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<mods:title id="F49134CC81093E208A9E06BECA36EF64">Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="914CB7A14155A5974A833A814A2ECF81">TEŠOVIĆ, BLANKA CVETKO</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C313F8FBF96EFF9836D7D1A82279FC65" box="[151,635,919,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB6AB70F96EFF9836D7D1A82279FC65" blockId="4.[151,772,555,943]" box="[151,635,919,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
?Family
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF9836B5D1A82279FC65" ID-CoL="7ZLCR" authority="Weynschenk, 1950" authorityName="Weynschenk" authorityYear="1950" box="[245,635,919,943]" family="Ventrolaminidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">
Ventrolaminidae
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9837EFD1A82279FC65" author="Weynschenk, R." box="[431,635,919,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref9171" refString="Weynschenk, R., 1950. Die Jura-Mikrofauna und - flora des Sonnwendgebirges (Tirol). Schiern-Schriften, Universitat Innsbruck, 83: 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1950">Weynschenk, 1950</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C313F8FBF96EFF9836D7D1E524D9FEF0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB6AB70F96EFF9836D7D1E524D9FEF0" blockId="4.[151,772,985,1969]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1437,159,314]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF9836D7D1E5210AFC38" bold="true" box="[151,264,986,1010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983753D1E5217EFC3B" authorityName="Bilotte &amp; Decrouez" authorityYear="1979" box="[275,380,986,1009]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Murgeina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF983753D1E5217EFC3B" box="[275,380,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Murgeina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been placed previously within an unknown family belonging to the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983481D1C52186FBF9" authority="Brady, 1884" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1884" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Endothyracea">
Endothyracea
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9836BDD6242186FBF9" author="Brady, H. B." box="[253,388,1051,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 814" refId="ref5979" refString="Brady, H. B., 1884. Report on the Foraminifera dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology. 9 (part 22): i-xxi, 1 - 814; pl. 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1884">Brady, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9837D7D62422BEFBF9" author="Bilotte, M. &amp; Decrouez, D." box="[407,700,1051,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref5868" refString="Bilotte, M. &amp; Decrouez, D., 1979. Reflexions sur les especes du genre Nummofallotia Barrier &amp; Neumann, 1959 (Foraminifere). Notes du Laboratoire de Paleontologie de l´Universite Geneve, 5 (4): 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Bilotte &amp; Decrouez, 1979</bibRefCitation>
), later into the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983747D6032300FB9E" authority="Loeblich &amp; Tappan, 1985" authorityName="Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityYear="1985" box="[263,770,1084,1108]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">
Nautiloculinidae
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF98378BD6032300FB9E" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." box="[459,770,1084,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref7546" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1985. Some new and redefined genera and families of agglutinated foraminifera; I. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 15 (2): 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1985">Loeblich &amp; Tappan, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9836DED66221BAFBBF" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." box="[158,440,1117,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref7587" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 970 pp." type="book" year="1987">Loeblich &amp; Tappan, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Kaminski, 2014). The wall of this family has been defined as
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF983443D64021F8FB30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">microgranular calcareous, agglutinated, simple and without exoskeletal or endoskeletal structures, single layered except for septa which are secondarily doubled</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF98345BD6DD20CDFAD1" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref7546" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1985. Some new and redefined genera and families of agglutinated foraminifera; I. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 15 (2): 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1985">Loeblich &amp; Tappan, 1985</bibRefCitation>
, p. 92). For the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983790D73B2153FAF6" authority=", Loeblich &amp; Tappan (1987, p. 71)" authorityName=", Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityPageNumber="71" authorityYear="1987" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Murgeina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF983790D73B223BFAD1" box="[464,569,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Murgeina</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF98340AD73C2104FAF6" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref7587" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 970 pp." type="book" year="1987">Loeblich &amp; Tappan (1987</bibRefCitation>
, p. 71)
</taxonomicName>
described the wall as
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF98340BD71B2216FAB4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">calcareous finely granular, with radial calcite forming a thickened umbonal region on both sides of the test</emphasis>
. The presence of the outer thin calcite layer of the wall and also the septa has not been taken into consideration. Due to its doublelayered wall and septa,
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF9837E8D7F42213FA28" authorityName=", Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityYear="1987" box="[424,529,1483,1506]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Murgeina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF9837E8D7F42213FA28" box="[424,529,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Murgeina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can therefore not be placed within the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF98371BD7D42212F9C9" authorityName="Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityYear="1985" box="[347,528,1515,1539]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">Nautiloculinidae</taxonomicName>
. This feature however would place
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF98370AD43221B1F9EE" authorityName=", Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityYear="1987" box="[330,435,1549,1572]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Murgeina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF98370AD43221B1F9EE" box="[330,435,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Murgeina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983410D4332165F98F" authority="Weynschenk, 1950" authorityName="Weynschenk" authorityYear="1950" family="Ventrolaminidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">
Ventrolaminidae
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9836D7D4122165F98F" author="Weynschenk, R." box="[151,359,1581,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref9171" refString="Weynschenk, R., 1950. Die Jura-Mikrofauna und - flora des Sonnwendgebirges (Tirol). Schiern-Schriften, Universitat Innsbruck, 83: 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1950">Weynschenk, 1950</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
together with genera such as
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF9834FED41121E0F9AC" authority="Weynschenk, 1950" authorityName="Weynschenk" authorityYear="1950" family="Ventrolaminidae" genus="Protopeneroplis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF9834FED411210AF9AC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Protopeneroplis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF983752D47121E0F9AC" author="Weynschenk, R." box="[274,482,1614,1638]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref9171" refString="Weynschenk, R., 1950. Die Jura-Mikrofauna und - flora des Sonnwendgebirges (Tirol). Schiern-Schriften, Universitat Innsbruck, 83: 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1950">Weynschenk, 1950</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1332B7F5F96EFF9837B5D4712235F9AC" box="[501,567,1614,1638]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[185,220,580,601]" captionTargetBox="[185,1440,152,538]" captionTargetId="figure-1312@6.[185,1440,152,538]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5 Possible post-Triassic fusulinanids Protopeneroplis striata Weynschenk (a-c), Upper Jurassic of Romania and Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni), Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Croatia (d). a Axial section. Note the irregular coiling, the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo, and the presence of an outer hyaline-calcitic layer (arrow). b-c Equatorial sections. Note the double-layered septum (s) and wall (arrow). d Slightly oblique axial section. Note the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo (compare to P. striata in a)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10974555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10974555/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Such a suprageneric status had already been briefly mentioned, but not followed up, by
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF983712D4AE223CF962" author="Luperto Sinni, E." box="[338,574,1680,1704]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7736" refString="Luperto Sinni, E., 1999. Nummofallotia cenomana, nuova specie di Foraminifero del Cenomaniano delle Murge (Puglia - Italia Meridionale). Geologica Romana, 34: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1999">Luperto Sinni (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. The inclusion of the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983683D48E2174F903" authorityName="Weynschenk" authorityYear="1950" box="[195,374,1713,1737]" family="Ventrolaminidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">Ventrolaminidae</taxonomicName>
into the order
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983465D48E2180F920" authority="Hohenegger &amp; Piller, 1977" authorityName="Hohenegger &amp; Piller" authorityYear="1977" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="order">
Involutinida
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9834F2D48E2180F920" author="Hohenegger, J. &amp; Piller, W." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref7258" refString="Hohenegger, J. &amp; Piller, W., 1977. Die Stellung der Involutinidae Butschli und Spirillinidae Reuss im System der Foraminiferen, Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, 1977 (7): 407 - 418." type="journal article" year="1977">Hohenegger &amp; Piller, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9837F5D4ED22E7F920" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." box="[437,741,1746,1770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref7587" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 970 pp." type="book" year="1987">Loeblich &amp; Tappan (1987)</bibRefCitation>
is rejected herein. It is common consensus that involutinins have an aragonitic shell composition (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF983430D52A20D3F884" author="Rigaud, S &amp; Blau, J. &amp; Martini, R. &amp; Rettori, R" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="317 - 339" refId="ref8231" refString="Rigaud, S, Blau, J., Martini, R. &amp; Rettori, R, 2013. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Trocholinidae (Involutinina). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 43 (3): 317 - 339." type="journal article" year="2013">Rigaud et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Note that the inclusion of the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983460D50922D1F884" authorityName="Weynschenk" authorityYear="1950" box="[544,723,1846,1870]" family="Ventrolaminidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Involutinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">Ventrolaminidae</taxonomicName>
into the
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983680D568215FF8A5" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1884" box="[192,349,1879,1903]" class="Globothalamea" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Endothyroidea">Endothyroidea</taxonomicName>
was envisaged by
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF98346DD5682300F8A5" author="Septfontaine, M." box="[557,770,1879,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref8902" refString="Septfontaine, M., 1978. Presence d'Archaeosepta platierensis Wernli 1970 dans le Jurassique brianconnais des Prealpes. Importance stratigraphique, relations avec le microfacies et la paleogeographie. Notes du Laboratoire de Paleontologie de Geneve, 2 (1): 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1978">Septfontaine (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and followed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF98370CD547226FF85A" author="Bilotte, M. &amp; Decrouez, D." box="[332,621,1912,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref5868" refString="Bilotte, M. &amp; Decrouez, D., 1979. Reflexions sur les especes du genre Nummofallotia Barrier &amp; Neumann, 1959 (Foraminifere). Notes du Laboratoire de Paleontologie de l´Universite Geneve, 5 (4): 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Bilotte &amp; Decrouez (1979)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF9834DAD5462301F85A" authorityName=", Loeblich &amp; Tappan" authorityYear="1987" box="[666,771,1913,1936]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Murgeina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF9834DAD5462301F85A" box="[666,771,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Murgeina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
however leaving open the family belonging. Finally, it is worth mentioning that
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF983266D2A124C4FF7C" authorityName=", Bilotte &amp; Decrouez" authorityYear="1979" box="[1062,1222,158,182]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nautiloculinidae" genus="Nummofallotia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97D7762F96EFF983266D2A124C4FF7C" box="[1062,1222,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Nummofallotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is instead classified as a member of the family
<taxonomicName id="4C09D0F3F96EFF98323DD2802367FF32" authority="Henson, 1948" authorityName="Henson" authorityYear="1948" class="Tubothalamea" family="Meandropsinidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="family">
Meandropsinidae
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF983304D2FF2367FF32" author="Henson, F. R. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref7226" refString="Henson, F. R. S., 1948. Larger Imperforate Foraminifera of South-Western Asia. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 127 pp." type="book" year="1948">Henson, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with a porcelaneous test and an umbo with radialfibrous mineralogy/appearance (
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF9832E6D33E236BFEF0" author="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref7587" refString="Loeblich, A. R. &amp; Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 970 pp." type="book" year="1987">Loeblich &amp; Tappan, 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF98D681F96EFF983534D31D2474FEF0" author="Hottinger, L. &amp; Caus, E." box="[884,1142,290,314]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="249 - 279" refId="ref7301" refString="Hottinger, L. &amp; Caus, E., 2009. Meandropsinidae, an ophtalmidid family of Late Cretaceous K-strategist foraminifera endemic in the Pyrenean Gulf. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 253: 249 - 279." type="journal article" year="2009">Hottinger &amp; Caus, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="1332B7F5F96EFF9832CCD31D24C8FEF0" box="[1164,1226,290,314]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[177,212,645,666]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,155,606]" captionTargetId="figure-1068@1.[177,1411,155,606]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1 Nummofallotia cretacea (Schlumberger, 1900) from the Upper Cretaceous of Austria. a Equatorial section; Wegscheidgraben, Santonian Hochmoos Formation, Gosau Group (see Wagreich, 1988). b Slightly oblique axial section, same sample as a. Note the well-preserved light brownish porcelaneous wall. c Axial section showing test dissolution affecting the porcelaneous wall dissolution, while the radial fibrous umbo remains unaffected; Uppermost Maastrichtian Kambühel Limestone, Kambühel type-locality (see Tragelehn, 1996). Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10520911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10520911/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>