441 lines
78 KiB
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441 lines
78 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FECD01665659C104E565DC48D15502DC">Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="013B8DFA1FCECE4A5D457476B0F20292">Horia R. Galea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F6D77A3448E147D08CD0835A627B2BE9">Cornelia Roder</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BD128B9901114200D30D056CD38681F4">Christoph Walcher</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EB879BFF9EFFAEFD8E0509FB24E708" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628733" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127636781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB879BFF9EFFAEFD8E0509FB24E708" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB879BFF9EFFAEFD8E0509FB24E708" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9EFFACFD8E0509FC62E006" box="[582,1006,772,799]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFD8E0509FC62E006" blockId="13.[582,1006,772,834]" box="[582,1006,772,799]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="D0B581E1FF9EFFACFD8E0509FC62E006" box="[582,1006,772,799]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFD8E0509FC62E006" ID-CoL="6WNMR" authority="Allman, 1878" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1878" box="[582,1006,772,799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
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<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFD8E0509FCCAE006" bold="true" box="[582,838,772,799]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychogastria polaris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFC840509FC62E006" author="Allman G. J." box="[844,1006,772,799]" editor="Feilden H. W." journalOrPublisher="G. S. Nares" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="290 - 292" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6828" refString="Allman G. J. 1878. Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa. In: Feilden H. W. (ed.) Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships " Alert " and " Discovery " by Capt. G. S. Nares 2: 290 - 292. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6828" title="Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships " Alert " and " Discovery " by Capt" year="1878">Allman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9EFFACFD150525FCDAE05B" box="[733,854,808,834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFD150525FCDAE05B" blockId="13.[582,1006,772,834]" box="[733,854,808,834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<figureCitation id="13792A08FF9EFFACFD150525FCAEE05B" box="[733,802,808,834]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="11.[189,231,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[195,1394,408,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1398,401,1745]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. — A – B. Ptychogastria asteroides (Haeckel, 1879). A. Lateral view of a medusa. B. Portion of umbrella margin showing the arrangement of tentacles. — C – E. Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878. C. Medusa in lateral view. D. Oral view of half of the medusa, showing the arrangement of the marginal tentacles. E. Portion of the bell margin, greatly enlarged. — F – G. Tesserogastria musculosa Beyer, 1959. Medusa in lateral (F) and oral (G) aspects. [A, B redrawn after Gili et al. (1999); C, E redrawn after Panteleeva et al. (1999); D redrawn after Haeckel (1881 b); F, G redrawn after Hesthagen (1971)]. Scale bars: A, B = 500 µm; C = 3 mm; E = 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221253/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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C–E
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9EFFACFF750564FB14E59C" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF750564FC9FE09A" blockId="13.[189,969,873,970]" box="[189,787,873,900]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF750564FD2FE09A" ID-CoL="6WNMR" authority="Allman, 1878: 290" authorityName="Allman" authorityPageNumber="290" authorityYear="1878" box="[189,675,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
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<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF750564FE30E09A" box="[189,444,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychogastria polaris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE0B0564FDE5E09A" author="Allman G. J." box="[451,617,873,899]" editor="Feilden H. W." journalOrPublisher="G. S. Nares" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="290 - 292" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6828" refString="Allman G. J. 1878. Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa. In: Feilden H. W. (ed.) Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships " Alert " and " Discovery " by Capt. G. S. Nares 2: 290 - 292. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6828" title="Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships " Alert " and " Discovery " by Capt" year="1878">Allman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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: 290
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</taxonomicName>
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, Fgs 1–3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF750581FDE3E0BF" blockId="13.[189,969,873,970]" box="[189,623,908,934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF750581FDE0E0BF" ID-CoL="768ZT" authority="Haeckel, 1879: 266" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="266" authorityYear="1879" box="[189,620,908,934]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Pectyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
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<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF750581FEF7E0BF" box="[189,379,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pectyllis arctica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE4B0581FDBCE0BF" author="Haeckel E." box="[387,560,908,934]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 266
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF7505A2FC45E0D0" blockId="13.[189,969,873,970]" box="[189,969,943,970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF7505A2FD5AE0D0" ID-CoL="78NN4" authority="Vanhoffen, 1912: 386" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityPageNumber="386" authorityYear="1912" box="[189,726,943,970]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
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<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF7505A2FE42E0D0" box="[189,462,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychogastria opposita</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE1D05A2FD10E0D3" author="Vanhoffen E." box="[469,668,943,970]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="351 - 396" part="5" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1912. Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie 5 (3): 351 - 396." title="Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903" type="journal article" year="1912">Vanhöffen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 386
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</taxonomicName>
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, Fg. 20, pl. 25 Fg. 6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF7505FCFB16E6CC" blockId="13.[189,1399,1009,1669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF7505FCFE4CE712" ID-CoL="6WNMR" box="[189,448,1009,1035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
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<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF7505FCFE4CE712" box="[189,448,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychogastria polaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE2E05FCFD06E712" author="Fewkes J. W." box="[486,650,1009,1035]" journalOrPublisher="Report on the Proceedings of the United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinell Land" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="39 - 45" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56929" refString="Fewkes J. W. 1888. Medusae. Appendix No. 132. Report on the Proceedings of the United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinell Land 2: 39 - 45. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 56929" title="Medusae. Appendix No. 132" type="journal article" year="1888">Fewkes 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 43. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFD3A05FCFC16E712" author="Browne E. T." box="[754,922,1009,1035]" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Arbog" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 36" part="1903" refString="Browne E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museum Arbog 1903: 1 - 36." title="Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen" type="journal article" year="1903">Browne 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 24, pl. 4, Fgs 1–2, pl. 5, Fgs 6–8. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFF1C0218FEE6E737" author="Maas O." box="[212,362,1044,1071]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Arctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="479 - 526" part="4" refString="Maas O. 1906 a. Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen). Fauna Arctica 4 (3): 479 - 526." title="Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen)" type="journal article" year="1906" yearSuffix="a">Maas 1906a</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 482, 492, 493, 509. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFD5E0219FCAAE737" author="Linko A. K." box="[662,806,1044,1070]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="210 - 220" part="28" refString="Linko A. K. 1904. Zoologische Studien im Barents-Meere. Auf Grund der Untersuchungen der wissenschaftlichen Murman-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger 28 (6): 210 - 220." title="Zoologische Studien im Barents-Meere. Auf Grund der Untersuchungen der wissenschaftlichen Murman-Expedition" type="journal article" year="1904">Linko 1904</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 218; 1913: 11. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFBDD0219FB2AE737" author="Broch H." box="[1045,1190,1044,1070]" editor="Brogger T. O." journalOrPublisher="Fram " 1898 - 1902. 2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 12" part="12" publicationUrl="10.5962/bhl.title.55607" refString="Broch H. 1907. Hydroiden und Medusen. In: Brogger T. O. (ed.) Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the " Fram " 1898 - 1902. 2 (12): 1 - 12. Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiania, Oslo. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 55607" title="Hydroiden und Medusen" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the" year="1907">Broch 1907</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 4, 8; 1929: 491, Fg. 6A–B. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFEB5023AFDABE748" author="Bigelow H. B." box="[381,551,1079,1105]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="301 - 320" part="37" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.37-1706.301" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. Coelenterates from Labrador and Newfoundland, collected by Mr. Owen Bryant from July to October, 1908. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37 (1706): 301 - 320. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1706.301" title="Coelenterates from Labrador and Newfoundland, collected by Mr. Owen Bryant from July to October, 1908" type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow 1909</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 301, 310; 1913: 41. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFC800235FC50E748" author="Mayer A. G." box="[840,988,1079,1106]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="231 - 498" part="109" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5996" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 109: 231 - 498. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5996" title="Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae" type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 372, Fg. 212. —
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||
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF7503D3FEF2E6E1" ID-CoL="768ZT" box="[189,382,1502,1528]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Pectyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
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–
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|
||
: 11, pls 3, 4; 1881b: 10, pls 3, 4. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFBEA03D3FB27E6E1" author="Maas O." box="[1058,1195,1502,1528]" journalOrPublisher="Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgefuhrten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt- Stiftung" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 17" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2167" refString="Maas O. 1893. Die craspedoten Medusen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgefuhrten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt- Stiftung 2 (K): 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2167" title="Die craspedoten Medusen der Plankton-Expedition" type="journal article" year="1893">Maas 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 20; 1906a: 482, 492. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFEFB000CFE68E502" author="Levinsen G. M. R." box="[307,484,1537,1563]" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="143 - 212" part="5" refString="Levinsen G. M. R. 1893. Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, tilligemed Bemaerkninger om Hydroidernes Systematik. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn (5) 4: 143 - 212." title="Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, tilligemed Bemaerkninger om Hydroidernes Systematik" type="journal article" year="1893">Levinsen 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 146. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFD85000CFC9EE502" author="Aurivillius C. W. S." box="[589,786,1537,1563]" journalOrPublisher="Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="179 - 212" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi" refString="Aurivillius C. W. S. 1896. Das Plankton der BafFns Bay und Davis' Strait. In: Almqvist & Wiksellz Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag (eds) Zoologiska Studier. Festskrift Wilhelm Lilljeborg tillegnad pa hans attionde fodelsedag af Svenska Zoologer: 179 - 212, Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8413" title="Das Plankton der BafFns Bay und Davis' Strait" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Almqvist & Wiksellz Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag (eds) Zoologiska Studier" year="1896">Aurivillius 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 194; 1899: 56. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFC32000CFB3CE502" author="Gronberg G." box="[1018,1200,1537,1563]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="451 - 468" part="11" refString="Gronberg G. 1898. Die Hydroid-Medusen des arktischen Gebiets. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 11 (5): 451 - 468." title="Die Hydroid-Medusen des arktischen Gebiets" type="journal article" year="1898">Grönberg 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 465. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFAD2000CFE9FE527" author="Browne E. T." journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Arbog" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 36" part="1903" refString="Browne E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museum Arbog 1903: 1 - 36." title="Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen" type="journal article" year="1903">Browne 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24, 25. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE6A0029FDC1E527" author="Bigelow H. B." box="[418,589,1572,1598]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="301 - 320" part="37" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.37-1706.301" refString="Bigelow H. B. 1909. Coelenterates from Labrador and Newfoundland, collected by Mr. Owen Bryant from July to October, 1908. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37 (1706): 301 - 320. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1706.301" title="Coelenterates from Labrador and Newfoundland, collected by Mr. Owen Bryant from July to October, 1908" type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 310. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFD750028FCDDE527" author="Mayer A. G." box="[701,849,1572,1599]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="231 - 498" part="109" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5996" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 109: 231 - 498. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5996" title="Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae" type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 372. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFC090028FBD7E527" author="Kramp P. L." box="[961,1115,1572,1599]" journalOrPublisher="Meddelelser om GrOnland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="381 - 456" part="23" refString="Kramp P. L. 1914. Meduser og Siphonophorer. In: Conspectus faunae Groenlandicae. Meddelelser om GrOnland 23: 381 - 456." title="Meduser og Siphonophorer" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Conspectus faunae Groenlandicae" year="1914">Kramp 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 386–387; 1957: 46. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFF1C0045FEECE57B" author="Beyer F." box="[212,352,1607,1634]" journalOrPublisher="Nytt Magasin for Zoologi" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="121 - 143" part="6" refString="Beyer F. 1959. A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 6: 121 - 143." title="A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps" type="journal article" year="1959">Beyer 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 128.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF750067FB14E59C" blockId="13.[189,1399,1009,1669]" box="[189,1176,1642,1669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9EFFACFF750067FE42E59D" ID-CoL="78NN4" box="[189,462,1642,1668]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF750067FE42E59D" box="[189,462,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychogastria opposita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFE230066FD0FE59C" author="Kramp P. L." box="[491,643,1643,1669]" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 66" part="14" refString="Kramp P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D (14): 1 - 66." title="Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa" type="journal article" year="1947">Kramp 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5; 1957: 45; 1961: 241. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9EFFACFC050066FBD5E59C" author="Beyer F." box="[973,1113,1642,1669]" journalOrPublisher="Nytt Magasin for Zoologi" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="121 - 143" part="6" refString="Beyer F. 1959. A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 6: 121 - 143." title="A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps" type="journal article" year="1959">Beyer 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 128.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9EFFAFFF7500A1FB87E711" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFACFF7500A1FEC2E5DF" blockId="13.[189,1399,1708,1992]" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581E1FF9EFFACFF7500A1FEC2E5DF" bold="true" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9EFFACFF7500A1FEC2E5DF" bold="true" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9EFFAFFF7500D7FB87E711" blockId="13.[189,1399,1708,1992]" lastBlockId="14.[189,1399,267,1033]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Umbrella dome-shaped to hemispherical, up to 12 mm high and 24 mm wide. Mesoglea moderately thick and transparent, conspicuously thickened towards margin of umbrella. Exumbrella with 16 radiating ribs (8 perradial and 8 interradial), alternating with as many grooves; an umbrellar “lobe” to each rib. Manubrium vasiform, about half as long as the height of subumbrella; proximal part divided into 8 lobes, visible as an 8-rayed “star” in an apical view of exumbrella; lower part quadrangular; mouth with four simple lips. Eight radial canals, narrow proximally when leaving the manubrium, then widening distally and becoming very broad and Fat at junction with the ring canal; the latter equally broad, giving rise to 8 interradial, centripetal canals, tapering gradually, and almost reaching the manubrium. Eight mesenteries connect each manubrial lobe to the subumbrella along a radius corresponding to each radial canal. All tentacles with solid cores, and showing a distinctive arrangement around the thickened bell margin: 48 isolated, Fliform tentacles alternate with 48 clusters of additional, smaller tentacles. Filiform tentacles large, with triangular bases in cross section, 3 per umbrellar “lobe”, 16 out of 48 being perradial (with respect to both radial and centripetal canals), while the remaining 32 are interradial. Each of the 48 clusters somewhat triangular in shape and projecting slightly outwards, comprising 16–20 comparatively shorter tentacles in 5–6 superimposed whorls; 3 upper tentacles (composing the two aboral-most rows) Fliform (rounded in cross section, tapering gradually from base to tip), lower tentacles adhesive, with a few scattered nematocysts in epidermis, with narrow base, gradually widening distally, where they bear an adhesive pad. All Fliform tentacles very contractile, epidermis containing numerous, successive rows of nematocysts, more densely crowded distally. Total number of tentacles reaching as many as 700–1000 per medusa. Sixteen small statocysts, 2 in each octant, arising from the inner side of umbrella margin, immediately below a group of adhesive tentacles; short-stalked, with single statolith. A conspicuous, uninterrupted ring of nematocysts along the margin of subumbrella. Velum very wide. Eight pairs of gonads, separated through mesenterial partitions, along the sides of the 8 manubrial lobes, not conFned to the proximal parts of the radial canals, and not developing so as to reach the main body of the manubrium, becoming thus in contact with each other; gonads sac-shaped, elongated, with convoluted surface. Young medusae, 4–8 mm wide, already bear gonads and resemble the adults, thought the number of tentacle groups may be as low as 6. Cnidome: microbasic euryteles and stenoteles. Color: 32 red spots near margin of exumbrella, subumbrella light pink, gonads milky-white to orange, manubrium bright pink to deep red, mesenteries milky-white.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9DFFAEFF75023DFEA7E123" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9DFFAFFF75023DFEA3E753" blockId="14.[189,303,1072,1098]" box="[189,303,1072,1098]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581E1FF9DFFAFFF75023DFEA3E753" bold="true" box="[189,303,1072,1098]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFF75023DFEA3E753" bold="true" box="[189,303,1072,1098]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9DFFAFFF750253FC78E631" blockId="14.[189,1399,1118,1321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFEAA0252FD81E760" author="Kramp P. L." box="[354,525,1118,1145]" journalOrPublisher="Deep-Sea Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="149 - 168" part="3" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708235329" refString="Kramp P. L. 1955. A revision of Ernst Haeckel's determinations of a collection of Medusae belonging to the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. In: Papers in marine Biology and Oceanography. Deep-Sea Research 3 (Suppl.): 149 - 168. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / qj. 49708235329" title="A revision of Ernst Haeckel's determinations of a collection of Medusae belonging to the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Papers in marine Biology and Oceanography" year="1955">Kramp (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFDAC0253FC96E760" author="Haeckel E." box="[612,794,1118,1145]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFC010253FB05E761" box="[969,1161,1118,1144]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Pectyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFC010253FB05E761" box="[969,1161,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pectyllis arctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “he was not aware that in the previous year it had been described by Allman as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFC45028FFB01E785" box="[909,1165,1154,1180]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFC45028FFB01E785" box="[909,1165,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ptychogastria polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFB62028FFAFEE784" author="Haeckel E." box="[1194,1394,1154,1181]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel (1881b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, after examining “an incomplete specimen” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFD1E02ABFCDDE7A6" box="[726,849,1189,1215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFD1E02ABFCDDE7A6" box="[726,849,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pt. polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the British Museum, reached the conclusion that it “appears closely related” to his
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFDBE02C4FD78E7FB" box="[630,756,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Pe.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFD6A02C4FD78E7FB" box="[674,756,1225,1250]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Pectyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">arctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFC8402C4FB8DE7FB" author="Browne E. T." box="[844,1025,1224,1251]" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Arbog" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 36" part="1903" refString="Browne E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museum Arbog 1903: 1 - 36." title="Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen" type="journal article" year="1903">Browne (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, upon reexamination of the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFF1402E1FED4E61C" box="[220,344,1259,1285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFF1402E1FED4E61C" box="[220,344,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pt. polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, found it in perfect agreement with
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFD3302E1FCF7E61C" box="[763,891,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Pe.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFCE102E1FCF7E61C" box="[809,891,1260,1285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Pectyllis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">arctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and included the latter in the synonymy of Allman’s species, an opinion followed later by all subsequent authors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9DFFAFFF75035DFE44E578" blockId="14.[189,1399,1360,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Though not providing a real description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFD7B035DFC09E673" author="Vanhoffen E." box="[691,901,1360,1386]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="351 - 396" part="5" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1912. Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie 5 (3): 351 - 396." title="Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903" type="journal article" year="1912">Vanhöffen (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
introduced the binomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFB70035CFAC5E673" box="[1208,1353,1361,1386]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFB70035CFAC5E673" box="[1208,1353,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pt. opposita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for southern specimens of a medusa “that do not markedly differ from the northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFB980379FB32E694" box="[1104,1214,1395,1421]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFB980379FB32E694" box="[1104,1214,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, not excluding that “the two species will eventually prove identical”, the main argument for keeping them distinct being the considerable remoteness of their respective areas of distribution.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFBEF03B7FB5DE6CD" author="Kramp P. L." box="[1063,1233,1466,1492]" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 66" part="14" refString="Kramp P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D (14): 1 - 66." title="Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa" type="journal article" year="1947">Kramp (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, too, although acknowledging their great morphological similarities, kept them provisionally distinct for the same reason. He, however, was subsequently able to identify as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFCAC000CFC5FE503" box="[868,979,1536,1562]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFCAC000CFC5FE503" box="[868,979,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from the South Shetland Islands, reaching the conclusion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9DFFAFFDBB0029FD79E524" box="[627,757,1572,1597]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFDBB0029FD79E524" box="[627,757,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. opposita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be conFdently sunk into synonymy of Allman’s species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFEE9004BFE37E578" author="Kramp P. L." box="[289,443,1606,1633]" journalOrPublisher="Discovery " Reports" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 128" part="29" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12484" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. " Discovery " Reports 29: 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12484" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9DFFAFFF750085FDB3E5F1" blockId="14.[189,1398,1672,1769]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFF750085FE3FE5BB" author="Miyake H. & Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S." box="[189,435,1672,1698]" journalOrPublisher="JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="37 - 42" part="24" refString="Miyake H., Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S. 2004. Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 24: 37 - 42." title="Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Miyake
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFEE80084FED9E5BB" box="[288,341,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided beautiful photographs of the medusa
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFC210084FBBFE5BB" box="[1001,1075,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
, in both dorsal and ventral aspects.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFED700A6FDBDE5DC" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." box="[287,561,1707,1734]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9DFFAFFE6C00A1FE5AE5DC" box="[420,470,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave comprehensive data on the cnidome composition of medusae from both the PaciFc and Barents Sea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9DFFAEFF75011DFC00E275" blockId="14.[189,1399,1808,2010]" lastBlockId="15.[189,1399,267,364]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The tentacle arrangement, as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9DFFAFFD57011DFCE5E432" author="Haeckel E." box="[671,873,1808,1835]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel (1881b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“is very regular and peculiar. Each of the sixteen marginal lobes bears a principal group, composed of three larger sucking cups [=bases of broken Fliform tentacles] and three triangular sucking-plates alternating with them, and in each sucking-plate we can distinguish sixteen to twenty sucking-cups [=mainly adhesive tentacles] of different sizes”. Their arrangement is well illustrated by Haeckel in his Pl. 3, but his account is somehow misleading: there are, indeed, 3 large Fliform tentacles within each umbrellar “lobe”, but the number of groups of smaller tentacles alternating with them is only 2, while additional groups are common to every two adjacent umbrellar “lobes”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFE540723FD27E250" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." box="[412,683,302,329]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFDEB0722FDDAE250" box="[547,598,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fg. 5A–C) provided additional illustrations of the tentacular arrangement, supporting the accuracy of Haeckel’s drawings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9CFFAEFF750799FEA7E123" blockId="15.[189,1399,403,570]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">It should be also noted that Allman’s (1878) account (“Each tentacle corresponds to one of the notches which separate the marginal lobes”) is equally erroneous with respect to the arrangement of tentacles. In fact, as stated above, 16 out of the 48 large, Fliform tentacles are perradial, or the umbrellar notches are interradial; consequently, within each notch, there is a group composed of shorter, Fliform and adhesive tentacles.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9CFFAEFF75046FFD8DE043" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9CFFAEFF75046FFEACE165" blockId="15.[189,1399,610,859]" box="[189,288,610,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581E1FF9CFFAEFF75046FFEACE165" bold="true" box="[189,288,610,636]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFF75046FFEACE165" bold="true" box="[189,288,610,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9CFFAEFF75049DFD8DE043" blockId="15.[189,1399,610,859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
This is an epibenthic species, spending the majority of its time attached to the sea Foor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFB7D049DFF77E1D4" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFAF5049CFAE3E1B3" box="[1341,1391,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), occasionally being involved in short (ca 15 seconds) swimming episodes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFBBD04BEFADCE1D4" author="Larson R. J. & Matsumoto G. I. & Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M." box="[1141,1360,691,718]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="277 - 286" part="51" refString="Larson R. J., Matsumoto G. I., Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M. 1992. Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle. Bulletin of Marine Science 51 (3): 277 - 286." title="Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFB1804B9FA8FE1D4" box="[1232,1283,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It forages not only on sediment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFDEA04DBFD71E1E9" author="Larson R. J. & Matsumoto G. I. & Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M." box="[546,765,726,753]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="277 - 286" part="51" refString="Larson R. J., Matsumoto G. I., Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M. 1992. Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle. Bulletin of Marine Science 51 (3): 277 - 286." title="Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFDB504DAFD3CE1E9" box="[637,688,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFCC104DBFBD9E1E9" author="Stubing D. & Piepenburg D." box="[777,1109,726,752]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="193 - 197" part="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org" refString="Stubing D. & Piepenburg D. 1998. Occurrence of the benthic trachymedusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) off Northeast Greenland and in the northern Barents Sea. Polar Biology 19: 193 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org // 10.1007 / s 003000050234" title="Occurrence of the benthic trachymedusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) off Northeast Greenland and in the northern Barents Sea" type="journal article" year="1998">Stübing & Piepenburg 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFBAA04DBFAE5E1E9" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." box="[1122,1385,726,753]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFB2004DAFA90E1E9" box="[1256,1308,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but also on hard substrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFDD804F4FD71E00D" author="Miyake H. & Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S." box="[528,765,761,788]" journalOrPublisher="JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="37 - 42" part="24" refString="Miyake H., Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S. 2004. Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 24: 37 - 42." title="Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Miyake
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFDBE04F7FD20E00D" box="[630,684,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFC7F04F4FB54E00D" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." box="[951,1240,761,788]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFB8804F7FBFAE00D" box="[1088,1142,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF9CFFAEFB2E04F7FAD5E00D" box="[1254,1369,762,788]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFB2E04F7FAD5E00D" box="[1254,1369,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. polaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is deFnitely a cold-water species. Its bathymetric range of occurrence is between 10 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFB6E0510FAB0E02E" author="Kramp P. L." box="[1190,1340,797,823]" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 66" part="14" refString="Kramp P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D (14): 1 - 66." title="Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa" type="journal article" year="1947">Kramp 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 2500 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFEED054DFE78E043" author="Stepanjants S. D." box="[293,500,832,858]" editor="Herman Y." journalOrPublisher="Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="397 - 430" refString="Stepanjants S. D. 1989. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas. In: Herman Y. (ed) The Arctic Seas: 397 - 430. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York." title="Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Arctic Seas" year="1989">Stepanjants 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF9CFFAEFF75058CFB24E708" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9CFFAEFF75058CFEDAE082" blockId="15.[189,342,897,923]" box="[189,342,897,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581E1FF9CFFAEFF75058CFEDAE082" bold="true" box="[189,342,897,923]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFF75058CFEDAE082" bold="true" box="[189,342,897,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF9CFFAEFF7505BDFB24E708" blockId="15.[189,1399,944,1041]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
A mainly boreal-arctic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFD8A05BDFCD4E0D3" author="Panteleeva N. N. & Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V." box="[578,856,944,970]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="372 - 378" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050431" refString="Panteleeva N. N., Frolova E. A. & Sheiko O. V. 1999. New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean). Polar Biology 22: 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000050431" title="New records of the benthic medusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Trachylida, Hydroidea) in the Barents Sea and off the Kurile Islands (PaciFc Ocean)" type="book chapter" year="1999">
|
||
Panteleeva
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFD0705BCFC8BE0D3" box="[719,775,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sporadically recorded from other locations around the world, such as Monterey Bay, California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFCF005DEFB94E0F4" author="Larson R. J. & Matsumoto G. I. & Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M." box="[824,1048,979,1006]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="277 - 286" part="51" refString="Larson R. J., Matsumoto G. I., Madin L. P. & Lewis L. M. 1992. Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle. Bulletin of Marine Science 51 (3): 277 - 286." title="Deep-sea benthic and benthopelagic medusae: recent observations from submersibles and a remotely operated vehicle" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFC5C05D9FC45E0F4" box="[916,969,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Japan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFB4905DEFAE6E0F4" author="Miyake H. & Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S." box="[1153,1386,979,1006]" journalOrPublisher="JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="37 - 42" part="24" refString="Miyake H., Lindsay D. J. & Kubota S. 2004. Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 24: 37 - 42." title="Midwater and bentho-pelagic animals on the south slope of Shiribeshi Seamount off the west coast of Hokkaido" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Miyake
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF9CFFAEFB2E05D9FA97E0F4" box="[1254,1307,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Antarctic to subantarctic waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFDB805FBFC8AE708" author="Kramp P. L." box="[624,774,1014,1041]" journalOrPublisher="Discovery " Reports" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 128" part="29" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12484" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. " Discovery " Reports 29: 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12484" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF9CFFAEFCF605FBFC70E709" author="Vanhoffen E." box="[830,1020,1014,1040]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="351 - 396" part="5" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1912. Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie 5 (3): 351 - 396." title="Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903" type="journal article" year="1912">Vanhöffen 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |