882 lines
115 KiB
XML
882 lines
115 KiB
XML
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<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D9D250F411BAFF77" authority="(Fischer, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,647,151,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
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<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D250F412F4FF74" bold="true" box="[151,457,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toxicodryas pulverulenta</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D89D50F41142FF77" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[472,639,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<tableCitation id="D0120369E23CB650D9DA50D813C8FF13" box="[159,245,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Table 2</tableCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E23CB650D84450D81272FF13" box="[257,335,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1249,1273]" captionTargetBox="[168,1426,212,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[162,1426,181,1225]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Diversity of Toxicodryas hemipenes. (A) Toxicodryas blandingii from Ivory Coast, in lateral and “front” views, redrawn from figure 29 of Doucet (1963); scale bar = 1 cm, (B) T. pulverulenta from Ivory Coast, redrawn from photograph of Plate IX, photo K of Doucet (1963), who listed the hemipenis length as 16 mm. Drawings by J. Rivera, (C) Photograph in life of male T. vexator sp. nov. (field no. CRT 3890) from Kona, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: Z. Nagy, (D) Photograph of preserved male T. adamanteus sp. nov. holotype (UTEP 22204) from DRC, showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: E. Vaughan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723044/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E23CB650D81950D8124AFF13" box="[348,375,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[180,1408,1029,1862]" captionTargetId="figure-424@25.[180,1408,1029,1862]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photos of Toxicodryas pulverulenta in life. (A) adult female (ZMB 86384) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (B) adult male (ZMB 86410) near Yomou, Guinea, (C) adult female (ZMB 86412) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (D) unsexed individual near Dudwiokahn, Liberia. Photos: J. Penner." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723050/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E23CB650D9D251631013FE93" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D9D2516317CCFEDE" blockId="23.[151,1436,255,341]" box="[151,1265,255,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE23CB650D9D2516317CCFEDE" box="[151,1265,255,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D9D251631115FED1" authority=": Fischer (1856: 11)" authorityName="Fischer" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,552,255,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D251631259FEDE" box="[151,356,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dipsas pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E23CB650D83451631115FED1" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[369,552,255,280]" page=")" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1856">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D83451631115FED1" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[369,552,255,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:11)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DB7651631162FEDE" box="[563,607,256,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E23CB650DB825163103BFEDE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E23CB65DD9D250F41712FEDB:984F6009E23CB650DB825163103BFEDE" box="[711,774,256,280]" country="Liberia" municipality="West-Afrika" name="Edina" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">Edina</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E23CB650DA54516310DEFEDE" box="[785,995,256,280]" country="Liberia" name="Grand Bassa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Grand Bassa County</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DD4651631771FEDE" box="[1027,1100,256,280]" name="Liberia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7D4BACA8E23CB650DD1C516317E3FEDE" box="[1113,1246,256,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">West-Afrika</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
).”
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D9D2517D1013FE93" blockId="23.[151,1436,255,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D9D2517D12ACFEF0" authority="Boueti" authorityName="Boueti" box="[151,401,286,310]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D2517D12ACFEF0" box="[151,401,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dipsadomorphus Boueti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E23CB650D8E4517D11A6FEF0" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[417,667,286,310]" page="373" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1917">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D8E4517D11A6FEF0" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[417,667,286,310]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="362 - 382" refId="ref27693" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 a) Enumeration des ophidiens non encore etudies de l'Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Museum avec la description des especes et des varietes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 22, 362 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17132" type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917a:373)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DBED517C11E9FEF1" box="[680,724,287,311]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: none provided, but subsequently clarified to “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E23CB650DC52517D16AEFEF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E23CB65DD9D250F41712FEDB:984F6009E23CB650DC52517D16AEFEF0" box="[1303,1427,286,310]" country="Liberia" name="Porto-Novo" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">Porto-Novo</location>
|
||
” “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D995515E120AFE93" box="[208,311,317,341]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
|
||
” [Porto-Novo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D896515E112FFE93" box="[467,530,317,341]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
] by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DB7B515E1017FE93" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[574,810,317,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="7 - 14" refId="ref27754" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 b) Note complementaire sur les ophidiens de l'Afrique occidentale, avec la description d'une espece nouvelle. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 23, 7 - 14." type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917b:12)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E23CB650D9D251E013CCFA77" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D9D251E017CDFCB7" blockId="23.[151,1437,387,2034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D86F51E01124FE5B" author="Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M." box="[298,537,387,414]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1" refId="ref27543" refString="Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 091 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ceríaco
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D8CF51E71281FE5B" box="[394,444,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the description of this species was based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23CB650DD6451E717F5FE5B" box="[1057,1224,387,414]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(only
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23CB650DC5151E716A1FE58" box="[1300,1436,388,414]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">one syntype</specimenCount>
|
||
remains today according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D88F51C411B1FE07" author="Hallermann, J." box="[458,652,423,449]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="197 - 223" refId="ref29969" refString="Hallermann, J. (1998) Annotated catalog of the type specimens of the herpetological collection in the Zoological Museum of the University of Hamburg. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 95, 197 - 223." type="journal article" year="1998">Hallermann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DB8551CB104EFE07" author="Uetz, P. & Cherikh, S. & Shea, G. & Ineich, I. & Campbell, P. D. & Doronin, I. V. & Rosado, J. & Wynn, A. & Tighe, K. A. & McDiarmid, R. & Lee, J. L. & Kohler, G. & Ellis, R. & Doughty, P. & Raxworthy, C. J. & Scheinberg, L. & Resetar, A. & Sabaj, M. & Schneider, G. & Franzen, M. & Glaw, F. & Bohme, W. & Schweiger, S. & Gemel, R. & Couper, P. & Amey, A. & Dondorp, E. & Ofer, G. & Meiri, S. & Wallach, V." box="[704,883,423,450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="438 - 450" refId="ref36335" refString="Uetz, P., Cherikh, S., Shea, G., Ineich, I., Campbell, P. D., Doronin, I. V., Rosado, J., Wynn, A., Tighe, K. A., McDiarmid, R., Lee, J. L., Kohler, G., Ellis, R., Doughty, P., Raxworthy, C. J., Scheinberg, L., Resetar, A., Sabaj, M., Schneider, G., Franzen, M., Glaw, F., Bohme, W., Schweiger, S., Gemel, R., Couper, P., Amey, A., Dondorp, E., Ofer, G., Meiri, S. & Wallach, V. (2019) A global catalog of primary reptile type specimens. Zootaxa, 4695 (5), 438 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4695.5.2" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Uetz
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBBE51CB1016FE07" box="[763,811,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), one of which was depicted in plate 4 of livraison 38 by Jan & Sordelli (1871). In a footnote to the nomenclatural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA8651AF12B9FDCC" authority=", Hughes & Barry (1969: 1020)" authorityName=", Hughes & Barry (1969:" authorityPageNumber="1020" authorityYear="1020" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta" subGenus="Toxicodryas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA8651AF173BFE23" box="[963,1030,460,485]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Boiga</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD5051A817A0FE23" box="[1045,1181,459,485]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDE951A81607FE23" box="[1196,1338,459,485]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DC0251A812B9FDCC" author="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1004 - 1041" refId="ref30630" refString="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Serie A, Sciences naturelles, 31 (3), 1004 - 1041." type="journal article" year="1969">Hughes & Barry (1969:1020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
wrote “Dr. Ladiges [then curator at ZMH] tells us that the type is still in Hamburg and is from St. Thomé,
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D85252771206FDEB" box="[279,315,532,557]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">not</emphasis>
|
||
Edina,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E23CB650D8CB52701148FDEB" box="[398,629,531,558]" country="Liberia" name="Grand Bassa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Grand Bassa County</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DB3B527011F2FDEB" box="[638,719,531,557]" name="Liberia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as stated by Loveridge (1958:269).” The latter citation is in error (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D9DA52541265FD94" author="Loveridge, A." box="[159,344,567,594]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="151 - 362" refId="ref32014" refString="Loveridge, A. (1957) Check list of the reptiles and amphibians of East Africa (Uganda; Kenya, Tanganyika; Zanzibar). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 117 (2), 151 - 362 + i - xxxvi (index)." type="journal article" year="1957">Loveridge 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D82952541165FD97" author="Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M." box="[364,600,567,594]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1" refId="ref27543" refString="Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 091 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ceríaco
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D889525B12C3FD97" box="[460,510,567,593]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
deduced that the information from Ladiges was based on an old label associated with the presumed remaining type specimen. Because extensive fieldwork on the island of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DDB15238165EFDB3" box="[1268,1379,603,629]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">São Tomé</collectingCountry>
|
||
over the last century failed to document this species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DBEB521C10A8FD5F" author="Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M." box="[686,917,639,666]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1" refId="ref27543" refString="Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 091 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ceríaco
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA4952E31000FD5F" box="[780,829,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that it does not occur there, and the original type locality from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D88052C01157FD78" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[453,618,675,702]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“Edina,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E23CB650DB8852C01089FD7B" box="[717,948,675,702]" country="Liberia" name="Grand Bassa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Grand Bassa County</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DA9C52C01717FD7B" box="[985,1066,675,701]" name="Liberia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(West-Afrika)” is correct. Moreover, the former authors determined that the pholidosis from this presumed type (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DD6A52A41630FD27" author="Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M." box="[1071,1293,711,738]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1" refId="ref27543" refString="Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 091 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ceríaco
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDD552AB17FFFD27" box="[1168,1218,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 1) is not consistent with the extensively detailed original description, and thus, it is not a type specimen (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD93528F1622FCC3" box="[1238,1311,748,773]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">contra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DC62528F13E9FCEF" author="Uetz, P. & Cherikh, S. & Shea, G. & Ineich, I. & Campbell, P. D. & Doronin, I. V. & Rosado, J. & Wynn, A. & Tighe, K. A. & McDiarmid, R. & Lee, J. L. & Kohler, G. & Ellis, R. & Doughty, P. & Raxworthy, C. J. & Scheinberg, L. & Resetar, A. & Sabaj, M. & Schneider, G. & Franzen, M. & Glaw, F. & Bohme, W. & Schweiger, S. & Gemel, R. & Couper, P. & Amey, A. & Dondorp, E. & Ofer, G. & Meiri, S. & Wallach, V." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="438 - 450" refId="ref36335" refString="Uetz, P., Cherikh, S., Shea, G., Ineich, I., Campbell, P. D., Doronin, I. V., Rosado, J., Wynn, A., Tighe, K. A., McDiarmid, R., Lee, J. L., Kohler, G., Ellis, R., Doughty, P., Raxworthy, C. J., Scheinberg, L., Resetar, A., Sabaj, M., Schneider, G., Franzen, M., Glaw, F., Bohme, W., Schweiger, S., Gemel, R., Couper, P., Amey, A., Dondorp, E., Ofer, G., Meiri, S. & Wallach, V. (2019) A global catalog of primary reptile type specimens. Zootaxa, 4695 (5), 438 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4695.5.2" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Uetz
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DC26528F16A8FCC3" box="[1379,1429,747,773]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although we agree with this conclusion, an examination of this specimen (ZMH R04376) by J. Hallermann (pers. comm.) found some differences in the morphometric data provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DAB1535017E6FC8B" author="Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M." box="[1012,1243,819,846]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1" refId="ref27543" refString="Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 091 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ceríaco
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD17535717BEFC8B" box="[1106,1155,819,845]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(e.g., SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650DC37535013F8FCB4" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="635.0">635 mm</quantity>
|
||
, not
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650D9B953341260FCB4" box="[252,349,855,882]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="880.0">880 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and we used these updated data in our analyses of morphological data (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E23CB650DDCE533417DEFCB7" box="[1163,1251,855,881]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D982531810C9FB1F" blockId="23.[151,1437,387,2034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D982531812EBFC50" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[199,470,891,918]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="362 - 382" refId="ref27693" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 a) Enumeration des ophidiens non encore etudies de l'Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Museum avec la description des especes et des varietes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 22, 362 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17132" type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917a:375)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, convinced that the odd configuration of subcaudals (combination of single and double subcaudals near the vent) seen in
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23CB650DB5453C3114AFC7F" box="[529,631,927,954]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23CB650DBEB53C31017FC7F" box="[686,810,927,954]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
was unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA9153FC176EFC7F" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[980,1107,927,953]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, named the taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DC6553FC120CFC1B" authorityName=", Chabanaud" authorityYear="1917" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DC6553FC120CFC1B" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dipsadomorphus boueti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from these specimens that were donated by “Dr Bouet,” who collected for the Paris Museum in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DC2553A713EAFBC7" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1909) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D819538412F4FBC7" box="[348,457,999,1025]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1910–1913). Unfortunately no specific
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DACB538B1083FBC4" box="[910,958,1000,1026]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality was provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DD85538416A1FBC4" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[1216,1436,999,1026]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="7 - 14" refId="ref27754" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 b) Note complementaire sur les ophidiens de l'Afrique occidentale, avec la description d'une espece nouvelle. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 23, 7 - 14." type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
then clarified and corrected himself by stating that both
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DA42546F107FFBE0" box="[775,834,1036,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">types</typeStatus>
|
||
were males (the mistaken female was a juvenile), and they were collected from “Porto-Novo” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DB3B544C11D1FB8F" box="[638,748,1071,1097]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is modern-day Porto-Novo, the capital city of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DC17544C16A5FB8F" box="[1362,1432,1071,1097]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D9D254301249FBAB" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[151,372,1107,1133]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="442 - 454" refId="ref27792" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 c) Revision de quelques reptiles d'Afrique et description de trois especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 23, 442 - 454." type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently realized that his specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA35543710E4FBAB" authorityName=", Chabanaud" authorityYear="1917" box="[880,985,1107,1134]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA35543710B9FBAB" box="[880,900,1108,1133]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAD6543010E4FBAB" box="[915,985,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">boueti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represented
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DD2E54371625FBAB" authorityName=", Hughes & Barry (1969:" authorityYear="1020" box="[1131,1304,1107,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD2E54371746FBAB" box="[1131,1147,1108,1133]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDCF54301625FBAB" box="[1162,1304,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals with abnormal subcaudals, and he synonymized the former taxon with the latter (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DD18541B1624FB57" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1917" box="[1117,1305,1143,1170]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulentus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD18541B174CFB57" box="[1117,1137,1144,1169]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDC454141624FB57" box="[1153,1305,1143,1169]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulentus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We agree with this taxonomic placement, because the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DBC854FF11F5FB70" box="[653,712,1180,1206]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DBB554FF1064FB73" authorityName=", Chabanaud" authorityYear="1917" box="[752,857,1179,1206]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBB554FF1039FB73" box="[752,772,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA5654F81064FB73" box="[787,857,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">boueti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have subcaudal counts (106 and 116) and TL/SVL ratios (0.25 and 0.28) that are most consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DB9354A310BCFB1F" authorityName=", Hughes & Barry (1969:" authorityYear="1020" box="[726,897,1215,1242]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB9354A311DBFB1F" box="[726,742,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBB654DC10BCFB1F" box="[755,897,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E23CB650DACA54DC10DAFB1F" box="[911,999,1215,1241]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D982548013CCFA77" blockId="23.[151,1437,387,2034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The Porto-Novo locality is on the eastern edge of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DA63548010AEFB3B" box="[806,915,1251,1277]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
|
||
Gap (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA9E54871724FB3B" box="[987,1049,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DD645487162FFB3B" author="Demenou, B. B. & Pineiro, R. & Hardy, O. J." box="[1057,1298,1251,1278]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1020 - 1031" refId="ref28741" refString="Demenou, B. B., Pineiro, R. & Hardy, O. J. (2016) Origin and history of the Dahomey Gap separating West and Central African rain forests: Insights from the phylogeography of the legume tree Distemonanthus benthamianus. Journal of Biogeography, 43 (5), 1020 - 1031. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12688" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Demenou
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDD0548717FAFB3B" box="[1173,1223,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 1), a renowned biogeographic barrier to at least some forest-specialist species in West Africa. Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DDFC556B165EFAE7" authorityName=", Hughes & Barry (1969:" authorityYear="1020" box="[1209,1379,1287,1314]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDFC556B17F4FAE7" box="[1209,1225,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD905564165EFAE7" box="[1237,1379,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not seem to be a strict forest specialist (see Habitat below), and the Porto-Novo locality occurs on the eastern edge of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D985552C1210FAAF" box="[192,301,1359,1385]" name="Benin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
|
||
Gap, it is likely that the Gap is not a barrier to dispersal for this species. We therefore hypothesize that the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D9845510123CFA4B" box="[193,257,1395,1421]" name="Niger" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
Delta is the biogeographic barrier separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA405517108FFA4B" authorityName=", Hughes & Barry (1969:" authorityYear="1020" box="[773,946,1395,1422]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA4055171028FA4B" box="[773,789,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA615510108FFA4B" box="[804,946,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from its cryptic sister taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DDB2551716A1FA4B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[1271,1436,1395,1422]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDB25517163AFA4B" box="[1271,1287,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DC50551016A1FA4B" box="[1301,1436,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D255F413CCFA77" bold="true" box="[151,241,1431,1457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650D9D255F413CCFA77" box="[151,241,1431,1457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E23CB650D98255D81072F8F8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB650D98255D81072F8F8" blockId="23.[151,1437,387,2034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D98255D8127FFA13" bold="true" box="[199,322,1467,1493]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
A species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D89655D81166FA13" box="[467,603,1467,1493]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D89655D81166FA13" box="[467,603,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
restricted to West Africa, west of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DABE55D81706FA13" box="[1019,1083,1467,1493]" name="Niger" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
Delta, defined by the following combination of characters: maximum SVL <
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650DBD155BC11D4FA3C" box="[660,745,1503,1530]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||
(vs. maximum SVL>
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650DAAF55BC1702FA3C" box="[1002,1087,1503,1530]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DD26558317C9FA3F" box="[1123,1268,1503,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD265583174EFA3F" box="[1123,1139,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DDC455BC17C9FA3F" box="[1153,1268,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DC6E558316A1FA3F" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[1323,1436,1504,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DC6E55831606FA3F" box="[1323,1339,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DC0D558316A1FA3F" box="[1352,1436,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D2566013CCF9DB" bold="true" box="[151,241,1539,1565]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650D9D2566013CCF9DB" box="[151,241,1539,1565]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), DSRN 19–21 (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650D89F56601100F9DB" box="[474,573,1539,1566]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" metricValueMax="6.35" metricValueMin="5.842" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="24.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="23.0">23–25 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DB00566711EBF9DB" box="[581,726,1539,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB0056671168F9DB" box="[581,597,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB26566011EBF9DB" box="[611,726,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650DA485660104CF9DB" box="[781,881,1539,1565]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" metricValueMax="7.366" metricValueMin="5.842" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="26.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="23.0">23–29 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA3D566710D7F9DB" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[888,1002,1540,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA3D566710B5F9DB" box="[888,904,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAD3566710D7F9DB" box="[918,1002,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAB756601771F9DB" bold="true" box="[1010,1100,1539,1565]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650DAB756601771F9DB" box="[1010,1100,1539,1565]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), DSRM 19–21 (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23CB650DC7C566016A1F9DB" box="[1337,1436,1539,1566]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" metricValueMax="6.35" metricValueMin="5.334" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="23.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="21.0">21–25 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D9D2564B1215F987" box="[151,296,1575,1602]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9D2564B139AF987" box="[151,167,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D9F056441215F987" box="[181,296,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D825564B12EFF987" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[352,466,1576,1602]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D825564B124DF987" box="[352,368,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D83B564B12EFF987" box="[382,466,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D89C5644110EF987" bold="true" box="[473,563,1575,1601]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650D89C5644110EF987" box="[473,563,1575,1601]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); cloacal plate undivided (vs. usually divided in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DD1F564B17D6F987" box="[1114,1259,1575,1602]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD1F564B1757F987" box="[1114,1130,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD3D564417D6F987" box="[1144,1259,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and divided or undivided in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D86F562F12A6F9A3" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[298,411,1612,1638]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D86F562F1207F9A3" box="[298,314,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D802562F12A6F9A3" box="[327,411,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D8E7562812C6F9A3" bold="true" box="[418,507,1611,1637]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650D8E7562812C6F9A3" box="[418,507,1611,1637]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); both sexes brown to pink with darker cross-bars that often enclose a whitish spot, and the dorsum and venter sprinkled with fine dark brown or black spots (vs. adult males glossy or velvety black with a yellow venter, and adult females light brown, gray, or yellowish-brown with light-brown or cream cross-bars on the flanks, with yellowish-brown venters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DBFC56DB1071F917" box="[697,844,1719,1746]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBFC56DB11F4F917" box="[697,713,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB9C56D41071F917" box="[729,844,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DAC256DB10C6F917" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[903,1019,1720,1746]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAC256DB10AAF917" box="[903,919,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAE256DB10C6F917" box="[935,1019,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD4156D4175DF917" bold="true" box="[1028,1120,1719,1745]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650DD4156D4175DF917" box="[1028,1120,1719,1745]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); hemipenis relatively long with long spines mid-way along the shaft that decrease in size towards the apex and base, with a domed apex (vs. hemipenis relatively short and massive [i.e., broad], proximal third covered with spines, distal two-thirds dimpled with a flattened apex in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D8E05747110BF8FB" box="[421,566,1827,1854]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D8E057471288F8FB" box="[421,437,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D8865740110BF8FB" box="[451,566,1827,1853]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DB29574711E3F8FB" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[620,734,1828,1854]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB2957471141F8FB" box="[620,636,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBCF574711E3F8FB" box="[650,734,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DBA057401003F8FB" bold="true" box="[741,830,1827,1853]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650DBA057401003F8FB" box="[741,830,1827,1853]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E23CB65FD982572417E5F83C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23CB65FD98257241138FE17" blockId="23.[151,1437,387,2034]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,150,2043]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D98257241202F8A7" bold="true" box="[199,319,1863,1889]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DB3E572410A5F8A7" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[635,920,1863,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB3E572410A5F8A7" box="[635,920,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toxicodryas pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shown in
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E23CB650DD6D57241742F8A7" box="[1064,1151,1863,1889]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650DDCF5724165AF8A7" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[1162,1383,1863,1889]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="362 - 382" refId="ref27693" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 a) Enumeration des ophidiens non encore etudies de l'Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Museum avec la description des especes et des varietes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 22, 362 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17132" type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
first noted that some individuals (including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E23CB650DB37570F119FF840" box="[626,674,1900,1926]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DB83570810EEF843" authorityName=", Chabanaud" authorityYear="1917" box="[710,979,1899,1925]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DB83570810EEF843" box="[710,979,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dipsadomorphus boueti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) can have a few single subcaudals posterior to the cloacal plate.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23CB650D8E057F3117FF86F" author="Bogert, C. M." box="[421,578,1935,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref26663" refString="Bogert, C. M. (1940) Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 77, 1 - 107, pl. I." type="journal article" year="1940">Bogert (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided morphometric data, but he did not distinguish between populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650D99257D01215F80B" box="[215,296,1971,1997]" name="Liberia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650D87E57D712D7F80B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[315,490,1971,1998]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D87E57D71276F80B" box="[315,331,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650D81957D012D7F80B" box="[348,490,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DBC057D0106CF80B" box="[645,849,1971,1997]" name="Cameroon" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">French Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23CB650DA2157D71731F80B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[868,1036,1971,1998]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DA2157D71049F80B" box="[868,884,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DAC057D01731F80B" box="[901,1036,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23CB650DD5357D0174FF80B" bold="true" box="[1046,1138,1971,1997]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23CB650DD5357D0174FF80B" box="[1046,1138,1971,1997]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), except that “the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DC0E57D016A1F80B" box="[1355,1436,1971,1997]" name="Liberia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens are distinctly more reddish brown than the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23CB650DA4957B410BCF837" box="[780,897,2007,2033]" name="Cameroon" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens.” However, he listed the maximum total length of a male (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E233B65FD8D350F4113FFF77" box="[406,514,151,177]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.112" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1112.0">1112 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and female (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E233B65FDBD950F51037FF77" box="[668,778,150,177]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1050.0">1050 mm</quantity>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDA5C50F410F8FF77" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[793,965,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA5C50F41014FF76" box="[793,809,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA7250F410F8FF77" box="[823,965,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDD4F50F41762FF77" box="[1034,1119,151,177]" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In snakes from West Africa (without noting sex), including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD8BF50D81152FF13" box="[506,623,187,213]" name="Cameroon" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDB8450D8105BFF13" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[705,870,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDB8450D811ECFF12" box="[705,721,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDB9A50D8105BFF13" box="[735,870,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA2850D810FAFF13" bold="true" box="[877,967,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE233B65FDA2850D810FAFF13" box="[877,967,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDD6150D817D1FF10" author="Angel, F." box="[1060,1260,187,214]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref26404" refString="Angel, F. (1933) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Larose Editeur, Paris, 246 pp." type="book" year="1933">Angel (1933:146)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted temporal formula variation of 2 + 2 (rarely 2 + 3 or 3 + 2 or 1 +2), 236–276 ventrals, 96–132 subcaudals, and a maximum size of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E233B65FD9F05161121EFEDB" box="[181,291,258,285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1225.0">1225 mm</quantity>
|
||
; nearly identical data were reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDB9F516010B1FEDB" author="Villiers, A." box="[730,908,258,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref36646" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 a) Initiations Africaines. II. Les Serpents de l'Ouest Africain. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 148 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDAD251601706FED8" author="Doucet, J." box="[919,1083,259,286]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDD025160161FFEDB" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[1095,1314,259,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDC195160121EFE84" author="Chippaux, J-P." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although all of our examined specimens and most literature records noted the 3
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE233B65FDDEA51451780FEF2" attach="left" box="[1199,1213,294,308]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">rd</superScript>
|
||
to 5
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE233B65FDDB5514517C0FEF2" attach="left" box="[1264,1277,294,308]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">th</superScript>
|
||
supralabial in contact with the eye (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD8FE51281163FEA3" author="Villiers, A." box="[443,606,330,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref36677" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 b) Catalogues. IV. La Collection de Serpents de l'I. F. A. N. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 155 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers 1950b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDB3551281013FEA0" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[624,814,331,358]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented individuals with the 4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE233B65FDDF0512917FFFE9E" attach="left" box="[1205,1218,330,344]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">th</superScript>
|
||
to 6
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE233B65FDDB7512917C2FE9E" attach="left" box="[1266,1279,330,344]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">th</superScript>
|
||
supralabial in contact with the eye, and sometimes, only two scales in contact with the eye, but some of these specimens might be attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FD87F51F012E2FE6B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[314,479,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD87F51F01277FE6A" box="[314,330,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD81D51F012E2FE6B" box="[344,479,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD8A351F0117DFE6B" bold="true" box="[486,576,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE233B65FD8A351F0117DFE6B" box="[486,576,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDB0251F0105CFE6B" author="Segniagbeto, G. H. & Trape, J. F. & David, P. & Ohler, A. & Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A." box="[583,865,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="325 - 360" refId="ref35508" refString="Segniagbeto, G. H., Trape, J. F., David, P., Ohler, A., Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A. (2011) The snake fauna of Togo: Systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema, 33 (3), 325 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2011 n 3 a 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDB9D51F01034FE6B" box="[728,777,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDD1E51F017A9FE6B" box="[1115,1172,403,429]" name="Togo" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 165–175 ventrals, which is undoubtedly erroneous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E233B65FD98251B8173DFC47" blockId="24.[151,1437,150,2043]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD98251B812B2FE33" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[199,399,474,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:83)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted his
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E233B65FDB4151B81109FE33" box="[516,564,475,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen had seven maxillary teeth that were oriented nearly backwards, becoming larger posteriorly. These were followed by two larger teeth (i.e., fangs) that were furrowed in a “besonderen Hauttasche” [special skin pocket]. There were 10–12 mandibular teeth, which were slightly curved towards the back of the mouth, and increased in size posteriorly.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDBB452241089FDA4" author="Bogert, C. M." box="[753,948,583,610]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref26663" refString="Bogert, C. M. (1940) Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 77, 1 - 107, pl. I." type="journal article" year="1940">Bogert (1940:61)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked “
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE233B65FDD7D522417D9FDA7" box="[1080,1252,583,609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined show variation from eleven to thirteen anterior subequal teeth followed after a very short diastema by two larger grooved fangs and a smaller fang, the total number of teeth being fourteen to eighteen.” Because only two of his examined specimens originated from former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDB5E52D011D9FD0B" box="[539,740,691,717]" name="Cameroon" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">French Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDAD352D01707FD0B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[918,1082,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDAD352D0109BFD0A" box="[918,934,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDAF652D01707FD0B" box="[947,1082,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDD0452D017A7FD0B" bold="true" box="[1089,1178,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE233B65FDD0452D017A7FD0B" box="[1089,1178,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), at least three of these specimens were from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD8CE52B412E2FD37" box="[395,479,727,753]" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which are attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDBBB52B41095FD37" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[766,936,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDBBB52B41033FD36" box="[766,782,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA5F52B41095FD37" box="[794,936,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDD2552B41791FD37" box="[1120,1196,727,753]" name="Ghana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDDF352B41665FD37" author="Leeson, F." box="[1206,1368,726,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref31641" refString="Leeson, F. (1950) Identification of Snakes of the Gold Coast. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, x + 142 pp." type="book" year="1950">Leeson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted 11–13 maxillary teeth, becoming slightly larger posteriorly, followed by 2 fangs, and sometimes a 3
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE233B65FDDAA529917C0FCCE" attach="none" box="[1263,1277,762,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">rd</superScript>
|
||
, smaller fang; 14–16 palatine and pterygoid teeth, and 15 mandibular teeth with the anteriormost ones largest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDD8F537C164BFCFC" author="Johnsen, P." box="[1226,1398,799,826]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="115 - 130" refId="ref30795" refString="Johnsen, P. (1962) Notes on African snakes, mainly from northern Rhodesia and Liberia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 124, 115 - 130." type="journal article" year="1962">Johnsen (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that his specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD8AF53201106FC9B" box="[490,571,835,861]" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had 11 maxillary teeth on one side, and six on the other. Based on a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD99053041214FC47" box="[213,297,871,897]" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD876530412DCFC47" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[307,481,871,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="225 - 239" refId="ref32310" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1972) Observations on the vertebral hypapophyses and associated musculature in some snakes, with special reference to the Colubridae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (18), 225 - 239." type="journal article" year="1972">Malnate (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species lacks posterior hypapophyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E233B65FD98253E816BFFA95" blockId="24.[151,1437,150,2043]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
In his original description of the species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDBD753E81064FC63" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[658,857,906,933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:83)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the coloration in great detail as chocolate brown above, yellow below, finely dotted everywhere. On each side, near the back, there was a large number (60– 70) of pale red spots that lacked dark edging and extended over 4–6 scales. Usually the spots on one side alternated with those on the other; sometimes they also were opposite to each other and in this case were connected to weak “Querbinden” [cross-ties] by bright red connecting strips that extended over the back. Usually there was a small black spot under each of these spots on the outermost tip of the corresponding ventral shields. The innumerable fine black points, with which the whole body was sown, were grouped on the abdominal shields on each side at the point where they bent over to rise sideways, to form a black spot, which in their succession looked like a black longitudinal band, whereby the narrow belly appeared delimited from the flanks. Head was brown and without black lines. Upper lip, lower lip, throat yellow, dotted with black.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDA4754AE10DEFB2E" author="Gunther, A." box="[770,995,1229,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref29923" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvi + 281 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther (1858:173)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the dorsum of two Nigerian specimens as “brown with a strong cast of purple” with elliptical transverse streaks, and at mid-body, these streaks had a small yellow spot in their center. In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDA7355761613FAE9" authority=", Chabanaud (1917 a)" authorityName=", Chabanaud" authorityYear="1917" box="[822,1326,1301,1327]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA7355761779FAE9" box="[822,1092,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dipsadomorphus boueti</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDD1755761613FAE9" author="Chabanaud, P." box="[1106,1326,1301,1327]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="362 - 382" refId="ref27693" refString="Chabanaud, P. (1917 a) Enumeration des ophidiens non encore etudies de l'Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Museum avec la description des especes et des varietes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 22, 362 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17132" type="journal article" year="1917">Chabanaud (1917a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E233B65FD9D2555A13EFFA95" box="[151,210,1337,1363]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">types</typeStatus>
|
||
were light brownish gray and dotted with brown, whereas the supralabials and venter were yellowish gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E233B65FD982553E17F1F88E" blockId="24.[151,1437,150,2043]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD982553E1251FAB1" author="Leeson, F." box="[199,364,1372,1399]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref31641" refString="Leeson, F. (1950) Identification of Snakes of the Gold Coast. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, x + 142 pp." type="book" year="1950">Leeson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described animals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDBCD553F11ECFAB0" box="[648,721,1372,1398]" name="Ghana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
as brownish red on the dorsum, with “dull brown” heads, and “lightly coloured” patches on the flanks that had a black edge on the lower margins. There were more narrow light gray bands on the anterior third of the body that gradually diminished to form light gray patches on the posterior two-thirds of the body. The ventral surface of the head was white or cream, whereas the venter of the body was pinkish with numerous brown spots. Brown lines “commence”[ed] just before the middle of the body on each side of the ventrals, and continued along the edge of the ventrals to the tip of the tail. In his description of
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE233B65FDDFF566C165DF9EF" box="[1210,1376,1551,1577]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD9D256501223F98B" box="[151,286,1587,1613]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD86C565012E1F98B" author="Villiers, A." box="[297,476,1586,1613]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref36677" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 b) Catalogues. IV. La Collection de Serpents de l'I. F. A. N. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 155 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted their color pattern was pale brownish gray, the dorsal scales dotted with black, the back with alternate dark brown diamond spots (some ocellated with white). Yellowish ventral surface with two black lateral lines.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD82C56181136F953" author="Doucet, J." box="[361,523,1658,1685]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the dorsal coloration ranged from uniform reddish or yellowish or powdery brown, sometimes with dark bars, with ventral coloration ranging from yellowish to pinkish.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDDDE56FD1665F97F" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[1179,1368,1694,1721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted dorsal coloration as dark beige or reddish with occasional dark gray designs or crossbars; venter pinkish with two dark lateral lines. Based on photographs of an adult male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDA1A5686108DF939" box="[863,944,1765,1791]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E233B65FDAFA56861719F939" box="[959,1060,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[180,1408,1029,1862]" captionTargetId="figure-424@25.[180,1408,1029,1862]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photos of Toxicodryas pulverulenta in life. (A) adult female (ZMB 86384) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (B) adult male (ZMB 86410) near Yomou, Guinea, (C) adult female (ZMB 86412) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (D) unsexed individual near Dudwiokahn, Liberia. Photos: J. Penner." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723050/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
), the base of the tongue is orangish red, and the forked tip is silvery white with black edging. Our observations of live specimens suggest the dorsal scales have an almost satiny sheen, similar to the appearance of a spider web (MOR, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E233B65FD982573317E5F83C" blockId="24.[151,1437,150,2043]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD98257331273F8AC" bold="true" box="[199,334,1872,1898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hemipenis.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FD810573212CFF8AD" author="Bogert, C. M." box="[341,498,1873,1899]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref26663" refString="Bogert, C. M. (1940) Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 77, 1 - 107, pl. I." type="journal article" year="1940">Bogert (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not note whether his hemipenis description was based on specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FDC2557331388F848" name="Liberia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FD9805716124DF848" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[197,368,1908,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD980571613E8F848" box="[197,213,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FD9A75717124DF848" box="[226,368,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or former
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD8B457171187F848" box="[497,698,1908,1934]" name="Cameroon" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">French Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDB8F57161053F848" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[714,878,1908,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDB8F571611E7F848" box="[714,730,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDBA257171053F848" box="[743,878,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA30571710F3F848" bold="true" box="[885,974,1908,1934]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE233B65FDA30571710F3F848" box="[885,974,1908,1934]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E233B65FDAA057161784F849" author="Doucet, J." box="[997,1209,1908,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963:301)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the hemipenis of a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E233B65FD8C957FA1132F874" box="[396,527,1944,1971]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
as very different from that of
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDA1957FA1050F874" box="[860,877,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
|
||
. [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDAC157FB1731F874" box="[900,1036,1944,1970]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDAC157FB1731F874" box="[900,1036,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E233B65FDD5957FB17BAF874" box="[1052,1159,1944,1970]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E233B65FDD5957FB17BAF874" box="[1052,1159,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">blandingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Quite elongated, thorny at the base and dimpled at the apex, it is not bifid. The spines on either side of the sperm groove are very long in the middle part and decrease in size towards the apex and the base. The apex is domed, not flattened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E232B65ED98250F513C4FC2B" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED98250F511F4FEA3" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED98250F5123DFF76" bold="true" box="[199,256,150,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65ED84250F41285FF77" author="Villiers, A." box="[263,440,150,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref36646" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 a) Initiations Africaines. II. Les Serpents de l'Ouest Africain. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 148 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E232B65EDBF050F41000FF77" box="[693,829,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65EDBF050F41000FF77" box="[693,829,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in West Africa feed mainly on birds.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDDA150F416A1FF77" author="Cansdale, G." box="[1252,1436,150,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="118 - 132" refId="ref27419" refString="Cansdale, G. (1954) Gold Coast snakes - a complete list. The Nigerian Field, 19, 118 - 132." type="journal article" year="1954">Cansdale (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65ED89750D81126FF13" box="[466,539,187,213]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
with two young mice in its stomach.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDAFB50D817A6FF10" author="Johnsen, P." box="[958,1179,187,214]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="115 - 130" refId="ref30795" refString="Johnsen, P. (1962) Notes on African snakes, mainly from northern Rhodesia and Liberia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 124, 115 - 130." type="journal article" year="1962">Johnsen (1962:121)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an adult male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65ED99050BC121BFF3F" box="[213,294,223,249]" name="Liberia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
with “a small insect-eating bird” in its stomach. In their paper on snakes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDD3A50BC17F6FF3F" box="[1151,1227,223,249]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDD9350BC122EFEDB" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968:754)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the presence of undigested hair and a 10-cm long rodent tail in the stomachs of
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE232B65EDDAB516016A5FEDB" box="[1262,1432,259,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, and that “this suggests the attraction of Cocoa is for its Rodent fauna.” Another specimen contained the foot and tail of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E232B65ED99251281270FEA3" box="[215,333,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED9925128121BFEA3" box="[215,294,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizard (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED8E1512812DFFEA2" box="[420,482,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65ED8AC51281180FEA3" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." box="[489,701,331,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65EDB045128114FFEA3" box="[577,626,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED982510C1750FE33" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65ED982510C1256FE4F" author="Bohme, W." box="[199,363,367,393]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref26699" refString="Bohme, W. (2000) Diversity of a snake community in a Guinean rain forest (Reptilia, Serpentes). In: Rheinwald, G. (Ed.), Isolated Vertebrate Communities in the Tropics. Proceedings of the 4 th International Symposium in Bonn. Bonner zoologische Monographien, 46, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2000">Böhme (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the diet of snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDB87510C102EFE4F" box="[706,787,367,393]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
included small mammals (shrews and rodents), adult and nestling birds, and lizards with well-developed limbs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDBBD51F010A6FE6B" author="Greene, H. W." box="[760,923,403,429]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref29796" refString="Greene, H. W. (1989) Ecological, evolutionary, and conservation implications of feeding biology in Old World cat snakes, Genus Boiga (Colubridae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 46 (8), 193 - 207." type="journal article" year="1989">Greene (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that there is an ontogenetic shift in diet from mostly lizards in young individuals to mostly birds and/or mammals as adults, and some individuals can ingest a third of their body weight if they eat more than one prey item in a nest or roost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED982519D13DDFDFB" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED982519D1204FDDE" bold="true" box="[199,313,510,536]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
In a paper on Guinean snakes,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDBDA519C107EFDDF" author="Bohme, W." box="[671,835,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref26699" refString="Bohme, W. (2000) Diversity of a snake community in a Guinean rain forest (Reptilia, Serpentes). In: Rheinwald, G. (Ed.), Isolated Vertebrate Communities in the Tropics. Proceedings of the 4 th International Symposium in Bonn. Bonner zoologische Monographien, 46, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2000">Böhme (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified the species as relatively common and nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED98252251616FD40" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED9825225124EFDA6" bold="true" box="[199,371,582,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
An adult female found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDBE3522411D2FDA7" box="[678,751,583,609]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
in early September contained eggs “about
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E232B65EDD9A5224161FFDA7" box="[1247,1314,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
maximum breadth and between 30 and
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E232B65ED89D5209111AFD43" box="[472,551,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
long” attached to the left and right ovaries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDD5152081622FD40" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[1044,1311,619,646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED98252ED13C4FC2B" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED98252ED1217FD6E" bold="true" box="[199,298,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65ED87752EC12DEFD6C" author="Menzies, J. I." box="[306,483,655,682]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="169 - 179" refId="ref32620" refString="Menzies, J. I. (1966) The snakes of Sierra Leone. Copeia, 1966 (2), 169 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441123" type="journal article" year="1966">Menzies (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented several specimens from forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDAB452EC17B9FD6F" box="[1009,1156,655,681]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but one animal found at Rokupr seemed to occur in a habitat labeled as mangrove and coastal savanna.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDD4B52D0166AFD0B" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[1038,1367,690,717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968:754)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that this species was very common in cocoa tree pods in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDA5552B41060FD37" box="[784,861,727,753]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDA2252B4174CFD34" author="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H." box="[871,1137,727,754]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1004 - 1041" refId="ref30630" refString="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Serie A, Sciences naturelles, 31 (3), 1004 - 1041." type="journal article" year="1969">Hughes & Barry (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the habitat as forest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65ED9D25298125AFCD3" author="Leston, D." box="[151,359,763,789]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref31670" refString="Leston, D. (1970) Some snakes from the forest zone of Ghana. British Journal of Herpetology, 4 (6), 141 - 144." type="journal article" year="1970">Leston (1970:143)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
encountered several snakes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDB8152981030FCD3" box="[708,781,763,789]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
in trees (including one in a rotten cocoa pod), “amidst old files on an office shelf,” on a 1.5-meter high cocoa tree in a greenhouse, and in savanna.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDDC0537C1611FCFF" author="Hughes, B." box="[1157,1324,799,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="29 - 37" refId="ref30565" refString="Hughes, B. (1988) Herpetology in Ghana (West Africa). British Herpetological Society Bulletin, (25), 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1988">Hughes (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species only from rainforest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65ED8B853201177FC9B" box="[509,586,835,861]" name="Ghana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDB10532010BFFC9B" author="Rodel, M. - O. & Mahsberg, D." box="[597,898,835,861]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="25 - 38" refId="ref35211" refString="Rodel, M. - O. & Mahsberg, D. (2000). Vorlaufige Liste der Schlangen des Tai-Nationalparks / Elfenbeinkuste und angrenzender Gebiete. Salamandra, 36 (1), 25 - 38." type="journal article" year="2000">Rödel & Mahsberg (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found snakes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDD03532017F1FC9B" box="[1094,1228,835,861]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
from thick undergrowth in a swamp bordered by fields and secondary forest, and swampy primary forest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDDCA530416A1FC47" author="Branch, W. R. & Rodel, M. - O." box="[1167,1436,871,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref27006" refString="Branch, W. R. & Rodel, M. - O. (2003) Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and Cavally forests, western Ivory Coast, Part II: Trapping results and reptiles. Salamandra, 39 (1), 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="2003">Branch & Rödel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
captured a juvenile in a funnel trap on the ground in closed-canopy forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDAB953E817BEFC63" box="[1020,1155,907,933]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E232B65EDDEB53E817D7FC63" box="[1198,1258,907,933]" name="Togo" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E232B65EDDB353E81238FC0F" author="Segniagbeto, G. H. & Trape, J. F. & David, P. & Ohler, A. & Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="325 - 360" refId="ref35508" refString="Segniagbeto, G. H., Trape, J. F., David, P., Ohler, A., Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A. (2011) The snake fauna of Togo: Systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema, 33 (3), 325 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2011 n 3 a 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65EDCCD53E81390FC0F" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species is most common in forest, but some specimens were found outside of it, presumably in savanna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="C9EF665AE232B65ED9D2573E110FF87B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723050" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4723050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723050/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,250,1885,1909]" targetBox="[180,1408,1029,1862]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E232B65ED9D2573E110FF87B" blockId="25.[151,1437,1885,1981]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED9D2573E121DF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,288,1885,1909]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Photos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E232B65ED8D7573E11A8F8B3" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[402,661,1885,1909]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E232B65ED8D7573E11A8F8B3" box="[402,661,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Toxicodryas pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life. (A) adult female (ZMB 86384) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (B) adult male (ZMB 86410) near Yomou, Guinea, (C) adult female (ZMB 86412) from Mt. Yonon, Guinea, (D) unsexed individual near Dudwiokahn, Liberia. Photos: J. Penner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E231B65DD98250F513CEFF3F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E231B65DD98250F513CEFF3F" blockId="26.[151,1436,150,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E231B65DD98250F511BBFF76" bold="true" box="[199,646,150,177]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Geographic distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on molecular data from Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E231B65DDD7C50F41750FF77" box="[1081,1133,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (in press) and patterns of our morphometric data (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E231B65DD8EF50D8113FFF13" box="[426,514,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), we hypothesize that this species occurs west of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E231B65DDD2750D8179FFF13" box="[1122,1186,187,213]" name="Niger" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
Delta from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E231B65DDC6850D81643FF13" box="[1325,1406,187,213]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E231B65DD9D250BC13D2FF3F" box="[151,239,223,249]" name="Nigeria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E231B65DD98251601712FEDB" box="[199,1071,259,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E231B65DD98251601712FEDB" blockId="26.[151,1436,150,285]" box="[199,1071,259,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E231B65DD9825160121CFEDB" bold="true" box="[199,289,259,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Venom.</emphasis>
|
||
Venom composition and effects are unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E231B65DDA755160171EFEDB" author="Weinstein, S. A. & Warrell, D. A. & White, J. & Keyler, D. E." box="[816,1059,259,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref37266" refString="Weinstein, S. A., Warrell, D. A., White, J. & Keyler, D. E. (2011) " Venomous " Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes: A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of " Colubrid " Snake Bites. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelburg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo, xxvii + 336 pp." type="book" year="2011">
|
||
Weinstein
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E231B65DDAED516010E4FEDB" box="[936,985,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |