517 lines
67 KiB
XML
517 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document id="A9E9D24E0A0F68E62C490A8F9C8FDE11" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930701250987" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658362" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617297096069" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Kramer, Bernd, Skelton, Paul, Bank, Herman Van Der & Wink, Michael" docDate="2007" docId="C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.41.9-12.647-708.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701250987" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Marcusenius altisambesi Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink 2007, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="684" masterDocId="392BCC7FFFFDA067E6641677FFA8D855" masterDocTitle="Allopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei)" masterLastPageNumber="708" masterPageNumber="647" pageNumber="681" updateTime="1698900191752" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="21A3EE7103D60FAA1C8E3A71A05635F5">Allopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E7B85DAF922E8B8AAD1C3A571422298">Kramer, Bernd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE9B40B2821A02072980D09CC7F62C27">Skelton, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8429382291A75C9E79CFEFB076717313">Bank, Herman Van Der</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F34B1E1821CFDD9AEB6C73FAE4D9CC04">Wink, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="30B02A0C4E4AFDBA29AA2C35FBB9968A">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="61A8C07BCB17854544F43747D8178546">
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<mods:date id="9CAA58F9E7B0FA8519C6EA8B82E8B6EE">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8D198EBFC41EA9F405A832A1B334D4D1">2007-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2A3E9F65244B3C5055EB346078C32C0E">41</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2DE4F8FD063BD5069D7F55E3C742044E">9 - 12</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="05A1569AFFD9A043E7D01368FCFADD62" box="[436,850,1311,1335]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4D040511FFD9A043E7D01368FCFADD62" blockId="36.[436,850,1311,1368]" box="[436,850,1311,1335]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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<heading id="164CB27DFFD9A043E7D01368FCFADD62" box="[436,850,1311,1335]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD9A043E7D01368FD52DD62" ID-CoL="3Y375" authority="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink, 2007" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[436,762,1311,1335]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E7D01368FD52DD62" bold="true" box="[436,762,1311,1335]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Marcusenius altisambesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E56E1368FCFADD62" bold="true" box="[778,850,1311,1335]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="64FC6478FFD9A043E56E1368FCFADD62" box="[778,850,1311,1335]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="05A1569AFFD9A043E47A1337FD18DD0D" box="[542,688,1344,1368]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4D040511FFD9A043E47A1337FD18DD0D" blockId="36.[436,850,1311,1368]" box="[542,688,1344,1368]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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(
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<figureCitation id="D5801994FFD9A043E4421337FD0FDD0D" box="[550,679,1344,1368]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1285,1304]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,452,1249]" captionTargetId="figure-93@3.[125,1173,451,1249]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. All species and forms of the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex, as studied in the present paper. (A) M. macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), ZMB 3678 (lectotype L. Seegers; photo: L. Seegers). (B) Gnathonemus angolensis Boulenger 1905, BMNH 1905.5.29.64 (holotype). (C) Gnathonemus moeruensis Boulenger 1915, MRAC 14137 (holotype). (D) Gnathonemus pongolensis Fowler 1934, ANSP 54950 (holotype). (E) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 060847, coll. R. Bills 1 Aug.1999, Lower Zambezi. (F) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 060947, coll. R. Bills 15 Aug.1999, lower Pungwe River System. (G) M. devosi sp. n., coll. L. de Vos and B. Kramer 3/6 Sept. 2001, Lower Tana River/Kenya. (H) M. macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), SAIAB 73790 (largest specimen), coll. R. Bills 14 Aug. 2003, Rovuma System. (I) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 055874, coll. R. Bills 20 July 1997, Mulela River/Mozambique. (J) M. altisambesi sp. n., coll. F.H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 11/12 August 2004, Okavango River, live fish of SL 13 cm photographed 20 April 2006. (K) M. altisambesi sp. nov, coll. F. H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 21 August 1999, Upper Zambezi, Kalimbeza, live specimen of 16.5 cm SL photographed 3 July 2003. (L) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), sampled together with SAIAB 67369, coll. R. Bills 29 Sept. 2002, Buzi River System, specimen of 13 cm SL photographed alive 22 February 2005. (M) M. pongolensis (Fowler, 1934), resurrected species, specimen of 11 cm SL reared in captivity from parents caught in Crocodile River, Incomati System, in February 1997, photographed alive 15 March 2005." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658364/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Figure 1 K</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="05A1569AFFD9A043E6EE130BFC4EDE41" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="4D040511FFD9A043E6EE130BFD28DDA6" blockId="36.[138,1181,1404,1556]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD9A043E6EE130BFD32DDC1" ID-CoL="6KNGJ" authority="Pappenheim 1907" authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1907" box="[138,666,1404,1428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okavangensis">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E6EE130BFE11DDC1" box="[138,441,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Gnathonemus okavangensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD9A043E7A5130BFD32DDC1" author="Pappenheim P" box="[449,666,1404,1428]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" pagination="339 - 367" refId="ref25897" refString="Pappenheim P. 1907. Zur Systematik und Variationsstatistik der Mormyriden hauptsachlich aus den deutschafrikanischen Schutzgebieten. Nach dem Material des Koniglichen Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 3: 339 - 367." type="journal article" year="1907">Pappenheim 1907</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. ‘‘Appeared as a form of
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<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD9A043E5A1130BFE3BDDE6" ID-CoL="3GLTR" authority="Peters" authorityName="Peters" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E5A1130BFEEBDDE6" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Gnathonemus macrolepidotus</emphasis>
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Peters
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
from the
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<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD9A043E46E13ECFDD6DDE6" box="[522,638,1435,1459]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Okavango</collectingRegion>
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R., Damaraland, Africa; regarded as infrasubspecific and not available’’ (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD9A043E42D13CCFCBBDD86" author="Eschmeyer WN" box="[585,787,1467,1491]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" refId="ref24518" refString="Eschmeyer WN. 2006) The catalog of fishes (online version), http: // www. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatsearch. html. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences." type="url" year="2006">Eschmeyer 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). ‘‘Nomen dubium’’ according to
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<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD9A043E6C113ACFEEBDDA6" author="Gosse J" box="[165,323,1499,1523]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" pagination="63 - 124" refId="ref24659" refString="Gosse J. - P. 1984. Mormyriformes. In: Daget J, Gosse J. - P, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE, editors. Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, vol 1. Bondy (France) / Tervuren (Belgium): ORSTOM / MRAC. p 63 - 124." type="book chapter" year="1984">Gosse (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD9A043E7E413ACFD80DDA6" author="Seegers L" box="[384,552,1499,1523]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" pagination="1 - 407" refId="ref26178" refString="Seegers L. 1996. The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage. Annales Sciences Zoologiques 278: 1 - 407." type="journal article" year="1996">Seegers (1996</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 73).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFD9A043E6EE138BFC4EDE41" blockId="36.[138,1181,1404,1556]" box="[138,998,1532,1556]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD9A043E6EE138BFC4ADE41" ID-CoL="3GLTR" authority=": Gilchrist and Thompson 1913, pp. 330 - 331" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityPageNumber="330 - 331" authorityYear="1913" box="[138,994,1532,1556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E6EE138BFE60DE41" box="[138,456,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Gnathonemus macrolepidotus</emphasis>
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||
:
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||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD9A043E7BD138BFCE9DE41" author="Gilchrist JDF & Thompson WW" box="[473,833,1532,1556]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" pagination="321 - 463" refId="ref24599" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW. 1913. 5. - The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum XI: 321 - 463." type="journal article" year="1913">Gilchrist and Thompson 1913</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pp. 330–331
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="05A1569AFFD9A040E6EE1049FB95DA93" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="684" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="4D040511FFD9A043E6EE1049FCC2DEC0" blockId="36.[138,1185,1597,1685]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD9A043E6EE1049FEE9DE00" box="[138,321,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Type specimens.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD9A043E729104AFDA6DE20" country="Namibia" location="Lisikili on Upper" municipality="Strip" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="9200BBB3FFD9A043E729104AFE15DE00" box="[333,445,1597,1621]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: SAIAB 79135 (specimen L39isi),
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<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFD9A043E51A104AFC4FDE00" box="[894,999,1597,1621]" name="Namibia" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD9A043E59F104AFBF9DE00" box="[1019,1105,1597,1621]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
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<collectingMunicipality id="AD609F6BFFD9A043E204104AFB35DE00" box="[1120,1181,1597,1621]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Strip</collectingMunicipality>
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:
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<location id="486453CAFFD9A043E6EE102AFEFBDE20" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFD9A043E6EE102AFEFBDE20" box="[138,339,1629,1653]" country="Namibia" municipality="Strip" name="Lisikili on Upper" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" stateProvince="Zambezi">Lisikili on Upper</location>
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<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD9A043E73A102AFDA6DE20" box="[350,526,1629,1653]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="36" pageNumber="681">Zambezi River</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="9200BBB3FFD9A043E47F102AFD27DE20" box="[539,655,1629,1653]" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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: SAIAB 79136 (6), SAIAB 79137 (3),
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD9A043E200102AFEA9DEC0" accessionNumber="ZSM 35086" country="Namibia" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="paratype">ZSM 35086 (5)</materialsCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD9A043E774100AFE66DEC0" accessionNumber="ZSM 35085" box="[272,462,1661,1685]" country="Namibia" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="paratype">ZSM 35085 (2)</materialsCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD9A043E7B8100AFD31DEC0" accessionNumber="ZSM 35097" box="[476,665,1661,1685]" country="Namibia" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="paratype">ZSM 35097 (1)</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD9A043E4CC100AFC9EDEC0" accessionNumber="ZSM 35082" box="[680,822,1661,1685]" country="Namibia" pageId="36" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="paratype">ZSM 35082</materialsCitation>
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(2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="4D040511FFD8A042E61916FEFEEED957" blockId="37.[125,1173,137,939]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
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<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD8A042E61916FEFEEAD957" county="Upper" location="Upper" municipality="East" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E61916FEFEB6D8F4" box="[125,286,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
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<typeStatus id="9200BBB3FFD8A042E61916FEFF1BD8F5" box="[125,179,137,160]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCounty id="A4657D9DFFD8A042E74F16FEFEDDD8F4" box="[299,373,137,161]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Upper</collectingCounty>
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<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E7EF16FEFE47D8F4" box="[395,495,137,161]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingMunicipality id="AD609F6BFFD8A042E45416FEFDCAD8F4" box="[560,610,137,161]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">East</collectingMunicipality>
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<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E41316FEFD78D8F4" box="[631,720,137,161]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
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, specifically
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFD8A042E51916FEFC6FD8F4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFD8A042E51916FEFC6FD8F4" box="[893,967,137,161]" county="Upper" municipality="East" name="Upper" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" stateProvince="Zambezi">Upper</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E5B916FEFB3CD8F4" box="[989,1172,137,161]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Zambezi River</collectingRegion>
|
||
comprised
|
||
<locationDeviation id="5CB61C33FFD8A042E76F16DEFD09D894" box="[267,673,169,193]" firstLocation="Lisikili" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" secondLocation="Kalimbeza">between Lisikili and Kalimbeza</locationDeviation>
|
||
(or
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFD8A042E48B16DEFCDAD894" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFD8A042E48B16DEFCDAD894" box="[751,882,169,193]" county="Upper" municipality="East" name="Kalambesa" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" stateProvince="Zambezi">Kalambesa</location>
|
||
, 17
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E5CD16DEFC1BD895" bold="true" box="[937,947,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">u</emphasis>
|
||
339S, 24
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E24116DEFB87D895" bold="true" box="[1061,1071,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">u</emphasis>
|
||
299E to 17
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E6FF16BDFF0DD8B4" bold="true" box="[155,165,202,225]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">u</emphasis>
|
||
32927.30S, 24
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E72F16BDFEFDD8B4" bold="true" box="[331,341,202,225]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">u</emphasis>
|
||
31926.20E;
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFD8A042E7BB16BEFDF9D8B4" box="[479,593,201,225]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" unit="km" value="24.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="22.0">22–26 km</quantity>
|
||
straight line downstream from
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFD8A042E5BF16BEFB27D8B4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFD8A042E5BF16BEFB27D8B4" box="[987,1167,201,225]" county="Upper" municipality="East" name="Katima Mulilo" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" stateProvince="Zambezi">Katima Mulilo</location>
|
||
; no. 11,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D5801994FFD8A042E6B1169DFE9FD957" box="[213,311,234,258]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[138,198,1110,1129]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,133,1074]" captionTargetId="figure-135@12.[138,1187,133,1074]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Partial map of southern Africa showing the sampling localities for Marcusenius sp. Only the larger rivers are shown. Numbers code for origins of samples: (1) Tete on the Lower Zambezi (M. macrolepidotus, as for types); (2) Quanza River (G. angolensis, type; exact sampling site unknown); (3) Lake Mweru (G. moeruensis, type); (4) Pongola River near Paulpietersburg (G. pongolensis, type); (5) Sabie River; (6) Crocodile River; (7) Groot Letaba River (Limpopo System); (8) Blyde River (Limpopo System; (9) KwaMaZulu stream, Mhlatuze System (not shown); (10) Pongola River, more downstream compared to (4); (11) Lisikili, Upper Zambezi; (12) Kwando River, (13) Okavango System; (14) Tana River; (15) Buzi River System; (16) Pungwe River; (17) Lower Zambezi, delta region; (18) Mulela River; (19) Rovuma River System." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658370/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFD8A042E6FC177CFDFADA53" blockId="37.[125,1173,137,939]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
|
||
The first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E7E1177CFDF9D976" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[389,593,267,291]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E7E1177CFDF9D976" box="[389,593,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E574177CFCDCD976" box="[784,884,267,291]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD8A042E59D177CFEFBD916" author="Gilchrist JDF & Thompson WW" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" pagination="465 - 579" refId="ref24629" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW. 1917. 5. - The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum XI: 465 - 579." type="journal article" year="1917">Gilchrist and Thompson (1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 562; then termed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E401175CFC00D916" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[613,936,299,323]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E401175CFC00D916" box="[613,936,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Gnathonemus macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), specifying Lialui, Barotseland as the origin. For a description, the authors refer to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD8A042E517173BFF6DD9D1" author="Gilchrist JDF & Thompson WW" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" pagination="321 - 463" refId="ref24599" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW. 1913. 5. - The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum XI: 321 - 463." type="journal article" year="1913">Gilchrist and Thompson (1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 330), a description of South African specimens. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E5B6171BFB3DD9D1" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[978,1173,364,388]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E5B6171BFB3DD9D1" box="[978,1173,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">G. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E77917FBFE29D9F1" box="[285,385,396,420]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
System was confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD8A042E4DA17FBFCF8D9F1" author="Jubb RA" box="[702,848,396,420]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" pagination="177 - 189" refId="ref24916" refString="Jubb RA. 1958. A preliminary report on the collections of freshwater fishes made by the Bernard Carp expeditions to the Caprivi Strip, 1949, the lower Sabi river, 1950, and to Barotseland, 1952. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3: 177 - 189." type="journal article" year="1958">Jubb (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We disagree with Gilchrist and Thompson’s view (1917, p. 562) that their description of a South African specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E61917BAFE13D9B0" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[125,443,461,485]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E61917BAFE13D9B0" box="[125,443,461,485]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Gnathonemus macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD8A042E78917BAFCFAD9B0" author="Gilchrist JDF & Thompson WW" box="[493,850,461,485]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" pagination="321 - 463" refId="ref24599" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW. 1913. 5. - The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum XI: 321 - 463." type="journal article" year="1913">Gilchrist and Thompson 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) closely matches that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E21317BAFEB4DA53" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E21317BAFEB4DA53" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">G. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E7821799FDE6DA53" box="[486,590,494,518]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFD8A042E6FC1479FEB6DBFE" blockId="37.[125,1173,137,939]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
|
||
Another possible synonym for our new species would be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E5391479FBBFDA73" authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1907" box="[861,1047,526,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okavangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E5391479FBBFDA73" box="[861,1047,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">G. okavangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
if it were available. ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E76D1458FD96DA12" authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1907" box="[265,574,559,583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okavangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E76D1458FD96DA12" box="[265,574,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Gnathonemus okavangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’ (apostrophes by Pappenheim) is not available because, first,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFD8A042E7461438FDA2DA32" author="Pappenheim P" box="[290,522,591,615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" pagination="339 - 367" refId="ref25897" refString="Pappenheim P. 1907. Zur Systematik und Variationsstatistik der Mormyriden hauptsachlich aus den deutschafrikanischen Schutzgebieten. Nach dem Material des Koniglichen Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 3: 339 - 367." type="journal article" year="1907">Pappenheim (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that he would
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E5651438FCFBDA32" box="[769,851,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">perhaps</emphasis>
|
||
suggest that name
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E2541438FB97DA32" box="[1072,1087,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">if</emphasis>
|
||
certain conditions were met (such as more material, better conservation status, sufficient differentiation). Second, there is neither a formal description nor a fish body deposited at a Museum with an accession number. Third, the origin ‘‘Okavango- Fluss (Damaraland, D.-S.-W.-Afrika)’’ of the single specimen sent to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E22A14A6FB3CDABC" box="[1102,1172,721,745]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum by Oberleutnant Volkmann in 1904 is somewhat mysterious since Damaraland is centred on Windhoek (confirmed by consulting a German map from the time in question), a dry region that is far off the Namibian, or any other, part of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E6191524FF59DB3E" box="[125,241,851,875]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
River. In our opinion ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E47E1524FD7ADB3E" authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1907" box="[538,722,851,875]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okavangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E47E1524FD7ADB3E" box="[538,722,851,875]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">G. okavangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’ should be removed from the list of nominal species for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFD8A042E7141503FD95DBDE" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[368,573,883,907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E7141503FD95DBDE" box="[368,573,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it has not even been relegated simply because it never existed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFD8A042E61915A3FD8BDC9A" blockId="37.[125,1173,980,1231]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E61915A3FF47DBB9" box="[125,239,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFD8A042E69815A3FDB7DC9A" collectionCode="BD" collectorName="Table XI" location="Okavango" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" specimenCode="BD 27.5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kavango West">
|
||
A median SPc of 12 (12–14;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E40E15A3FD40DBB9" box="[618,744,980,1004]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
,12–12), median SLS of 54 (49–60;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E6191582FF5DDC58" box="[125,245,1013,1037]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 51 – 57 – 57), median 29 (26–30) anal fin rays, median 23 (20–25;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E27C1582FB38DC58" box="[1048,1168,1013,1037]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 20 – 23 – 26) dorsal fin rays, deep-bodied with mean
|
||
<specimenCode id="1D1DAD6AFFD8A042E57D1262FC2ADC78" box="[793,898,1045,1069]" collectionCode="BD" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">BD 27.5</specimenCode>
|
||
% (20.1–32.8% of SL;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E6191241FF5DDC1B" box="[125,245,1078,1102]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 21.8% – 28.1% – 32.5%), other mensural body proportions summarized in
|
||
<collectorName id="E04E60C7FFD8A042E6191221FF4FDC3B" box="[125,231,1110,1134]" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Table XI</collectorName>
|
||
; EOD with weak head-negative pre-potential in juveniles and females, sexual dimorphism in EOD waveform present in ‘‘summer’’ in the form of greatly increased EOD duration in sexually mature males of greater than about
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFD8A042E57612E0FCC5DCFA" box="[786,877,1175,1199]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="37" pageNumber="682" unit="cm" value="12.5">12.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
SL, but dimorphism not confirmed for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E74212C0FE32DC9A" box="[294,410,1207,1231]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFD8A041E619128FFDDFDA50" blockId="37.[125,1172,1272,1685]" lastBlockId="38.[138,1185,136,517]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="683" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E619128FFF57DD45" box="[125,255,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Head with terminal mouth well in front of eye, mental lobe on lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw. Head and body dorsolaterally compressed. Dorsal fin situated about two thirds of standard length from snout, obliquely orientated, anteriorly higher and posteriorly lower, distal margin sometimes only slightly crescentic with anterior two or three rays longer than posterior rays, number of rays 20 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E5F0130DFC02DDC4" box="[916,938,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
51), 21 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E27B130DFB9DDDC4" box="[1055,1077,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
56), 22 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E6EC13ECFF36DDE7" box="[136,158,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
530), 23 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E77913ECFE9BDDE7" box="[285,307,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
535), 24 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E7D613ECFE60DDE7" box="[434,456,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
516), 25 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E42313ECFDF5DDE7" box="[583,605,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
51) [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E4FF13EDFCBBDDE7" box="[667,787,1434,1458]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens, similar distribution]; anal fin opposite dorsal fin with distinctly more anterior origin, obliquely orientated, anteriorly lower and posteriorly higher, anterior rays longer than posterior ones, especially in males where they also appear stronger and often darkened, distal margin crescentic (in males only posterior to rounded, elongated anterior part of fin), number of rays 26 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E22C106BFBF6DE66" box="[1096,1118,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
54), 27 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E6C8104AFF6ADE01" box="[172,194,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
57), 28 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E74B104AFEEDDE01" box="[303,325,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
532), 29 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E7A4104AFE7EDE01" box="[448,470,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
527), 30 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFD8A042E436104AFDC0DE01" box="[594,616,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">N</emphasis>
|
||
519) [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFD8A042E4D7104BFC83DE01" box="[691,811,1596,1620]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="37" pageNumber="682">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens, similar distribution but mode at 29 rather than 28]. Scales cycloid with reticulate striae, scales extending anteriorly to operculum and pectoral fins (beyond pelvics). Scales on caudal peduncle circumference, 12 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E70816FEFE2AD8F5" box="[364,386,137,160]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">N</emphasis>
|
||
583), 13 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E79916FEFDBBD8F5" box="[509,531,137,160]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">N</emphasis>
|
||
53), 14 (
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E41B16FEFD3DD8F5" box="[639,661,137,160]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">N</emphasis>
|
||
53) [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4B616FEFCE5D8F4" box="[722,845,137,161]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFDBA041E53D16FEFC3BD8F4" box="[857,915,137,161]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
all specimens]. Caudal peduncle relatively deep, subcylindrical entire length, usually 19% (16–22%) in SL (Table XI). Electric organ discharge biphasic with weak pre-potential in juveniles and females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D5801994FFDBA041E69C169DFEF4D957" box="[248,348,234,258]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[129,1170,137,1222]" captionTargetId="figure-83@7.[125,1173,133,1227]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Oscillograms of the waveforms of electric organ discharges (EODs) in the M. macrolepidotus species complex. (A) specimens from the Buzi River (Mozambique), (B) from the Okavango River (Botswana), (C) from the Upper Zambezi and Kwando Rivers (Namibia) as indicated, (D) from the Incomati System (South Africa), (E) from the Tana River (Kenya). J, juveniles; F, females; M, males, all with standard length in mm. (C) Superimposed baseline shown in male discharge of long duration. Head-positivity is upwards. Abscissa, see time bar (identical for all). All waveforms normalized to 25uC. (A, lower right) Head-negative pre-potential present in specimens from the Upper Zambezi/Okavango Systems, not from the Buzi River nor any other origin (amplified 63)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658368/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In sexually mature males greater than about
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFDBA041E5D1169DFBB8D957" box="[949,1040,234,258]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="cm" value="12.5">12.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
SL, sexual dimorphism in the form of greatly increased EOD duration in ‘‘summer’’ (up to 611), not confirmed for specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E798175CFDDDD916" box="[508,629,299,323]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Males approaching sexual maturity develop a kink in the base of the anal fin (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D5801994FFDBA041E45B173CFD1CD936" box="[575,692,331,355]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1285,1304]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,452,1249]" captionTargetId="figure-93@3.[125,1173,451,1249]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. All species and forms of the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex, as studied in the present paper. (A) M. macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), ZMB 3678 (lectotype L. Seegers; photo: L. Seegers). (B) Gnathonemus angolensis Boulenger 1905, BMNH 1905.5.29.64 (holotype). (C) Gnathonemus moeruensis Boulenger 1915, MRAC 14137 (holotype). (D) Gnathonemus pongolensis Fowler 1934, ANSP 54950 (holotype). (E) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 060847, coll. R. Bills 1 Aug.1999, Lower Zambezi. (F) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 060947, coll. R. Bills 15 Aug.1999, lower Pungwe River System. (G) M. devosi sp. n., coll. L. de Vos and B. Kramer 3/6 Sept. 2001, Lower Tana River/Kenya. (H) M. macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), SAIAB 73790 (largest specimen), coll. R. Bills 14 Aug. 2003, Rovuma System. (I) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), SAIAB 055874, coll. R. Bills 20 July 1997, Mulela River/Mozambique. (J) M. altisambesi sp. n., coll. F.H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 11/12 August 2004, Okavango River, live fish of SL 13 cm photographed 20 April 2006. (K) M. altisambesi sp. nov, coll. F. H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 21 August 1999, Upper Zambezi, Kalimbeza, live specimen of 16.5 cm SL photographed 3 July 2003. (L) M. macrolepidotus (Peters 1852), sampled together with SAIAB 67369, coll. R. Bills 29 Sept. 2002, Buzi River System, specimen of 13 cm SL photographed alive 22 February 2005. (M) M. pongolensis (Fowler, 1934), resurrected species, specimen of 11 cm SL reared in captivity from parents caught in Crocodile River, Incomati System, in February 1997, photographed alive 15 March 2005." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658364/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Figure 1K</figureCitation>
|
||
) which is absent in juveniles and females where the anal fin base is straight. Colour in life: beige-grey, head yellow-gold with greenish hue, paired fins yellow, dark brown blotches except on head, fewer on belly, purple shimmer depending on the angle of light incidence.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E48517DBFCFDD991" box="[737,853,428,452]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens: similar to Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E6EE17BAFF46D9B0" box="[138,238,461,485]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
fish but darker, brownish grey with many distinct dark-brown blotches, less on belly, paired fins beige rather than yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFDBA041E6EE1459FE13DABD" blockId="38.[138,1185,558,744]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E6EE1459FE2EDA13" box="[138,390,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Colour in preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens from the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4BA1459FCEEDA13" box="[734,838,558,582]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
: medium brown with darker, irregular blotches on the sides. Narrow dark zone on the back not seen from the side. Belly same colour as body sides. Darkness of head reduced by opaque mormyrid skin (carrying electroreceptor organs, absent on the body sides). Specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E5D714F8FB84DAF2" box="[947,1068,655,679]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
: similar to those from the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E7FD14D8FDA9DA92" box="[409,513,687,711]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, however, clearly darker, including the fins. Increasingly darker from belly to back.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFDBA041E6EE1566FD9EDD05" blockId="38.[138,1185,785,1360]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E6EE1566FF4EDB7C" box="[138,230,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FDD30F4CFFDBA041E6961566FD9BDD05" collectingDate="2001-10" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" elevation="900" location="The Upper" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezi">
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E6961566FEDEDB7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E6961566FEDEDB7C" box="[242,374,785,809]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="The Upper" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">The Upper</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E7E41566FD83DB7C" box="[384,555,785,809]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi River</collectingRegion>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4311566FD02DB7C" box="[597,682,785,809]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E4D81566FC8DDB7C" box="[700,805,785,809]" name="Namibia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is a free ranging, major system with regular flooding of a vast savannah plain at high altitude (.
|
||
<elevation id="C696E222FFDBA041E5081546FBCDDB1C" box="[876,1125,817,841]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="900.0">
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFDBA041E5081546FC1BDB1C" box="[876,947,817,841]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
) that is covered by fine sand.
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E7FB1525FE67DB3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E7FB1525FE67DB3F" box="[415,463,850,874]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="The" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">The</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E7B21525FD92DB3F" box="[470,570,850,874]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
in this region is characterized by major side channels giving rise to secondary and tertiary arms with a weaker current.
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E5F11505FC00DBDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E5F11505FC00DBDF" box="[917,936,882,906]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="It" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">It</location>
|
||
is a permanent river although the side channels of higher order, and especially peripheral pans, may be temporary or seasonal.
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E7C315C4FE6BDB9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E7C315C4FE6BDB9E" box="[423,451,947,971]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="At" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">At</location>
|
||
low water level, steep river banks may rise
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFDBA041E58115C4FBB6DB9E" box="[997,1054,947,971]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="C696E222FFDBA041E58115C4FBB6DB9E" box="[997,1054,947,971]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
high.
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E21515C4FB09DB9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E21515C4FB09DB9E" box="[1137,1185,947,971]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="The" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">The</location>
|
||
tributary of the
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E75915A4FE20DBBE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E75915A4FE20DBBE" box="[317,392,979,1003]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="Upper" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">Upper</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E7E915A4FE5DDBBE" box="[397,501,979,1003]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E44E15A4FD7CDBBE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E44E15A4FD7CDBBE" box="[554,724,979,1003]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="Kwando River" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">Kwando River</location>
|
||
, lacks high banks at least in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E27615A4FBC3DBBE" box="[1042,1131,979,1003]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and is more like the major
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E7F41583FDACDC59" box="[400,516,1012,1036]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E4681583FDE2DC59" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E4681583FDE2DC59" box="[524,586,1012,1036]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="River" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">River</location>
|
||
in its
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E4F71583FD65DC59" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E4F71583FD65DC59" box="[659,717,1012,1036]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">West</location>
|
||
except for its much smaller size, and by also dying in the savannah (however, without forming a vast inland delta).
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E2611263FF6FDC19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E2611263FF6FDC19" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="The Kwando River" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">The Kwando River</location>
|
||
is occasionally flooded by the
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E4321243FD08DC19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E4321243FD08DC19" box="[598,672,1076,1100]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="Upper" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">Upper</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4CB1243FCBBDC19" box="[687,787,1076,1100]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
via
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E5361243FC0BDC19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E5361243FC0BDC19" box="[850,931,1076,1100]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="Chobe" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">Chobe</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="486453CAFFDBA041E5D21243FBB3DC19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C512B407FFD9A040E7D01368FB95DA93:486453CAFFDBA041E5D21243FBB3DC19" box="[950,1051,1076,1100]" country="Namibia" county="Lisikili" municipality="Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi" name="Linyanti" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" stateProvince="Zambezi">Linyanti</location>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="AD609F6BFFDBA041E20C1243FE18DC38" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Lake Liambezi. Lake Liambezi</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
dried up completely in 1985 (except for brief periods of flooding by the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E6BE1202FEEADCD8" box="[218,322,1141,1165]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, e.g. in
|
||
<date id="390523D1FFDBA041E7F91202FD97DCD8" box="[413,575,1141,1165]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" value="2001-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="2941DA39FFDBA041E7F91202FD97DCD8" box="[413,575,1141,1165]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" value="2001-10">October 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
when it was 28% full). During the day, bulldogs are found in rooted reed areas in main channels as well as inside floating reed mats in side channels like at
|
||
<collectingCounty id="A4657D9DFFDBA041E72D12C1FE33DC9B" box="[329,411,1206,1230]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Lisikili</collectingCounty>
|
||
. These mats may be
|
||
<quantity id="8A43A8F4FFDBA041E4F312C1FD69DC9B" box="[663,705,1206,1230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="C696E222FFDBA041E4F312C1FD69DC9B" box="[663,705,1206,1230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="683" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
deep, and fish leave cover only at night. Huge numbers of small juveniles may be found in grassy pans on the periphery of major river arms or side channels in the dry season. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4A21280FC92DD5A" box="[710,826,1271,1295]" country="Namibia" name="Kavango West" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Okavango</collectingRegion>
|
||
ecology is similar, but differing by an extensive system of lake-like lagoons, where water chestnut, water lilies and dense papyrus and reed beds are common
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFDBA041E6EE130EFF5FDEC1" blockId="38.[138,1185,1401,1684]" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDBA041E6EE130EFEBCDDC4" box="[138,276,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Occurs in the Upper Zambezi River system in Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, including the lower Kwando River (including its terminal parts named Linyanti River). Because these rivers are international borders, this system is bordered by
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E26513CEFBF2DD84" box="[1025,1114,1465,1489]" name="Zambia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in its north,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E6BA13ADFEE6DDA7" box="[222,334,1498,1522]" name="Botswana" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
south,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E7CA13ADFDAFDDA7" box="[430,519,1498,1522]" name="Zambia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E42F13ADFD6EDDA7" box="[587,710,1498,1522]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
east. The species’ downstream (southeastern) limit is assumed to be the nearby Victoria Falls (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E547138DFC08DE47" box="[803,928,1530,1554]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E5B8138DFB92DE47" box="[988,1082,1530,1554]" name="Zambia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), as with many other Upper Zambezi fish species. Northern limits in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E55F106CFC3CDE66" box="[827,916,1563,1587]" name="Zambia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E5A9106CFBB7DE66" box="[973,1055,1563,1587]" name="Angola" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
are not yet explored. The species also occurs in the western Okavango System (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E5D5104CFB8FDE06" box="[945,1063,1595,1619]" name="Botswana" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E251104CFB35DE06" box="[1077,1181,1595,1619]" name="Namibia" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="35AC4581FFDBA041E6EE102BFF4BDE21" box="[138,227,1628,1652]" name="Angola" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Limits still further to the west, e.g. the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDBA041E4A0102BFCB7DE21" box="[708,799,1628,1652]" country="Angola" name="Cunene" pageId="38" pageNumber="683">Cunene</collectingRegion>
|
||
River, have not been sufficiently explored.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFDAA040E61916FEFCB6DA30" blockId="39.[125,1173,137,613]" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E61916FEFD87D8F4" box="[125,559,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">
|
||
Relationships.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E74516FEFD87D8F4" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[289,559,137,161]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">Marcusenius altisambesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is considered closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E51516FEFBEAD8F4" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[881,1090,137,161]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E51516FEFBEAD8F4" box="[881,1090,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based largely on the confusion of the identity of both species, and the occurrence in the same river, the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDAA040E69C16BEFEC8D8B4" box="[248,352,201,225]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E71516BEFDD4D8B4" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[369,636,201,225]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E71516BEFDD4D8B4" box="[369,636,201,225]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Marcusenius altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished most easily by the circumferential caudal peduncle scale count of 12 vs. 16, whereas medians 23 vs. 22 for dorsal ray counts, and 29 vs. 28 for anal ray counts, are less distinct. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E553177DFC7DD977" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[823,981,266,290]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E553177DFC7DD977" box="[823,981,266,290]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E6FA175CFEC1D917" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[158,361,298,322]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E6FA175CFEC1D917" box="[158,361,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior body part is relatively longer and body depth higher, as shown by high
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BAA9DD4FFDAA040E749173DFEC2D937" box="[301,362,330,354]" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">PDL</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BAA9DD4FFDAA040E711173DFE07D937" box="[373,431,330,354]" country="Italy" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15292" name="Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" type="Herbarium">PAL</collectionCode>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectionCode id="2BAA9DD4FFDAA040E789173DFDBED937" box="[493,534,330,354]" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">BD</collectionCode>
|
||
measurements; by contrast, head length HL is shorter. The mental lobe is longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E7A1171CFDCBD9D6" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[453,611,363,387]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E7A1171CFDCBD9D6" box="[453,611,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E4A5171CFC20D9D6" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[705,904,363,387]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E4A5171CFC20D9D6" box="[705,904,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In female and juvenile EOD small head-negative prepotential is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E4AA17FBFCC3D9F6" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[718,875,395,419]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E4AA17FBFCC3D9F6" box="[718,875,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E5A917FBFB3DD9F6" authorityName=": Gilchrist and Thompson" authorityYear="1913" box="[973,1173,395,419]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E5A917FBFB3DD9F6" box="[973,1173,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. macrolepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from Buzi River;
|
||
<figureCitation id="D5801994FFDAA040E72917DCFE05D996" box="[333,429,427,451]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[129,1170,137,1222]" captionTargetId="figure-83@7.[125,1173,133,1227]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Oscillograms of the waveforms of electric organ discharges (EODs) in the M. macrolepidotus species complex. (A) specimens from the Buzi River (Mozambique), (B) from the Okavango River (Botswana), (C) from the Upper Zambezi and Kwando Rivers (Namibia) as indicated, (D) from the Incomati System (South Africa), (E) from the Tana River (Kenya). J, juveniles; F, females; M, males, all with standard length in mm. (C) Superimposed baseline shown in male discharge of long duration. Head-positivity is upwards. Abscissa, see time bar (identical for all). All waveforms normalized to 25uC. (A, lower right) Head-negative pre-potential present in specimens from the Upper Zambezi/Okavango Systems, not from the Buzi River nor any other origin (amplified 63)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658368/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDAA040E47217DCFDD2D996" box="[534,634,427,451]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
bulldog males have a sexually dimorphic EOD of long duration when in the breeding condition. Another close relationship is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E59917BCFB3CD9B6" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1021,1172,459,483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moeruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E59917BCFB3CD9B6" box="[1021,1172,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">G. moeruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="292A78E0FFDAA040E68C179BFE1DDA51" author="Boulenger GA" box="[232,437,492,516]" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" pagination="162 - 171" refId="ref24156" refString="Boulenger GA. 1915. Diagnoses de poissons nouveaux. II. Mormyrides, Kneriides, Characinides, Cyprinides, Silurides. Revue de Zoologie africaine 4 (2): 162 - 171." type="journal article" year="1915">Boulenger (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that it is ‘‘très voisin’’ to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E546179BFC19DA51" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[802,945,492,516]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E546179BFC19DA51" box="[802,945,492,516]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">G. angolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, with nA 5 33, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E761147BFE3EDA71" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[261,406,524,548]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E761147BFE3EDA71" box="[261,406,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">G. angolensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E7B4147BFDC0DA71" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[464,616,524,548]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moeruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E7B4147BFDC0DA71" box="[464,616,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">G. moeruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are beyond the maximum observed in our large sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E696145AFE38DA11" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[242,400,556,580]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E696145AFE38DA11" box="[242,400,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<subScript id="D13F0754FFDAA040E7FB145BFE41DA12" attach="left" box="[415,489,556,583]" fontSize="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">nAmax</subScript>
|
||
530).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E451145BFD63DA11" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[565,715,556,580]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moeruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E451145BFD63DA11" box="[565,715,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">G. moeruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs by HL which is greater than the 90th percentile observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E796143AFD3ADA30" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[498,658,589,613]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E796143AFD3ADA30" box="[498,658,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">M. altisambesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table XI).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D040511FFDAA040E61914FAFB95DA93" blockId="39.[125,1172,653,710]" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">
|
||
<emphasis id="7FCFD903FFDAA040E61914FAFDA1DAF0" box="[125,521,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">
|
||
Etymology.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABB7E92FFDAA040E76014FAFDA1DAF0" authorityName="Kramer & Skelton & Bank & Wink" authorityYear="2007" box="[260,521,653,677]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altisambesi">Marcusenius altisambesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
refers to the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDAA040E49414FAFC34DAF0" box="[752,924,653,677]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Zambezi River</collectingRegion>
|
||
, that is, the section of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8F7FCBF3FFDAA040E6CF14D9FEA7DA93" box="[171,271,686,710]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="39" pageNumber="684">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
|
||
that ends at Victoria Falls (with ‘‘sambesi’’ as a noun in apposition).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |