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<document id="68265E0B8B4D1E7C1992055D3E6F3744" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4100.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="98731fd0-8af6-422f-b59e-98c05234dea5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="261565" ID-ZooBank="E69BBCC0-775F-4F5C-B125-B890DE0FF7FF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460120899496" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vanegas-Ríos, James A." docDate="2016" docId="03B1C27962109116FF4EF984FEBEFEC5" docLanguage="en" docName="4100_1_1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4100 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gephyrocharax torresi Vanegas-Rios, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales 2013" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="FF88BA0162509155FFD9FF8BFFDDFF85" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax Eigenmann, 1912 (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae)" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1698234878229" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="C79A73F5F6973DE28152F48F37B2E2BB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="36D8E44FC1173FD65F74BA13192ECE47">
<mods:title id="FCED64D088A8F905277F01D35E07FC59">Taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax Eigenmann, 1912 (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="70C65876C07D85084C4A0A7CB6A5729C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4B0A06DA560C1F3B2A20D4874AAE6336">
<mods:roleTerm id="643B8C6235181D865FD9684F61C5AAC1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="49A842D467F6541CD10619FB98D535EE">Vanegas-Ríos, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0D1702224C846337D8BB1615F8FA8018">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="278CDD55BFF4F1E57AF252D0AAF218FE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CAEBAAB270553DE406773D854E4E1870">
<mods:date id="851286F4DFC2BE70481E0B3F9DB01A97">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="92F1B4D70616C4059CD6EE96F3843F07" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B934368F3172BBDE0FB783193D2FCE83">4100</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3CD75430F097FA7E769E6BC52A3A839A">journal volume</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="0EA631CB9163EC04B711F7F33F7906BB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4100.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="17E63B89AFCCA38C2D3C425A0CD2D9FD" type="GBIF-Dataset">98731fd0-8af6-422f-b59e-98c05234dea5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A2FBEC375863E4DEC012DEA286348DB4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="596BA5D549F742B9CD537220E0DB2302" type="Zenodo-Dep">261565</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B1C27962109116FF4EF984FEBEFEC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6058561" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127625571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6058561" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B1C27962109116FF4EF984FEBEFEC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1C27962109116FF4EF984FEBEFEC5" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection id="C30220E462109115FF4EF984FEF3F9CE" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62109115FF4EF984FB85F9AF" blockId="64.[151,1112,1551,1611]" box="[151,1112,1551,1578]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="D0EFC40362109115FF4EF984FB85F9AF" bold="true" box="[151,1112,1551,1578]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FF4EF984FB85F9AF" ID-CoL="3FTRL" authority="Vanegas-Rios, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales, 2013" authorityName="Vanegas-Rios, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,1112,1551,1578]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FF4EF984FB85F9AF" bold="true" box="[151,1112,1551,1578]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FF4EF984FE74F9AC" bold="true" box="[151,425,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62109115FE69F99BFB85F9AF" author="Vanegas-Rios" box="[432,1112,1552,1578]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refString="Vanegas-Rios, J. A., Azpelicueta, M. M., Mirande, J. M. &amp; Gonzales, M. D. G. (2013) Gephyrocharax torresi (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), a new species from the rio Cascajales basin, rio Magdalena system, Colombia. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2), 275 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000200005" type="journal article" year="2013">Vanegas-Ríos, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62109115FF4EF9B9FEF3F9CE" blockId="64.[151,1112,1551,1611]" box="[151,302,1586,1611]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
(
<figureCitation id="13236FEA62109115FF46F9B9FEFBF9CE" box="[159,294,1586,1611]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 28" captionStart-1="FIGURE 29" captionStartId-0="65.[151,250,1309,1331]" captionStartId-1="66.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox-0="[174,1412,426,1287]" captionTargetBox-1="[466,1123,193,1867]" captionTargetId-0="figure@65.[174,1413,426,1288]" captionTargetId-1="figure@66.[466,1123,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId-0="65" captionTargetPageId-1="66" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Gephyrocharax torresi, (A) male, holotype, 36.7 mm SL, UIST 1767; (B) female, paratype, 42.6 mm SL, UIST 1766. White arrow indicates urogenital papillae. Figure modified from Vanegas-Ríos et al. (2013: fig. 1)." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. Gephyrocharax torresi, (A – B) upper and lower jaws, female, paratype, 35.7 mm SL, UIST 1751, right side; (C – D) detail of lower caudal skeleton and associated pouch scale, male, 34.7 mm SL, MLP 10518, left side. Anguloarticular: aa, dentary: dt, maxilla: mx, premaxilla: pm, pouch scale: ps, posteroventral lobe: pvl, principal caudal-fin ray: pcr, retroarticular: ra, spur-shaped structure: sss, ventral procurrent ray: vpr. Lateral view. Scale = 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/261593/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/261594/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs. 28–29</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462109115FF4EF9FEFC34F962" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62109115FF4EF9FEFC34F962" blockId="64.[151,1436,1653,1767]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB08544162109115FF4EF9FEFC34F962" infered="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FF4EF9FEFBC8F90E" ID-CoL="3FTRL" authority="Vanegas-Rios, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales, 2013: 276" authorityName="Vanegas-Rios, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales" authorityPageNumber="276" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,1045,1653,1675]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FF4EF9FEFE5EF90E" box="[151,387,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62109115FE56F9FEFBC8F90E" author="Vanegas-Rios" box="[399,1045,1653,1675]" page="276" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62109115FE56F9FEFC03F90E" author="Vanegas-Rios" box="[399,990,1653,1675]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refString="Vanegas-Rios, J. A., Azpelicueta, M. M., Mirande, J. M. &amp; Gonzales, M. D. G. (2013) Gephyrocharax torresi (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), a new species from the rio Cascajales basin, rio Magdalena system, Colombia. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2), 275 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000200005" type="journal article" year="2013">Vanegas-Ríos, Azpelicueta, Mirande &amp; Gonzales, 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 276
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–280, figs. 1–6 [original description,
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62109115FF1EF91FFEFDF92F" box="[199,288,1684,1706]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
UIST 1767,
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62109115FE70F91EFE08F92F" box="[425,469,1685,1706]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62109115FDE1F91FFD43F92F" box="[568,670,1684,1706]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Santander, El Carmen, Magdalena River basin, La Colorada River basin, Cascajales River system, Sucio River system, Caño Volador,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2C15A862109115FCEEF939FC1FF94D" box="[823,962,1714,1736]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="6.665678">6°39'56,44&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2C15A862109115FC11F939FBB8F94D" box="[968,1125,1714,1736]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-73.57982">73°34'47,36&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, approximately
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62109115FAD1F939FA94F94D" box="[1288,1353,1714,1736]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.38" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="338.0">338 m</quantity>
a. s. l.].
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62109115FF1EF95AFDB6F962" author="Thomaz" box="[199,619,1745,1767]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refString="Thomaz, A. T., Arcila, D., Orti, G. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Stevardiinae Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae): classification and the evolution of reproductive traits. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15, 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0403 - 4" type="journal article" year="2015">
Thomaz,
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62109115FEFFF95AFEB5F962" box="[294,360,1745,1767]" name="Morocco" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Arcila</collectingCountry>
, Ortí &amp; Malabarba, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
: Add. File 5 [tentative classification].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462109114FF4EF89AFD3DFED2" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62109114FF4EF89AFD3DFED2" blockId="64.[151,1436,1809,2034]" lastBlockId="65.[151,1436,151,376]" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FF4EF89AFECCF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,273,1809,1834]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FEC0F89AFDC4F8AC" box="[281,537,1809,1834]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FEC0F89AFDC4F8AC" box="[281,537,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its congeners (except
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FC7FF899FB8CF8AF" box="[934,1105,1809,1834]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FC7FF899FB8CF8AF" box="[934,1105,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by the adipose fin absent or vestigial (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FED1F8BFFEC2F8CE" box="[264,287,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">vs</emphasis>
. adipose fin present) and the fan-shaped structure of adult males, formed on the distal portion of the outermost branched pectoral-fin ray. From most of its congeners it is distinguished by lacking terminal lateral-line tube between caudal-fin rays 10 and 11, except
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FD6DF8FDFC83F80B" box="[692,862,1909,1934]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FD6DF8FDFC83F80B" box="[692,862,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FCB4F8FDFC2EF808" box="[877,1011,1910,1933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinuensis">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FCB4F8FDFC2EF808" box="[877,1011,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. sinuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FBEAF8FDFB73F808" box="[1075,1198,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. v a l e n c i a</emphasis>
. The whitish area or
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FF4EF81DFF14F82A" box="[151,201,1942,1967]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
blotch pigmenting the distal portion of the outermost branched pectoral-fin ray of adult males also differentiates
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FEE8F832FE44F855" box="[305,409,1977,2000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FEE8F832FE44F855" box="[305,409,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from almost all its congeners (except
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FC9CF832FC6EF855" box="[837,947,1977,2000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martae">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FC9CF832FC6EF855" box="[837,947,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. martae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FC33F832FB49F854" box="[1002,1172,1976,2001]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FC33F832FB49F854" box="[1002,1172,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The species is further distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FEADF851FDF5F877" box="[372,552,2009,2034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Deuterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atracaudatus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FEADF851FDF5F877" box="[372,552,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. atracaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FDEEF851FD0EF877" box="[567,723,2009,2034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chocoensis">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FDEEF851FD0EF877" box="[567,723,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. chocoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FD3BF851FC5BF877" box="[738,902,2009,2034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FD3BF851FC5BF877" box="[738,902,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FC4FF851FC25F874" box="[918,1016,2010,2033]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FC4FF851FC25F874" box="[918,1016,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62109115FBE0F851FB09F877" box="[1081,1236,2009,2034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezuelae">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62109115FBE0F851FB09F877" box="[1081,1236,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. venezuelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the externally developed urogenital papillae (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FE2AFF12FDD7FF35" box="[499,522,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">vs</emphasis>
. this papillae not externally developed). The anterior fontanel of adult specimens reduced or extremely absent by the extensive contact between frontals medially differentiates
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FB09FF31FAE6FF54" box="[1232,1339,186,209]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FB09FF31FAE6FF54" box="[1232,1339,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FA5DFF31FEDCFF76" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucanus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FA5DFF31FEDCFF76" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. caucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FECFFF50FE1AFF76" box="[278,455,218,243]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FECFFF50FE1AFF76" box="[278,455,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FDCAFF50FD48FF76" box="[531,661,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. v a l en c i a</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FD69FF57FD1AFF76" box="[688,711,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">vs</emphasis>
. anterior fontanel well developed or, when frontals slightly contacting anterior to epiphyseal bar, forming a medium-sized opening).
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FBF4FF77FAE5FE91" box="[1069,1336,252,277]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FBF4FF77FAE5FE91" box="[1069,1336,252,277]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FEA9FE95FDFFFEB3" box="[368,546,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Deuterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atracaudatus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FEA9FE95FDFFFEB3" box="[368,546,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. atracaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FDF6FE95FD6AFEB0" box="[559,695,286,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucanus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FDF6FE95FD6AFEB0" box="[559,695,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. caucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FD1DFE95FC83FEB3" box="[708,862,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chocoensis">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FD1DFE95FC83FEB3" box="[708,862,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. chocoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FCB2FE95FBD0FEB3" box="[875,1037,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FCB2FE95FBD0FEB3" box="[875,1037,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FBC2FE95FBA6FEB0" box="[1051,1147,286,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FBC2FE95FBA6FEB0" box="[1051,1147,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FB6EFE95FA8DFEB3" box="[1207,1360,285,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezuelae">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FB6EFE95FA8DFEB3" box="[1207,1360,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. venezuelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the gill-gland length (6.0–10.3 % SL
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FDC9FEB4FDFAFED3" box="[528,551,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">vs</emphasis>
. 0.5–5.4 % SL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462119114FF1EFED4FB96FEFD" box="[199,1099,351,376]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119114FF1EFED4FB96FEFD" blockId="65.[151,1436,151,376]" box="[199,1099,351,376]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FF1EFED4FE84FEFD" bold="true" box="[199,345,351,376]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Description.</emphasis>
This species was recently described by Vanegas-Ríos
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FC60FEEAFC2FFEFD" box="[953,1010,351,376]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
(2013).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6723E762119114FF4EFA96FB62FAD7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261593/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[174,1412,426,1287]" targetPageId="65">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119114FF4EFA96FB62FAD7" blockId="65.[151,1435,1309,1362]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FF4EFA96FEFDFAB6" bold="true" box="[151,288,1309,1331]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FEFEFA96FDD2FAB1" box="[295,527,1309,1332]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FEFEFA96FDD2FAB1" box="[295,527,1309,1332]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) male, holotype, 36.7 mm SL, UIST 1767; (B) female, paratype, 42.6 mm SL, UIST 1766. White arrow indicates urogenital papillae. Figure modified from Vanegas-Ríos
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FC20FAB6FBF8FAD7" box="[1017,1061,1340,1362]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
. (2013: fig. 1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462119114FF1EFAF2FEBAFA36" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119114FF1EFAF2FEBAFA36" blockId="65.[151,1436,1401,1893]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FF1EFAF2FEBDFA17" bold="true" box="[199,352,1401,1426]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FEB6FAF2FDABFA17" box="[367,630,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FEB6FAF2FDABFA17" box="[367,630,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the Sucio River basin (Magdalena basin) in
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62119114FF4EFA10FED8FA31" box="[151,261,1435,1460]" name="Colombia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13236FEA62119114FECCFA10FE8BFA36" box="[277,342,1435,1460]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,837,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[154,1439,837,1923]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of Trans-Andean species of Gephyrocharax occurring west from eastern versant of Andean Cordillera in northwestern South America to southern Central America." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261566/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462119114FF1EFA37FE9BF884" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119114FF1EFA37FCA7F9FE" blockId="65.[151,1436,1401,1893]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FF1EFA37FEE6FA50" bold="true" box="[199,315,1468,1493]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Remarks.</emphasis>
During the reexamination of the
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62119114FD16FA36FD22FA50" box="[719,767,1469,1493]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
series of
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FCA5FA36FC38FA51" box="[892,997,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. t o r re s i</emphasis>
, the absence or fusion of the fourth infraorbital (on both sides of head) present in larger specimens were found in the 60 % of the specimens. This variation was not noticed in the species description (Vanegas-Ríos
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FC57F98BFC15F99D" box="[910,968,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
2013). The loss of the fourth infraorbital cannot be used as diagnostic of
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FDD9F9AAFDB4F9BD" box="[512,617,1569,1592]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FDD9F9AAFDB4F9BD" box="[512,617,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at present time, because it needs to be further studied to clarify whether this is intraspecifically variable or not. Nevertheless, it would be recommendable to consider this feature in subsequent comparisons between this species and
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FD13F9EFFCAFF9F9" box="[714,882,1635,1660]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FD13F9EFFCAFF9F9" box="[714,882,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119114FF1EF90EFE9BF884" blockId="65.[151,1436,1401,1893]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Some specimens from the Topón River in Santander, which is situated at an intermediate locality between the distributional range of
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FE7BF92DFD8FF93B" box="[418,594,1701,1726]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocheir">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FE7BF92DFD8FF93B" box="[418,594,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. melanocheir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FD56F92DFD25F938" box="[655,760,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. t o r re s i</emphasis>
, were identified as the earlier species (ICNMHN, 17777, 17790, 17817, and 17826). These specimens were not analyzed by Vanegas-Ríos
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FBF7F943FBBAF965" box="[1070,1127,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
(2013) in their comparison of both species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462119116FF1EF882FEBEFEC5" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62119116FF1EF882FEBEFEC5" blockId="65.[151,1436,1401,1893]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FF1EF882FE6BF8A7" bold="true" box="[199,438,1801,1826]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Material examined.</emphasis>
All specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62119114FD61F882FCF4F8A7" box="[696,809,1801,1826]" name="Colombia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Santander:
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62119114FC66F881FC20F8A7" box="[959,1021,1802,1826]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">UIST</collectionCode>
1767,
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FB8CF882FB61F8A7" bold="true" box="[1109,1212,1801,1826]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62119114FB8CF882FB61F8A7" box="[1109,1212,1801,1826]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62119114FB34F882FF3CF8C6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62119114FB34F882FF3CF8C6" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Gephyrocharax torresi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62119114FF37F8A0FE8FF8C6" box="[238,338,1835,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="36.7">36.7 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62119114FE80F8A0FEA1F8C6" box="[345,380,1835,1859]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">SL</collectionCode>
, male, El Carmen, Magdalena River basin, La Colorada River basin, Cascajales River system, Sucio River basin, Caño Volador, 639'56.44&quot;N 7334'47.36&quot;W, approximately
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62119114FBF6F8C6FBA0F8E1" box="[1071,1149,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.38" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="338.0">338 m</quantity>
a. s. l. CI-FML 6105 (previously AI 294), 2, 34.0–36.0 mm
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FD88FF13FDA8FF35" box="[593,629,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FD5BFF13FD61FF2A" box="[642,700,152,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">MLP</collectionCode>
10518 (previously AI 293), 1 c&amp;s
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62139116FB96FF13FB6FFF35" box="[1103,1202,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
,
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62139116FB19FF13FAF8FF2A" box="[1216,1317,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.47" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="34.7">34.7 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FAF4FF13FA8CFF35" box="[1325,1361,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FA87FF13FA41FF35" box="[1374,1436,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">UIST</collectionCode>
1751, 19,
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62139116FED3FF37FE72FF51" box="[266,431,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1799999999999997" metricValueMax="3.7299999999999995" metricValueMin="2.63" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="31.799999999999997" valueMax="37.3" valueMin="26.3">26.3–37.3 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FE6EFF37FE05FF51" box="[439,472,188,212]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
(1 c&amp;s 36.0 mm
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FD7DFF37FD15FF51" box="[676,712,188,212]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
), El Carmen, Magdalena River basin, La Colorada River basin, Cascajales River system, Sucio River under bridge to Vereda
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62139116FC83FF54FC6BFF7D" box="[858,950,223,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Islandia</collectingCountry>
, 641'14.6&quot;N 7335'15.10&quot;W, approximately
<quantity id="4CE0DE8A62139116FF4EFE8FFF03FE99" box="[151,222,260,284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FEE8FE8EFEB6FE99" box="[305,363,261,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">MLP</collectionCode>
10519 (previously AI 295), 2, 35.1–39.0 mm
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FCAFFE8FFC47FE99" box="[886,922,260,284]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FC7FFE8FFC39FE99" box="[934,996,260,284]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">UIST</collectionCode>
1766, 12, 32.0–42.0 mm
<collectionCode id="ED09EBAA62139116FAD1FE8FFAF6FE99" box="[1288,1323,260,284]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">SL</collectionCode>
, collected with the
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62139116FF20FEACFE82FEC5" box="[249,351,295,320]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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