,572,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="3">M. ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae with scales. The remaining larvae were preserved on 19 November due to a lack of additional available food. Additional rearing attempts with larvae from later samples yielded similar results.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |