182 lines
20 KiB
XML
182 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db3b4f9d-87ca-4661-a002-c868b7417878" ModsDocID="z01416p001" checkinTime="1247405641513" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Alexandre P. Marceniuk & Naércio A. Menezes" docDate="2007" docId="171546B104ED67FC24CD269CAD2EB9FB" docLanguage="en" docName="2007_Marceniuk_Menezes_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1416" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FFC65592-D8DB-41BE-AEAC-A41EAB6C6185" docTitle="Galeichthys" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="E3B79C8FF6B0B87BE406EA4948E96A3B" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera." masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1677103743125" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Alexandre P. Marceniuk</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Naércio A. Menezes</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1416</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>126</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FFC65592-D8DB-41BE-AEAC-A41EAB6C6185</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank-PUB">z01416p001</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6236928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100130257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6236928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:171546B104ED67FC24CD269CAD2EB9FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/171546B104ED67FC24CD269CAD2EB9FB" lastPageNumber="62" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4LTP" ID-ENA="390434" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4781B086-6A2E-487B-8D97-1D1A856A235A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys Valenciennes 1840:28" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Galeichthys</taxonomicName>
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Valenciennes, 1840
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="description">
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<paragraph pageNumber="60">(fig. 51)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4781B086-6A2E-487B-8D97-1D1A856A235A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys Valenciennes 1840:28" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Galeichthys</taxonomicName>
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Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840b: 28. Type species:
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58C97234-E78A-4304-B9DD-D26DB105CAE7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes 1840:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feliceps">Galeichthys feliceps</taxonomicName>
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Valenciennes, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Bleeker (1863). Gender: masculine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph lastPageNumber="61" pageNumber="60">
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Diagnosis. Distinct from the remaining ariid genera by the following exclusive (1 to 7) and shared (8 to 14)
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<pageStartToken pageNumber="61">characters</pageStartToken>
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: (1) distal 1/3 of maxillary conspicuously acute, lateral margins of this bone parallel along proximal two thirds; (2) anguloarticular with a dorsal process; (3) first pharyngobranchial absent; (4) posterior portion of second basibranchial long and wide (fig. 52); (5) mesial part of first epibranchial very wide and compressed; (6) space for insertion of teeth on fifth ceratobranchial very wide; (7) posterior cleithral process indistinct, attached to second dorsal process of cleithrum by a bony blade (fig. 53); (8) mesial laminar projection of frontal bones absent (fig. 1) (shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Amphiarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:830D572B-79ED-4DBD-84EC-A10E3E7E748C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius Valenciennes 1840:53" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan & Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cathorops</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57F8F227-2C96-4E3F-B4D1-3CDE8E5DE40F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cephalocassis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cephalocassis Bleeker 1857:473" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalocassis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4453B6E6-6001-42AB-8D66-002DF12E8C99" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cryptarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cryptarius Kailola 2004:134" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cryptarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EF9A59B-2473-44CF-BB0F-3846968A6AB8" family="Ariidae" genus="Doiichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Doiichthys Weber 1913:532" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Doiichthys</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F1F6AF2-6F38-42C0-9C82-C1468F19FAF0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hemiarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemiarius Bleeker 1862:7, 29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F589893C-76A9-4820-A8B9-B794837B3FB9" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Nedystoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nedystoma Ogilby 1898:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nedystoma</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BD940A7-0AA1-4F57-B0A5-9D295A651224" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Nemapteryx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nemapteryx Ogilby 1908:3, 10" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nemapteryx</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7EFF0E2C-627F-4985-9DCA-5178DA9034F3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Osteogeneiosus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Osteogeneiosus Bleeker 1846:173" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteogeneiosus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAD7809B-5174-4F77-B9AC-2359BB91181F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Potamarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Potamarius Hubbs & Miller 1960:101" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potamarius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Potamosilurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">Potamosilurus latirostris</taxonomicName>
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); (9) posterior branch of lachrymal short and mesially directed (fig. 3) (shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Sciades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proops">Sciades proops</taxonomicName>
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); (10) occipital process long and narrow along its entire length (fig. 1) (shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cephalocassis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanochir">Cephalocassis melanochir</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EF9A59B-2473-44CF-BB0F-3846968A6AB8" family="Ariidae" genus="Doiichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Doiichthys Weber 1913:532" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Doiichthys</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F589893C-76A9-4820-A8B9-B794837B3FB9" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Nedystoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nedystoma Ogilby 1898:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nedystoma</taxonomicName>
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); (11) transcapular process transversal to the main body axis (shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Amphiarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan & Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cathorops</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8E024180-3250-46F3-A751-1D583938D54E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cinetodus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cinetodus Ogilby 1898:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cinetodus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4453B6E6-6001-42AB-8D66-002DF12E8C99" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cryptarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cryptarius Kailola 2004:134" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cryptarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BD940A7-0AA1-4F57-B0A5-9D295A651224" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Nemapteryx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nemapteryx Ogilby 1908:3, 10" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nemapteryx</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D469DDD6-F17E-4DEB-99B7-0C54A27687E2" authority="Ogilby, 1898" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1898" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Pachyula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachyula Ogilby 1898:33" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachyula</taxonomicName>
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); (12) posteroventral portion of opercle little pronounced posteriorly [shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Bagre" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">Bagre panamensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Carlarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carlarius</taxonomicName>
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(with exception of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Carlarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heudelotii">C. heudelotii</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC7B154F-0B6B-4A8C-A4DD-2EBF83B9C00A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Genidens" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Genidens Castelnau 1855:33" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Genidens</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B824B602-4F87-4771-B334-61385645D6C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Ketengus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Ketengus Bleeker 1847:167" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ketengus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1AE6B6D0-01A8-43E7-9505-E6855D1FC99A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Plicofollis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Plicofollis Kailola 2004:141" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plicofollis</taxonomicName>
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(with exception of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Plicofollis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platystomus">P. platystomus</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Sciades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sciades</taxonomicName>
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(with exception of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Sciades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="couma">S. couma</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Sciades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="felis">S. felis</taxonomicName>
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)]; (13) second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first (shared with
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A8968D59-B441-4D26-BC5F-B90032C1F1D1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Batrachocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Batrachocephalus Bleeker 1846:176" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Batrachocephalus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cathorops</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57F8F227-2C96-4E3F-B4D1-3CDE8E5DE40F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cephalocassis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cephalocassis Bleeker 1857:473" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalocassis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4453B6E6-6001-42AB-8D66-002DF12E8C99" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cryptarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cryptarius Kailola 2004:134" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cryptarius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B824B602-4F87-4771-B334-61385645D6C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Ketengus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Ketengus Bleeker 1847:167" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ketengus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F589893C-76A9-4820-A8B9-B794837B3FB9" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Nedystoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nedystoma Ogilby 1898:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nedystoma</taxonomicName>
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); (14) third basibranchial in form of a long and narrow hourglass (fig. 52) (shared with
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B293B6B1-C1F8-4EA8-AA70-87E0EF542E48" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cochlefelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cochlefelis Whitley 1941:8" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cochlefelis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAD7809B-5174-4F77-B9AC-2359BB91181F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Potamarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Potamarius Hubbs & Miller 1960:101" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potamarius</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption>
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<paragraph pageNumber="61">
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FIGURE 51.
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58C97234-E78A-4304-B9DD-D26DB105CAE7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes 1840:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feliceps">Galeichthys feliceps</taxonomicName>
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, MZUSP 87694, 283 mm TL. Lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption>
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<paragraph pageNumber="61">
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FIGURE 52.
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58C97234-E78A-4304-B9DD-D26DB105CAE7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes 1840:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feliceps">Galeichthys feliceps</taxonomicName>
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, MZUSP 87694. Dorsal view of second and third basibranchials. Scale bar = 4 mm. BB2 - second basibranchial; BB3 - third basibranchial.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageNumber="62" pageNumber="61">
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Supplementary morphological characters. Cephalic shield smooth, covered by muscle and scarcely visible under the skin; lateral ethmoid and frontal limiting a moderately developed fenestra evident under the
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<pageStartToken pageNumber="62">skin</pageStartToken>
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; medial groove of neurocranium not very distinct, limited by frontal bones and/or on supraoccipital; posterior cranial fontanel very reduced in young, partially closed in adult specimens; fenestra limited by supraoccipital, pterotic and sphenotic absent; fossa limited by pterotic, supracleithrum and extrascapular very reduced; epioccipital not invading dorsal portion of cephalic shield; occipital process long and narrow as broad at base as at posterior part; anterior and median nuchal plates free and distinct, forming a structure of semi-lunar aspect; vomerine tooth plates present and transversely elongate; accessory tooth plates narrow and transversely elongate, bearing conical teeth; maxillary barbel fleshy and cylindrical; two pairs of mental barbels; base of adipose fin very long, as long as base of anal-fin base; lateral line not bifurcated at the caudal region, not reaching base of caudal-fin lobes; cleithrum large; posterior cleithral process indistinct, attached to second dorsal process of cleithrum by a bony blade.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageNumber="62">
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Remarks. Cleared and stained specimens of
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<taxonomicName LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C707EF2-8D11-429D-A35A-F10556DB24B5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Galeichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Galeichthys peruvianus Lütken 1874:205 [16]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruvianas">G. peruvianas</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, 1874 were not examined and its inclusion in the genus was based solely on observation of morphological external characters.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageNumber="62">Distribution and habitat. Southern Africa and northwestern South America, predominantly marine species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |