286 lines
46 KiB
XML
286 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="B104E287108C72531B00467EF5989374" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.3SLASH11345" ID-CLB-Dataset="32845" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e1b168d-b36c-4c4f-9bdd-248ea3426a9f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="807901" ID-ZooBank="7FC12089-2104-4893-B8A9-BE23CA19EFA7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1497426029100" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wilke, Tanja, Ahlrichs, Wilko H. & Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P." docDate="2017" docId="4606AF6BCE475C436CAAFDEBFC9BFE79" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4276.4.3SLASH11345.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4276 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Synchaeta tremula Muller 1786" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="513" masterDocId="BA3FD713CE4E5C486C3DFFCFFF89FFA9" masterDocTitle="A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)" masterLastPageNumber="518" masterPageNumber="503" pageNumber="512" updateTime="1698440501712" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F4B45EC13B34BCEABB78EDB3C668EB6E">
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<mods:title id="F5ADCB57A6318DF067E752DAB5DD65F1">A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="258F5ED1F73489E0C1B3928A254E88C6">Wilke, Tanja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94B6D036290105193F6AED82BA006DAA">Ahlrichs, Wilko H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D2BAC730AF124E44AF36E008FB08D175">Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0AD4EF2C724F64B7CC2DD2F4F08301F5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7D0BCD919D42BA05BBDC89EE5F3355E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DE67360502930569A457C774C41C4CFC">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0465CCE61786848F57483AB7B6E3A2DD">4276</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4606AF6BCE475C436CAAFDEBFC9BFE79" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029929" ID-GBIF-Taxon="131878080" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029929" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4606AF6BCE475C436CAAFDEBFC9BFE79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4606AF6BCE475C436CAAFDEBFC9BFE79" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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<subSubSection id="86B54DF6CE475C416CAAFDEBFDF8FD97" box="[151,625,548,574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CAAFDEBFDF8FD97" blockId="9.[151,625,548,574]" box="[151,625,548,574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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<heading id="9558A911CE475C416CAAFDEBFDF8FD97" bold="true" box="[151,625,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CAAFDEBFDF8FD97" bold="true" box="[151,625,548,574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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Trophi of
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416D2EFDEBFE19FD97" ID-CoL="7B9C9" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[275,400,548,574]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416D2EFDEBFE19FD97" bold="true" box="[275,400,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416DF3FDEBFDF8FD97" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[462,625,548,574]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416DF3FDEBFDF8FD97" bold="true" box="[462,625,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86B54DF6CE475C436CAAFDA5FC9BFE79" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CAAFDA5FCE4FCD6" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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The following is a morphological description of the trophi of both
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416F43FDA4FC79FD2A" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[894,1008,619,643]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416F43FDA4FC79FD2A" box="[894,1008,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416818FDA4FB32FD2A" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[1061,1211,619,643]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416818FDA4FB32FD2A" box="[1061,1211,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which are virtually identical except for peculiarities of the frontal hook and the extension of the cauda tip. The trophus elements comprise a single elongated and dorsally bending
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416EDCFD7DFCC8FD62" bold="true" box="[737,833,690,715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">fulcrum</emphasis>
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, extensive paired ventral
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C41684CFD7DFB22FD62" bold="true" box="[1137,1195,690,715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">rami</emphasis>
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, an unpaired ventral
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CAAFD19FEBEFD46" bold="true" box="[151,311,726,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">hypopharynx</emphasis>
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, two extensive paired dorsolateral
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416EF2FD19FCCCFD46" bold="true" box="[719,837,726,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">manubria</emphasis>
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with elongated
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C41683EFD19FBC3FD46" bold="true" box="[1027,1098,726,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">cauda</emphasis>
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, and paired apical
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416911FD19FAD6FD46" bold="true" box="[1324,1375,726,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">unci</emphasis>
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. The trophi of both species are of the virgate type, which
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<bibRefCitation id="AA3E638CCE475C416EDCFD34FCFDFCBA" author="Koste" box="[737,884,763,787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Koste, W. (1978) ROTATORIA. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas, begrundet von Max Voigt. Uberordnung Monogononta. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 673 pp." type="book" year="1978">Koste (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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has further subdivided within
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C4168F1FD34FAB6FCBA" box="[1228,1343,763,787]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C4168F1FD34FAB6FCBA" box="[1228,1343,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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into the
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CAAFCD1FE0CFC9F" box="[151,389,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta-pectinata-</emphasis>
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type, which exhibits unci with a frontal hook and no further teeth, and the
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C4168FDFCD1FA1AFC9F" box="[1216,1427,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta-tremula</emphasis>
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- type, which exhibits unci with at least one frontal hook and several distinctly incised teeth. The trophi of both
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C4169BAFC8CFF64FCD7" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C4169BAFC8CFF64FCD7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416D1EFCA8FE30FCD7" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[291,441,870,894]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416D1EFCA8FE30FCD7" box="[291,441,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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belong to the
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416E64FCA9FCA5FCD7" box="[601,812,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta-tremula</emphasis>
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-type.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFC45FB98FAA2" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFC45FE8FFC0A" bold="true" box="[199,262,906,931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Unci.</emphasis>
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The paired unci are located immediately behind the mouth. They are connected to the rami and manubria by ligaments and are characterized by exhibiting
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416EF8FC61FC82FC6E" bold="true" box="[709,779,942,967]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">hooks</emphasis>
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and several unci
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416FE9FC61FB86FC6E" bold="true" box="[980,1039,942,967]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">teeth</emphasis>
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. Two frontal hooks are present per uncus, of which the dorsal one is noticeably larger (
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<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416EE5FC1DFC93FC42" box="[728,794,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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E, J; dfh). A triangular platelet of numerous piliform and sclerotized processes connects each dorsal frontal hook of an uncus with the ipsilateral manubrium (
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<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C4168C8FC39FABEFBA6" box="[1269,1335,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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E, J; tp). The ventral frontal hook is slightly broader and distinctly blunter in
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416FB7FBD4FB96FB9A" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[906,1055,1051,1075]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416FB7FBD4FB96FB9A" box="[906,1055,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than in
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416845FBD4FB63FB9A" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[1144,1258,1051,1075]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416845FBD4FB63FB9A" box="[1144,1258,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, where it is thin and sharp (
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<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416D2EFBF1FEDFFBFE" box="[275,342,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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E, J; vfh). A distinct gap is present between the ventral frontal hook and the unci teeth. The unci are slightly asymmetric, with seven and six teeth being typical of the right and the left uncus, respectively (
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<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416964FBADFA15FBD2" box="[1369,1436,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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D, I; un). The teeth are all distinctly incised and separated by a deep sulcus into dorsal and ventral groups of three except for the dorsal group on the right uncus which has four teeth. Occasionally (ca. 10%), the unci of either species also possess 5–6 teeth on the right side and 4–5 on the left. In such cases, the ventral tooth-group that normally consists of three teeth is fused into two teeth or one large, blunt tooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFAD9FCE3F9E6" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFAD9FE86FA86" bold="true" box="[199,271,1302,1327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Rami.</emphasis>
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Because no evidence of any chamber openings was observed, the rami would appear to lack the
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416960FAD9FA12FA86" bold="true" box="[1373,1435,1302,1327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">basal</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFAF5FE3CFAFA" bold="true" box="[199,437,1338,1363]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">sub-basal chambers</emphasis>
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that are otherwise typical of the rotifer ramus. Instead, like the rami of other
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<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416914FAF4FA15FAFA" box="[1321,1436,1339,1363]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416914FAF4FA15FAFA" box="[1321,1436,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416D67FA90FE47FADF" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[346,462,1374,1398]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416D67FA90FE47FADF" box="[346,462,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416E3AFA90FD17FADF" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[519,670,1374,1398]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416E3AFA90FD17FADF" box="[519,670,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are built up of two extensive
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416FC8FA91FBD0FADE" bold="true" box="[1013,1113,1374,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">lamellae</emphasis>
|
||
that converge distally at the proximal end of fulcrum. The inner side of each ramus is raised and robust. Both inner reinforcements of the rami jointly form a triangular shape that demarcates the median interspace between both lamellae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416887FA69FB74FA16" box="[1210,1277,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, F; rir). An additional robust ridge originates from each uncus to span the median portion of each lamella (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C4168EEFA05FA9EFA4A" box="[1235,1303,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, F; rmr). Another strong, short ridge is located distally, reinforcing the distal part of each lamella (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C41689CFA21FB6FF9AE" box="[1185,1254,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, F; rdr). The remaining parts of the rami are more finely structured. The margin of each ramus is rounded outwardly and exhibits a distinct indentation distally at the proximal end of the fulcrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAF995FC4BF976" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAF995FEFDF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,372,1626,1651]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
The hypopharynx is an unpaired trophus element that is located ventral to the apical part of ramus. The apical part of the hypopharynx is composed of a horizontal joist that is raised centrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C41692CF9B1FADCF93E" box="[1297,1365,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, H; hyp), is of medium width, and exhibits pointed lateral ends. The caudal part of hypopharynx comprises a semicircular and fine structure attached to apical joist (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416EC3F909FCC9F976" box="[766,832,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, F; hyp).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAF925FCFEF8C6" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAF925FEBFF8AA" bold="true" box="[199,310,1770,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fulcrum.</emphasis>
|
||
The fulcrum is an unpaired element that arises ventrally from the distal ramus and bends towards the dorsal side of the animal at an angle of 135° (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416E8DF8C1FD7CF88E" box="[688,757,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, H; fu). It is blade-shaped in lateral view and decreases slightly in width moving distally. Distinct longitudinal ridges, as sometimes found in the fulcra of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416914F8FCFA15F8E2" box="[1321,1436,1843,1867]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416914F8FCFA15F8E2" box="[1321,1436,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416D1AF899FE7EF8C7" authorityName="Zacharias 1893" authorityYear="1893" box="[295,503,1878,1902]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416D1AF899FE7EF8C7" box="[295,503,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; pers. obs.), were never observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C426CFAF8B5FE5FFEB5" blockId="9.[151,1437,618,2011]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAF8B5FECEF83A" bold="true" box="[199,327,1914,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Manubria.</emphasis>
|
||
The paired manubria, like those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE475C416F28F8B4FC01F83A" box="[789,904,1915,1939]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416F28F8B4FC01F83A" box="[789,904,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Synchaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, apparently lack the dorsal, median and ventral
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CD1F851FE6EF81E" bold="true" box="[236,487,1950,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">manubrial chambers</emphasis>
|
||
. Each manubrium is composed of an extensive, round, but fine lateral
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416937F851FAC1F81E" bold="true" box="[1290,1352,1950,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">clava</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416964F851FA15F81E" box="[1369,1436,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B, G; cl), a distinct dorsoventrally curved and robust
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416ECCF80DFCB0F872" bold="true" box="[753,825,1986,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">cauda</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416F74F80DFC05F872" box="[841,908,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, H; ca) and a medially directed, triangularly shaped toothlike
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426D68FF58FE78FF19" bold="true" box="[341,497,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">clava lamella</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE445C426DC2FF58FDC8FF19" box="[511,577,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B, G; clt); all these components encompass the lateral and, in part, the dorsal trophus regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE445C426D6AFF73FE15FF7D" box="[343,412,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B & C, G & H). The cauda extends beyond the clava distally by one-third of the overall cauda length. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C426D60FF2FFE5AFF51" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[349,467,224,248]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426D60FF2FFE5AFF51" box="[349,467,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this extension of the cauda tip is blunt and narrow, whereas it is broadened in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C4269BAFF2FFE98FEB5" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C4269BAFF2FFE98FEB5" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE445C426D1DFECBFEEBFEB5" box="[288,354,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[263,1324,337,1675]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A – E S. tremula and F – J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, H; ca).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9AD04EF5CE445C426CAAF96EFB70F898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807909/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" targetBox="[271,1324,337,1675]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE445C426CAAF96EFB70F898" blockId="10.[151,1436,1697,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426CAAF96EFE9AF91F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1697,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
SEM photographs of the trophi of
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426E44F96EFD20F91F" bold="true" box="[633,681,1697,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">A–E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C426E8DF96DFC91F91E" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[688,792,1697,1719]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426E8DF96DFC91F91E" box="[688,792,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426F77F96EFCFAF91F" bold="true" box="[842,883,1697,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">F–J</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C426F44F96DFB88F91E" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[889,1025,1697,1719]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426F44F96DFB88F91E" box="[889,1025,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C42682CF96EFBCDF91F" bold="true" box="[1041,1092,1697,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">A, F,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral;
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C4268A3F96EFB59F91E" bold="true" box="[1182,1232,1697,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">B, G</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal;
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C42691EF96EFADFF91F" bold="true" box="[1315,1366,1697,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">C, H</emphasis>
|
||
lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards;
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426E0DF90FFDD0F97C" bold="true" box="[560,601,1728,1749]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">D, I</emphasis>
|
||
unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards;
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426904F90FFAEDF97C" bold="true" box="[1337,1380,1728,1749]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">E, J</emphasis>
|
||
unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE445C436CFAF891FC9BFE79" blockId="10.[151,1436,1886,2019]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426CFAF891FE3BF8DE" bold="true" box="[199,434,1886,1911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">Molecular analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
Genetic distances for both COI and 18S revealed patterns of little to no intraspecific variation within each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C426D8EF84DFDA1F833" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[435,552,1922,1946]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426D8EF84DFDA1F833" box="[435,552,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE445C426E5EF84DFD75F833" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[611,764,1922,1946]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="10" pageNumber="513" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE445C426E5EF84DFD75F833" box="[611,764,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="513">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to large interspecific variation between the two species (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="832D2BC6CE445C426D1BF869FEF4F816" box="[294,381,1958,1983]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1571,1594]" captionText="TABLE 2. Average, uncorrected p-distances (+ SD) for the COI and 18 S genes within and between S. tremula (COI, n = 16; 18 S rDNA, n = 12) and S. tremuloida (COI, n = 19; 18 S rDNA, n = 16)." pageId="10" pageNumber="513">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Results from the popDiversity.pl analyses revealed that the maximal observed intraspecific variation for either species never overlapped with the minimal interspecific variation, with the minimal bar-coding gap being 2.9x (COI for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE455C436DF7FF57FDCBFF19" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[458,578,152,176]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="11" pageNumber="514" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE455C436DF7FF57FDCBFF19" box="[458,578,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus the interspecific distance). This pattern is likewise found in the haplotype network for each gene, with the two species being separated by either 10 mutations for the more slowly evolving 18S or 80 mutations for the more quickly evolving COI (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE455C436FB3FF10FC5AFF51" box="[910,979,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,552,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,519,1362]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Medium-joining network of individuals of Synchaeta tremula and Synchaeta tremuloida from Haarenstau (HS), Haarenniederung (HN), Schlossteich (ST) and Löschteich (LT) for 18 S (A) and COI (B). Individual haplotypes are represented as circles, the size of which expresses the number of individuals found per haplotype; black squares represent hypothetical, missing haplotypes. The number of mutations separating haplotypes is given by the dashes. All sequences and positions were included in each analysis, regardless of their length and amount of missing or ambiguous data (i. e. gaps or IUPAC codes)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807911/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). In most cases, only a single haplotype was present for both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE455C436DB4FECBFE74FEB5" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[393,509,260,284]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="11" pageNumber="514" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE455C436DB4FECBFE74FEB5" box="[393,509,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE455C436E05FECBFD46FEB5" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[568,719,260,284]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="11" pageNumber="514" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE455C436E05FECBFD46FEB5" box="[568,719,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for each gene with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE455C436845FECBFB65FEB5" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[1144,1260,260,284]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="11" pageNumber="514" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE455C436845FECBFB65FEB5" box="[1144,1260,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for COI where eight haplotypes were divided into three linearly arranged clusters separated by a high number of mutations (38 and 56). Finally, all three species demarcation analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE455C436F3EFE83FCC5FECC" box="[771,844,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[185,1409,1311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,1285,1860]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Maximum-likelihood trees derived from the four-times analyses (Birky et al. 2010) for 18 S (A) and COI (B). Bootstrap frequencies (n = 1000) are shown above the major nodes. Bars to the right of the tree indicate the different species inferred by the four-times rule, the ABGD method at the highest cut-off criterion, and the maximum-likelihood based bPTP analyses, respectively. Provenance of the samples is abbreviated as in Fig. 5. Trees were rooted using Polyarthra remata. The scale bar indicates the average number of substitutions per site per unit time." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807913/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) supported that both species form well separated, reciprocally monophyletic clades with respect to one another for each gene. Again, evidence for additional, “significant” sequence divergence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE455C436E56FE5BFD54FE05" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[619,733,404,428]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="11" pageNumber="514" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE455C436E56FE5BFD54FE05" box="[619,733,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="514">S. tremula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indicated for COI, with the different methods indicating the existence of up to five separate species within this clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |