465 lines
52 KiB
XML
465 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="DD3CA2BEB0775E977B5884F284BC9805" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174374" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80503f5c-7804-48b8-ba08-74e829445a6b" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174374" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459796074755" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre" docDate="2006" docId="74241026BF06FF968741FD3CFA99FA95" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01340p044.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1340" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Labiotermes Holmgren" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="881D685EBF05FF938649FF90FF97FFFB" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698219807133" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5D944BC8B91609898872BF7739305E54">A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0D33E2F0E9615D84987D212A6D6BD25">Constantino, Reginaldo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="50DC949655D82743F78BC1AFE1EB7A0B">Acioli, Agno N. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BBA37ABC6E1C1C47DB37B01029DC3A7F">Schmidt, Karen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="528A94EC2C56616483C8B2797F482AAA">Cuezzo, Carolina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B178B21458D7AE8575C152E8924AEEEF">Carvalho, Sérgio H. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AF1EED7C9F71D5BBEA0923E9DC47E63">Vasconcellos, Alexandre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B935C99B1BC118C4ED99EB78AFA96659">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4F063198BEE573F24B26D1B1D9C74F1E">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="74241026BF06FF968741FD3CFA99FA95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5610973" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119351205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5610973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:74241026BF06FF968741FD3CFA99FA95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/74241026BF06FF968741FD3CFA99FA95" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF06FF908741FD3CFDECFD3D" box="[264,635,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908741FD3CFDECFD3D" blockId="3.[264,635,684,710]" box="[264,635,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="A77A165CBF06FF908741FD3CFDECFD3D" bold="true" box="[264,635,684,710]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908741FD3CFDECFD3D" bold="true" box="[264,635,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF908716FD3CFDECFD3D" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" box="[351,635,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908716FD3CFE62FD3D" bold="true" box="[351,501,684,710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Labiotermes</emphasis>
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Holmgren
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF06FF908741FD67FB4EFC62" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908741FD67FC9DFCF6" blockId="3.[264,1323,758,845]" box="[264,778,758,782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="DC9D861EBF06FF908741FD67FC9DFCF6" box="[264,778,758,782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF908741FD67FC9DFCF6" authority="Holmgren, 1912: 50" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1912" box="[264,778,758,782]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Labiotermes">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908741FD67FE1AFCF5" box="[264,397,759,782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cornitermes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF9087D4FD67FDB5FCF5" box="[413,546,759,782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Labiotermes</emphasis>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="7D2C8721BF06FF90847BFD66FC9DFCF6" author="Holmgren" box="[562,778,758,781]" page="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF90847BFD66FD73FCF6" author="Holmgren" box="[562,740,758,781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Holmgren, N. (1912) Termitenstudien 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie Metatermitidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 48 (4), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1912">Holmgren, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 50
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908741FC87FDEAFCB6" blockId="3.[264,1323,758,845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="DC9D861EBF06FF908741FC87FDEAFCB6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF908741FC87FD95FCD6" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" box="[264,514,790,814]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908741FC87FE1AFCD5" box="[264,397,791,814]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Labiotermes</emphasis>
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Holmgren
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="7D2C8721BF06FF90846EFC86FD65FCD6" author="Sjostedt" box="[551,754,790,813]" page="150" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1926">
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF90846EFC86FD29FCD6" author="Sjostedt" box="[551,702,790,813]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Sjostedt, Y. (1926) Revision der Termiten Afrikas. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3 (1), 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1926">Sjöstedt 1926</bibRefCitation>
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: 150
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</treatmentCitation>
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[part];
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF90850CFC86FBDEFCD6" author="Emerson" box="[837,1097,790,813]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Emerson, A. E. & Banks, F. A. (1965) The neotropical genus Labiotermes (Holmgren): its phylogeny, distribution and ecology (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). American Museum Novitates, 2208, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1965">Emerson & Banks 1965</bibRefCitation>
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[revision];
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<treatmentCitation id="7D2C8721BF06FF908280FC86FE34FCB6" author="Mathews" page="207" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1977">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF908280FC86FEE6FCB6" author="Mathews" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Mathews, A. G. A. (1977) Studies on Termites from the Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 267 pp." type="book" year="1977">Mathews 1977</bibRefCitation>
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: 207
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
–208 [redescription]
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908741FCEEFB4EFC62" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" box="[264,1241,894,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908741FCEEFE38FC63" bold="true" box="[264,431,894,920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Typespecies:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF9087FFFCEFFCBAFC62" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" box="[438,813,895,921]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labralis">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF9087FFFCEFFD3CFC63" box="[438,683,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cornitermes labralis</emphasis>
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Holmgren
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</taxonomicName>
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, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF9085ABFCEFFB42FC62" author="Sjostedt" box="[994,1237,895,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Sjostedt, Y. (1926) Revision der Termiten Afrikas. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3 (1), 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1926">Sjöstedt (1926: 150)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF06FF908771FC36FB44FC12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908771FC36FB44FC12" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908771FC36FE6FFC3B" bold="true" box="[312,504,934,960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New synonym:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF908440FC37FCD0FC3A" authority="Emerson" authorityName="Emerson" box="[521,839,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908440FC37FD47FC3B" box="[521,720,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
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Emerson
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF9085CEFC37FBBEFC3A" author="Snyder" box="[903,1065,935,961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Snyder, T. E. (1949) Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the World. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 112, 1 - 490." type="journal article" year="1949">Snyder 1949</bibRefCitation>
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: 333). Typespecies:
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF908741FC5FFD70FC12" authority="Silvestri, 1901" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1901" box="[264,743,975,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticephalus">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908741FC5FFDA6FC13" box="[264,561,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cornitermes laticephalus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF908470FC5FFD70FC12" author="Silvestri" box="[569,743,975,1001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Silvestri, F. (1901) Nota preliminare sui Termitidi sud-americani. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata della Universita di Torino, XVI (389), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1901">Silvestri, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF9084BAFC5FFC32FC12" author="Mathews" box="[755,933,975,1001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Mathews, A. G. A. (1977) Studies on Termites from the Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 267 pp." type="book" year="1977">Mathews 1977</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 203–207 [redescription].
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF06FF908771FC66FEDCFAD2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908771FC66FB43FB9A" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908771FC66FE5EFBEB" bold="true" box="[312,457,1014,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology:</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF06FF908792FC67FD26FBEA" author="Holmgren" box="[475,689,1015,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="41" refString="Holmgren, N. (1912) Termitenstudien 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie Metatermitidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 48 (4), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1912">Holmgren (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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does not mention the etymology. Based on his diagnosis, the name
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<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF9087B4FB8FFD07FBC3" box="[509,656,1055,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF9087B4FB8FFD07FBC3" box="[509,656,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Labiotermes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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apparently comes from the Latin word
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<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908227FB8FFB57FBC3" box="[1134,1216,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">labium</emphasis>
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||
, lip, and refers to the enlarged labrum of the soldiers of some species, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF06FF90821AFBD7FB5AFB9B" box="[1107,1229,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labralis">
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||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF90821AFBD7FB5AFB9B" box="[1107,1229,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. labralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908771FBFEFEDCFAD2" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908771FBFEFE18FB73" bold="true" box="[312,399,1134,1160]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Imago.</emphasis>
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Head capsule rounded. Eyes medium to large. Ocelli conspicuous. Fontanelle triangular, eliptical or elongate. Postclypeus moderately to strongly inflated; median line conspicuous. Mandibles similar to workers, except that the molar plate is narrow. Antennae with 16–18 articles. Pronotum almost as wide as head with eyes. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF06FF978771FAA6FB4FFB35" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908771FAA6FCB9F992" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908771FAA6FE01FAAB" bold="true" box="[312,406,1334,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Soldier.</emphasis>
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Monomorphic or dimorphic. Head capsule large and subrectangular in dorsal view. Frontal tube short, never reaching the labrum. Antennae with 15–16 articles. Labrum long, tongueshaped, with convex sides and a hyaline tip. Mandibles robust. Left mandible with two marginal teeth, large in some species and vestigial in others. Right mandible with one or two marginal teeth close to its base. Pronotum with strongly raised anterior lobe. Meso and metanotum with a row of minute spines on lateral margins. Front coxa with or without a lateral projection near base. Front and middle femur with numerous short and thick bristles on dorsal side. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC32A130BF06FF908771F9E6FABBF8A2" blockId="3.[264,1325,894,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF06FF908771F9E6FE0AF96B" bold="true" box="[312,413,1654,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Monomorphic. Head capsule light colored. Abdomen very large and transparent, showing dark gut content. Left mandible: left mandible index 0.8–1.4; M1 large and conspicuous; M2 absent; M3 smaller than M1; cutting edge between M1 and M3 sinuous; distance from M3 to M4 more than half the distance from M1 to M3; M4 hidden under the molar prominence in dorsal view. Right mandible: M1 large and conspicuous; M2 small; molar plate wide and concave, without ridges. Antennae with 15–16 articles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF978741FE8CFABFFE7D" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pronotum with strongly raised anterior lobe. Meso and metanotum with a row of minute spines on lateral margins. Front coxa with or without a lateral projection near base. Front and middle femur with numerous short and thick bristles on dorsal side. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF978771FE03FBB6FD8D" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978771FE03FD13FE56" bold="true" box="[312,644,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gut morphology (worker).</emphasis>
|
||
Crop small. Mixed segment with one large and one small mesenteric lobe (the small one is vestigial in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF97856DFE2CFC51FE2E" box="[804,966,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevilabius">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF97856DFE2CFC51FE2E" box="[804,966,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. brevilabius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Malpighian tubules inserted in two pairs at the junction of mesenteron and proctodeum, between the mesenteric lobes. Proctodeum very large. First segment (P1) strongly dilated, about the same size as the third (P3 or paunch). Enteric valve wide. Armature with 1–6 ridges of irregular sizes covered with short and straight or long and curved, hairlike spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF978771FD14FB4FFB35" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978771FD14FE72FD65" bold="true" box="[312,485,644,670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9787BFFD14FD1FFD66" box="[502,648,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9787BFFD14FD1FFD66" box="[502,648,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to a group which also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9782E2FD14FAB4FD66" box="[1195,1315,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9782E2FD14FAB4FD66" box="[1195,1315,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978741FD3CFE28FD3E" box="[264,447,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Procornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978741FD3CFE28FD3E" box="[264,447,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978458FD3CFD33FD3E" box="[529,676,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978458FD3CFD33FD3E" box="[529,676,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They share similar soldiers, with more or less rectangular head capsule, short frontal tube and strong mandibles, and similar gut morphology. Soldiers and workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9784A6FD6CFC15FCEE" box="[751,898,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9784A6FD6CFC15FCEE" box="[751,898,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be readily identified by the presence of a line of minute spines on the lateral margins of both the meso and metanotum. The imagos of 4 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978491FCDCFCFCFC9E" box="[728,875,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978491FCDCFCFCFC9E" box="[728,875,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain unknown, and the same is true for several species among the related genera. The imagos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978583FCE4FBD4FC76" box="[970,1091,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978583FCE4FBD4FC76" box="[970,1091,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have antennae with 19–21 articles and their tibial spurs are 3:2:2. The imagos of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978231FC0CFB66FC4E" box="[1144,1265,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978231FC0CFB66FC4E" box="[1144,1265,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978741FC54FE0CFC26" box="[264,411,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978741FC54FE0CFC26" box="[264,411,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have mandibles with short apical teeth and conspicuous molar ridges. The imagos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9787C4FC7CFDD3FBFE" box="[397,580,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Procornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9787C4FC7CFDD3FBFE" box="[397,580,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more difficult to distinguish because some species have antennae with 15–16 articles and mandibles without molar ridges. They can be differentiated by the narrower gap between M3 and M4 on left mandible.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978226FBACFB60FBAE" box="[1135,1271,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Armitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978226FBACFB60FBAE" box="[1135,1271,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Armitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978741FBF4FE39FB86" box="[264,430,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978741FBF4FE39FB86" box="[264,430,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Embiratermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are heterogeneous, probably nonmonophyletic genera and the imagos of many species remain unknown. They are generally smaller and have antenna with 15 articles, but the mandibles of their imagos are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978277FB24FB46FB36" box="[1086,1233,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978277FB24FB46FB36" box="[1086,1233,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF01FF968771FB4CFE45FB85" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF978771FB4CFA91FA6D" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978771FB4CFE2CFB0D" bold="true" box="[312,443,1244,1270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remark 1.</emphasis>
|
||
The new synonymy is justified because these species comprise a relatively small, very uniform and clearly monophyletic group. The separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF97822DFA94FABCFAE6" box="[1124,1323,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF97822DFA94FABCFAE6" box="[1124,1323,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978703FABCFE4AFABE" box="[330,477,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978703FABCFE4AFABE" box="[330,477,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based only on the larger teeth of soldier mandibles of the former. The dentition of soldier mandibles, however, can be quite variable between different species of the same genus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="64B6BDB5BF01FF97840EFAECFD0DFA6D" box="[583,666,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURES 11" captionStartId="28.[264,383,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[274,1316,319,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[274,1319,316,1782]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 11. Soldier mandibles. A, Labiotermes brevilabius; B, L. emersoni; C, L. guasu, new species; D, L. labralis; E, L. laticephalus; F, L. leptothrix; G, L. longilabius; H, L. oreadicus, new species; I, L. orthocephalus; J, L. pelliceus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174385/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) and often shows significant intraspecific variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF978771FA34FB22F9A5" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978771FA34FE54FA45" bold="true" box="[312,451,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remark 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Neither
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF97847EFA34FC9DFA45" author="Holmgren" box="[567,778,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Holmgren, N. (1912) Termitenstudien 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie Metatermitidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 48 (4), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1912">Holmgren (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nor
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF978506FA34FB06FA45" author="Emerson" box="[847,1169,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Emerson, A. E. & Banks, F. A. (1965) The neotropical genus Labiotermes (Holmgren): its phylogeny, distribution and ecology (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). American Museum Novitates, 2208, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1965">Emerson & Banks (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a diagnosis or formal description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9784ABFA5CFCE2FA1E" box="[738,885,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9784ABFA5CFCE2FA1E" box="[738,885,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978741FA64FE58F9F6" box="[264,463,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978741FA64FE58F9F6" box="[264,463,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was very brief.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF9784D7FA64FCDEF9F5" author="Araujo" box="[670,841,1524,1550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Araujo, R. L. (1954) Notes on the genus Paracornitermes Emerson, 1949, with description of two new species (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 1, 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1954">Araujo (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9785AEFA64FB39F9F6" box="[999,1198,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9785AEFA64FB39F9F6" box="[999,1198,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a little more detail. The most detailed previous descriptions of both genera were those presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF978764F9D4FE66F9A5" author="Mathews" box="[301,497,1604,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Mathews, A. G. A. (1977) Studies on Termites from the Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 267 pp." type="book" year="1977">Mathews (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who argued that they should be merged into a single genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF01FF968771F9FCFE10FE7D" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,1390]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978771F9FCFE28F97D" bold="true" box="[312,447,1644,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remark 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The following species were previously included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978270F9FCFB5BF97E" box="[1081,1228,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978270F9FCFB5BF97E" box="[1081,1228,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are clearly unrelated:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978796F904FCFCF955" authority="Sjostedt" authorityName="Sjostedt" box="[479,875,1684,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corniferous">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978796F904FC97F956" box="[479,768,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cornitermes corniferous</emphasis>
|
||
Sjöstedt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF97853EF904FB6FF955" authority="Sjostedt" authorityName="Sjostedt" box="[887,1272,1684,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhinoceros">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF97853EF904FB07F956" box="[887,1168,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cornitermes rhinoceros</emphasis>
|
||
Sjöstedt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF978741F92CFDEDF92D" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" box="[264,634,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ceratotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valens">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978741F92CFD91F92E" box="[264,518,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratotermes valens</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF9784DCF92CFCC8F92D" author="Holmgren" box="[661,863,1724,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Holmgren, N. (1912) Termitenstudien 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie Metatermitidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 48 (4), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1912">Holmgren 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF97853FF92CFBB0F92D" author="Sjostedt" box="[886,1063,1724,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Sjostedt, Y. (1926) Revision der Termiten Afrikas. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3 (1), 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1926">Sjöstedt 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their soldiers are superficially similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9784F8F974FCD3F906" box="[689,836,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF9784F8F974FCD3F906" box="[689,836,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the worker morphology show a completely different pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF978417F89CFD7AF8DD" author="Sands" box="[606,749,1804,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Sands, W. A. (1998) The identification of worker castes of termite genera from soils of Africa and the Middle East. Cab International, Wallingford, 500 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sands 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF01FF978548F89CFC3EF8DD" author="Snyder" box="[769,937,1804,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Snyder, T. E. (1949) Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the World. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 112, 1 - 490." type="journal article" year="1949">Snyder (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists these African species in the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978711F8A4FE6FF8B6" box="[344,504,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratotermes</emphasis>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF01FF9784C5F8A4FC98F8B5" box="[652,783,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Termitinae">Termitinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The taxonomic position of
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF01FF978225F8A4FA9BF8B6" box="[1132,1292,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratotermes</emphasis>
|
||
is discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF00FF9687EEFE8CFD76FECD" author="Emerson" box="[423,737,284,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Emerson, A. E. (1952) The neotropical genera Procornitermes and Cornitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 99 (8), 475 - 540." type="journal article" year="1952">Emerson (1952: 481–482)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who argues that it is not related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9682D8FE8CFAB3FECE" box="[1169,1316,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9682D8FE8CFAB3FECE" box="[1169,1316,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF00FF968714FED4FD8DFEA5" author="Krishna" box="[349,538,324,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Krishna, K. (1963) The African genus Foraminitermes Holmgren (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae). American Museum Novitates, 2161, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1963">Krishna (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred these three species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968227FED4FE10FE7D" authority="Holmgren." authorityName="Holmgren." class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Foraminitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968227FED4FABDFEA6" box="[1134,1322,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Foraminitermes</emphasis>
|
||
Holmgren.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF00FF968771FE03FB7AFC4D" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968771FE03FE2BFE56" bold="true" box="[312,444,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remark 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF96878DFE04FDC0FE56" box="[452,599,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF96878DFE04FDC0FE56" box="[452,599,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9684D9FE04FCC0FE56" box="[656,855,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9684D9FE04FCC0FE56" box="[656,855,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been included in Nasutitermitinae by most previous authors.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF00FF968401FE2CFCFBFE2D" author="Engel" box="[584,876,444,470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Engel, M. & Krishna, K. (2004) Family-group names for termites. American Museum Novitates, 3432, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2004">Engel & Krishna (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9685B4FE2CFB07FE2E" box="[1021,1168,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9685B4FE2CFB07FE2E" box="[1021,1168,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to their new subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9687D6FE74FDD0FE05" box="[415,583,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Syntermitinae">Syntermitinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9685E3FE74FBB5FE06" box="[938,1058,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9685E3FE74FBB5FE06" box="[938,1058,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968205FE74FB48FE06" box="[1100,1247,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968205FE74FB48FE06" box="[1100,1247,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968741FD9CFE28FDDE" box="[264,447,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Procornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968741FD9CFE28FDDE" box="[264,447,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, they did not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968577FD9CFB92FDDE" box="[830,1029,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Paracornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968577FD9CFB92FDDE" box="[830,1029,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paracornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor the other 9 genera of mandibulate nasutes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968471FDA4FD56FDB6" box="[568,705,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Armitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968471FDA4FD56FDB6" box="[568,705,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Armitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9684AEFDA4FC0CFDB6" box="[743,923,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cahuallitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9684AEFDA4FC0CFDB6" box="[743,923,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cahuallitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF96858BFDA4FBC4FDB6" box="[962,1107,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Curvitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF96858BFDA4FBC4FDB6" box="[962,1107,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Curvitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968233FDA4FAB4FDB6" box="[1146,1315,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cyrilliotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968233FDA4FAB4FDB6" box="[1146,1315,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyrilliotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968741FDCCFE39FD8E" box="[264,430,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Embiratermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968741FDCCFE39FD8E" box="[264,430,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Embiratermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968787FDCCFDAAFD8E" box="[462,573,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Ibitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968787FDCCFDAAFD8E" box="[462,573,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ibitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968415FDCCFC95FD8E" box="[604,770,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Macuxitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968415FDCCFC95FD8E" box="[604,770,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Macuxitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF96856BFDCCFC53FD8E" box="[802,964,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Noirotitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF96856BFDCCFC53FD8E" box="[802,964,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Noirotitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968256FDCCFB43FD8E" box="[1055,1236,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Rhynchotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968256FDCCFB43FD8E" box="[1055,1236,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhynchotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The phylogenetic relations of the mandibulate nasutes are not clear (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="981CDCC1BF00FF9685BCFD14FB7BFD65" author="Donovan" box="[1013,1260,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Donovan, S. E., Jones, D. T., Sands, W. A. & Eggleton, P. E. (2000). Morphological phylogenetics of termites. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 467 - 513." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Donovan
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968222FD14FB31FD66" box="[1131,1190,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and according to Miller (1986) they form a paraphyletic group. In our opinion, the separation of these 4 genera in a new subfamily is not a satisfactory solution. Three questions remain unanswered: 1) are the mandibulate nasutes a monophyletic or paraphyletic group? 2) is subfamily Nasutitermitinae monophyletic or polyphyletic including the mandibulate nasutes? 3) how are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9687B5FCDCFDE3FC9E" box="[508,628,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9687B5FCDCFDE3FC9E" box="[508,628,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9684CDFCDCFC80FC9E" box="[644,791,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9684CDFCDCFC80FC9E" box="[644,791,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF96856EFCDCFC49FC9E" box="[807,990,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Procornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF96856EFCDCFC49FC9E" box="[807,990,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968269FCDCFB25FC9E" box="[1056,1202,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968269FCDCFB25FC9E" box="[1056,1202,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
related to the other 9 genera of mandibulate nasutes? In any case, the removal of these four genera from Nasutitermitinae will not solve any real problem nor improve the classification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF00FF968771FC54FE45FB85" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968771FC54FE05FC25" bold="true" box="[312,402,964,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Habits.</emphasis>
|
||
All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968412FC54FD79FC26" box="[603,750,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968412FC54FD79FC26" box="[603,750,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are humivores and live either in savannas or forests. Their workers have large abdomens and particles of mineral soil are easily visible in the gut content. The nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968431FB84FD63FBD6" box="[632,756,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968431FB84FD63FBD6" box="[632,756,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. labralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is arboreal, while the nests of the other species are subterranean, or sometimes found inside termitaria built by other species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968741FBF4FE0CFB86" box="[264,411,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Cornitermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968741FBF4FE0CFB86" box="[264,411,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cornitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B497F2BBBF00FF968771FB1CFA99FA95" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF00FF968771FB1CFB75FB0D" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968771FB1CFDE4FB5D" bold="true" box="[312,627,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF9684C9FB1CFC84FB5E" box="[640,787,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF9684C9FB1CFC84FB5E" box="[640,787,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in most South American countries, with a southern limit near 26S. It also occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="849AE1A0BF00FF968525FB24FC44FB35" box="[876,979,1204,1230]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but does not reach Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="849AE1A0BF00FF968741FB4CFEE6FB0D" box="[264,369,1244,1270]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The absence of records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="849AE1A0BF00FF96849BFB4CFCA3FB0D" box="[722,820,1244,1270]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
is certainly due to limited sampling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC32A130BF00FF968771FA94FA99FA95" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968771FA94FDCEFAE5" bold="true" box="[312,601,1284,1310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Economic importance.</emphasis>
|
||
There are a few records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B8DDAB3BF00FF968599FA94FBF5FAE6" box="[976,1122,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Labiotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF97D22BF00FF968599FA94FBF5FAE6" box="[976,1122,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labiotermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. present in agricultural systems (e.g. Calderon & Constantino, in press), but there is no direct observation of damage. Since they are humivores, they are certainly not structural pests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |