treatments-xml/data/03/80/DD/0380DD791A7EB148FF6E0197D6ECFB25.xml

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<mods:title id="BEDFB3B13E978F43EEA8FA3DADD43E6F">The thread-legged bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="649BACAF51CA039E5F2A3E8C1EA868DE">Tatarnic, Nikolai J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="008592F66F327D425D86FB42EF4BFD33">Cassis, Gerasimos</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FF6E0197D591FE72" ID-CoL="7MNR" authority="Signoret 1858" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,468,472,499]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF6E0197D591FE72" bold="true" box="[151,468,472,499]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF6E0197D564FE73" bold="true" box="[151,289,473,499]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FED00196D591FE72" author="Signoret" box="[297,468,472,498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Signoret, A. V. (1858) Description d'un nouveau genre de la tribu des Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 6, 251 - 253." type="journal article" year="1858">Signoret 1858</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3333FE41A7EB148FF6E026ED619FD31" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B966C6F1A7EB148FF6E026ED5E9FDF3" blockId="16.[151,1436,544,689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB394B411A7EB148FF6E026ED5E9FDF3" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FF6E026ED597FDB6" ID-CoL="7MNR" authority="Signoret 1858: 251" authorityName="Signoret" authorityPageNumber="251" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,466,544,566]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF6E026ED54CFDB6" box="[151,265,544,566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FEE9026ED597FDB6" author="Signoret" box="[272,466,544,566]" page="251" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1858">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FEE9026ED5E7FDB6" author="Signoret" box="[272,418,544,566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Signoret, A. V. (1858) Description d'un nouveau genre de la tribu des Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 6, 251 - 253." type="journal article" year="1858">Signoret 1858</bibRefCitation>
: 251
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(new genus, 
<typeStatus id="5492D2CD1A7EB148FDA3026FD6C3FDB6" box="[602,646,545,566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FD1A026ED02FFDB6" ID-CoL="6ZLLS" authority="Signoret 1858" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1858" box="[739,1130,544,566]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiniventris">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FD1A026ED797FDB6" box="[739,978,544,566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemus spiniventris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FC21026ED02FFDB6" author="Signoret" box="[984,1130,544,566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Signoret, A. V. (1858) Description d'un nouveau genre de la tribu des Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 6, 251 - 253." type="journal article" year="1858">Signoret 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FAE8026ED56AFDD4" author="Wygodzinsky" page="204" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FAE8026ED4B8FDD4" author="Wygodzinsky" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1956) Synopsis of the Australian Emesinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 11, 193 - 246." type="journal article" year="1956">Wygodzinsky 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 204
</treatmentCitation>
(key, description); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FE010270D6B6FDD4" author="Wygodzinsky" box="[504,755,574,596]" page="316" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FE010270D687FDD4" author="Wygodzinsky" box="[504,706,574,596]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614." type="journal article" year="1966">Wygodzinsky 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 316
</treatmentCitation>
(description); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FC750270D027FDD4" author="Maldonado" box="[908,1122,574,596]" page="93" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FC750270D078FDD4" author="Maldonado" box="[908,1085,574,596]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Maldonado, C. J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science (special edition). 694. pp." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 93
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FB120270D568FDF2" author="Cassis" page="289" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FB120270D4B8FDF3" author="Cassis" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Cassis, G. &amp; Gross, G. F. (1995) Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K. &amp; Maynard, G. V. (Eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 27.3 A. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia xv. 506 pp." type="book" year="1995">Cassis and Gross 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 289
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B966C6F1A7EB148FF6E0232D619FD31" blockId="16.[151,1436,544,689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB394B411A7EB148FF6E0232D619FD31" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FF6E0232D66AFD11" authority="Kirkaldy 1908: 369" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityPageNumber="369" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,559,635,658]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Phantasmatophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF6E0232D520FD12" box="[151,357,636,658]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Phantasmatophanes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FE930235D66AFD11" author="Kirkaldy" box="[362,559,635,657]" page="369" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FE930235D644FD11" author="Kirkaldy" box="[362,513,635,657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1908) A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 33, 345 - 391." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkaldy 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 369
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(new genus, 
<typeStatus id="5492D2CD1A7EB148FD4D0233D6A5FD12" box="[692,736,637,658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FCC50232D0A4FD11" authority="Kirkaldy 1908" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1908" box="[828,1249,635,658]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Phantasmatophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muiri">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FCC50232D003FD12" box="[828,1094,636,658]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Phantasmatophanes muiri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FBB50235D0A4FD11" author="Kirkaldy" box="[1100,1249,635,657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1908) A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 33, 345 - 391." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkaldy 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A884A7E1A7EB148FEE502D4D591FD30" author="Bergroth" box="[284,468,666,688]" page="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FEE502D4D5F4FD30" author="Bergroth" box="[284,433,666,688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Bergroth, E. (1911) New Neotropical Ploeariinae. Psyche, 18, 15 - 20." type="journal article" year="1911">Bergroth 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
(synonymy).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3333FE41A7EB148FF6E0293D15AFCBD" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B966C6F1A7EB148FF6E0293D15AFCBD" blockId="16.[151,1436,733,1189]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF6E0293D554FD76" bold="true" box="[151,273,733,758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This genus is recognised by the following combination of characters: body densely setate, macropterous; forewing with two (rarely three) closed cells (discal and basal); short cross vein (Rs) joining discal cell to costal margin (R); foretarsi two-segmented; and anterior and humeral angles of pronotum with projections.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3333FE41A7EB148FF3C0304D6ECFB25" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B966C6F1A7EB148FF3C0304D143FC71" blockId="16.[151,1436,733,1189]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FF3C0304D57CFCE2" bold="true" box="[197,313,842,866]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FEB90307D669FCE1" author="Wygodzinsky" box="[320,556,841,865]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614." type="journal article" year="1966">Wygodzinsky (1966)</bibRefCitation>
revised the genus and provided a detailed description of the genus. In his key to the genera of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FEB60323D5EBFC05" box="[335,430,877,901]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Emesini">Emesini</taxonomicName>
, this genus keyed out with the saliently similar genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FBE90323D486FC29" authority="McAtee &amp; Malloch. The" authorityName="McAtee &amp; Malloch. The" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FBE90323D0F4FC05" box="[1040,1201,877,901]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemoides</emphasis>
McAtee &amp; Malloch. The
</taxonomicName>
latter genus however is not setate and lacks the prominent humeral angle projections. A number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FAB903DFD1D9FC29" box="[1344,1436,913,937]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Emesini">Emesini</taxonomicName>
have the peculiar narrowing (petiolate) of the pronotum (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FCA603FBD48EFC71" authority="Reuter, Poleuchenia McAtee &amp; Malloch" authorityName="Reuter, Poleuchenia McAtee &amp; Malloch" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Myiophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FCA603FBD7ADFC4D" box="[863,1000,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Myiophanes</emphasis>
Reuter, 
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FBB503FBD09DFC4D" box="[1100,1240,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Poleuchenia</emphasis>
McAtee &amp; Malloch
</taxonomicName>
), and although it is characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FD9B0397D6A5FC71" box="[610,736,985,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FD9B0397D6A5FC71" box="[610,736,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it cannot be reliably used as a generic character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B966C6F1A7EB148FF3C03B3D6ECFB25" blockId="16.[151,1436,733,1189]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FF3C03B3D5F5FB95" author="Wygodzinsky" box="[197,432,1021,1045]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614." type="journal article" year="1966">Wygodzinsky (1966)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that there was no reliable character to subdivide the genus across zoogeographical faunas. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2917EC1A7EB148FEE7046FD5D8FBB9" box="[286,413,1057,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Stenolemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DB07D1A7EB148FEE7046FD5D8FBB9" box="[286,413,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Stenolemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises 62 species worldwide (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FCD9046FD7A0FBB9" author="Maldonado" box="[800,997,1057,1081]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Maldonado, C. J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science (special edition). 694. pp." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
), with the diversity greater in the Eastern Hemisphere (36 species) than in the Western Hemisphere (26 species), with most of the diversity found in tropical regions. In 
<collectingCountry id="F33E2CFF1A7EB148FE880427D59DFB01" box="[369,472,1129,1153]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Australia</collectingCountry>
the genus is represented by five species, many of which are broadly distributed in arid and semi-arid regions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8119E1A7EB148FE6104C3D6D9FB25" author="Cassis" box="[408,668,1165,1189]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refString="Cassis, G. &amp; Gross, G. F. (1995) Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K. &amp; Maynard, G. V. (Eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 27.3 A. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia xv. 506 pp." type="book" year="1995">Cassis and Gross 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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