214 lines
19 KiB
XML
214 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248817" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-29-119" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574791" ID-ZooBank="6DFF2FB88D22453D9EA66A5083057891" ModsDocID="1314-2607-29-119" checkinTime="1621552717034" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, David R., Janzen, Daniel H., Hallwachs, Winnie & Smith, M. Alexander" docDate="2012" docId="92DEA545A884035A8848006292096E4B" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 29" docPubDate="2012-10-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233" docTitle="Lycogaster apicipennis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48" masterDocTitle="Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="119" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1643543006707" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, David R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sawfly2@aol.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Janzen, Daniel H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hallwachs, Winnie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, M. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology & The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N 1 G 2 W 1</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-10-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>119</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-29-119</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6DFF2FB88D22453D9EA66A5083057891</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">574791</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182248817" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:92DEA545A884035A8848006292096E4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/92DEA545A884035A8848006292096E4B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Lycogaster_apicipennis" authority="(Cameron)" baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lycogaster apicipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">Lycogaster apicipennis (Cameron)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Lycogaster apicipennis female, lateral view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11562" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Trigonalys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">Trigonalys apicipennis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cameron, P" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="135" pagination="261 - 276" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222939708680536" refId="B2" refString="Cameron, P, 1897. New species of Hymenoptera from Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (19): 261 - 276, 10.1080/00222939708680536" title="New species of Hymenoptera from Central America." url="10.1080/00222939708680536" volume="6" year="1897">Cameron 1897</bibRefCitation>
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: 269.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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This is the only species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lycogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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known from Central America. It is distinguished by its spindle-shaped antennae, without tyloids, and with the basal 3 flagellomeres reddish brown (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Lycogaster apicipennis female, lateral view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11562" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). The head and thorax are mostly black with only the tegula and spot on upper mesopleuron yellow, and the head and body are covered with golden-yellow hairs. The wings are yellowish, darker anteriorly and at apices, with the veins yellowish and stigma black.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lycogaster apicipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is between 16-18% different (K2P distance model) from other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1887" class="Hexapoda" family="Trigonalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trigonalidae</taxonomicName>
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in the ACG in the CO1 mtDNA barcode region.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11562" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lycogaster apicipennis</emphasis>
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female, lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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Costa Rica, Mexico (
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<bibRefCitation author="Carmean, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="135" pagination="35 - 76" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00042.x" refId="B7" refString="Carmean, D, Kimsey, L, 1998. Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 23: 35 - 76, 10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00042.x" title="Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera)." url="10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00042.x" volume="23" year="1998">Carmean and Kimsey 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">10, 7 of which are barcoded. Deposited in USNM, INBio.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="hosts and biology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Hosts and biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
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The ACG caterpillar inventory has reared
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lycogaster apicipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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10 times (between 1990 and 2008), and always in lowland dry forest. Six rearings have
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="125" start="start">been</pageBreakToken>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Enicospilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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flavostigmusDHJ02 (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
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) parasitizing
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1894" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Boriza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crossaea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Boriza crossaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Druce (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
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), once from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hooker" authorityYear="1912" class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavostigma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Enicospilus flavostigma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Hooker parasitizing
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Dicentria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Dicentria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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rusticaDHJ05 (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
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), two from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes & Townes" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cubus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Cubus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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validusDHJ03 (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
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) parasitizing
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Crambidae" genus="Omiodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuniculalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Omiodes cuniculalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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(a large leaf-rolling
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
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), respectively, and once from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharkey" authorityYear="1998" class="Hexapoda" family="Braconidae" genus="Bassus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brooksi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Bassus brooksi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Sharkey (a large solitary
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Agathidinae">Agathidinae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
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parasitizing
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Hexapoda" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Epargyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Epargyreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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). If these primary parasitoid genera are viewed as the possible host universe, 2,377 caterpillars attacked by them yielded 10
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Lycogaster apicipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(0.42% frequency). Alternatively, if we use the genera of the host caterpillars (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Boriza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Boriza</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Dicentria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Dicentria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Crambidae" genus="Omiodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Omiodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Hexapoda" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Epargyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Epargyreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) in the inventory as the available universe, 17,007 reared wild caught caterpillars yielded these ten
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cameron" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Trigonalidae" genus="Lycogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicipennis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Lycogaster apicipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(0.059% frequency). This is a low density hyperparasitoid. The first six rearings (1990-1995) were all from
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Enicospilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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flavostigmusDHJ02 parasitizing
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1894" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Boriza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crossaea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Boriza crossaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in ACG, and it would have been reasonable to label this wasp as a specialist to this host combination, but subsequent rearings makes it evident that it is at best a specialist on relatively large primary parasitoid wasps (and there is no suggestion that it is a hyperparasitoid of tachinid fly larvae, despite their being commonplace primary parasitoids of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1894" class="Hexapoda" family="Notodontidae" genus="Boriza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crossaea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Boriza crossaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |