546 lines
69 KiB
XML
546 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="A6382018FB99092FF2C75C3F6F8FE868" ID-CLB-Dataset="36829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3823.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdc3964e-ebf3-491e-b10c-9ad6592cb0f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286373" ID-ZooBank="0D42FA17-3B11-4DBB-9E48-D7D505F9CE29" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460443345149" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Austin, William C., Ott, Bruce S., Reiswig, Henry M., Romagosa, Paula & G, Neil" docDate="2014" docId="03D0FB0AFFA12E3909E0FBB9FA0A7F36" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03823p084.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3823 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Tentorium semisuberites Schmidt 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFE98372FF892E120977FF89FF837A07" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698333174097" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="1E2A2683F54C1ED3D3CECF0DAFCBB97F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="FE0C570E0C07B152FBC1F918ADED8E1A">Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9A79D9E59002621F1C9B1A546449C736">Austin, William C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E36506C3B36DA686B17EE25FC2A2BB5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="20268B35FA933A10C7C59EB60B629AC4">Ott, Bruce S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A573400675DC1181BA17582DFA1B92E6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C13928E9035C123FD5923FC480EEA057">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="720501A4350293D12B9AF732EF5AA8F6">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FBD009A2C7D310645B01D0A5E0D5EF3C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="659649E3A73E131F5C3CA35B039B3A5D">Romagosa, Paula</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="17E38570CE8049F11117E831ADAC609E" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="55A4CFDB144774AA80B0176E606BFAB6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1B6F47CA0C331A9E97C53BBBBBB5BBDA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9301DDBF9682AF26CB564792421B4E68">G, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3A2D8C30210595E624CDC43D77AB12EA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5B53C7EA7DDB7B6000C8D6448A5E4247">
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<mods:date id="D5714D2313AC4A627C3BFDC5666EF3FF">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="03411C888956E9484C99BB01E6AD160A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BCDDD26F569E68941080CDF3FD3D4494">3823</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D0FB0AFFA12E3909E0FBB9FA0A7F36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6132554" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6132554" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D0FB0AFFA12E3909E0FBB9FA0A7F36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0FB0AFFA12E3909E0FBB9FA0A7F36" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C3631997FFA12E3A09E0FBB9FA9F7EE9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09E0FBB9FD3F7E4D" blockId="40.[151,700,1072,1131]" box="[151,700,1072,1098]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D08EFD70FFA12E3A09E0FBB9FD3F7E4D" bold="true" box="[151,700,1072,1098]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA12E3A09E0FBB9FD3F7E4D" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,700,1072,1098]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A09E0FBB9FD3F7E4D" bold="true" box="[151,700,1072,1098]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A09E0FBB9FE907E4D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Tentorium</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A083AFBB9FE737E4D" bold="true" box="[333,496,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">semisuberites</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0888FBB9FD377E4D" author="Schmidt" box="[511,692,1072,1098]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp., 6 pls." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09E0FBDBFE8F7E6C" blockId="40.[151,700,1072,1131]" box="[151,268,1106,1131]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<figureCitation id="13425699FFA12E3A09E0FBDBFF5F7E6C" box="[151,220,1106,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig 15</figureCitation>
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A–J
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09E0FB13FECC7EC8" blockId="40.[151,1436,1178,1262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Northern Hemisphere:
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<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA12E3A08F6FB13FCA07EB7" authority="Schmidt 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[385,803,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Conopidae" genus="Thecophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A08F6FB13FD0F7EB7" box="[385,652,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thecophora semisuberites</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0BE5FB13FCA07EB7" author="Schmidt" box="[658,803,1178,1200]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp., 6 pls." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA12E3A0A5BFB12FB3D7EB7" authority="Vosmaer 1885" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" box="[812,1214,1178,1200]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
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<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A0A5BFB12FBA77EB7" box="[812,1060,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Tentorium semisuberites</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0D5DFB12FB3D7EB7" author="Vosmaer" box="[1066,1214,1178,1200]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The sponges of the Willem Barents Expedition in the years 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Vol. XII, 1 - 47, plates I - V." type="journal article" year="1885">Vosmaer 1885</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0DBFFB13FA1B7EB7" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[1224,1432,1178,1200]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Harper, N. A. & Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Pub., New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Boury-Esnault 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A09B0FB30FECA7EC8" author="Plotkin" box="[199,329,1209,1231]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Plotkin, A. S. (2004) Biodiversity and distribution of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) in the Arctic area. Bollettino dei Musei Istituti Biologici dell Universita di Genova, 68, 535 - 547." type="journal article" year="2004">Plotkin 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09E0FB51FA9F7EE9" blockId="40.[151,1436,1178,1262]" box="[151,1308,1240,1262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Southern Hemisphere:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A08F7FB51FDF67EE9" author="Ridley" box="[384,629,1240,1262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 20 (59), 1 - 275, pls. 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1887">Ridley and Dendy 1887</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Boury-Esnault and van
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0A19FB50FC7C7EE9" author="Beveren" box="[878,1023,1240,1262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. & van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comit e National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques, 52, 5 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren 1982</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0D7EFB51FA957EE9" author="Plotkin" box="[1033,1302,1240,1262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Plotkin, A. S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Wedell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95 - 135." type="journal article" year="2008">Plotkin & Janussen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFA12E3A09E0FA93FDE47C71" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09E0FA93FE337FE0" blockId="40.[151,1437,1306,2015]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A09E0FA93FE037F34" bold="true" box="[151,384,1306,1331]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Material examined.</emphasis>
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KML 1341, NM 294, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet,
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<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFA12E3A0AB2FA92FC6E7F34" box="[965,1005,1307,1331]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">BC</collectionCode>
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, (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0D77FA92FB1A7F34" box="[1024,1177,1306,1331]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0DD4FA92FAD27F34" box="[1187,1361,1306,1331]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
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),
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||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0C14FA92FA1F7F35" box="[1379,1436,1307,1331]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
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||
depth,
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||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0994FAB6FE0B7F50" box="[227,392,1343,1367]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-09-27">Sept. 27, 2012</date>
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||
, coll. N. McDaniel; KML 1300, KML 1301, NM 275, supplementary ident. Nos. T1, and T2, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet,
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||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFA12E3A0890FAEAFD8C7F7C" box="[487,527,1379,1403]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">BC</collectionCode>
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, (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0B54FAEAFD3D7F7C" box="[547,702,1378,1403]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0BBDFAEAFCF97F7C" box="[714,890,1378,1403]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0AFAFAEAFC447F7D" box="[909,967,1379,1403]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0D6AFAEBFB3F7F7C" box="[1053,1212,1378,1403]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-02-16">Feb. 16, 2012</date>
|
||
, coll. N. McDaniel; KML 1342, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFA12E3A0B18FA0EFD147F98" box="[623,663,1415,1439]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">BC</collectionCode>
|
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, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0BDCFA0EFCC67F98" box="[683,837,1414,1439]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0A27FA0EFC7D7F98" box="[848,1022,1414,1439]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0D66FA0EFBC97F99" box="[1041,1098,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
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||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0DE9FA0EFABD7F98" box="[1182,1342,1415,1439]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-12-11">Dec. 11, 2012</date>
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||
, coll. N. McDaniel; KML 1343, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet,
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||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFA12E3A0B8AFA22FCA67FC4" box="[765,805,1451,1475]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0A4CFA22FC547FC4" box="[827,983,1450,1475]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA12E3A0A93FA22FB167FC4" box="[996,1173,1450,1475]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
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||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0DDDFA22FB667FC5" box="[1194,1253,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
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||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0C4AFA22FF507FE0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-12-11">Dec. 11, 2012</date>
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||
; coll. N. McDaniel.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3A09B0FA7BFDE47C71" blockId="40.[151,1437,1306,2015]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Field images lacking vouchers at same location as above: taken of T4,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0AA8FA7BFBB57C0C" box="[991,1078,1522,1547]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="1920-02">Feb. 20</date>
|
||
, March 6,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0DDAFA7AFA807C0C" box="[1197,1283,1523,1547]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-04">Apr. 12</date>
|
||
, May 10, and
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A09E0F99EFEC47C28" box="[151,327,1559,1583]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-09-27">Sept. 27, 2012</date>
|
||
; T3,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A08FCF99EFDB67C28" box="[395,565,1559,1583]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2012-05-10">May 10, 2012</date>
|
||
, photos by N. McDaniel and L. Lehmann, first recorded in Agamemnon Channel,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFA12E3A0874F9B2FEA87C54" box="[259,299,1595,1619]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
, at
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0825F9B3FE357C55" box="[338,438,1594,1619]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA12E3A0B7DF9B2FD297C54" box="[522,682,1595,1619]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2002-11-17">Nov. 17, 2002</date>
|
||
by A. Lamb and B. Hanby (photo page 78,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA12E3A0DEBF9B3FA127C54" author="Lamb" box="[1180,1425,1594,1619]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Lamb, A. & Hanby, B. P. (2005) Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC, 398 pp." type="book" year="2005">Lamb & Hanby 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The above two locations are
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A08ADF9D6FDA27C70" box="[474,545,1630,1655]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
apart.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFA12E3909B0F90BFA0A7F36" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA12E3B09B0F90BFADF7AFF" blockId="40.[151,1437,1306,2015]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A09B0F90BFEDA7C9C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1666,1691]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA12E3A0817F90DFDD97C9C" box="[352,602,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Macroscopic features.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1341, expanded in field (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA12E3A0AB7F90BFB917C9C" box="[960,1042,1666,1691]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A): columnar, somewhat arched on top of column; diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A08DAF92FFE717CB9" box="[429,498,1702,1727]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; pores occupy most of space at top of column, none on the sides, single osculum in centre on a papilla. Contracted, preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol: hemispherical,
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0D5CF942FBEC7CE5" box="[1067,1135,1739,1763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
high,
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A0DCDF942FA917CE5" box="[1210,1298,1739,1763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter with a basal skirt where the sponge is attached to the substrate around the periphery; unable to distinguish osculum. In field observed rapid (about 5 second) contraction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA12E3A0B88F89BFCD17D2C" box="[767,850,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B) following mechanical disturbance of water with concomitant change from cylindrical to hemispherical shape and contraction of pores so no longer apparent. Attached to bedrock. Colour alive white on top of cylinder, light tan on sides of cylinder. KML 1300, KML 1301. Funnel shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA12E3A083FF8F7FE147D90" box="[328,407,1918,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
C)
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A08CDF8F7FE787D91" box="[442,507,1918,1943]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at base, apex of funnel decreases in width to a thread-like tendril (approx. 200 µm in diameter, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA12E3A08B2F82AFD887DBD" box="[453,523,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
long). No ostia are visible; the funnel apex occupies the position of the osculum and nipple shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA12E3A08F9F84FFE627DD8" box="[398,481,1990,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A. There are periodic swellings along the tendril towards its distal end. These are approximately 300 µm in diameter by 700 to 800 µm long. Between the swellings the tendril is approximately 100 µm in diameter. In KML 1342 and KML 1343 the sponges are both cone shaped,
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA02E3B0D4BFF35FB107AD3" box="[1084,1171,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at base by
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA02E3B0CF7FF35FF407AF0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, each with an incipient tendril about
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA02E3B0BEBFF56FD6B7AF0" box="[668,744,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long; two spheres are attached at the end of one tendril.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09B0FE8CFB9B7BAA" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09B0FE8CFE397B1B" box="[199,442,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Microscopic features.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1341 ectosome with a fence of short tylostyles oriented with pointed ends out and extending beyond the surface 200 µm; choanosome with longitudinal tracts running from the base to the apex of the sponge ending in brushes about 100 um across. Form a solid layer around the periphery of the sponge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA02E3B0C18FEC5FF377B8F" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
E). KML 1300 the longitudinal fibre tracts continue into funnel and out along the tendril where they form the wall of the tendril while short tylostyles project out at right angles to the tendril.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09B0FE3EFDF97BD7" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,464]" box="[199,634,439,464]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09B0FE3EFEAF7BD7" box="[199,300,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1341 non-tendril stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09E8FE65FB517853" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<table id="F979B8BCFFA0D1ED09E8FE65FB5C7853" box="[159,1247,492,596]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FE65FB5C7805" box="[159,1247,492,514]" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FE65FED97805" box="[159,346,492,514]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Spicule Type</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FE65FD9D7805" box="[499,542,492,514]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig.</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BD8FE65FCDB7805" box="[687,856,492,514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Length</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4BFE65FB5C7805" box="[1084,1247,492,514]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Width</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FD9CFB5C782C" box="[159,1247,533,555]" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FD9CFED9782C" box="[159,346,533,555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Large subtylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FD9CFD9D782C" box="[499,542,533,555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15G</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BD8FD9CFCDB782C" box="[687,856,533,555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">530–(738)–1050</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4BFD9CFB5C782C" box="[1084,1247,533,555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">8.8–(12.3)–17.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FDB7FB5C7853" box="[159,1247,574,596]" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FDB7FED97853" box="[159,346,574,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Small Tylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FDB7FD9D7853" box="[499,542,574,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15H</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BD8FDB7FCDB7853" box="[687,856,574,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">120–(251)–510</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4BFDB7FB5C7853" box="[1084,1247,574,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">5.8–(9.2)–15.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09E0FD14FAC47C2A" blockId="41.[151,644,668,693]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1437,1124,1976]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
KML 1301 tendril stage: main body (N=20) KML 1301 tendril stage: tendril (N=20)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09B0FBEDFEB87E7A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1124,1149]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0B7FFBECFDFB7E7B" box="[520,632,1125,1148]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0B7FFBECFDFB7E7B" box="[520,632,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tentorium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presently recognized (van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0AAAFBEDFB207E7B" author="Soest" box="[989,1187,1124,1149]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M. (2012) World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera. (accessed 1 November 2012)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0D54FBECFBDE7E7A" box="[1059,1117,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0DC0FBECFA1F7E7A" box="[1207,1436,1124,1149]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0DC0FBECFB487E7B" box="[1207,1227,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0C74FBEDFA1F7E7A" box="[1283,1436,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0853FB00FD757EA7" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1908" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1908" box="[292,758,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0853FB00FD957EA7" box="[292,534,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tentorium papillatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0B53FB0EFD6D7EA7" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[548,750,1159,1184]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 4, 1 - 56, pls VIII - XXVI." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having only one (or possibly a few) rather than numerous papillae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B098AFB24FE5F7EC2" box="[253,476,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B098AFB24FE937EC3" box="[253,272,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0833FB25FE5F7EC2" box="[324,476,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0B19FB24FB217EC3" authority="Ilan, Gugel, Galil" authorityName="Ilan, Gugel, Galil" authorityYear="2003" box="[622,1186,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levantinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0B19FB24FC867EC2" box="[622,773,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. levantinum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0A7BFB25FB217EC3" author="Ilan" box="[780,1186,1196,1221]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Ilan, M., Gugel, J., Galil, B. S. & Janussen, D. (2003) Small bathyal sponge species from east Mediterranean revealed by a nonregular soft bottom sampling technique. Ophelia, 57, 145 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785236.2003.10409511" type="journal article" year="2003">Ilan, Gugel, Galil, & Janussen, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has the form of a pyramid rather than a hemisphere or cylinder.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0BA3FB58FB9F7EEF" box="[724,1052,1231,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0BA3FB58FCC77EEF" box="[724,836,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tentorium</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0AF4FB46FB9F7EEF" box="[899,1052,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0CF0FB58FEAC7F0A" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0CF0FB58FEAC7F0A" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on most characters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0B1EFB7CFC9D7F0A" box="[617,798,1268,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0B1EFB7CFC9D7F0A" box="[617,798,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here refers to North Atlantic populations). Both have a columnar or globular growth form, the texture of both is rough on top but smooth on the sides; both have one osculum although larger specimens in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA02E3B0B33FAB4FD1D7F52" box="[580,670,1341,1365]" name="Norway" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
may have 2–3 oscula; both have ostia restricted to the top; both may be of similar size (typically
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA02E3B08AFFAD6FDAC7F70" box="[472,559,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high) although some specimens in the western Atlantic may be
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA02E3B0C7AFAD6FAD87F70" box="[1293,1371,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
high. Both have a fence of fusiform tylostyles in the ectosome. These range from 120 to 510 µm in length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0C2FFA0CFEAC7FC7" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0C2FFA0CFAEE7F9B" box="[1368,1389,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09E0FA2EFEAC7FC7" box="[151,303,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 270 to 670 µm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0B43FA20FD6B7FC7" box="[564,744,1447,1472]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0B43FA20FD6B7FC7" box="[564,744,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The principle fusiform subtylostyles form tracts running the length of the sponge. They range from 530 to 1050 µm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0A14FA44FBCE7FE2" box="[867,1101,1484,1509]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0A14FA44FCFB7FE3" box="[867,888,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0AC2FA45FBCE7FE2" box="[949,1101,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 950 to 2400 µm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0CF0FA44FEAC7C0F" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0CF0FA44FEAC7C0F" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This 2 ½ fold difference among the principle tylostyles is large; however,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0D03FA66FA1F7C0F" author="Plotkin" box="[1140,1436,1519,1544]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Plotkin, A. S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Wedell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95 - 135." type="journal article" year="2008">Plotkin & Janussen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured seven specimens and the maximum length of the principle tylostyle ranged from 920 to 1482 µm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09E8FD59FB23793F" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<table id="F979B8BCFFA0D1ED09E8FD59FB25793F" box="[159,1190,720,824]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rowsContinueIn="41.[159,1191,948,1052]">
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FD59FB2578E1" box="[159,1190,720,742]" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FD59FEDD78E1" box="[159,350,720,742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Spicule Type</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FD59FDB478E1" box="[499,567,720,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig.</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FD59FCDB78E1" box="[688,856,720,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Length</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFD59FB2578E1" box="[1085,1190,720,742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Width</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FD70FB257908" box="[159,1190,761,783]" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FD70FEDD7908" box="[159,350,761,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Large Subtylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FD70FDB47908" box="[499,567,761,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15F, G</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FD70FCDB7908" box="[688,856,761,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">672–(794)–1152</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFD70FB257908" box="[1085,1190,761,783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">7–(11)–12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FCABFB25793F" box="[159,1190,802,824]" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FCABFEDD793F" box="[159,350,802,824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Small Tylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FCABFDB4793F" box="[499,567,802,824]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15H, I</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FCABFCDB793F" box="[688,856,802,824]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">99–(147)–202</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFCABFB25793F" box="[1085,1190,802,824]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">5–(6.2)–7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09E8FC3DFB0E7E1B" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<table id="F979B8BCFFA0D1ED09E8FC3DFB247E1B" box="[159,1191,948,1052]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rowsContinueFrom="41.[159,1190,720,824]">
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FC3DFB2479CD" box="[159,1191,948,970]" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FC3DFEDD79CD" box="[159,350,948,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Spicule Type</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FC3DFDB479CD" box="[499,567,948,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig.</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FC3DFCDB79CD" box="[688,856,948,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Length</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFC3DFB2479CD" box="[1085,1191,948,970]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Width</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FC54FB2479F4" box="[159,1191,989,1011]" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FC54FEDD79F4" box="[159,350,989,1011]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Large Subtylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FC54FDB479F4" box="[499,567,989,1011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15F, G</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FC54FCDB79F4" box="[688,856,989,1011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">700–(892)–1152</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFC54FB2479F4" box="[1085,1191,989,1011]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">7–(12)–17</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFFA0D1ED09E8FB8FFB247E1B" box="[159,1191,1030,1052]" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76982122FFA0D1ED09E8FB8FFEDD7E1B" box="[159,350,1030,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Small Tylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0884FB8FFDB47E1B" box="[499,567,1030,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">15H, I</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0BC7FB8FFCDB7E1B" box="[688,856,1030,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">220–(382)–595</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FFA0D1ED0D4AFB8FFB247E1B" box="[1085,1191,1030,1052]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">7–(8)–9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09B0F9BEFBE77D4A" blockId="41.[151,1437,1124,1976]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09B0F9BEFEDC7C57" bold="true" box="[199,351,1591,1616]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Conclusions.</emphasis>
|
||
The significant differences in maximum sizes of the principle tylostyles may indicate genetic differences or, alternatively, may be a reflection of significant differences in the height of the sponges and hence in length of the spicule tracts.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B08B8F908FD627C9F" box="[463,737,1663,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B08B8F908FD627C9F" box="[463,737,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tentorium semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been reported from several locations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA02E3B0C43F9F6FA1F7C9F" box="[1332,1436,1663,1688]" name="Antarctica" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Boury-Esnault & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B08E1F92CFDB67CBB" author="Beveren" box="[406,565,1700,1724]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. & van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comit e National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques, 52, 5 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0B36F92DFCDF7CBB" author="Plotkin" box="[577,860,1700,1725]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Plotkin, A. S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Wedell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95 - 135." type="journal article" year="2008">Plotkin & Janussen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The absence of records between the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA02E3B0C72F92DFAEE7CBA" box="[1285,1389,1700,1725]" name="Antarctica" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Azores suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B08B0F940FD027CE7" box="[455,641,1735,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B08B0F940FD027CE7" box="[455,641,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a candidate for bipolar distribution. Our report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0C23F940FEAC7D02" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0C23F940FAEB7CE7" box="[1364,1384,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09E0F965FEAC7D02" box="[151,303,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the cold temperate NE Pacific may reflect discontinuous distribution, or inadequate sampling in the Bering Sea and adjacent arctic waters. DNA bar coding might help resolve the relationships among these populations. Until then we have elected to refer to our material as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0A0BF8BCFBE37D4A" box="[892,1120,1844,1869]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0A0BF8BCFC0A7D4B" box="[892,905,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T</emphasis>
|
||
. aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0AB3F8BDFBE37D4A" box="[964,1120,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA02E3B09B0F8DEFB4F7DBF" blockId="41.[151,1437,1124,1976]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B09B0F8DEFE6D7D77" bold="true" box="[199,494,1879,1904]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0883F8D0FD557D77" box="[500,726,1879,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0883F8D0FD8B7D77" box="[500,520,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0B4CF8DEFD557D77" box="[571,726,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: southern BC;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA02E3B0A0AF8D0FBB97D77" box="[893,1082,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA02E3B0A0AF8D0FBB07D77" box="[893,1075,1879,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">T. semisuberites</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Northern Hemisphere: Atlantic Arctic, N. Atlantic south to Azores. Although recorded in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA02E3B0AECF8F5FB907D92" box="[923,1043,1916,1941]" name="Greenland" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Nova
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA02E3B09ACF816FEA27DBF" box="[219,289,1951,1976]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA02E3B0858F816FE417DBF" author="Lambe" box="[303,450,1951,1976]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1896) Sponges from the Atlantic coast of Canada. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, (2), 2, 181 - 211." type="journal article" year="1896">Lambe 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we could find no records for the Canadian Arctic or the Bering Sea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF061A94FFA32E3809E0F9F3FADC7D0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA32E3809E0F9F3FADC7D0C" blockId="42.[151,1436,1658,1803]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3809E0F9F3FEA37C97" bold="true" box="[151,288,1658,1680]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA32E380850F9F2FE0D7C97" box="[295,398,1659,1680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E380850F9F2FE0D7C97" box="[295,398,1659,1680]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Tentorium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff. s
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3808BEF9F3FDCA7C97" box="[457,585,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">emisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA32E3809B0F8BAFC3D7D68" blockId="42.[151,1436,1842,2011]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA32E3809B0F8BAFE217D4C" box="[199,418,1842,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3809B0F8BAFF577D4D" box="[199,212,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">T</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E38087DF8BBFE217D4C" box="[266,418,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Southern Hemisphere: South Indian Ocean: Kerguelen I, South Atlantic: Inaccessible I,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA32E3809E0F8DFFEBF7D68" box="[151,316,1878,1903]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA32E380830F8DFFE377D68" box="[327,436,1878,1903]" name="Antarctica" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Western Ross Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA32E380BE3F8DFFC317D68" author="Plotkin" box="[660,946,1878,1903]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Plotkin, A. S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Wedell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95 - 135." type="journal article" year="2008">Plotkin & Janussen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA32E3809B0F8F3FEB17DB0" blockId="42.[151,1436,1842,2011]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3809B0F8F3FE327D94" bold="true" box="[199,433,1914,1939]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Bathymetric range.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA32E3808CDF8F2FD1C7D94" box="[442,671,1914,1939]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3808CDF8F2FE4E7D95" box="[442,461,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">T.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E380B71F8F3FD1C7D94" box="[518,671,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA32E380BDFF8F2FC8E7D95" box="[680,781,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="21.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="18.0">18–24 m</quantity>
|
||
(here-in);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA32E380AFEF8F2FBBD7D94" box="[905,1086,1914,1939]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E380AFEF8F2FBBD7D94" box="[905,1086,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">T. semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA32E380D27F8F3FB527D95" box="[1104,1233,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6095" metricValueMax="3.193" metricValueMin="0.026" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="1609.5" valueMax="3193.0" valueMin="26.0">26–3193 m</quantity>
|
||
depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA32E380C5EF8F3FEA57DB0" author="Barthel" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Barthel, D. & Tendal, O. S. (1993) The sponge association of the abyssal Norwegian-Greenland Sea: species composition substrate relationships and distribution. Sarsia, 78, 83 - 96." type="journal article" year="1993">Barthel & Tendal 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA32E3909B0F84BFD16781F" blockId="42.[151,1436,1842,2011]" lastBlockId="43.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA32E3809B0F84BFEA87DDC" bold="true" box="[199,299,1986,2011]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Where have tendrils been recorded? A sponge with a tendril was first reported in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFA32E380C7CF84BFAF97DDC" box="[1291,1402,1986,2011]" name="United States of America" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E3909E0FF1EFE217AB7" author="Lamb" box="[151,418,151,176]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Lamb, A. & Hanby, B. P. (2005) Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC, 398 pp." type="book" year="2005">Lamb & Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It has not been seen since by these authors (pers. comm.). On
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390DF7FF1EFA9D7AB7" box="[1152,1310,151,176]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-02-16">Feb. 16, 2012</date>
|
||
one of the present authors (N. McDaniel) found two sponges each with a long tendril (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA22E390A90FF35FBBB7AD2" box="[999,1080,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
C). These were collected (KML 1300=T1, and KML 1301=T2).
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390B72FF69FD1B7AFF" box="[517,664,223,248]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-03-06">Mar. 6, 2012</date>
|
||
two more sponges with tendrils (T3 & T4) were found at the same location. These were left in situ. The same two sponges, KML 1342, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet (BC) (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA22E390C03FE8DFE827B47" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA22E39087BFEA1FE397B47" box="[268,442,295,320]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA22E3908BBFEA1FD877B38" box="[460,516,296,320]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390B21FEA1FD777B47" box="[598,756,296,320]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-12-11">Dec. 11, 2012</date>
|
||
, coll. N. McDaniel; KML 1343, Sakinaw Rock, Sechelt Inlet (BC) (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA22E390997FEC5FEF87B62" box="[224,379,332,357]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="1" value="49.567917">49° 34.075′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFA22E3908F0FEC5FDBB7B62" box="[391,568,332,357]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="1" value="-123.80397">123° 48.238′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA22E390B3BFEC5FD057B63" box="[588,646,332,356]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
depth,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390BAAFEC4FCFC7B63" box="[733,895,332,356]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-12-11">Dec. 11, 2012</date>
|
||
; coll. N. McDaniel, were inspected on
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390C37FEC5FF507B8F" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-04-12">Apr. 12, 2012</date>
|
||
. On each the tendril was gone and its location on the sponge was occupied by a single osculum. These sponges and five others were found again
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390B0FFE1CFC947BAB" box="[632,791,404,429]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-05-10">May 10, 2012</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFFA22E390A27FE1DFC7A7BAB" box="[848,1017,404,428]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2012-09-27">Sept. 27, 2012</date>
|
||
. Two more sponges were found with short (
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA22E3909A9FE3EFEAE7BD7" box="[222,301,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
) tendrils. These were observed two months earlier than in the previous year which suggests to us that these were in an early growth stage of the tendrils. The location and form of the spheres on the end of the tendril in KML 1343 suggests that they are propagules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA22E3909B0FDADFBFE7912" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The only published reference we could find to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA22E390B9BFDACFC1F783A" box="[748,924,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semsuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390B9BFDACFC1F783A" box="[748,924,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">T. semsuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tendrils in other geographic regions was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E3909E0FDCEFEBA7867" author="Koltun" box="[151,313,583,608]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges of the north and far eastern seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 90, 1 - 107. [In Russian: Translated by Fisheries Research Board Canada, Ottawa, 1971]" type="journal article" year="1966">Koltun (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. He reported that sometimes the sponge becomes greatly stretched out into a thin stalk with a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA22E3909C0FDE5FE817883" box="[183,258,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The specimen shown in his
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA22E390B27FDE5FD427883" box="[592,705,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,794,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,794,1927]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sphaerotylus raphidophora n. sp. A, whole specimen preserved in alcohol, scale bar 1 cm; B, section showing tracts of megascleres radiating out to ectosome with protruding exotyles, scale bar 2 mm; C, exotyles showing expanded and stylote end, scale bar 100 µm; D, detail of expanded end, scale bar 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286385/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, plate XXXI looks identical in size and form to ours. However, Koltun regarded this form as an aberration. Alexander Plotkin found several sponges with long threads in the Russian Arctic which he initially identified as aberrant morphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA22E390AE8FD3CFB3778CA" box="[927,1204,692,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390AE8FD3CFB3778CA" box="[927,1204,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Tentorium semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. comm. to N. McDaniel).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E390869FD5EFDB078F7" author="Barthel" box="[286,563,727,752]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Barthel, D. & Tendal, O. S. (1993) The sponge association of the abyssal Norwegian-Greenland Sea: species composition substrate relationships and distribution. Sarsia, 78, 83 - 96." type="journal article" year="1993">Barthel & Tendal (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed what they called buds emanating from the base of some specimens. The relationship of these buds to those in the tendrils at the top of our sponges is unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFA22E3909B0FC96FA0A7F36" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E3909B0FC96FDA0793F" author="Battershill" box="[199,547,799,824]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Battershill, C. N. & Bergquist, P. R. (1990) The influence of storms on asexual reproduction, recruitment, and survivorship of sponges. Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges, 397 - 403." type="book chapter" year="1990">Battershill & Bergquist (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described asexual reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA22E390AC3FC96FB2E793F" box="[948,1197,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390AC3FC96FB2E793F" box="[948,1197,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Polymastia granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which showed some similarities to what we are observing here. A portion of the sponge pinches off and subsequently becomes much elongated and thread-like (
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFA22E3908BBFCEEFD8F7987" box="[460,524,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
). It then subdivides into a number of bead-like propagules which subsequently disperse by crawling away. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA22E390887FC04FD5179A2" box="[496,722,908,933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390887FC04FE7E79A3" box="[496,509,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">T</emphasis>
|
||
. aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390B4DFC05FD5179A2" box="[570,722,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the tendril elongates while it is still attached to the papilla and incipient osculum of the sponge. We suggest that the tendrils can achieve such great length because the sponge continues to grow in the region of the papilla-tendril interface. At some point the tendril contents form a discontinuous series of beads as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FFA22E390B0EFC7EFD497E17" box="[633,714,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[152,1434,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tentorium aff. s emisuberites (Schmidt, 1870). A, KML 1341 expanded, scale bar approx. 1 mm; B, KML 1341 contracted, scale bar 1 mm; C, KML 1301. sponge with tendril, scale bar 1 cm; D, another tendril sponge, scale bar 1 cm; inset portion of tendril with possible propagules, scale bar 1 mm; E, KML 1341 cross section, scale bar 1 mm; F, KML 1341 longitudinal section, scale bar 0.5 mm; G, KML 1341 large subtylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; H, KML 1341 large subtylostyle head, scale bar 10 µm; I, KML 1341 small tylostyle, scale bar 20 µm; J, KML 1341 small tylostyle head, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286388/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
D. These appear similar to the beads described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E390C7EFC7EFEDE7E33" author="Battershill" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Battershill, C. N. & Bergquist, P. R. (1990) The influence of storms on asexual reproduction, recruitment, and survivorship of sponges. Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges, 397 - 403." type="book chapter" year="1990">Battershill & Bergquist (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We surmise that these are comparable to the propagules which these authors described as separating and crawling away for short distances. So one function of the tendril could be to disperse the propagules.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFA22E3909E0FBECFE5D7E7A" box="[151,478,1124,1149]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Tentorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semisuberites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E3909E0FBECFE8A7E7B" box="[151,265,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Tentorium</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFA22E390831FBEDFE5D7E7A" box="[326,478,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">semisuberites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may occur on both hard and soft substrates. In the latter situation the sponge is described as having roots or alternatively of forming a broad basal plate, sometimes accompanied by agglutinating foraminiferans or spicules (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFA22E390895FB25FC827EC3" author="Barthel" box="[482,769,1196,1221]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Barthel, D. & Tendal, O. S. (1993) The sponge association of the abyssal Norwegian-Greenland Sea: species composition substrate relationships and distribution. Sarsia, 78, 83 - 96." type="journal article" year="1993">Barthel & Tendal 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We speculate that the tendril may serve as moorage maintaining each propagule at the sediment or rock surface while it becomes stabilized with roots or a broad basal plate. There is no direct evidence to indicate whether the tendril stage sponge itself resulted from sexual or asexual reproduction. We hope to make additional observations to support or refute our speculations in the coming years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |