336 lines
34 KiB
XML
336 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1121-175" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5ED52281A14D529BAB575B813B1D599D" ID-ZooBank="15C9C77E688849BBBC57F7500EF2E06C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1121-175" checkinTime="1663323263830" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Quezada, Amanda, Vieira, Jose & Guayasamin, Juan M." docDate="2022" docId="A21843ADA6ED5B1E8FE046349F312062" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1121: 175-210" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1121" docPubDate="2022-09-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539" docTitle="Atractus zgap Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A9A58D40-CF58-4267-A691-B5E776B43C1B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="5ED52281A14D529BAB575B813B1D599D" lastPageNumber="175" masterDocId="5ED52281A14D529BAB575B813B1D599D" masterDocTitle="Leaving no stone unturned: three additional new species of Atractus ground snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Ecuador discovered using a biogeographical approach" masterLastPageNumber="210" masterPageNumber="175" pageNumber="175" updateTime="1663323263830" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Leaving no stone unturned: three additional new species of Atractus ground snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Ecuador discovered using a biogeographical approach</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0014-3728</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity Field Lab (BioFL), Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">af.arteaga.navarro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Quezada, Amanda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9121-2583</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity Field Lab (BioFL), Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vieira, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-0362</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Biosfera, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1121</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>175</mods:start>
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<mods:end>210</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1121-175</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">15C9C77E688849BBBC57F7500EF2E06C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">5ED52281A14D529BAB575B813B1D599D</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A9A58D40-CF58-4267-A691-B5E776B43C1B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A21843ADA6ED5B1E8FE046349F312062" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/A9A58D40-CF58-4267-A691-B5E776B43C1B" authority="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin, 2022" authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap" status="sp. nov.">Atractus zgap</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="175">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Figs 5g</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal and b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">, 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Head of the adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal b ventral c lateral right, and d lateral left view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744145" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">, 7 Proposed standard English name: ZGAP Ground Snake. Proposed standard Spanish name: Culebra tierrera de ZGAP.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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ZSFQ 4946 (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">5g</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal and b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Head of the adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal b ventral c lateral right, and d lateral left view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744145" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">7</figureCitation>
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), adult female collected by Diego
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piñán">Pinan</normalizedToken>
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at Santa
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rosa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rosa</taxonomicName>
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, Napo province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.31004" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.31004">S0.31004</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="77.78591" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.78591">W77.78591</geoCoordinate>
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; 1500 m).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Adult female holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">a</emphasis>
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dorsal and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">b</emphasis>
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ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744145" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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Head of the adult female holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">a</emphasis>
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dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">b</emphasis>
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ventral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">c</emphasis>
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lateral right, and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">d</emphasis>
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lateral left view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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MZUTI 5311, adult female collected by Diego
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piñán">Pinan</normalizedToken>
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in February 2017 at El Chaco, Napo Province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.31004" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.31004">S0.31004</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="77.78591" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.78591">W77.78591</geoCoordinate>
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; 1500 m). QCAZ 12666, a juvenile collected by Pablo Medrano on 16 May 2014 at San Francisco de Borja, Napo province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.40953" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.40953">S0.40953</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="77.84005" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.84005">W77.84005</geoCoordinate>
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; 1703 m). QCAZ 5183, a juvenile collected by Patricia Bejarano on 13 November 2011 at Bosque Protector "La Cascada," Napo province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.14572" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.14572">S0.14572</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="77.49593" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.49593">W77.49593</geoCoordinate>
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; 1460 m).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as diagnosed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Savage, JM" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" pagination="1 - 184" refId="B76" refString="Savage, JM, 1960. A revision of the Ecuadorian snakes of the Colubrid genus Atractus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan 112: 1 - 184" title="A revision of the Ecuadorian snakes of the Colubrid genus Atractus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology." volume="112" year="1960">Savage (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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, based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships within Atractus inferred using a Bayesian inference and derived from analysis of 3,985 bp of DNA (gene fragments 16 S, CYTB, ND 4, C-MOS, NT 3, and RAG 1). Support values on intra-specific branches are not shown for clarity. Voucher numbers for sequences are indicated for each terminal. Black dots indicate clades with posterior probability values from 95 - 100 %. Grey dots indicate values from 70 - 94 %. White dots indicate values from 50 - 69 % (values <50 % not shown). Colored clades correspond to the species' distribution presented in the map of Fig. 2. New or resurrected species are indicated in bold type." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744139" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">1</figureCitation>
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). The species is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) 17/17/17 smooth dorsals; (2) two postoculars; (3) loreal 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than high; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting orbit; (6) seven infralabials, first three contacting chinshields; (7) seven maxillary teeth; (8) three rows of gular scales; (9) two or three preventrals; (10) 173-177 ventrals in females; (11) 31 subcaudals in an uncollected male and 25-27 subcaudals in females; (12) dorsal ground color brown with faint dark longitudinal lines (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">5g</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal and b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">6a</figureCitation>
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); (13) venter yellow with fine brown stippling (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal and b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">6b</figureCitation>
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); (14) 376 mm SVL in the female holotype; (15) 37 mm TL in the female holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Comparisons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is compared to other small brownish congeneric ground snakes distributed along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes (most of these are illustrated in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">5</figureCitation>
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):
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Passos, Chiesse, Torres-carvajal & Savage" authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus avernus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avernus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus avernus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. duboisi" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="duboisi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. duboisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. discovery" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="discovery">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. discovery</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. ecuadorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. ecuadorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. occipitoalbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="occipitoalbus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. occipitoalbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. orcesi" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="orcesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. orcesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. resplendens" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="resplendens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. resplendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. avernus" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="avernus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. avernus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. duboisi" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="duboisi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. duboisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. occipitoalbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="occipitoalbus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. occipitoalbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. orcesi" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="orcesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. orcesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new species differs in having 17/17/17 dorsal scale rows. From
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. discovery" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="discovery">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. discovery</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., the new species differs in having two postocular scales (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Head of the adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal b ventral c lateral right, and d lateral left view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744145" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">7c</figureCitation>
|
||
) and no dark ventral stripe. From
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. ecuadorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. ecuadorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new species differs in having fewer (31 instead of 41) subcaudals in males, seven (instead of five or six) infralabials, a shorter (2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
instead of 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than high) loreal, frontal longer than prefrontals, and five faint (instead of six or seven clearly defined) longitudinal black lines (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">5g</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Adult female holotype of Atractus zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 in a dorsal and b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744144" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. resplendens" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="resplendens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. resplendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new species differs in having a shorter (2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
instead of 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than high) loreal, two (instead of one) postoculars, and a brownish dorsum with faint longitudinal black lines, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. resplendens" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="resplendens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. resplendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsum is dark gray with fine yellow stippling (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of living specimens of brown-colored Atractus occurring along the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador a A. arangoi ZSFQ 4948 from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador b A. resplendens ZSFQ 4953 from Montanas de San Antonio, Tungurahua province, Ecuador c A. duboisi from Orito Yacu, Napo province, Ecuador d A. discovery sp. nov. ZSFQ 4936 from Amaluza, Azuay province, Ecuador e A. orcesi ZSFQ 2234 from El Higueron, Sucumbios province, Ecuador f A. pachacamac from Nangaritza, Zamora Chinchipe province, Ecuador g A. zgap sp. nov. ZSFQ 4946 from Santa Rosa, Napo province, Ecuador h A. occipitoalbus JMG- 2077 from Macas, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador i A. major from Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Napo province, Ecuador; and j A. major from Reserva Natural Palmari, Amazonas state, Brazil (photo by Sebastian Di Domenico)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744143" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">5b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Adult female, SVL 376 mm, tail length 37 mm (9.8% SVL); body diameter 9.1 mm; head length 11.7 mm (3.1% SVL); head width 6.4 mm (1.7% SVL); interocular distance 4.3 mm; head slightly distinct from body; snout-orbit distance 3.8 mm; rostral 2.5 mm wide, ca. as broad as high; internasals 1.3 mm wide; prefrontals 2.5 mm wide; frontal 3.1 mm wide, with a curvilinear triangular shape in dorsal view; parietals 2.4 mm wide (56% length); nasal divided; loreal 1.6 mm long, ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than high; eye diameter 1.7 mm; pupil round; supraoculars 1.2 mm wide; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting orbit; symphysial 1.7 mm wide, ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as broad as long, separated from chinshields by first pair of infralabials; seven infralabials, first three contacting chin shields; chinshields ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as broad, posterior chinshields absent; dorsal scales arranged in 17/17/17 rows, smooth without apical pits; two preventrals; ventrals 173; anal plate single; 25 paired subcaudals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Most individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. have been found during the day hidden under rocks, among herbs, or buried under soft soil in plantations and rural gardens close to remnants of native forest. At night, they have been seen crossing rural roads. Occasionally, during sunny days right after a rain, individuals have been seen crawling on the pavement or on gravel roads (Diego
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Piñán">Pinan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known only from five localities (See Suppl. material 1: Table S1) along the valley of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Quijos, Napo province, in the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in northeastern Ecuador, at elevations 1460-1703 m a.s.l. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Atractus arangoi, A. roulei, A. michaelsabini sp. nov., A. zgap sp. nov., and A. discovery sp. nov. in Ecuador and adjacent Colombia. White dots represent localities listed under Suppl. material 1. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744140" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">zgap</emphasis>
|
||
is used as a noun in apposition and honors the 'Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Populations’">Populations'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(ZGAP) (https://www.zgap.de), a program seeking to conserve unknown but highly endangered species and their natural habitats throughout the world. The ZGAP grant program supports the fieldwork of young scientists who are eager to implement and start conservation projects in their home countries. Specifically, ZGAP has supported the work on endangered Andean reptiles in Ecuador conducted by AA and JV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="175" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="175">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arteaga & Quezada & Vieira & Guayasamin" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atractus zgap" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zgap">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">Atractus zgap</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. to be Endangered following the IUCN criteria B2a, b (i, iii) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hijmans, RJ" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Climatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" refId="B37" refString="IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 30 pp." year="2005">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 500 km2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Atractus arangoi, A. roulei, A. michaelsabini sp. nov., A. zgap sp. nov., and A. discovery sp. nov. in Ecuador and adjacent Colombia. White dots represent localities listed under Suppl. material 1. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1121.89539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/744140" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. The valley of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Quijos formed the eastern frontier of the Incan Empire (1400-1532) and the cloud forest in the area suffered from intensive land-use even before European arrival (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0602-7" author="Loughlin, NJD" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" pagination="1233 - 1236" refId="B43" refString="Loughlin, NJD, Gosling, WD, Mothes, P, Montoya, E, 2018. Ecological consequences of post-Columbian indigenous depopulation in the Andean-Amazonian corridor. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (8): 1233 - 1236, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0602-7" title="Ecological consequences of post-Columbian indigenous depopulation in the Andean-Amazonian corridor." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0602-7" volume="2" year="2018">Loughlin et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Today, this valley is one of the most important cattle farming areas along the eastern slopes of the Andes and the majority of the forest along the Quijos river plains has been destroyed. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. zgap" pageId="0" pageNumber="175" rank="species" species="zgap">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="175">A. zgap</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in one protected area (Bosque Protector "La Cascada") and its presence is expected in adjacent Parque Nacional Cayambe-Coca and Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, it has so far not been recorded in major protected areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |