2220 lines
299 KiB
XML
2220 lines
299 KiB
XML
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<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D254001291FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[151,428,1123,1150]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
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<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D254001291FBB8" bold="true" box="[151,428,1123,1150]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
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(Hallowell, “1844” 1845)
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(
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<tableCitation id="D0120369E22DB641D9DA54E413CEFB67" box="[159,243,1159,1185]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="20.[151,239,476,500]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 1000 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West and Central African Toxicodryas blandingii (Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) and Central and East African T. vexator sp. nov. (Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zambia). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E22DB641D84454E41256FB64" box="[257,363,1159,1186]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1790,1814]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1802,1826]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,1249,1273]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetBox-1="[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetBox-2="[164,1407,489,1778]" captionTargetBox-3="[168,1426,212,1225]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@7.[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetId-1="figure-103@9.[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetId-2="figure-187@12.[164,1424,489,1778]" captionTargetId-3="figure-19@13.[162,1426,181,1225]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Photos of Toxicodryas blandingii in life. (A) and (B) adult male (ZMB 86408) from south of Kérouané, Guinea. Photo: J. Penner, (C) and (D) adult female (specimen not collected; tissue sample LI10_102) from the vicinity of Gbarpa, Liberia. Photo: J. Penner, (E) adult male from Kissidougou, Guinea. Photo: J.–F. Trape, (F) adult female in threat display from Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Photo: Y. Francioli, (G) subadult from Mbikiliki, Cameroon. Photo: L. Chirio, (H) juvenile from Gamba, Gabon. Photo: O.S.G. Pauwels." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Photos of the preserved holotype of Toxicodryas blandingii (ANSP 10083) from Liberia, West Africa, with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 1330 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: N. Gilmore." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Photos of the preserved holotype of Dipsas globiceps var. tumboensis (NMBA-REPT 01825), from Tumbo Insel (= Tumbo Island, Guinea), with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 280 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: E. Stöckli." captionText-3="FIGURE 8. Diversity of Toxicodryas hemipenes. (A) Toxicodryas blandingii from Ivory Coast, in lateral and “front” views, redrawn from figure 29 of Doucet (1963); scale bar = 1 cm, (B) T. pulverulenta from Ivory Coast, redrawn from photograph of Plate IX, photo K of Doucet (1963), who listed the hemipenis length as 16 mm. Drawings by J. Rivera, (C) Photograph in life of male T. vexator sp. nov. (field no. CRT 3890) from Kona, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: Z. Nagy, (D) Photograph of preserved male T. adamanteus sp. nov. holotype (UTEP 22204) from DRC, showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: E. Vaughan." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723036" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723038" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723042" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723044" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4723036/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4723038/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4723042/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4723044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 5–8</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E22DB641D9D254A41734FB18" box="[151,1033,1222,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D254A41734FB18" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1033,1222,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D254A41272FB18" authority="Blandingii" authorityName="Blandingii" box="[151,335,1222,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D254A41272FB18" box="[151,335,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas Blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Hallowell (“1844” 1845:170);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641DBD154A41734FB18" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378303" box="[660,1033,1222,1247]" country="Liberia" location="West Africa." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">
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<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DBD154A411FDFB19" box="[660,704,1223,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
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locality: “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DA6D54A5104BFB18" box="[808,886,1222,1246]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DAC554A4173CFB18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DAC554A4173CFB18" box="[896,1025,1222,1246]" country="Liberia" name="West Africa." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">West Africa.</location>
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||
”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E22DB64FD9D2548617E2FDA7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D25486126BFADA" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D25486101FFB3B" ID-CoL="8H726" authority=": Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril (1854: 1101)" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" authorityPageNumber="1101" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,802,1253,1277]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Triglyphodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscum">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D254861252FB3B" box="[151,367,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Triglyphodon fuscum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D8385486101FFB3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378307" box="[381,802,1253,1277]" country="Ivory Coast" location="Grand-Bassam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854:1101)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DA6954861065FB3B" box="[812,856,1253,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DA8754861760FB3B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DA8754861760FB3B" box="[962,1117,1253,1277]" country="Ivory Coast" name="Grand-Bassam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Grand-Bassam</location>
|
||
, sur la
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DDE25486160DFB3B" box="[1191,1328,1253,1277]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Guinée)” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641D98855671271FADA" box="[205,332,1284,1308]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D2554010FAFAFC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,967,1314,1339]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D2554010FAFAFC" box="[151,967,1314,1339]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D2554012C4FAFC" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[151,505,1314,1338]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1856">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2554012C4FAFC" authority=": Fischer (1856: 84)" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,505,1314,1338]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255401209FAFC" box="[151,308,1314,1338]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D804554112C4FAFC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378310" box="[321,505,1314,1338]" country="Ghana" location="Peki" municipality="West-Afrika" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D804554112C4FAFC" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[321,505,1314,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:84)</bibRefCitation>
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DB415540110DFAFD" box="[516,560,1315,1339]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DBDD554111FAFAFC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DBDD554111FAFAFC" box="[664,711,1314,1338]" country="Ghana" municipality="West-Afrika" name="Peki" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Peki</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7D4BACA8E22DB641DB915541106AFAFC" box="[724,855,1314,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">West-Afrika</collectingMunicipality>
|
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)” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DA3655411080FAFC" box="[883,957,1314,1338]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D25521179AFA9F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1191,1345,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D25521179AFA9F" box="[151,1191,1345,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
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<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D2552112D5FA9F" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[151,488,1345,1369]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1856">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2552112D5FA9F" authority=": Fischer (1856: 87)" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityPageNumber="87" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,488,1345,1369]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D25521121EFA9F" box="[151,291,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas valida</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D874552212D5FA9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378308" box="[305,488,1345,1369]" country="Liberia" location="Edina" municipality="West-Afrika" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D874552212D5FA9F" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[305,488,1345,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:87)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641D8B655221122FA9F" box="[499,543,1345,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DBC2552211F9FA9F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DBC2552211F9FA9F" box="[647,708,1345,1369]" country="Liberia" municipality="West-Afrika" name="Edina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">Edina</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E22DB641DB975522109BFA9F" box="[722,934,1345,1369]" country="Liberia" name="Grand Bassa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Grand Bassa County</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7D4BACA8E22DB641DAEA5522170DFA9F" box="[943,1072,1345,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">West-Afrika</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
)” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DD09552217A0FA9F" box="[1100,1181,1345,1369]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D255031783FABE" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1214,1375,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D255031783FABE" box="[151,1214,1375,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D255031137FAB1" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[151,522,1375,1400]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1856">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D255031137FAB1" authority=": Fischer (1856: 89)" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityPageNumber="89" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,522,1375,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255031278FABE" box="[151,325,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D81755031137FAB1" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[338,522,1375,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856:89)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641DB5055031783FABE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378316" box="[533,1214,1376,1400]" country="Liberia" location="Edina" municipality="West-Afrika" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DB505503117CFABE" box="[533,577,1376,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DBEC550311DBFABE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DBEC550311DBFABE" box="[681,742,1376,1400]" country="Liberia" municipality="West-Afrika" name="Edina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Grand Bassa">Edina</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E22DB641DBB6550310F5FABE" box="[755,968,1376,1400]" country="Liberia" name="Grand Bassa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Grand Bassa County</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DA9755031723FABE" box="[978,1054,1376,1400]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7D4BACA8E22DB641DD6255031796FABE" box="[1063,1195,1376,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">West-Afrika</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
).”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D2551D11E7FA50" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,730,1406,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D2551D11E7FA50" box="[151,730,1406,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2551D12BEFA50" authority="Blandingii" authorityName="Blandingii" box="[151,387,1406,1430]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D2551D12BEFA50" box="[151,387,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Toxicodryas Blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D8D4551D115FFA50" author="Hallowell, E." box="[401,610,1406,1430]" page="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1857">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D8D4551D115FFA50" author="Hallowell, E." box="[401,610,1406,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="48 - 72" refId="ref30217" refString="Hallowell, E. (1857) Notice of a collection of reptiles from the Gaboon country, West Africa, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Dr. Henry A. Ford. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9 (1857 - 1858), 48 - 72." type="journal article" year="1857">Hallowell (1857:60)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641DB29551D119EFA50" box="[620,675,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">comb</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641DBF5551C11E8FA50" box="[688,725,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D255FD105BFA73" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,870,1437,1461]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D255FD105BFA73" box="[151,870,1437,1461]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D255FD1205FA73" authority="Fischeri" authorityName="Fischeri" box="[151,312,1437,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255FD1205FA73" box="[151,312,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas Fischeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Jan in
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D8CD55FE116AFA73" author="Dumeril, A. H. A." box="[392,599,1437,1461]" page="212" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1859">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D8CD55FE116AFA73" author="Dumeril, A. H. A." box="[392,599,1437,1461]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="137 - 240" refId="ref29038" refString="Dumeril, A. H. A. (1859) Reptiles et poissons de l'Afrique occidentale. Etude precedee de considerations generales sur leur distribution geographique. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 10, 137 - 240." type="journal article" year="1859">Duméril (1859:212)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; no
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DBC555FE1191FA73" box="[640,684,1437,1461]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality provided.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D255DF176CFA12" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1105,1467,1492]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D255DF11E3FA15" ID-CoL="8KPKT" authority=": Dumeril (1861: 211)" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,734,1467,1492]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Triglyphodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="fuscum" variety="obscurum">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255DF1253FA12" box="[151,366,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Triglyphodon fuscum</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D83155DF11E3FA15" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378311" box="[372,734,1467,1492]" country="Ghana" location="Cote d'Or" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D8E555DF1139FA12" box="[416,516,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obscurum</emphasis>
|
||
: Duméril (1861:211)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DBAC55DF1028FA12" box="[745,789,1468,1492]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DA3855DF10DAFA12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DA3855DF10DAFA12" box="[893,999,1468,1492]" country="Ghana" name="Cote d'Or" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Côte d’Or</location>
|
||
” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DAB855DF177AFA12" box="[1021,1095,1468,1492]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D255B81645FA34" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1400,1498,1523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D255B81264FA34" authority=": Jan" authorityName="Jan" box="[151,345,1498,1522]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255B81214FA34" box="[151,297,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas regalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D87255B81264FA34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378306" box="[311,345,1499,1522]" country="Ghana" location="Cote d'Or" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">Jan</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1871:3, Livraison 38, pl. vi, fig. 2) in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641DBA255B81080FA34" author="Jan, G. & Sordelli, F." box="[743,957,1498,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref30749" refString="Jan, G. & Sordelli, F. (1870 - 1881) Iconographie Generale des Ophidiens. Tome Troisieme (Livrais. 35 a 50), Contenant Quatre Vingt Seize Planches. Georges Jan and Ferdinand Sordelli, Milan, 96 pls." type="journal volume" year="1870">Jan & Sordelli (1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1881);
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DD5555B81701FA35" box="[1040,1084,1499,1523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DDE155B91630FA34" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DDE155B91630FA34" box="[1188,1293,1498,1522]" country="Ghana" name="Cote d'Or" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Côte d’Or</location>
|
||
” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DC6155B91653FA34" box="[1316,1390,1498,1522]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D255991776F9D7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1099,1529,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D255991776F9D7" box="[151,1099,1529,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D255991188F9D7" author="Muller, F." box="[151,693,1529,1553]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1885">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D255991188F9D7" authority=": Muller (1885: 688)" authorityName=": Muller" authorityPageNumber="688" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,693,1529,1553]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="globiceps" variety="tumboensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D255991278F9D7" box="[151,325,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641D80E559A1188F9D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378312" box="[331,693,1529,1553]" country="Guinea-Bissau" location="Tumbo-Insel" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D832559A12D4F9D7" box="[375,489,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">tumboensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D8B3559A1188F9D7" author="Muller, F." box="[502,693,1529,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885:688)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DB85559A11D1F9D7" box="[704,748,1529,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<location id="984F6009E22DB641DA11559A10E7F9D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153987C4E22DB657D9D254001679FC47:984F6009E22DB641DA11559A10E7F9D7" box="[852,986,1529,1553]" country="Guinea-Bissau" name="Tumbo-Insel" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tumbo-Insel</location>
|
||
” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DAB5559A177CF9D7" box="[1008,1089,1529,1553]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D2567B17FDF9F6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1216,1560,1584]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D2567B17FDF9F6" box="[151,1216,1560,1584]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D2567B1183F9F6" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[151,702,1560,1584]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1979">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2567B1183F9F6" authority=": Stucki-Stirn (1979: 377)" authorityName=": Stucki-Stirn" authorityPageNumber="377" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,702,1560,1584]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D2567B1286F9F6" box="[151,443,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Boiga blandingi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D88C567B1183F9F6" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[457,702,1560,1584]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979:377)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; inferred
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DA5A567B1076F9F6" box="[799,843,1560,1584]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “Besongabang”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DD0A567B1781F9F6" box="[1103,1212,1560,1584]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D2565416AAF988" blockId="6.[151,1436,1222,1615]" box="[151,1431,1590,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BD8011FCE22DB641D9D2565416AAF988" box="[151,1431,1590,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1C3110C3E22DB641D9D2565411B0F988" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[151,653,1590,1614]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1979">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2565411B0F988" authority=": Stucki-Stirn (1979: 381)" authorityName=": Stucki-Stirn" authorityPageNumber="381" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,653,1590,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="subfulva">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D2565412ACF988" box="[151,401,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Boiga blandingi subfulva</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D8DB565511B0F988" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[414,653,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979:381)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE22DB641DBD2565416AEF988" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378314" box="[663,1427,1590,1615]" country="Cameroon" location="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DBD2565411FFF989" box="[663,706,1591,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: none provided, but limited to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641DD0156551791F988" box="[1092,1196,1590,1614]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
according to book title
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22DB641D9D25614160AF83F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1655,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22DB641D9D2561412A7F957" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[151,410,1655,1681]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641D9D2561412A7F957" box="[151,410,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described by Hallowell (1845:170) based on a single specimen collected by his friend, “Dr. Blanding,” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E22DB641D8AC56F81103F973" box="[489,574,1691,1717]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The dorsum and venter of the specimen was noted to have a “light yellow” color with a series of blotches of “leaden colour.” This specimen reportedly possessed 2 preoculars, 2 postoculars, 272 ventrals, 131 subcaudals, body length (i.e., SVL) of 1.22 meters, and tail length of 0.39 meters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641DC6B568013DFF8E4" author="Hallowell, E." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="98 - 105" refId="ref30165" refString="Hallowell, E. (1854) Remarks on the geographical distribution of reptiles, with descriptions of several species supposed to be new, and corrections of former papers. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7 (1854 - 1855), 98 - 105." type="journal article" year="1854">Hallowell (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided additional details of the specimen’s teeth, noted it had 17 “rows of scales,” and corrected the tail length to 0.37 meters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D8D4574811A3F880" author="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H." box="[401,670,1835,1862]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1004 - 1041" refId="ref30630" refString="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Serie A, Sciences naturelles, 31 (3), 1004 - 1041." type="journal article" year="1969">Hughes & Barry (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641DBEC574810A8F883" author="Wallach, V. & Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J." box="[681,917,1835,1862]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37025" refString="Wallach, V., Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641DA4E574F1001F883" box="[779,828,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641DA8E574F17ADF883" author="Uetz, P. & Cherikh, S. & Shea, G. & Ineich, I. & Campbell, P. D. & Doronin, I. V. & Rosado, J. & Wynn, A. & Tighe, K. A. & McDiarmid, R. & Lee, J. L. & Kohler, G. & Ellis, R. & Doughty, P. & Raxworthy, C. J. & Scheinberg, L. & Resetar, A. & Sabaj, M. & Schneider, G. & Franzen, M. & Glaw, F. & Bohme, W. & Schweiger, S. & Gemel, R. & Couper, P. & Amey, A. & Dondorp, E. & Ofer, G. & Meiri, S. & Wallach, V." box="[971,1168,1835,1862]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="438 - 450" refId="ref36335" refString="Uetz, P., Cherikh, S., Shea, G., Ineich, I., Campbell, P. D., Doronin, I. V., Rosado, J., Wynn, A., Tighe, K. A., McDiarmid, R., Lee, J. L., Kohler, G., Ellis, R., Doughty, P., Raxworthy, C. J., Scheinberg, L., Resetar, A., Sabaj, M., Schneider, G., Franzen, M., Glaw, F., Bohme, W., Schweiger, S., Gemel, R., Couper, P., Amey, A., Dondorp, E., Ofer, G., Meiri, S. & Wallach, V. (2019) A global catalog of primary reptile type specimens. Zootaxa, 4695 (5), 438 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4695.5.2" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Uetz
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641DD42574F1705F883" box="[1031,1080,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DC7F574F1657F880" box="[1338,1386,1836,1862]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was lost, which is consistent with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641D89B572C11B7F8AF" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[478,650,1871,1897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref32264" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who did not list a
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641DA1E573310B7F8AC" box="[859,906,1872,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen from the ANSP collection.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E22DB641DC6D572C123EF84B" author="Wallach, V. & Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref37025" refString="Wallach, V., Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22DB641DCCD57331391F84B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641D83057171299F848" box="[373,420,1908,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was a
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E22DB641D8AA57101101F848" box="[495,572,1907,1934]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.67">1.67 m</quantity>
|
||
specimen, slightly longer than the total length of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E22DB641DD1F5710179BF848" box="[1114,1190,1907,1934]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.61">1.61 m</quantity>
|
||
reported by Hallowell (1845) in the original description, but the longer measurement is likely a typographical error in reference to the latter citation (V. Wallach, pers. comm.). A query by EG to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences in spring 2020 resulted in location of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E22DB641D87E57831257F83C" box="[315,362,2016,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (ANSP 10083,
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E22DB641DBC257BC11F5F83C" box="[647,712,2015,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-103@9.[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photos of the preserved holotype of Toxicodryas blandingii (ANSP 10083) from Liberia, West Africa, with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 1330 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: N. Gilmore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723038/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a redescription of this specimen is provided below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C9EF665AE22CB640D9D257241158F829" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4723036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723036/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" targetBox="[165,1423,181,1839]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E22CB640D9D257241158F829" blockId="7.[151,1437,1863,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22CB640D9D257241229F899" bold="true" box="[151,276,1863,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Photos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E22CB640D8C157241152F899" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[388,623,1863,1887]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E22CB640D8C157241152F899" box="[388,623,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life. (A) and (B) adult male (ZMB 86408) from south of Kérouané, Guinea. Photo: J. Penner, (C) and (D) adult female (specimen not collected; tissue sample LI10_102) from the vicinity of Gbarpa, Liberia. Photo: J. Penner, (E) adult male from Kissidougou, Guinea. Photo: J.–F. Trape, (F) adult female in threat display from Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Photo: Y. Francioli, (G) subadult from Mbikiliki, Cameroon. Photo: L. Chirio, (H) juvenile from Gamba, Gabon. Photo: O.S.G. Pauwels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E223B64FD98250F417E2FDA7" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FD82C50F41158FF77" author="Loveridge, A." box="[361,613,150,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="151 - 362" refId="ref32014" refString="Loveridge, A. (1957) Check list of the reptiles and amphibians of East Africa (Uganda; Kenya, Tanganyika; Zanzibar). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 117 (2), 151 - 362 + i - xxxvi (index)." type="journal article" year="1957">Loveridge (1957:269)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDBAC50F410A2FF77" authority="Fischeri" authorityName="Fischeri" box="[745,927,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDBAC50F410A2FF77" box="[745,927,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas Fischeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed by Jan (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDD9750F4164EFF77" author="Dumeril, A. H. A." box="[1234,1395,150,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="137 - 240" refId="ref29038" refString="Dumeril, A. H. A. (1859) Reptiles et poissons de l'Afrique occidentale. Etude precedee de considerations generales sur leur distribution geographique. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 10, 137 - 240." type="journal article" year="1859">Duméril 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to combine the minor color pattern variants
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB2650D8102DFF13" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[611,784,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB2650D8102DFF13" box="[611,784,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDA5850D810B8FF13" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[797,901,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA5850D8100CFF12" box="[797,817,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA7A50D810B8FF13" box="[831,901,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">valida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDA8450D81773FF13" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[961,1102,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA8450D810E8FF12" box="[961,981,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDAA650D81773FF13" box="[995,1102,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDD8D50D81653FF13" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[1224,1390,186,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDC3D50D8122EFF3F" author="Pel, H. S." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="149 - 173" refId="ref33796" refString="Pel, H. S. (1852) Over de jagt aan de Goudkust, volgens eene tienjarige eigene ondervinding. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Liefhebbers der Jagt und Visscherei, 1, 149 - 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Pel (1852:171)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
coined the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD89950BC1143FF3F" authority="(Pel 1852)" box="[476,638,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD89950BC1143FF3F" box="[476,638,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas regalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and as translated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDA3150BC17D8FF3F" author="Savage, J. M. & McDiarmid, R. W." box="[884,1253,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref35380" refString="Savage, J. M. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2017) The Herpetological Contributions of Giorgio Jan (1791 - 1866): With an Introduction, Annotated Bibliography, Synopsis of Herpetological Taxa, and a Comprehensive Guide to the Iconographie generale des Ophidiens. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Villanova, Pennsylvania, viii + 926 pp." type="book" year="2017">Savage & McDiarmid (2017:73)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Pel stated, “the third species of venomous snake,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB4A5160119CFEDA" box="[527,673,259,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atropos">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB4A5160119CFEDA" box="[527,673,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja atropos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, belongs to cobras (spectacled snakes) and reaches a length of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDC18516013FCFE87" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" metricValueMax="2.1336" metricValueMin="1.8288" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="ft" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6 to 7 feet</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FD98A5144127AFE87" box="[207,327,294,321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1.95" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.1 m</quantity>
|
||
]. Its color is entirely black... As this snake in general shows much similarity to a tree snake,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDC0B514413D9FEA3" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC0B514413D9FEA3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas regalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which equals it in color and size, but is not venomous.” Perhaps because of this poor description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDC6D51281238FE4C" author="Boulenger, G. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref26812" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger (1896:78)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed the latter name to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDB0B510C1000FE4F" author="Jan, G. & Sordelli, F." box="[590,829,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref30749" refString="Jan, G. & Sordelli, F. (1870 - 1881) Iconographie Generale des Ophidiens. Tome Troisieme (Livrais. 35 a 50), Contenant Quatre Vingt Seize Planches. Georges Jan and Ferdinand Sordelli, Milan, 96 pls." type="journal volume" year="1870">Jan & Sordelli (1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1881), who provided an illustration that served as an appropriate description. Jan listed the name in the
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB9B51F01086FE6B" box="[734,955,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Index des Planches</emphasis>
|
||
for Livraison 38 as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDDEC51F016A0FE6B" authority="Cuv." authorityName="Cuv." box="[1193,1437,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDEC51F01662FE6B" box="[1193,1375,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas cynodon</emphasis>
|
||
Cuv.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variété? (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD84551D412E6FE14" authority="Schlegel" authorityName="Schlegel" box="[256,475,439,466]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD84551D41229FE16" box="[256,276,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD86751D41252FE17" box="[290,367,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">regalis</emphasis>
|
||
Schlegel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDBEF51D41725FE17" author="Savage, J. M. & McDiarmid, R. W." box="[682,1048,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref35380" refString="Savage, J. M. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2017) The Herpetological Contributions of Giorgio Jan (1791 - 1866): With an Introduction, Annotated Bibliography, Synopsis of Herpetological Taxa, and a Comprehensive Guide to the Iconographie generale des Ophidiens. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Villanova, Pennsylvania, viii + 926 pp." type="book" year="2017">Savage & McDiarmid (2017:73)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the attribution to Hermann Schlegel is in error because he never used the name in any publication.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDAD751B8175EFE33" author="Muller, F." box="[914,1123,474,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885:687)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
seemed to suggest that Jan illustrated his specimen (collected by Dr. Mähly from “Goldküste” [i.e.,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E223B64FDA89519C1771FDDF" box="[972,1100,511,537]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gold Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
or modern-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E223B64FDC47519D1672FDDF" box="[1282,1359,510,537]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
]) from Basel, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FD8495240116EFDF8" author="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H." box="[268,595,547,574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1004 - 1041" refId="ref30630" refString="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Serie A, Sciences naturelles, 31 (3), 1004 - 1041." type="journal article" year="1969">Hughes & Barry (1969:1020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed a personal communication from M.S. Hoogmoed, who noted the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E223B64FDC29524016A1FDFB" box="[1388,1436,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD9F352241218FDA7" box="[182,293,583,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD9F3522413F7FDA6" box="[182,202,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD99D52241218FDA7" box="[216,293,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">regalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimen “Leiden 958”) was collected by Pel in
|
||
<date id="E92E1012E223B64FDA12522410C6FDA7" box="[855,1019,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1844-02">February 1844</date>
|
||
from Accra,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E223B64FDDCB522417E6FDA7" box="[1166,1243,583,609]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E223B64FD98252081130FACB" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E223B64FD98252081766FC0F" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FD98252081296FD43" author="Hallowell, E." box="[199,427,618,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="48 - 72" refId="ref30217" refString="Hallowell, E. (1857) Notice of a collection of reptiles from the Gaboon country, West Africa, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Dr. Henry A. Ford. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9 (1857 - 1858), 48 - 72." type="journal article" year="1857">Hallowell (1857:60)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
coined the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB33520811C3FD43" box="[630,766,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB33520811C3FD43" box="[630,766,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because he noticed that his specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDD8D52081664FD43" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1224,1369,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD8D520817E5FD42" box="[1224,1240,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDA352081664FD43" box="[1254,1369,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a “single channelled posterior tooth on each side... and therefore...[it] cannot belong to the genus Triglophodon [sic] of Dum. and Bibron, which has three.” Subsequent herpetological publications in the 19
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDDC452D117B3FD06" attach="left" box="[1153,1166,690,704]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
and early 20
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDC6752D11612FD06" attach="left" box="[1314,1327,690,704]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
centuries seemingly ignored Hallowell’s new genus and continued to recognize the taxon in either the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDC4852B41666FD36" box="[1293,1371,727,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC4852B41666FD36" box="[1293,1371,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FD9D252981274FCD0" author="Mocquard, F." box="[151,329,763,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="59 - 60" refId="ref32787" refString="Mocquard, F. (1896) Notes sur quelques ophidiens de Conakry. Bulletin du Museum Paris, 20, 59 - 60." type="journal article" year="1896">Mocquard 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or more commonly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB70529811CBFCD3" box="[565,758,763,789]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsadomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB70529811CBFCD3" box="[565,758,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsadomorphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDA7F529810CDFCD3" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[826,1008,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref26812" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDABC52981709FCD3" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1017,1076,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref26869" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1919) Batraciens et reptiles recueillis par le Dr C. Christy au Congo Belge dans le districts de Stanleyville, Haut-Uele et Ituri en 1912 - 1914. Revue Zoologique Africaine, 7, 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15108" type="journal article" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDD7A529817E0FCD3" author="de Witte, G. - F." box="[1087,1245,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="55 - 98" refId="ref28527" refString="de Witte, G. - F. (1933) Reptiles recoltes au Congo Belge par le Dr H. Schouteden et par M. G. - F. de Witte. Annales du Musee du Congo Belge, C. - Zoologie, 3 (1), 55 - 98." type="journal article" year="1933">de Witte 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDDAA529816A1FCD3" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1263,1436,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref35449" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1923) Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II. - Snakes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 49, 1 - 146, pls. I - XXII." type="journal article" year="1923">Schmidt (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred the taxon to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB53537C1164FCFE" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[534,601,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB53537C1164FCFE" box="[534,601,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Boiga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his opus on Congolese snakes, recognizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDD2D537C16A1FCFF" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1128,1436,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii" subGenus="Toxicodryas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD2D537C1744FCFE" box="[1128,1145,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDD4537C1624FCFF" box="[1169,1305,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC6C537C16A1FCFF" box="[1321,1436,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD9825320112AFC9B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[199,535,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta" subGenus="Toxicodryas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD982532013E5FC9A" box="[199,216,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD9B553201245FC9B" box="[240,376,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8CC5320112AFC9B" box="[393,535,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an action that was followed by most subsequent authors for decades. Based on the placement of African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD8F2530412C7FC46" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[439,506,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8F2530412C7FC46" box="[439,506,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Boiga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB16530411E5FC47" box="[595,728,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipsadidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDBA653041042FC47" box="[739,895,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lycodontinae">Lycodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDAF1530417B0FC44" author="Underwood, G." box="[948,1165,871,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref36617" refString="Underwood, G. (1967) A Contribution to the Classification of Snakes. British Museum (Natural History), London, x + 179 pp." type="book" year="1967">Underwood (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDDDC5304160FFC47" author="Welch, K. R. G." box="[1177,1330,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref37350" refString="Welch, K. R. G. (1982) Herpetology of Africa: A Checklist and Bibliography of the Orders Amphisbaenia, Sauria and Serpentes. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 293 pp." type="book" year="1982">Welch (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
seems to have been the first to recognize the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB3653E811C6FC63" box="[627,763,907,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB3653E811C6FC63" box="[627,763,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for both species of the genus, an action followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDC1453E813DFFC0F" author="Meirte, D." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 152" refId="ref32469" refString="Meirte, D. (1992) Cles de determination des serpents d'Afrique. Museum Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren Belgique Annual Series Octavo Science Zoologique, 267, 1 - 152." type="journal article" year="1992">Meirte (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and observed by most herpetologists in the 21
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDBAE53CC11CBFC7B" attach="left" box="[747,758,943,957]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">st</superScript>
|
||
century (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDAD253CC1772FC0F" author="Uetz, P. & Freed, P. & Hosek, J." box="[919,1103,943,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref36529" refString="Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hosek, J. (Eds.) (2020) The Reptile Database. Available from: http: // www. reptile-database. org (accessed 12 December 2020)" type="url" year="2020">
|
||
Uetz
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA9653CC1738FC0F" box="[979,1029,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E223B64FD98253B01130FACB" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FD98253B012B0FC28" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[199,397,979,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref26812" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included all of the above West African, 19
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDA2C53B11041FC2B" attach="none" box="[873,892,978,1005]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th-</superScript>
|
||
century names in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDC4353B0124BFBD7" authorityName="Hallowell" authorityYear="1844" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii" subGenus="Toxicodryas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC4353B01669FC2A" box="[1286,1364,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dipsas</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC2153B013CDFBD7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8465394124BFBD7" box="[259,374,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because the dubious subspecies described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDADD53941749FBD7" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[920,1140,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
both occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E223B64FDC64539416A4FBD7" box="[1313,1433,1015,1041]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where one molecular sample (CAS 253611) from Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA4E54781001FBF3" box="[779,828,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (in press) is recovered in a well-supported clade with West African samples (
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E223B64FD8DB545C12D9FB9F" box="[414,484,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1837,1861]" captionTargetBox="[182,1379,489,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-174@3.[182,1405,489,1814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A time-calibrated Bayesian phylogeny of Toxicodryas, based on the cyt b and c-mos genes, modified from Allen et al. (in press). Highly supported nodes (posterior probability ≥ 0.9) are denoted with a black circle. Node bars represent 95% confidence intervals. RADseq (2848 loci) phylogenies showed identical topologies. The five clades supported as distinct species by all species-delimitation analyses of Allen et al. (in press) are shown as black, white, and gray rectangles. Toxicodryas adamanteus sp. nov. includes all populations in Central Africa, including Cameroon, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Outgroups not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723030/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), we confirm the taxonomic nomenclature of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDAAB545C17E3FB9F" author="Wallach, V. & Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J." box="[1006,1246,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref37025" refString="Wallach, V., Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD17545C17B9FB9F" box="[1106,1156,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in treating these taxa as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD8C95400111DFBBB" authorityName="Hallowell" authorityYear="1844" box="[396,544,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8C9540012A1FBBA" box="[396,412,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8E85400111DFBBB" box="[429,544,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDB7554001016FBBB" author="Marques, M. P. & Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M." box="[560,811,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 501" refId="ref32350" refString="Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola: Atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement II), 1 - 501." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Marques
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDBD9540011EDFBBB" box="[668,720,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that northwestern Angolan records from “Chinchoxo,” “Piri-Dembos,” and “Quirimbo” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDBD354E4100CFB67" author="Peters, W. C. H." box="[662,817,1159,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="611 - 621" refId="ref34086" refString="Peters, W. C. H. (1877) Ubersicht der Amphibien aus Chinchoxo (Westafrika), welche von der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft dem Berliner zoologischen Museum ubergeben sind. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1877, 611 - 621." type="journal article" year="1877">Peters (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDA7A54E410D4FB67" author="Bocage, J. V. B." box="[831,1001,1158,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref26625" refString="Bocage, J. V. B. (1895) Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. Ministerio da Marinha e das Colonias, Lisbonne, XX + 203 pp., pls. I - XIX." type="book" year="1895">Bocage (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDAB254E417ABFB64" author="Parker, H. W." box="[1015,1174,1159,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="115 - 146" refId="ref33082" refString="Parker, H. W. (1936) Dr. Karl Jordan's expedition to South-West Africa and Angola: Herpetological collection. Novitates Zoologicae, 40, 115 - 146." type="journal article" year="1936">Parker (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDD9354E416A5FB67" author="Hellmich, W." box="[1238,1432,1158,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref30399" refString="Hellmich, W. (1957 a) Herpetologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungreise in Angola. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 5, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1957">Hellmich (1957a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) are attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD8C154C8110DFB03" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[388,560,1195,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8C154C812A9FB02" box="[388,404,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8E754C8110DFB03" box="[418,560,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the morphometric data provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E223B64FDD0354C81633FB03" author="Hellmich, W." box="[1094,1294,1194,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="39 - 80" refId="ref30426" refString="Hellmich, W. (1957 b) Die Reptilienausbeute der hamburgischen Angola-Expedition. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 55, 39 - 80." type="journal article" year="1957">Hellmich (1957b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for Angolan snakes are inconsistent with the size and scale rows of the latter species, and herein, we consider his records to be attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD87F54901291FACA" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[314,428,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD87F54901277FACA" box="[314,330,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD81D54901291FACA" box="[344,428,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8F654901130FACB" bold="true" box="[435,525,1267,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FD8F654901130FACB" box="[435,525,1267,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E223B64FD98255751614F927" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E223B64FD98255751614F927" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD9825575127FFAF6" bold="true" box="[199,322,1302,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD80F55741173FAF7" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[330,590,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD80F55741173FAF7" box="[330,590,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as recognized herein, is restricted to West Africa and west-central Africa (west of the confluence of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E223B64FD8A35558110CFA93" box="[486,561,1339,1365]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Ubangi rivers), defined by the following combination of characters: maximum SVL>
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FD86E553C12BCFABF" box="[299,385,1375,1401]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||
(vs. maximum SVL <
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDBC3553C11E6FABF" box="[646,731,1375,1401]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDA45553C1091FABF" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[768,940,1375,1401]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA45553C102DFABE" box="[768,784,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA5B553C1091FABF" box="[798,940,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDAA1553C17B4FABF" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[996,1161,1375,1401]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDAA1553C10C9FABE" box="[996,1012,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD47553C17B4FABF" box="[1026,1161,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDD4553C17D6FABF" bold="true" box="[1169,1259,1375,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDDD4553C17D6FABF" box="[1169,1259,1375,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); DSRN 23–25 (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FD98355E01215FA5B" box="[198,296,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="5.334" metricValueMin="4.826" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19–21 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD86B55E012E5FA5B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[302,472,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD86B55E01203FA5A" box="[302,318,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD80F55E012E5FA5B" box="[330,472,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDB4955E01153FA5B" box="[524,622,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.207" metricValueMax="5.842" metricValueMin="4.572" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="20.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="18.0">18–23 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB3655E0102AFA5B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[627,791,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB3655E011BEFA5A" box="[627,643,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDBD555E0102AFA5B" box="[656,791,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA5855E01048FA5B" bold="true" box="[797,885,1411,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDA5855E01048FA5B" box="[797,885,1411,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); DSRM 21–25 (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDD1955E01783FA5B" box="[1116,1214,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="5.334" metricValueMin="4.826" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19–21 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDD8155E01653FA5B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1220,1390,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD8155E017E9FA5A" box="[1220,1236,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDA555E01653FA5B" box="[1248,1390,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FD9D255C413C4FA07" box="[151,249,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.953" metricValueMax="5.334" metricValueMin="4.572" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="19.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="18.0">18–21 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD9BA55C4129EFA07" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[255,419,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD9BA55C41232FA06" box="[255,271,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD85955C4129EFA07" box="[284,419,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8EF55C4113EFA07" bold="true" box="[426,515,1447,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FD8EF55C4113EFA07" box="[426,515,1447,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); cloacal plate usually divided (vs. divided or undivided in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDDD255C41635FA06" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[1175,1288,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDD255C4179AFA06" box="[1175,1191,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDF155C41635FA06" box="[1204,1288,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC4B55C4165AFA07" bold="true" box="[1294,1383,1447,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDC4B55C4165AFA07" box="[1294,1383,1447,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and always undivided in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FD83B55A81114FA23" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[382,553,1483,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD83B55A812B3FA22" box="[382,398,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD8DE55A81114FA23" box="[411,553,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDB1855A8103CFA23" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[605,769,1483,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB1855A81150FA22" box="[605,621,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDB3F55A8103CFA23" box="[634,769,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA4D55A8105CFA23" bold="true" box="[776,865,1483,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDA4D55A8105CFA23" box="[776,865,1483,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); adult males glossy or velvety black with a yellow venter, and adult females light brown, gray, or yellowish-brown with light-brown or cream cross-bars on the flanks, with yellowish-brown venters (vs. both sexes brown to pink with darker cross-bars that often enclose a whitish spot, and the dorsum and venter sprinkled with fine dark brown or black spots in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDAA9565417A5F997" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1004,1176,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDAA9565410C1F996" box="[1004,1020,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD4F565417A5F997" box="[1034,1176,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDD8B5654164EF997" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[1230,1395,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD8B565417E3F996" box="[1230,1246,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDA95654164EF997" box="[1260,1395,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDC3E565413F5F9B3" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDC3E565413F5F9B3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); hemipenis relatively short and massive (i.e., broad), proximal third covered with spines, distal two-thirds dimpled with a flattened apex (vs. relatively long with long spines mid-way along the shaft that decrease in size towards the apex and base, and with a domed apex in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDBB156C010A2F97B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[756,927,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDBB156C01039F97A" box="[756,772,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA5456C010A2F97B" box="[785,927,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDA9056C01747F97B" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[981,1146,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDA9056C010D8F97A" box="[981,997,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDAB656C01747F97B" box="[1011,1146,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDC756C017E6F97B" bold="true" box="[1154,1243,1699,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDDC756C017E6F97B" box="[1154,1243,1699,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); venom toxicity LD
|
||
<subScript id="01143497E223B64FD9F856BA13F0F921" attach="left" box="[189,205,1753,1767]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">50</subScript>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FD9AE56A512B8F927" box="[235,389,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.55" metricValueMin="2.85" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mg" value="3.2" valueMax="3.55" valueMin="2.85">2.85–3.55 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg in mice (vs. venom toxicity LD
|
||
<subScript id="01143497E223B64FDA5556BA101DF921" attach="left" box="[784,800,1753,1767]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">50</subScript>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDA7B56A410A4F927" box="[830,921,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.88" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mg" value="4.88">4.88 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg in mice for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E223B64FDD0356A41785F926" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[1094,1208,1735,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD0356A4176BF926" box="[1094,1110,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDD2156A41785F926" box="[1124,1208,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FDDFA56A41625F927" bold="true" box="[1215,1304,1735,1761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE223B64FDDFA56A41625F927" box="[1215,1304,1735,1761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D58A6559E223B657D98256891679FC47" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E223B64ED98256891602FF13" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2014]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,322]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E223B64FD98256891108F8C3" bold="true" box="[199,565,1770,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Redescription of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E223B64FD8825688110DF8C3" box="[455,560,1771,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ANSP 10083 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E223B64FDBA056881016F8C0" box="[741,811,1771,1798]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-103@9.[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photos of the preserved holotype of Toxicodryas blandingii (ANSP 10083) from Liberia, West Africa, with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 1330 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: N. Gilmore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723038/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) adult female in poor condition,
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDDEF56881625F8C3" box="[1194,1304,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1330.0">1330 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL; head triangular and distinct from neck, 1.92% of SVL (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDB8B576D1005F8EF" box="[718,824,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="25.5">25.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
); right loreal missing, left loreal partially obscured by supralabials due to cranial damage, upper side tapering superiorly; body triangular; tail moderately long (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E223B64FDC73575016A5F88B" box="[1334,1432,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 30.1% of SVL). Supralabials –/9, –/4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDB0457351173F8A2" attach="right" box="[577,590,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
, 5
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDB2E57351145F8A2" attach="none" box="[619,632,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
, and 6
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDB82573511E9F8A2" attach="left" box="[711,724,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
contacting orbit; infralabials 14/13, 1
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDDC6573417B3F8A3" attach="left" box="[1155,1166,1879,1893]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">st</superScript>
|
||
on each side in contact behind mental, 1
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FD8135718125CF84F" attach="none" box="[342,353,1915,1929]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">st</superScript>
|
||
–4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FD839571912B4F84E" attach="none" box="[380,393,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
/1
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FD8DA57181297F84F" attach="none" box="[415,426,1915,1929]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">st</superScript>
|
||
–4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FD883571912EEF84E" attach="left" box="[454,467,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
contacting anterior chin shields and 4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDAC0571910AFF84E" attach="none" box="[901,914,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
–7
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDAEB57191086F84E" attach="none" box="[942,955,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
/4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDA94571910E3F84E" attach="right" box="[977,990,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
–7
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE223B64FDABC5719173BF84E" attach="left" box="[1017,1030,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">th</superScript>
|
||
contacting posterior chin shields; 2 preoculars; 3 postoculars (on left, missing on right); temporals –/2 + 2; 2 internasals; nasal divided (on left, missing on right); frontal slightly longer than wide, only left side undamaged; dorsal scale rows 23 one head length posterior to jaw rictus, 23 at midbody, 17 one head length anterior to vent, smooth and oblique, vertebral scales broad and apically flattened; ventrals 273 (standard), 271 (Dowling); cloacal plate undivided; paired subcaudals 132.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E222B64ED98250BD162FFE84" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64ED98250BD1121FF3E" bold="true" box="[199,540,222,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Coloration (in preservative).</emphasis>
|
||
After approximately 176 years in preservation, specimen is faded, with creamy tan background color in dorsal and ventral views. Brown markings on posterior edge of supralabials and dorsum of head. Irregular brown and dark brown blotches and saddles on dorsum from neck to tip of tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E222B64EDD8551441639FE84" box="[1216,1284,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-103@9.[177,1410,345,1767]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photos of the preserved holotype of Toxicodryas blandingii (ANSP 10083) from Liberia, West Africa, with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 1330 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: N. Gilmore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723038/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C9EF665AE222B64ED9D2569D17B1F898" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4723038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723038/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,250,1790,1814]" targetBox="[177,1410,345,1767]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E222B64ED9D2569D17B1F898" blockId="9.[151,1437,1790,1886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64ED9D2569D122EF8D0" bold="true" box="[151,275,1790,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Photos of the preserved holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E222B64EDBCC569D104EF8D0" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[649,883,1790,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64EDBCC569D104EF8D0" box="[649,883,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANSP 10083) from Liberia, West Africa, with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 1330 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: N. Gilmore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E222B64DD98257EF170DFE33" blockId="9.[151,1437,1932,2031]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64ED98257EF1202F860" bold="true" box="[199,319,1932,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E222B64EDB3357EF104AF860" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[630,887,1932,1958]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64EDB3357EF104AF860" box="[630,887,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shown in
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E222B64EDD4657EF176BF860" box="[1027,1110,1932,1958]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="20.[151,239,476,500]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 1000 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West and Central African Toxicodryas blandingii (Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) and Central and East African T. vexator sp. nov. (Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zambia). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E222B64EDD2657EF160FF861" author="Muller, F." box="[1123,1330,1932,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885:688)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided data for a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E222B64ED8C857D312EBF80C" box="[397,470,1968,1994]" name="Ghana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 15 infralabials and noted that most of its scales have two “Endgruben” [terminal pits], which likely refer to apical pits. In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E222B64EDA5857B6160CF829" authority="Muller (1885)" authorityName=": Muller" authorityYear="1885" box="[797,1329,2004,2031]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="globiceps" variety="tumboensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64EDA5857B610E1F828" box="[797,988,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E222B64EDD5457B717B2F828" box="[1041,1167,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">tumboensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E222B64EDDD057B7160CF829" author="Muller, F." box="[1173,1329,2004,2031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted his specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD80050F412ABFF77" box="[325,406,151,177]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E221B64DD8E350F412D4FF77" box="[422,489,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1802,1826]" captionTargetBox="[164,1407,489,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-187@12.[164,1424,489,1778]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Photos of the preserved holotype of Dipsas globiceps var. tumboensis (NMBA-REPT 01825), from Tumbo Insel (= Tumbo Island, Guinea), with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 280 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: E. Stöckli." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) had 147 subcaudals. In snakes from West Africa (without separating by sex),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDC1D50F413DFFF13" author="Angel, F." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26404" refString="Angel, F. (1933) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Larose Editeur, Paris, 246 pp." type="book" year="1933">Angel (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a temporal formula of 2 + 2 or 2 + 3, 21–25 scales at midbody, 240–289 ventrals, 120–147 subcaudals, either an undivided or divided cloacal plate, and a maximum total size of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DDA9350BC1779FF3F" box="[982,1092,223,249]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2290.0">2290 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and nearly verbatim variation was listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD873516012D6FEDB" author="Villiers, A." box="[310,491,258,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36646" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 a) Initiations Africaines. II. Les Serpents de l'Ouest Africain. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 148 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8BD516011A2FED8" author="Doucet, J." box="[504,671,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDBE8516010B7FEDB" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." box="[685,906,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDADD51601766FED8" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[920,1115,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDDDF516016A5FED8" author="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y." box="[1178,1432,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36288" refString="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y. (2006) Guide des Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale: Savane et Desert. IRD editions, Paris, 226 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / books. irdeditions. 37382" type="book" year="2006">Trape & Mané (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, in snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD88451441130FE87" box="[449,525,295,321]" name="Ghana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDB5F51441033FE87" author="Swiecicki, A. W." box="[538,782,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="300 - 304" refId="ref36014" refString="Swiecicki, A. W. (1965) Snakes and snake bite in the western region, Ghana. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68 (12), 300 - 304." type="journal article" year="1965">Swiecicki (1965:302)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a maximum total length of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DDDD951451637FE87" box="[1180,1290,294,321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2450.0">2450 mm</quantity>
|
||
for a “black form” individual,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD81A5128112CFEA3" author="Gauduin, P." box="[351,529,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref29520" refString="Gauduin, P. (1970) Contributions a la faune de la region de Yaounde. Annales de la Faculte des Sciences du Cameroun, 4, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1970">Gauduin (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the maximum total length as
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DDAD95128173AFEA3" box="[924,1031,331,357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2700.0">2700 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DDD515128174FFEA3" box="[1044,1138,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
|
||
tail) for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDD9651281676FEA3" box="[1235,1355,331,357]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDC105128124EFE4F" author="Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref28020" refString="Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M. (2007) Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. Publications Scientifiques du MNHN, IRD Editions, Paris, 686 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chirio & LeBreton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a slightly larger total length of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DDA0A510C1081FE4F" box="[847,956,367,393]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7399999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2740.0">2740 mm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDAAB510C175BFE4F" box="[1006,1126,367,393]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDDE1510C16A1FE4F" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F." box="[1188,1436,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref32067" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F. (1998 a) Observations on habitat, reproduction and feeding of Boiga blandingi (Colubridae) in south-eastern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (4), 430 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853898 X 00098" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDC47510C1608FE4F" box="[1282,1333,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a maximum size of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DD8F651F01122FE6B" box="[435,543,403,429]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2800.0">2800 mm</quantity>
|
||
, presumably for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDB9D51F0100DFE6B" box="[728,816,403,429]" name="Nigeria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDA7D51F010E7FE6B" author="Villiers, A." box="[824,986,402,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="17 - 43" refId="ref36714" refString="Villiers, A. (1951) Mission A. Villiers au Togo et au Dahomey (1950). II. - Ophidiens. Etudes Dahomeennes, 5, 17 - 43." type="journal article" year="1951">Villiers (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted an unsexed individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDC1C51F016A1FE6B" box="[1369,1436,403,429]" name="Benin" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 115 subcaudals.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8C951D4117BFE17" author="Cansdale, G. S." box="[396,582,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27467" refString="Cansdale, G. S. (1965) West African Snakes. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, vi + 74 pp." type="book" year="1965">Cansdale (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented 21–25 scales at midbody, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDD7251D41669FE17" author="Segniagbeto, G. H. & Trape, J. F. & David, P. & Ohler, A. & Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A." box="[1079,1364,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="325 - 360" refId="ref35508" refString="Segniagbeto, G. H., Trape, J. F., David, P., Ohler, A., Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A. (2011) The snake fauna of Togo: Systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema, 33 (3), 325 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2011 n 3 a 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD8C51D417C1FE17" box="[1225,1276,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD83A51B81285FE33" box="[383,440,475,501]" name="Togo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 19–24 scales at midbody and 102–159 subcaudals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E221B64DD982519C13E5FC2B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In our examined specimens, temporal formula includes the variation noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDD6B519C17FBFDDF" author="Angel, F." box="[1070,1222,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26404" refString="Angel, F. (1933) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Larose Editeur, Paris, 246 pp." type="book" year="1933">Angel (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but is more extensive (2 +5, 3 + 4, 3 + 3, 1 + 5, 3 + 2, or 2 + 4), and either supralabials 3–5 or 4–6 contact the eye, which is consistent with the observations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8E052241101FDA7" author="Angel, F." box="[421,572,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26404" refString="Angel, F. (1933) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Larose Editeur, Paris, 246 pp." type="book" year="1933">Angel (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDB03522411C4FDA7" author="Villiers, A." box="[582,761,582,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36677" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 b) Catalogues. IV. La Collection de Serpents de l'I. F. A. N. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 155 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDA77522410CEFDA4" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[818,1011,583,610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the latter author also noted that sometimes only 2 supralabials contact the eye.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDB2952081075FD43" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[620,840,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted specimens with the 4th–5th, 5th–7
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE221B64DDC535209161EFDBE" attach="none" box="[1302,1315,618,632]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">th</superScript>
|
||
, or 4th–7
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE221B64DDCD5520916A0FDBE" attach="none" box="[1424,1437,618,632]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">th</superScript>
|
||
supralabials in contact with the eye, and in general, this species has sloping and smooth scales with apical pits, and the vertebral row is greatly enlarged. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E221B64DDB2852D011EFFD0B" box="[621,722,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE221B64DDB9B52D0107EFD0B" box="[734,835,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE221B64DDA3E52D010CBFD0B" box="[891,1014,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDD7E52D017B1FD0B" box="[1083,1164,691,717]" name="Liberia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDDDE52D0166FFD0B" author="Loveridge, A." box="[1179,1362,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="113 - 140" refId="ref31875" refString="Loveridge, A. (1941) Report on the Smithsonian-Firestone expedition's collection of reptiles and amphibians from Liberia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91 (3128), 113 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3128.113" type="journal article" year="1941">Loveridge 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDC1B52D013C2FD34" author="Johnsen, P." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="115 - 130" refId="ref30795" refString="Johnsen, P. (1962) Notes on African snakes, mainly from northern Rhodesia and Liberia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 124, 115 - 130." type="journal article" year="1962">Johnsen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE221B64DD85652B41245FD37" box="[275,376,727,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD8F852B41135FD37" box="[445,520,727,753]" name="Gabon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDB5352B41039FD34" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C." box="[534,772,727,754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref33565" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C. (2002 b) Recherches sur l'herpetofaune des Monts de Cristal, Gabon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 72, 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB3952B41190FD37" box="[636,685,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE221B64DDA5D52B41040FD37" box="[792,893,727,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDA8752B410C1FD37" box="[962,1020,727,753]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">DRC</collectingCountry>
|
||
(RBINS 10888), and a juvenile from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD9D252981231FCD3" box="[151,268,763,789]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD85E52981292FCD3" author="Werner, F." box="[283,431,763,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="395 - 408" refId="ref37392" refString="Werner, F. (1897) Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Tunis aus dem kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 47, 395 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11464" type="journal article" year="1897">Werner 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are unusual in having an undivided cloacal plate, because all other examined specimens have a divided cloacal plate, including the type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDA0C537C10CAFCFF" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[841,1015,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDA0C537C10CAFCFF" box="[841,1015,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dipsas fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDD40537C1753FCFF" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[1029,1134,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD40537C1724FCFE" box="[1029,1049,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD6D537C1753FCFF" box="[1064,1134,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">valida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDDE9537C13E1FC9B" authority="(Fischer 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDDE9537C17FDFCFE" box="[1196,1216,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD8B537C1604FCFF" box="[1230,1337,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDC0D537C13EEFC9B" author="Fischer, J. G." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD9A0532012FDFC9B" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[229,448,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that his specimens have either a divided or undivided cloacal plate. In his book on West and Central African snakes, including countries west of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDAD8530410D5FC47" box="[925,1000,871,897]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
River,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDD7E53041611FC47" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[1083,1324,870,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006:154)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the anal [cloacal plate] is sometimes entire, but more often divided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDA2953E8175EFC60" author="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y." box="[876,1123,907,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36288" refString="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y. (2006) Guide des Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale: Savane et Desert. IRD editions, Paris, 226 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / books. irdeditions. 37382" type="book" year="2006">Trape & Mané (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the cloacal plate is almost always divided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD88553CC11DDFC0F" author="Segniagbeto, G. H. & Trape, J. F. & David, P. & Ohler, A. & Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A." box="[448,736,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="325 - 360" refId="ref35508" refString="Segniagbeto, G. H., Trape, J. F., David, P., Ohler, A., Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A. (2011) The snake fauna of Togo: Systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema, 33 (3), 325 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2011 n 3 a 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB1653CC11BBFC0F" box="[595,646,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted individuals with divided or undivided cloacal plates in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD9D253B013E9FC2B" box="[151,212,979,1005]" name="Togo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E221B64DD9825394107AFABF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Combined descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8B0539411A7FBD7" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[501,666,1014,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDA02539410C8FBD7" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[839,1013,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDA02539410C8FBD7" box="[839,1013,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dipsas fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDD4653941751FBD7" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[1027,1132,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD465394172AFBD6" box="[1027,1047,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD6353941751FBD7" box="[1062,1132,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">valida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDDEF5394160AFBD7" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1194,1335,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDDEF53941783FBD6" box="[1194,1214,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD895394160AFBD7" box="[1228,1335,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all now synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DD875547812FFFBF3" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[304,450,1051,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD8755478127DFBF2" box="[304,320,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD80A547812FFFBF3" box="[335,450,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggest the species has 9 maxillary teeth that increase in size posteriorly, followed by two fangs (three on the right side in
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE221B64DDB6B545C11F1FB9C" box="[558,716,1087,1114]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
), and 12 mandibular teeth, which decrease in size posteriorly. In snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD86F5400124BFBBB" box="[298,374,1123,1149]" name="Ghana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8C654001115FBBB" author="Leeson, F." box="[387,552,1122,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31641" refString="Leeson, F. (1950) Identification of Snakes of the Gold Coast. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, x + 142 pp." type="book" year="1950">Leeson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted 10–11 maxillary teeth, becoming larger posteriorly, and two fangs followed by a shorter fang; fourteen large palatine and pterygoid teeth, and 15 mandibular teeth (anterior ones largest).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD9D254C812E3FB03" author="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D." box="[151,478,1194,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1191 - 1229" refId="ref36152" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D. (1958) Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Harbel, Republic of Liberia. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38 (14), 1191 - 1229. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10973" type="journal article" year="1958">Taylor & Weyer (1958:1217)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a Liberian specimen with 9–10 maxillary teeth (on different sides) that increase in size from the 1
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE221B64DD8E754AC1290FB1B" attach="left" box="[418,429,1231,1245]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">st</superScript>
|
||
to 4
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE221B64DD89954AD12D4FB1A" attach="left" box="[476,489,1230,1244]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">th</superScript>
|
||
tooth, and then become subequal; two fangs occur after this series of teeth, and after a short diastema, there is a third fang with only traces of a groove. A second Liberian specimen had 10 maxillary teeth followed by three fangs, the last of which had only “a suggestion of a groove.” Based on specimens ranging from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD9D2555813D5FA93" box="[151,232,1339,1365]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD84E55581265FA93" box="[267,344,1339,1365]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD8215558115EFA93" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[356,611,1339,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a:98)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted 10 maxillary teeth followed by three enlarged, furrowed venomous teeth, with the 3
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE221B64DD809553D1267FAAA" attach="left" box="[332,346,1374,1388]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rd</superScript>
|
||
fang slightly smaller than the previous two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E221B64DD98255E01002F8C3" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD98255E01251FA5B" author="Fischer, J. G." box="[199,364,1410,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="79 - 116" refId="ref29308" refString="Fischer, J. G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 3, 79 - 116 + 3 pl." type="journal article" year="1856">Fischer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided detailed descriptions of the color patterns of West African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDD3555E01623FA5B" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[1136,1310,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD3555E01623FA5B" box="[1136,1310,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dipsas fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDC6955E016A8FA5B" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[1324,1429,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDC6955E0167DFA5A" box="[1324,1344,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDC0A55E016A8FA5B" box="[1359,1429,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">valida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DD98C55C41265FA07" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[201,344,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD98C55C413E0FA06" box="[201,221,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD9A855C41265FA07" box="[237,344,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all now synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDB2155C411CAFA07" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[612,759,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB2155C41149FA06" box="[612,628,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDBC155C411CAFA07" box="[644,759,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which seem to suggest he examined a subadult male that had been kept in alcohol for a long (unspecified amount) time (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDA1E55A810EBFA23" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[859,982,1483,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDA1E55A81052FA22" box="[859,879,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDA3855A810EBFA23" box="[893,982,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an adult female (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDDEF55A8162FFA23" authorityName=": Fischer" authorityYear="1856" box="[1194,1298,1483,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDDEF55A81783FA22" box="[1194,1214,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD8955A8162FFA23" box="[1228,1298,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">valida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and a subadult that retained juvenile coloration (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDB0F558C11EAF9CF" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[586,727,1519,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB0F558C1163F9CE" box="[586,606,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB29558C11EAF9CF" box="[620,727,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDA90558C122EF9EB" authority="Muller (1885: 689)" authorityName=": Muller" authorityPageNumber="689" authorityYear="1885" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="globiceps" variety="tumboensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDA90558C17A9F9CF" box="[981,1172,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDD8E558C1674F9CF" box="[1227,1353,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">tumboensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDC15558C122EF9EB" author="Muller, F." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885:689)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted his specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDB05567011ACF9EB" box="[576,657,1555,1581]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E221B64DDBE7567011D5F9EB" box="[674,744,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1802,1826]" captionTargetBox="[164,1407,489,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-187@12.[164,1424,489,1778]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Photos of the preserved holotype of Dipsas globiceps var. tumboensis (NMBA-REPT 01825), from Tumbo Insel (= Tumbo Island, Guinea), with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 280 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: E. Stöckli." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) had a gray-reddish dorsum with 30 black transverse bands, usually containing milky white spots. The frontal, supraoculars, and occipital scales had large black spots, the labial scales and postoculars were edged with black, and the head shields had multiple milk-white speckles. The tail was bright red with dark, irregular transverse bands. Aspects of this coloration description are highly unusual for this species (e.g., bright red tail), and more typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DDB8756C01053F97B" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[706,878,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDB8756C011EFF97A" box="[706,722,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DDBA556C01053F97B" box="[736,878,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the black edging of the labial scales, number of preoculars (3), supralabials in contact with the eye (5 and 6), ventrals (269), and subcaudals (147) clearly indicate this taxon is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E221B64DD8805688116BF8C3" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[453,598,1771,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD880568812E8F8C2" box="[453,469,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E221B64DD8A65688116BF8C3" box="[483,598,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E221B64DDB2056881194F8C3" box="[613,681,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1802,1826]" captionTargetBox="[164,1407,489,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-187@12.[164,1424,489,1778]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Photos of the preserved holotype of Dipsas globiceps var. tumboensis (NMBA-REPT 01825), from Tumbo Insel (= Tumbo Island, Guinea), with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 280 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: E. Stöckli." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723042/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E221B64DDBF05688100CF8C3" box="[693,817,1771,1797]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="20.[151,239,476,500]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,239,728,752]" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 1000 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West and Central African Toxicodryas blandingii (Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) and Central and East African T. vexator sp. nov. (Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zambia). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 500 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West African Toxicodryas pulverulenta (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, and Benin), and Central and East African T. adamanteus sp. nov. (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Uganda). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E221B64CD982576C17D7FD43" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DD982576C128FF8EF" author="Mocquard, F." box="[199,434,1807,1833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="62 - 92" refId="ref32751" refString="Mocquard, F. (1887) Sur les ophidiens repportes du Congo par la Mission de Brazza. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, Serie 7, 11, 62 - 92." type="journal article" year="1887">Mocquard (1887:80)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a recently collected, unsexed subadult (“la longueur du tronc” [trunk length]
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E221B64DD9D2575013E4F88B" box="[151,217,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="1.1">1.1 m</quantity>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DD86D5750124EF88B" box="[296,371,1843,1869]" name="Gabon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
as having a dorsal color of a general tint of Burgundy with slightly darker spots on the flanks that have a dirty white spot a little above their lower edge.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDA62573410E9F8B7" author="Mertens, R." box="[807,980,1879,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref32656" refString="Mertens, R. (1938) Herpetologische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Kamerun. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 442, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1938">Mertens (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described an adult male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDC6D573416A0F8B7" box="[1320,1437,1879,1905]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
as solid black dorsally and ventrally, with the exception of the anterior third of the venter, which was white, but the ventral scales had dark gray edges. The labial scales were gray with vertical black borders.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E221B64DDDFA57FC164CF87F" author="Villiers, A." box="[1215,1393,1950,1977]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36677" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 b) Catalogues. IV. La Collection de Serpents de l'I. F. A. N. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 155 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the color pattern of an unsexed individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E221B64DDA4457A010B9F81B" box="[769,900,1987,2013]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
as sooty black or brownish in places on the dorsum; underside iridescent dark gray posteriorly, becoming whitish anteriorly, with the posterior edge of the ventrals edged with gray; underside of head white, and labials whitish and edged in black. Another unsexed individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CD9D250BC13D5FF3F" box="[151,232,223,249]" name="Liberia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was described as bluish black above, yellow below; supralabials yellow with black edges, and posterior part of venter and underside of tail black. A third unsexed individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDAF55160173CFEDB" box="[944,1025,259,285]" name="Liberia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had identical coloration to the latter one, except for the presence of whitish bars on the neck.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDA5951441082FE87" author="Leeson, F." box="[796,959,294,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref31641" refString="Leeson, F. (1950) Identification of Snakes of the Gold Coast. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, x + 142 pp." type="book" year="1950">Leeson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDD8A51441625FE87" box="[1231,1304,295,321]" name="Ghana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
have a dull green or gray dorsum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD8D651281152FEA3" author="Monard, A." box="[403,623,330,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="123 - 170" refId="ref32812" refString="Monard, A. (1951) Resultats de la mission zoologique suisse au Cameroun. Reptiles. Batraciens. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Sciences Naturelles, (1), 123 - 170." type="journal article" year="1951">Monard (1951:162)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described an unsexed individual from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDD5A512817A9FEA3" box="[1055,1172,331,357]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
as a beautiful light redbrown, “barré” [barred] with dark brown.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDB33510C1082FE4F" author="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D." box="[630,959,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1191 - 1229" refId="ref36152" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D. (1958) Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Harbel, Republic of Liberia. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38 (14), 1191 - 1229. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10973" type="journal article" year="1958">Taylor & Weyer (1958:1217)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a Liberian brown-phase female with pale grayish green on the ventral side of the head and neck, merging into gray with “a greenish cast”
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E220B64CDC0751F016A1FE6B" box="[1346,1436,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="12.7">12.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
posteriorly, and at
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E220B64CD82C51D412FEFE17" box="[361,451,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="40.6">40.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
behind the head, it transitioned into plain tan to the tip of the tail.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDDF551D416A1FE14" author="Isemonger, R. M." box="[1200,1436,439,466]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref30676" refString="Isemonger, R. M. (1962) Snakes of Africa: Southern, Central and East. Thomas Nelson and Sons (Africa) (Party) Ltd., Johannesburg, viii + 236 pp." type="book" year="1962">Isemonger (1962:12)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that this species has a “delicate bloom on the skin.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDA0B51B81714FE33" author="Cansdale, G. S." box="[846,1065,474,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27467" refString="Cansdale, G. S. (1965) West African Snakes. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, vi + 74 pp." type="book" year="1965">Cansdale (1965:43)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a highly unusual color pattern for juveniles by noting that “the young brown form is pink with irregular chocolate markings that break up its outline very effectively and make it difficult to pick out in a tree or shrub.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDD08524016A1FDFB" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[1101,1436,546,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968:753)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described an unusual specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDB72522411BDFDA7" box="[567,640,583,609]" name="Ghana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
as “pale grey with darker greyish-green transverse bands, the bands irregular but more or less diamond shaped on each side. The ventrals are also grey but more glossy.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E220B64CD98252EC10DCFC2B" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD98252EC12A1FD6F" author="Groves, F." box="[199,412,655,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="106 - 108" refId="ref29879" refString="Groves, F. (1973) Reproduction and venom in Blanding's tree snake. International Zoo Yearbook, 13, 106 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1973. tb 02114. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Groves (1973:107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the coloration of hatchlings from a captive Liberian female as “light grey background colour with pinkish undertones; black, roughly oval, lateral blotches narrowing as they approach the midline, where many of them fail to conjoin; top of head light grey; belly dark grey.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDD6852B41610FD37" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[1069,1325,727,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a:98)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the scales of his specimens were dull and almost dusty, a sentiment also shared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDD55529817F0FCD3" author="Cansdale, G. S." box="[1040,1229,762,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27467" refString="Cansdale, G. S. (1965) West African Snakes. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, vi + 74 pp." type="book" year="1965">Cansdale (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Adult males were solid black on the dorsum and yellow on the venter (becoming black posteriorly), whereas adult females were noted to be gray, brown or yellow-brown on the dorsum and yellow-brown on the venter, sometimes without transverse bands.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD9AD5304129AFC47" author="Hughes, B." box="[232,423,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000:8)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted juvenile and subadult (approximately
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E220B64CDAE2530410C3FC47" box="[935,1022,871,897]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||
in total length or less) snakes had a dorsal coloration that was “a distinctively bright and contrasting pattern of chocolate brown blotches.” He noted that most male specimens lose this coloration as they age, becoming increasingly melanistic, and although exceptions are possible, this melanistic progression does not seem to occur in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E220B64CD982539413F2F9CF" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD98253941287FBD7" author="Chippaux, J-P." box="[199,442,1014,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27912" refString="Chippaux, J-P. (2006) Les Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. 3 rd Edition. IRD Editions, Paris, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Chippaux (2006:154)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted there are two dorsal color morphs: (1) uniform black or dark blue with “reflets veloutés” [velvety reflections] or (2) gray with darker, poorly defined transverse spots. The venter was noted as dull yellow to charcoal gray, and juvenile coloration as light brown with darker transverse ring-shaped spots.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDC50545C13D9FBBB" author="Stucki-Stirn, M. C." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref35957" refString="Stucki-Stirn, M. C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Comeroon [sic] / Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto- Verlag, Teuffenthal, Switzerland, 650 pp." type="book" year="1979">Stucki-Stirn (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, perhaps confused by the two color morphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDBA1540010BFFBBB" author="Lawson, D." box="[740,898,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="27 - 90" refId="ref31384" refString="Lawson, D. (1993) The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History, 1 (2), 27 - 90." type="journal article" year="1993">Lawson 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDACA54001760FBBB" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[911,1117,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CDDA354001223FB67" authorityName=": Stucki-Stirn" authorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDDA354001223FB67" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Boiga blandingi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for Cameroonian specimens that were uniform black or bluish black, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CDDED54E416A1FB67" authorityName=": Stucki-Stirn" authorityYear="1979" box="[1192,1436,1159,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="blandingi" subSpecies="subfulva">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDDED54E41784FB66" box="[1192,1209,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDD8C54E416A1FB67" box="[1225,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">blandingi subfulva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was named for Cameroonian specimens that were yellowish brown with faint whitish or dark brown diamondshaped blotches.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD81254AC113CFB2F" author="Lawson, D." box="[343,513,1231,1257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="27 - 90" refId="ref31384" refString="Lawson, D. (1993) The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History, 1 (2), 27 - 90." type="journal article" year="1993">Lawson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed these color morphs to sexual dimorphism, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDDC554AC161AFB2F" author="Hughes, B." box="[1152,1319,1231,1257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested exceptions are possible.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD8E8549011E5FAC8" author="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y." box="[429,728,1267,1294]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref36288" refString="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y. (2006) Guide des Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale: Savane et Desert. IRD editions, Paris, 226 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / books. irdeditions. 37382" type="book" year="2006">Trape & Mané (2006:168)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added, although there are a few exceptions, the differences in coloration are clearly associated with the sex and age of the specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDAFB55741631FAF7" author="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L." box="[958,1292,1302,1329]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref29665" refString="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L. (2005) The herpetofauna of Upper Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 37, 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8470" type="journal article" year="2005">Greenbaum & Carr (2005:15)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented the color in life of an adult female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDB2C55581187FA93" box="[617,698,1339,1365]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
as “dorsum and flanks were pinkish tan with 39 brown blotches outlined in a creamy tan border along the flanks. The dorsum of the head is brown; the labials are tan with brown outlines, and the venter is white.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDB5E55E01031FA5B" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Pauly, A. & Araldi, A. & Ndonda Makemba, R. & Fonteyn, D. & Oslisly, R. & Whittaker, A. M." box="[539,780,1411,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref33686" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Pauly, A., Araldi, A., Ndonda Makemba, R., Fonteyn, D., Oslisly, R. & Whittaker, A. M. (2020) Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica XVI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 55 (5), 93 - 99." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDBC455E0118EFA5B" box="[641,691,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented an adult specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDDF255E0163FFA5B" box="[1207,1282,1411,1437]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
that was uniformly beige in life. Based on photos of a subadult of unknown sex from Mbiliki,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDD5E55C417ADFA07" box="[1051,1168,1447,1473]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E220B64CDDDB55C417C9FA07" box="[1182,1268,1446,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photos of Toxicodryas blandingii in life. (A) and (B) adult male (ZMB 86408) from south of Kérouané, Guinea. Photo: J. Penner, (C) and (D) adult female (specimen not collected; tissue sample LI10_102) from the vicinity of Gbarpa, Liberia. Photo: J. Penner, (E) adult male from Kissidougou, Guinea. Photo: J.–F. Trape, (F) adult female in threat display from Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Photo: Y. Francioli, (G) subadult from Mbikiliki, Cameroon. Photo: L. Chirio, (H) juvenile from Gamba, Gabon. Photo: O.S.G. Pauwels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723036/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a juvenile of unknown sex from Gamba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CD8AA55A81107FA23" box="[495,570,1483,1509]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E220B64CDB0C55A8119EFA23" box="[585,675,1482,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photos of Toxicodryas blandingii in life. (A) and (B) adult male (ZMB 86408) from south of Kérouané, Guinea. Photo: J. Penner, (C) and (D) adult female (specimen not collected; tissue sample LI10_102) from the vicinity of Gbarpa, Liberia. Photo: J. Penner, (E) adult male from Kissidougou, Guinea. Photo: J.–F. Trape, (F) adult female in threat display from Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Photo: Y. Francioli, (G) subadult from Mbikiliki, Cameroon. Photo: L. Chirio, (H) juvenile from Gamba, Gabon. Photo: O.S.G. Pauwels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723036/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
), the base of the tongue is bluish black, and the forked tip is silvery gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E220B64CD982567111B5F97B" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CD98256711273F9EA" bold="true" box="[199,334,1554,1580]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hemipenis.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD8115670111AF9E8" author="Doucet, J." box="[340,551,1555,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963:299)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E220B64CDBE9567011D0F9EB" box="[684,749,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1249,1273]" captionTargetBox="[168,1426,212,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[162,1426,181,1225]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Diversity of Toxicodryas hemipenes. (A) Toxicodryas blandingii from Ivory Coast, in lateral and “front” views, redrawn from figure 29 of Doucet (1963); scale bar = 1 cm, (B) T. pulverulenta from Ivory Coast, redrawn from photograph of Plate IX, photo K of Doucet (1963), who listed the hemipenis length as 16 mm. Drawings by J. Rivera, (C) Photograph in life of male T. vexator sp. nov. (field no. CRT 3890) from Kona, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: Z. Nagy, (D) Photograph of preserved male T. adamanteus sp. nov. holotype (UTEP 22204) from DRC, showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: E. Vaughan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723044/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) and described the hemipenis of a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDC5F567016A1F9EB" box="[1306,1436,1555,1581]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
as non-bifid, short and massive [i.e., broad], and flattened. Proximal third covered with spines except at the level of a “mamelon” [nipple] near the root. The distal two-thirds are dimpled, and the apex is flattened. Hemipenes of our examined specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CD8EE561C1101F95F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[427,572,1663,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CD8EE561C1101F95F" box="[427,572,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a simple, subcylindrical shape, simple sulcus spermaticus, and spinose ornamentation with a rough apical structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E220B64BD98256A5174AFF13" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,150,465]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CD98256A5123DF926" bold="true" box="[199,256,1734,1760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CD8BC56A41723F927" authority="Muller (1885)" authorityName=": Muller" authorityYear="1885" box="[505,1054,1734,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="globiceps" variety="tumboensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CD8BC56A41186F927" box="[505,699,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDBB256A41048F927" box="[759,885,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tumboensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDA3B56A41723F927" author="Muller, F." box="[894,1054,1734,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="668 - 717" refId="ref32936" refString="Muller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887 - 1890), 7, 668 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2388" type="journal article" year="1885">Müller (1885)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted his specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDC0E56A416A1F927" box="[1355,1436,1735,1761]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
had a bird’s egg in its stomach.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDB40568811F6F8C0" author="Mocquard, F." box="[517,715,1771,1798]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="59 - 60" refId="ref32787" refString="Mocquard, F. (1896) Notes sur quelques ophidiens de Conakry. Bulletin du Museum Paris, 20, 59 - 60." type="journal article" year="1896">Mocquard (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned this species eats lizards in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDDC7568817EAF8C3" box="[1154,1239,1771,1797]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDDA7568816A1F8C3" author="Sternfeld, R." box="[1250,1436,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref35908" refString="Sternfeld, R. (1909) Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien, Herausgegeben mit Unterstutzung des Reichs-Kolonialamtes vom Zoologischen Museum in Berlin. Reihe I. Kamerun. Heft I. Die Schlangen Kameruns. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, iv + 28 pp." type="book" year="1909">Sternfeld (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that small birds are the main food of this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDA33576C10D3F8EF" box="[886,1006,1807,1833]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and this contention was repeated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD9D257501279F88B" author="Hughes, B." box="[151,324,1843,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD81457501139F88B" author="Villiers, A." box="[337,516,1842,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref36646" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 a) Initiations Africaines. II. Les Serpents de l'Ouest Africain. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 148 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CDA4E575010AEF88B" box="[779,915,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDA4E575010AEF88B" box="[779,915,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in West Africa feed mainly on birds.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDC0F575013CDF8B7" author="Villiers, A." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref36677" refString="Villiers, A. (1950 b) Catalogues. IV. La Collection de Serpents de l'I. F. A. N. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal, 155 pp." type="book" year="1950">Villiers (1950b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that one of the listed specimens (either from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDA2E573410CDF8B7" box="[875,1008,1879,1905]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDD5C57341751F8B4" box="[1049,1132,1879,1906]" name="Liberia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) had a bird in its stomach.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD9D25718127EF853" author="Monard, A." box="[151,323,1914,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="123 - 170" refId="ref32812" refString="Monard, A. (1951) Resultats de la mission zoologique suisse au Cameroun. Reptiles. Batraciens. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Sciences Naturelles, (1), 123 - 170." type="journal article" year="1951">Monard (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDB685718119FF853" box="[557,674,1915,1941]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
had an Orange Weaver (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CDAFA571817B6F852" baseAuthorityName="Vieillot" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[959,1163,1915,1941]" class="Aves" family="Ploceidae" genus="Ploceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantius">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDAFA571817B6F852" box="[959,1163,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ploceus aurantius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in its stomach.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDC0F571813DFF87F" author="Villiers, A." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="17 - 43" refId="ref36714" refString="Villiers, A. (1951) Mission A. Villiers au Togo et au Dahomey (1950). II. - Ophidiens. Etudes Dahomeennes, 5, 17 - 43." type="journal article" year="1951">Villiers (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a bird in the stomach of a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDA5D57FC1063F87F" box="[792,862,1951,1977]" name="Benin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E220B64CDAFD57FC1713F87F" box="[952,1070,1951,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDAFD57FC173AF87F" box="[952,1031,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDD7857FC1746F87E" box="[1085,1147,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CDDC757FC166DF87F" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." box="[1154,1360,1951,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E220B64CDD9C57FC1634F87F" box="[1241,1289,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the stomach of a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CD8E857A012D7F81B" box="[429,490,1987,2013]" name="Togo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E220B64CD8B657A011F2F81B" author="Cansdale, G." box="[499,719,1986,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27444" refString="Cansdale, G. (1955) Reptiles of West Africa. Penguin Books, London, United Kingdom, 104 pp." type="book" year="1955">Cansdale (1955:31)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that “it is reputed to be an egg-eater in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E220B64CDC5B57A016A1F81B" box="[1310,1436,1987,2013]" name="Ghana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gold Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E227B64BD9DB50F513D0FF77" box="[158,237,150,177]" name="Ghana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
] and has the same Twi name as the true Egg-eating Snake; but I ... cannot confirm it from the literature.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BD9D250D81272FF13" author="Cansdale, G. S." box="[151,335,186,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref27467" refString="Cansdale, G. S. (1965) West African Snakes. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, vi + 74 pp." type="book" year="1965">Cansdale (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeated the latter remark and added that they will eat eggs in captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E227B64BD98250BC1241FE17" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BD98250BC12BFFF3F" author="Dekeyser, P. L." box="[199,386,222,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref28706" refString="Dekeyser, P. L. (1955) Les Mammiferes de l'Afrique Noire Francaise. 2 nd Edition. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Initiations Africaines, Dakar, Senegal, 426 pp." type="book" year="1955">Dekeyser (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BD88350BC1151FF3F" author="Villiers, A." box="[454,620,222,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="444 - 454" refId="ref36748" refString="Villiers, A. (1955) Note sur quelques Ixodidae et Gamasidae parasites des Vertebres rencontres en Afrique Occidentale francaise. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Serie A, 17 (2), 444 - 454." type="journal article" year="1955">Villiers (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who supposedly noted a large number of bats in a West African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E227B64BDC0150BC13E5FEDB" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BDC0150BC1669FF3E" box="[1348,1364,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BDC2450BC13E5FEDB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the identity of these bats was later mistakenly attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E227B64BDAF45160170CFEDB" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[945,1073,259,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BDAF45160170CFEDB" box="[945,1073,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lavia frons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BDD1E51601651FED8" author="Wickler, V. W. & Uhrig, D." box="[1115,1388,259,286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="726 - 736" refId="ref37504" refString="Wickler, V. W. & Uhrig, D. (1969) Verhalten und okologische Nische der Gelbflugelfledermaus, Lavia frons (Geoffroy) (Chiroptera, Megadermatidae). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 26 (6), 726 - 736. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1969. tb 01972. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Wickler & Uhrig (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BD9D2514412EFFE87" author="Happold, M. & Happold, D." box="[151,466,295,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref30324" refString="Happold, M. & Happold, D. (Eds.) (2013) Mammals of Africa. Vol. IV. Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. Bloomsbury, London, New Delhi, New York, and Sydney, 800 pp." type="book" year="2013">Happold & Happold (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, perhaps because this bat species was mentioned earlier in the same paragraph by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BDC3751441208FEA3" author="Dekeyser, P. L." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref28706" refString="Dekeyser, P. L. (1955) Les Mammiferes de l'Afrique Noire Francaise. 2 nd Edition. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Initiations Africaines, Dakar, Senegal, 426 pp." type="book" year="1955">Dekeyser (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BD8F751281168FEA3" author="Villiers, A." box="[434,597,330,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="444 - 454" refId="ref36748" refString="Villiers, A. (1955) Note sur quelques Ixodidae et Gamasidae parasites des Vertebres rencontres en Afrique Occidentale francaise. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Serie A, 17 (2), 444 - 454." type="journal article" year="1955">Villiers (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is a study about parasites in African vertebrates, and there is no mention of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E227B64BD9D2510C1222FE4F" box="[151,287,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BD9D2510C1222FE4F" box="[151,287,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or any bat species. It is likely that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BDBEE510C105AFE4F" author="Dekeyser, P. L." box="[683,871,366,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref28706" refString="Dekeyser, P. L. (1955) Les Mammiferes de l'Afrique Noire Francaise. 2 nd Edition. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Initiations Africaines, Dakar, Senegal, 426 pp." type="book" year="1955">Dekeyser (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was referring to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E227B64BDD6D510C17F2FE4F" author="Villiers, A." box="[1064,1231,366,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="878 - 883" refId="ref36789" refString="Villiers, A. (1956) La collection de serpents de l'I. F. A. N. (Acquisitions 1954 - 1955). Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Serie A, 18 (3), 878 - 883." type="journal article" year="1956">Villiers (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who documented a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E227B64BD87551F012BCFE6B" box="[304,385,403,429]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
that was found in the cracks of a cave’s ceiling, and its stomach contained several bats in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E227B64BD9A551D4124BFE17" box="[224,374,439,465]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BD9A551D4124BFE17" box="[224,374,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C9EF665AE227B64BD9D2576913DBF848" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4723042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723042/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1802,1826]" targetBox="[164,1407,489,1778]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E227B64BD9D2576913DBF848" blockId="12.[151,1437,1802,1934]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BD9D25769122FF8E4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1802,1826]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Photos of the preserved holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E227B64BDBC7576810EFF8E4" authorityName=": Muller" authorityYear="1885" box="[642,978,1802,1826]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="globiceps" variety="tumboensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BDBC757681012F8E4" box="[642,815,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dipsas globiceps</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E227B64BDA25576910EFF8E4" box="[864,978,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">tumboensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NMBA-REPT 01825), from Tumbo Insel (= Tumbo Island, Guinea), with metric rulers for scale (SVL = 280 mm). (A) Entire body in dorsal view, (B) entire body in ventral view, (C) head in dorsal view, (D) head in ventral view, (E) head in left lateral view, (F) head in right lateral view. Photos: E. Stöckli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C9EF665AE226B64AD9D2548210F1FA6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4723044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723044/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,1249,1273]" targetBox="[168,1426,212,1225]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E226B64AD9D2548210F1FA6B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1249,1454]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64AD9D254821229FB3F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1249,1273]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64AD8E554821126FB3F" box="[416,539,1249,1273]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64AD8E554821126FB3F" box="[416,539,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hemipenes. (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADB8C5482108EFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[713,947,1249,1273]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADB8C5482108EFB3F" box="[713,947,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Toxicodryas blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ivory Coast, in lateral and “front” views, redrawn from figure 29 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD8E355651101FADB" author="Doucet, J." box="[422,572,1285,1309]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; scale bar = 1 cm, (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADA6455651086FADB" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[801,955,1285,1309]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADA6455651012FADB" box="[801,815,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADA7E55661086FADB" box="[827,955,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ivory Coast, redrawn from photograph of Plate IX, photo K of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD82B55491139FA87" author="Doucet, J." box="[366,516,1321,1345]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref28813" refString="Doucet, J. (1963) Les serpents de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire. Serpents venimeux. Acta Tropica, 20 (3 - 4), 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1963">Doucet (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who listed the hemipenis length as 16 mm. Drawings by J. Rivera, (C) Photograph in life of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64AD9AC552D1272FAA3" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[233,335,1358,1381]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64AD9AC552D13CAFAA3" box="[233,247,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64AD846552D1272FAA3" box="[259,335,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64AD810552D1298FAA3" bold="true" box="[341,421,1358,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE226B64AD810552D1298FAA3" box="[341,421,1358,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(field no. CRT 3890) from Kona, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: Z. Nagy, (D) Photograph of preserved male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADAF355111776FA4F" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[950,1099,1393,1417]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adamanteus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADAF3551110F9FA4F" box="[950,964,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADA9455121776FA4F" box="[977,1099,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">adamanteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADD145511179FFA4C" bold="true" box="[1105,1186,1394,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE226B64ADD145511179FFA4C" box="[1105,1186,1394,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (UTEP 22204) from DRC, showing everted hemipenis in ventrolateral view. Photo: E. Vaughan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E226B64AD98255BF165AF860" blockId="13.[151,1437,1500,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD98255BF1253FA30" author="Hughes, B." box="[199,366,1500,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported complaints by local people in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADA6255BF104DFA30" box="[807,880,1500,1526]" name="Ghana" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
that this species will raid eggs from domesticated poultry, but it is possible that the true culprit was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADB9756631782F9DC" authority="(sensu Wuster et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Wuster" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[722,1215,1536,1562]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guineensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADB97566310BAF9DF" box="[722,903,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Naja guineensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADADC566310EAF9DF" box="[921,983,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADAA55663178AF9DC" author="Wuster, W. & Chirio, L. & Trape, J-F. & Ineich, I. & Jackson, K. & Greenbaum, E. & Kusamba, C. & Barron, C. & Nagy, Z. & Storey, R. & Hall, C. & Wuster, C. & Barlow, A. & Broadley, D. G." box="[992,1207,1536,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="68 - 98" refId="ref37647" refString="Wuster, W., Chirio, L., Trape, J-F., Ineich, I., Jackson, K., Greenbaum, E., Kusamba, C., Barron, C., Nagy, Z., Storey, R., Hall, C., Wuster, C., Barlow, A. & Broadley, D. G. (2018) Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveal unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa, 4455 (1), 68 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4455.1.3" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Wüster
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADD7C56631751F9DC" box="[1081,1132,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also long and has a tendency to be melanistic in adults.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADBD75647106BF9F8" author="Pitman, C. R. S." box="[658,854,1571,1598]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="82 - 86" refId="ref34176" refString="Pitman, C. R. S. (1958) Snake and lizard predators of birds. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 78, 82 - 86." type="journal article" year="1958">Pitman (1958:84)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quoted T.S. Jones from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADD26564717CFF9F8" box="[1123,1266,1572,1598]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
who shot three snakes as they raided Village Weaver nests as “the snakes were pushing their heads into one nest after the other and taking the young ones, numbers of which were found in each.” Another individual “almost certainly of this species” was seen by Jones preying upon young birds of the Little African Swift (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADA8456F317EFF96C" box="[961,1234,1680,1706]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Apus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="affinis" subSpecies="abessynicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADA8456F317EFF96C" box="[961,1234,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apus affinis abessynicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADDAC56F3121CF908" author="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1191 - 1229" refId="ref36152" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Weyer, D. (1958) Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Harbel, Republic of Liberia. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38 (14), 1191 - 1229. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10973" type="journal article" year="1958">Taylor & Weyer (1958:1217)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADB0E56D711A1F908" box="[587,668,1716,1742]" name="Liberia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
that was found electrocuted with another “large black snake” that the local people claimed had been chasing it. The stomach contents contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE226B64ADA9A56BB1753F934" box="[991,1134,1752,1778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="subadult">one subadult</specimenCount>
|
||
and two nestlings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADC2556BB126CF8D0" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1837" class="Aves" family="Estrildidae" genus="Spermestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADC2556BB126CF8D0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Spermestes cucullata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD81B569F1117F8D1" author="Woodward, S. F." box="[350,554,1788,1815]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="172 - 174" refId="ref37624" refString="Woodward, S. F. (1960) A bat-eating snake. The Nigerian Field, 25, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1960">Woodward (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species eats lizards, mice, small bush rats, frogs, and bats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADC04569F16A5F8D0" box="[1345,1432,1788,1814]" name="Nigeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and similar findings were noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADB65574311EDF8FD" author="Menzies, J. I." box="[544,720,1824,1851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="44" refId="ref32598" refString="Menzies, J. I. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 44." type="journal article" year="1961">Menzies (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADBBB574310ADF8FC" box="[766,912,1824,1850]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADADF57431703F8FD" author="Cozens, B." box="[922,1086,1824,1851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="44" refId="ref28327" refString="Cozens, B. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 44." type="journal article" year="1961">Cozens (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADD29574317FEF8FC" box="[1132,1219,1824,1850]" name="Nigeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADDB9574316A1F8FD" author="Pitman, C. R. S." box="[1276,1436,1824,1851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref34207" refString="Pitman, C. R. S. (1962) More snake and lizard predators of birds. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 82, 45 - 55." type="journal article" year="1962">Pitman (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64AD98557271225F898" box="[192,280,1860,1886]" name="Nigeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Based on a photograph of an adult black-phase snake shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADAB0572717CAF899" author="Woodward, S. F." box="[1013,1271,1860,1887]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="172 - 174" refId="ref37624" refString="Woodward, S. F. (1960) A bat-eating snake. The Nigerian Field, 25, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1960">Woodward (1960:173)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADC46572716A5F899" author="Barry, D. H." box="[1283,1432,1860,1887]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="42 - 43" refId="ref26572" refString="Barry, D. H. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 42 - 43." type="journal article" year="1961">Barry (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD9D2570B1202F845" author="Dunger, G. T." box="[151,319,1896,1923]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43" refId="ref29079" refString="Dunger, G. T. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 43." type="journal article" year="1961">Dunger (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD80F570B12C0F845" author="Menzies, J. I." box="[330,509,1896,1923]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="44" refId="ref32598" refString="Menzies, J. I. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 44." type="journal article" year="1961">Menzies (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64ADB7D570B11E7F844" author="Greene, H. W." box="[568,730,1896,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref29796" refString="Greene, H. W. (1989) Ecological, evolutionary, and conservation implications of feeding biology in Old World cat snakes, Genus Boiga (Colubridae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 46 (8), 193 - 207." type="journal article" year="1989">Greene (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
corrected the identification from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADD17570B17C0F844" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1106,1277,1896,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADD17570B175FF847" box="[1106,1122,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADD2A570B17C0F844" box="[1135,1277,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pulverulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADC65570B1388F863" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADC65570B160DF847" box="[1312,1328,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADC78570B1388F863" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD98657EF1255F861" author="Dunger, G. T." box="[195,360,1932,1959]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43" refId="ref29079" refString="Dunger, G. T. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 43." type="journal article" year="1961">Dunger (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that his “dead specimens” from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADA5E57EF1052F860" box="[795,879,1932,1958]" name="Nigeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
contained fledgling birds and immature rats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E226B649D98257D3173FFDDF" blockId="13.[151,1437,1500,2030]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E226B64AD98257D31265F80D" author="Jones, T." box="[199,344,1968,1995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="69 - 70" refId="ref30829" refString="Jones, T. (1961) Notes on bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 69 - 70." type="journal article" year="1961">Jones (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a 1.8-meter snake from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E226B64ADA4157D310ABF80C" box="[772,918,1968,1994]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
that contained the remains of one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADC6157D316A1F80C" box="[1316,1436,1968,1994]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADC6157D3164EF80C" box="[1316,1395,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizard and eight bats, which were identified as
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADBE157B7108FF82B" box="[676,946,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADBE157B71093F82B" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[676,942,2004,2029]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuipinnis">Neoromicia tenuipinnis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADAFC57B71775F828" box="[953,1096,2004,2030]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADAFC57B71722F828" box="[953,1055,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tadarida</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E226B64ADDC057B71673F828" box="[1157,1358,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E226B64ADDC057B71677F828" baseAuthorityName="A.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1157,1354,2004,2030]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condylurus">Mops condylurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A second Sierra Leonean snake, which was killed as it emerged from a roof, also contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DD2F50F417C5FF77" box="[1130,1272,151,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD2F50F417EDFF77" box="[1130,1232,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tadarida</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bats.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DC7950F41254FF13" author="Happold, M. & Happold, D." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref30324" refString="Happold, M. & Happold, D. (Eds.) (2013) Mammals of Africa. Vol. IV. Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. Bloomsbury, London, New Delhi, New York, and Sydney, 800 pp." type="book" year="2013">Happold & Happold (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D8F550D8117CFF10" author="Jones, T." box="[432,577,187,214]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="69 - 70" refId="ref30829" refString="Jones, T. (1961) Notes on bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 69 - 70." type="journal article" year="1961">Jones (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to document
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB9A50D81052FF13" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[735,879,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB9A50D81052FF13" box="[735,879,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a predator of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DD7750D817D7FF13" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1074,1258,187,213]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD7750D817D7FF13" box="[1074,1258,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nycteris hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possibly in error, because none of the taxa noted by the latter author are synonyms of this species. On another occasion in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DC1C50BC13DDFEDB" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the latter author shot three snakes that were in a tall palm tree devouring nestlings of the Village Weaver
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D9D25144124FFE87" box="[151,370,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D9E55144124FFE87" baseAuthorityName="Statius Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[160,370,295,321]" class="Aves" family="Ploceidae" genus="Ploceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">Ploceus cucullatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D8CC51441109FE84" author="Johnsen, P." box="[393,564,295,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 130" refId="ref30795" refString="Johnsen, P. (1962) Notes on African snakes, mainly from northern Rhodesia and Liberia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 124, 115 - 130." type="journal article" year="1962">Johnsen (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an adult female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DACE514410E1FE87" box="[907,988,295,321]" name="Liberia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
that was preserved with a passerine bird (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D9E451281290FEA3" baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[161,429,331,357]" class="Aves" family="Estrildidae" genus="Spermestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fringilloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D9E451281290FEA3" box="[161,429,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Spermestes fringilloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in its mouth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DB09512811C6FEA0" author="Menzies, J. I." box="[588,763,331,358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="169 - 179" refId="ref32620" refString="Menzies, J. I. (1966) The snakes of Sierra Leone. Copeia, 1966 (2), 169 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441123" type="journal article" year="1966">Menzies (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented prey items in snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DDF75128167EFEA3" box="[1202,1347,331,357]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including agamid lizards, chameleons, and bats.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DB31510C10B0FE4C" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[628,909,367,394]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DDF0510C17C3FE4F" box="[1205,1278,367,393]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
with stomach contents that included village weavers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB1751F01019FE6B" baseAuthorityName="Statius Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[594,804,403,429]" class="Aves" family="Ploceidae" genus="Ploceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB1751F01019FE6B" box="[594,804,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ploceus cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), other birds, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DAB451F0175AFE6B" box="[1009,1127,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DAB451F0177DFE6B" box="[1009,1088,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizards (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD8D51F0163BFE6A" box="[1224,1286,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DC4851F013E9FE17" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC2151F016A8FE6B" box="[1380,1429,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D9A051D412BFFE17" author="Leston, D." box="[229,386,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref31670" refString="Leston, D. (1970) Some snakes from the forest zone of Ghana. British Journal of Herpetology, 4 (6), 141 - 144." type="journal article" year="1970">Leston (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the stomach contents of several snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DAF251D4173EFE17" box="[951,1027,439,465]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DD3951D417CCFE17" box="[1148,1265,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD3951D417F6FE17" box="[1148,1227,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizards, a fiscal shrike, a subadult weaver bird, and a Bronze Mannakin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DA5C51B8173AFE33" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1837" box="[793,1031,475,501]" class="Aves" family="Estrildidae" genus="Spermestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DA5C51B8173AFE33" box="[793,1031,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Spermestes cucullata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Six of seven of these snakes were found in trees, and the 7
|
||
<superScript id="6AE59B9AE225B649D8E3519D128EFDCA" attach="left" box="[422,435,510,524]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">th</superScript>
|
||
was electrocuted when it climbed onto a power line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B649D98252401781FD34" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D98252401253FDFB" author="Groves, F." box="[199,366,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="106 - 108" refId="ref29879" refString="Groves, F. (1973) Reproduction and venom in Blanding's tree snake. International Zoo Yearbook, 13, 106 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1973. tb 02114. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Groves (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented several captive hatchlings that refused to eat lizards and frogs, but mice were accepted, contrasting with patterns documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DBA8522410A9FDA7" author="Greene, H. W." box="[749,916,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref29844" refString="Greene, H. W. (1997) Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, xiii + 351 pp." type="book" year="1997">Greene (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD74522417E2FDA7" author="Hughes, B." box="[1073,1247,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DDAB522416A1FDA7" author="Lawson, D." box="[1262,1436,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="27 - 90" refId="ref31384" refString="Lawson, D. (1993) The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History, 1 (2), 27 - 90." type="journal article" year="1993">Lawson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described two snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649D8945208117BFD43" box="[465,582,619,645]" name="Cameroon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
—an adult had eaten an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DA1B520810EBFD43" box="[862,982,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DA1B52081090FD43" box="[862,941,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizard (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD7452081752FD42" box="[1073,1135,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD3D52081673FD43" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." box="[1144,1358,619,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD9752081638FD43" box="[1234,1285,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a juvenile contained a small bat.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D8BE52EC11CCFD6F" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F." box="[507,753,655,681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref32067" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F. (1998 a) Observations on habitat, reproduction and feeding of Boiga blandingi (Colubridae) in south-eastern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (4), 430 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853898 X 00098" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB1D52EC11B6FD6F" box="[600,651,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DAD152EC10D6FD6F" box="[916,1003,655,681]" name="Nigeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, juvenile snakes (<
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E225B649DD8A52EC1610FD6F" box="[1231,1325,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="800.0">800 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) ate only lizards, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D8DD52D01132FD0B" box="[408,527,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D8DD52D012DAFD0B" box="[408,487,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB5E52D011F9FD0B" box="[539,708,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Trachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB5E52D011A3FD0B" box="[539,670,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trachylepis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DBBF52D010D1FD0A" box="[762,1004,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conraui">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DBBF52D010D1FD0A" box="[762,1004,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lygodactylus conraui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas larger individuals ate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DC0852D0138AFD37" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC0852D016A1FD0B" box="[1357,1436,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizards,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D85252B4128BFD37" box="[279,438,727,753]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Nectarinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D85252B412B2FD36" box="[279,399,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nectarinia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sunbirds, and other birds and rodents (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DA8C52B41792FD34" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Capizzi, D." box="[969,1199,727,754]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref32129" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Capizzi, D. (1998 b) Food resource partitioning of a community of snakes in a swamp rainforest of south-eastern Nigeria. Journal of Zoology, London, 246 (2), 125 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1998. tb 00141. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD6352B4176AFD37" box="[1062,1111,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B649D98252981049FB9F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In a paper on Guinean snakes,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DB6C529811F3FCD3" author="Bohme, W." box="[553,718,763,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref26699" refString="Bohme, W. (2000) Diversity of a snake community in a Guinean rain forest (Reptilia, Serpentes). In: Rheinwald, G. (Ed.), Isolated Vertebrate Communities in the Tropics. Proceedings of the 4 th International Symposium in Bonn. Bonner zoologische Monographien, 46, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2000">Böhme (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified the species as relatively common and nocturnal, and its diet included bird adults, nestlings and eggs, lizards with well-developed limbs, bats, and frogs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DDB1537C16A1FCFF" author="Hughes, B." box="[1268,1436,799,825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted juvenile and subadult snakes (less than
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E225B649DBD25320103FFC9B" box="[663,770,835,861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="1300.0">1300 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) ate skinks, mice, birds, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DDC3532017C1FC9B" box="[1158,1276,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DDC3532017E8FC9B" box="[1158,1237,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizards (
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC1B532016A1FC9A" box="[1374,1436,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D9D253041256FC47" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." box="[151,363,871,897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D9AA5304121CFC47" box="[239,289,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas adults preyed upon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DBFA53041008FC47" box="[703,821,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DBFA53041033FC47" box="[703,782,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizards and birds (including bulbuls, doves, and weavers).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D99553E812F3FC60" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C." box="[208,462,907,934]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref33565" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C. (2002 b) Recherches sur l'herpetofaune des Monts de Cristal, Gabon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 72, 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D87053E8125BFC63" box="[309,358,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DBFF53E810F8FC62" baseAuthorityName="Buchholz" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[698,965,907,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Rhampholeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DBFF53E810F8FC62" box="[698,965,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rhampholeon spectrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the stomach of a juvenile from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DC0E53E816A4FC63" box="[1355,1433,907,933]" name="Gabon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D9D253CC12FBFC0F" author="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L." box="[151,454,942,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref29665" refString="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L. (2005) The herpetofauna of Upper Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 37, 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8470" type="journal article" year="2005">Greenbaum & Carr (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found an adult female actively climbing through a tree during the day in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DC5653CC165AFC0F" box="[1299,1383,943,969]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and stomach contents included three bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB0553B0103CFC2B" baseAuthorityName="A.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[576,769,979,1005]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condylurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB0553B0103CFC2B" box="[576,769,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mops condylurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the remains of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DABD53B01745FC2B" box="[1016,1144,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Chamaeleo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DABD53B01745FC2B" box="[1016,1144,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chamaeleo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lizard.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD8C53B016A1FC2B" author="Akani, G. C. & Ebere, N. & Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A." box="[1225,1436,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="500 - 506" refId="ref26189" refString="Akani, G. C., Ebere, N., Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A. (2007) Community structure and ecology of snakes in fields of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis) in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 46 (4), 500 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2007.00885. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Akani
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC5153B01679FC2B" box="[1300,1348,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
dissected snakes from oil palm plantations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DBDA539411CEFBD7" box="[671,755,1015,1041]" name="Nigeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(found as high as 25 meters above ground) and found birds and bats in the stomachs of some individuals.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DBD5547810BBFBF3" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Carlino, P. & Chirio, L. & Daversa, D. R. & Lips, J. & Oslisly, R. & Testa, O." box="[656,902,1051,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="3 - 12" refId="ref33373" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Carlino, P., Chirio, L., Daversa, D. R., Lips, J., Oslisly, R. & Testa, O. (2019 a) Amphibians and reptiles found in caves in Gabon, western Equatorial Africa. Cave and Karst Science, 46 (1), 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DBB65478101EFBF3" box="[755,803,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a suspected predation of a grey-necked rockfowl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D848545C12EFFB9E" authorityName="Reichenow" authorityYear="1899" box="[269,466,1087,1113]" class="Aves" family="Picathartidae" genus="Picathartes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D848545C12EFFB9E" box="[269,466,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Picathartes oreas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB40545C11A9FB9F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[517,660,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB40545C11A9FB9F" box="[517,660,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a cave in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DA67545C104DFB9F" box="[802,880,1087,1113]" name="Gabon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B649D982540113CEFB67" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D98254011206FBBA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1122,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2DF83C8FE225B649D806540013D2FB67" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3107378304" country="Nigeria" location="Nigeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D8065400110BFBBB" author="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C." box="[323,566,1123,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref27336" refString="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C. (1990) Records of snakes from Nigeria. The Nigerian Field, 55 (1), 19 - 40." type="journal article" year="1990">Butler & Reid (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE225B649DB8B54001048FBBB" box="[718,885,1123,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DAFE54001732FBBB" box="[955,1039,1123,1149]" name="Nigeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
that contained cestodes in their intestines
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B649D98254C81127FB2F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D98254C81279FB03" bold="true" box="[199,324,1195,1221]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Predators.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D80954C81174FB03" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Carlino, P. & Chirio, L. & Meunier, Q. & Vivien Okouyi Okouyi, J. & Orbell, C. & Rousseaux, D. & Testa, O." box="[332,585,1195,1221]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="97 - 102" refId="ref33444" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Carlino, P., Chirio, L., Meunier, Q., Vivien Okouyi Okouyi, J., Orbell, C., Rousseaux, D. & Testa, O. (2017 c) Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica IX. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 52 (6), 97 - 102." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D8F454C812DEFB03" box="[433,483,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DB8E54C810A5FB03" box="[715,920,1195,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DB8E54C810A5FB03" box="[715,920,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Naja melanoleuca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that had preyed upon a similar-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DC0654C813E5FB2F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC0654C8166EFB02" box="[1347,1363,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC2454C813E5FB2F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a house garden in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649D88D54AC112BFB2F" box="[456,534,1231,1257]" name="Gabon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B649D982549112E3F888" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D98254911204FACA" bold="true" box="[199,313,1266,1292]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D804549012C5FAC8" author="Barry, D. H." box="[321,504,1267,1294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="42 - 43" refId="ref26572" refString="Barry, D. H. (1961) Correspondence: bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 42 - 43." type="journal article" year="1961">Barry (1961:43)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that he had captured a snake in an oil palm in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DDDC549017DFFACB" box="[1177,1250,1267,1293]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
at
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE225B649DC4D54901609FACB" box="[1288,1332,1267,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">2 P.</specimenCount>
|
||
M. in the afternoon, and shortly thereafter, it regurgitated a “freshly swallowed” bat, suggesting the snake was preying upon roosting bats during the day.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D8A055581186FA93" author="Groves, F." box="[485,699,1339,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="106 - 108" refId="ref29879" refString="Groves, F. (1973) Reproduction and venom in Blanding's tree snake. International Zoo Yearbook, 13, 106 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1973. tb 02114. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Groves (1973:107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that, in captivity, an adult female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DD8E55581621FA93" box="[1227,1308,1339,1365]" name="Liberia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was active during the day, whereas an adult male of uncertain origin was mostly nocturnal. The latter author also noted that “a number of authors” have described the constricting behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DAE555E010DEFA5A" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[928,995,1411,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DAE555E010DEFA5A" box="[928,995,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Boiga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as recognized at that time to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D9D255C41222FA07" box="[151,287,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D9D255C41222FA07" box="[151,287,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but this was never observed in his captive animals.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DA3F55C41728FA07" author="Young, R. A." box="[890,1045,1447,1473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="89 - 91" refId="ref37777" refString="Young, R. A. (1983) Feeding behavior of captive Boiga. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 18 (3 - 4), 89 - 91." type="journal article" year="1983">Young (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD0855C417CDFA07" author="Greene, H. W." box="[1101,1264,1447,1473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="193 - 207" refId="ref29796" refString="Greene, H. W. (1989) Ecological, evolutionary, and conservation implications of feeding biology in Old World cat snakes, Genus Boiga (Colubridae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 46 (8), 193 - 207." type="journal article" year="1989">Greene (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that this species does not constrict its prey, but they can be manipulated and controlled with loops of the snake’s body. The former author noticed that captive snakes prefer to feed in low light or complete darkness, suggesting nocturnal habits.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649D853567012FFF9EB" author="Lawson, D." box="[278,450,1555,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="27 - 90" refId="ref31384" refString="Lawson, D. (1993) The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History, 1 (2), 27 - 90." type="journal article" year="1993">Lawson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DB9156701074F9EB" box="[724,841,1555,1581]" name="Cameroon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
as diurnal and nocturnal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD3D5670166BF9EB" author="Rasmussen, J. B." box="[1144,1366,1555,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the species as mainly nocturnal and arboreal, sometimes occurring
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E225B649DAD6565410CAF997" box="[915,1015,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 m</quantity>
|
||
above ground in trees.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DC40565413D3F9B3" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref32067" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F. (1998 a) Observations on habitat, reproduction and feeding of Boiga blandingi (Colubridae) in south-eastern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (4), 430 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853898 X 00098" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DC26565416A8F997" box="[1379,1429,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented numerous individuals during daylight hours (nocturnal collecting was impossible because of security concerns), usually in trees 2–10 meters above the ground, and they found significantly more diurnal snakes in the wet season compared to the dry season. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DA4E56C01713F978" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Capizzi, D." box="[779,1070,1699,1726]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref32129" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Capizzi, D. (1998 b) Food resource partitioning of a community of snakes in a swamp rainforest of south-eastern Nigeria. Journal of Zoology, London, 246 (2), 125 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1998. tb 00141. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DA2256C010AAF97B" box="[871,919,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998b:131)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the species as “mostly nocturnal,” which they suggested could reduce competition for prey with the sympatric, “strictly diurnal” and arboreal species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D87856881105F8C2" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[317,568,1771,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Dendroaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamesoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D87856881105F8C2" box="[317,568,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dendroaspis jamesoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DB0356881008F8C3" author="Rodel, M. - O. & Glos, J." box="[582,821,1771,1797]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="15 - 35" refId="ref35116" refString="Rodel, M. - O. & Glos, J. (2019) Herpetological surveys in two proposed protected areas in Liberia, West Africa. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 95 (1), 15 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 95.31726" type="journal article" year="2019">Rödel & Glos (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a large individual hunting in the canopy of a tree in rainforest, carefully inspecting one branch of the tree after another, above a rocky torrential stream at night in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649D9F157501238F88B" box="[180,261,1843,1869]" name="Liberia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MOR, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E225B648D9825734176EFE17" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Among the 19 snake species recorded within the garden of a villa in Yenzi (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F8A45015E225B649DD50573417A9F8B7" box="[1045,1172,1879,1905]" degrees="2.77261" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="1" value="-2.77261">2.77261° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F8A45015E225B649DDE45734160DF8B7" box="[1185,1328,1879,1905]" degrees="10.03403" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="1" value="10.03403">10.03403° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Gamba,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5F54F830E225B649D9D257181266F853" box="[151,347,1915,1941]" country="Gabon" name="Nyanga" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nyanga Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E225B649DB4457181171F853" box="[513,588,1915,1941]" name="Gabon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(forest-savanna mosaic), inhabited by one of the authors from 2004 to 2011 (OSGP, unpubl. data),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649D8DC57FC1115F87F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[409,552,1951,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649D8DC57FC1115F87F" box="[409,552,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was, by far, the most commonly encountered species of snake (
|
||
<figureCitation id="05AB2A57E225B649DC4457FC1661F87F" box="[1281,1372,1950,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[165,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photos of Toxicodryas blandingii in life. (A) and (B) adult male (ZMB 86408) from south of Kérouané, Guinea. Photo: J. Penner, (C) and (D) adult female (specimen not collected; tissue sample LI10_102) from the vicinity of Gbarpa, Liberia. Photo: J. Penner, (E) adult male from Kissidougou, Guinea. Photo: J.–F. Trape, (F) adult female in threat display from Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Photo: Y. Francioli, (G) subadult from Mbikiliki, Cameroon. Photo: L. Chirio, (H) juvenile from Gamba, Gabon. Photo: O.S.G. Pauwels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4723036/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The snakes were regularly observed at night hunting for sleeping
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E225B649DA0E57A010FFF81B" box="[843,962,1987,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Agama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DA0E57A010A7F81B" box="[843,922,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agama</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DA9657A0172CF81A" box="[979,1041,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E225B649DD5C57A017D0F81B" author="Leache, A. D. & Grummer, J. A. & Miller, M. & Krishnan, S. & Fujita, M. K. & Bohme, W. & Schmitz, A. & Lebreton, M. & Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Eniang, E. A. & Greenbaum, E. & Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P." box="[1049,1261,1987,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="192 - 203" refId="ref31451" refString="Leache, A. D., Grummer, J. A., Miller, M., Krishnan, S., Fujita, M. K., Bohme, W., Schmitz, A., Lebreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E. A., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M. - O. & Wagner, P. (2017) Bayesian inference of species diffusion in the West African Agama agama species group (Reptilia, Agamidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 15 (3), 192 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2016.1238018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Leaché
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E225B649DD3757A01796F81B" box="[1138,1195,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) on bushes and walls, and birds in their nests. If closely approached, the snakes were often aggressive, and if caught, a number of them, rather than fleeing when released, preferred to confront and bite. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD6750D8166BFF13" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Vogel, G." box="[1058,1366,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="24 - 25" refId="ref33751" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Vogel, G. (2011). Ein Fall von Thanatose (Totstellreflex) bei Boiga blandingii (Squamata, Serpentes, Colubridae) in Gabun. Elaphe, 4, 24 - 25." type="journal article" year="2011">Pauwels & Vogel (2011:24)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented one individual from Yenzi who engaged in death-feigning behavior. They noted, on
|
||
<date id="E92E1012E224B648DDDC50BC1601FF3F" box="[1177,1340,223,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2011-04-10">April 10, 2011</date>
|
||
at 11:30 A.M., a semi-adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E224B648D83751601288FEDA" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[370,437,259,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D83751601288FEDA" box="[370,437,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Boiga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E224B648D88051601170FEDB" box="[453,589,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D88051601170FEDB" box="[453,589,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Toxicodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E224B648DB1B516011ECFEDB" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[606,721,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DB1B516011ECFEDB" box="[606,721,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fell from the wooden roof of a golf club building from a height of
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648D9F0514413DDFE87" box="[181,224,295,321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
onto a lawn. The snake was caught for the purpose of photography. It had apparently swallowed two smaller prey, and bats peeped excitedly from the hollow roof. The animal was carefully photographed for about ten minutes, remaining calm and not attempting to bite. Suddenly it opened its mouth and froze all movements. It couldn’t be made to move again. Even turning on its back did not lead to any reaction, and the snake remained motionless, as if dead, with its mouth wide open. Slight movements of the trachea could be registered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E224B648D98251B917B5FC9B" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D98251B9124EFE32" bold="true" box="[199,371,474,500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D83F51B811A9FE30" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[378,660,475,502]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a large female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DD5451B81767FE33" box="[1041,1114,475,501]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
that was found in early July with eggs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D850519C1287FDDF" author="Groves, F." box="[277,442,511,537]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="106 - 108" refId="ref29879" refString="Groves, F. (1973) Reproduction and venom in Blanding's tree snake. International Zoo Yearbook, 13, 106 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1973. tb 02114. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Groves (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that in 1969, a captive adult female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DAAC519C1707FDDF" box="[1001,1082,511,537]" name="Liberia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
laid
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DD33519C17CFFDDF" box="[1142,1266,511,537]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">seven eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
on 5 June and another clutch of
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648D818524012FFFDFB" box="[349,450,547,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">five eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
between 16–20 August; the following year she laid
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DD485240175EFDFB" box="[1037,1123,547,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">10 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
on 23 May and seven more from 10–13 August. In 1971, this female laid
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DBD95224103AFDA7" box="[668,775,583,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">nine eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DA5352241081FDA7" box="[790,956,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.385" metricValueMax="6.04" metricValueMin="4.7299999999999995" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="53.849999999999994" valueMax="60.4" valueMin="47.3">47.3–60.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DD465224179AFDA7" box="[1027,1191,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5949999999999998" metricValueMax="2.87" metricValueMin="2.32" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="25.95" valueMax="28.7" valueMin="23.2">23.2–28.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DC6652241642FDA7" box="[1315,1407,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="g" value="23.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="21.0">21–26 g</quantity>
|
||
in weight) on 1 May and six more on 30 July. Total length of hatchlings from 1971 ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DDF052091671FD43" box="[1205,1356,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="535.0" valueMax="560.0" valueMin="510.0">510–560 mm</quantity>
|
||
, which were described as “uniformly vicious.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DB0B52EC1007FD6F" author="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C." box="[590,826,655,681]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref27336" refString="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C. (1990) Records of snakes from Nigeria. The Nigerian Field, 55 (1), 19 - 40." type="journal article" year="1990">Butler & Reid (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found wild hatchlings (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DD7A52ED17E5FD6F" box="[1087,1240,654,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="610.0" valueMax="630.0" valueMin="590.0">590–630 mm</quantity>
|
||
; presumably total length) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D84952D0125DFD0B" box="[268,352,691,717]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
in January, March and December;
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DBAB52D01056FD0B" box="[750,875,691,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DAAD52D01766FD0B" box="[1000,1115,691,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">three eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in September.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DC4352D013D3FD37" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref32067" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F. (1998 a) Observations on habitat, reproduction and feeding of Boiga blandingi (Colubridae) in south-eastern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (4), 430 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853898 X 00098" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DC2652D016A8FD0B" box="[1379,1429,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D8C952B412DEFD37" box="[396,483,727,753]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, juvenile snakes were encountered in late April and late May;
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DDD952B41638FD37" box="[1180,1285,727,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females containing shelled follicles were found in March (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DBE752991032FCD3" box="[674,783,762,789]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9449999999999998" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1945.0">1945 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length with
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DA935298171CFCD3" box="[982,1057,763,789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">6 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
) and April (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DDEC5298162BFCD3" box="[1193,1302,763,789]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1680.0">1680 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length with
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648D98A537C1226FCFF" box="[207,283,799,825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">4 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D86E537C12C0FCFF" author="Akani, G. C. & Ebere, N. & Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A." box="[299,509,799,825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="500 - 506" refId="ref26189" refString="Akani, G. C., Ebere, N., Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A. (2007) Community structure and ecology of snakes in fields of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis) in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 46 (4), 500 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2007.00885. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Akani
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D830537C1298FCFF" box="[373,421,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented two Nigerian snakes—
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DAD5537C1737FCFF" box="[912,1034,799,825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DD5D537C1756FCFF" box="[1048,1131,799,825]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="188.0">188 cm</quantity>
|
||
total length) contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DC34537C13F7FC9B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">five eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in June, and another individual (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DB7E532011B2FC9B" box="[571,655,835,861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="176.0">176 cm</quantity>
|
||
total length) contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE224B648DADC5320172EFC9B" box="[921,1043,835,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">seven eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in March.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E224B648D982530511E7FBBB" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D98253051217FC46" bold="true" box="[199,298,870,896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D87553041125FC47" author="Mocquard, F." box="[304,536,870,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="59 - 60" refId="ref32787" refString="Mocquard, F. (1896) Notes sur quelques ophidiens de Conakry. Bulletin du Museum Paris, 20, 59 - 60." type="journal article" year="1896">Mocquard (1896:59)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species “habite les rochers” [inhabits rocks] in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DDD3530417D6FC47" box="[1174,1259,871,897]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DDB1530416A1FC44" author="Pasqual, J. R. H." box="[1268,1436,871,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="189 - 190" refId="ref33176" refString="Pasqual, J. R. H. (1962) Correspondence: West African snakes. The Nigerian Field, 27, 189 - 190." type="journal article" year="1962">Pasqual (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that this species favors thatched roofs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB9D53E8100DFC63" box="[728,816,907,933]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DA7E53E81735FC60" author="Knoepffler, L. - P." box="[827,1032,907,934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="3 - 23" refId="ref31119" refString="Knoepffler, L. - P. (1966) Faune du Gabon (amphibiens et reptiles). I. Ophidiens de l'Ogooue-Ivindo et du Woleu N'tem. Biologia Gabonica, 2 (1), 3 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">Knoepffler (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a specimen (MBG 0519) that was collected from a cave in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB5553CC1166FC0F" box="[528,603,943,969]" name="Gabon" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
where an enormous colony of bats and rockfowl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E224B648DDD553CC1668FC0E" authorityName="Reichenow" authorityYear="1899" box="[1168,1365,943,969]" class="Aves" family="Picathartidae" genus="Picathartes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreas">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DDD553CC1668FC0E" box="[1168,1365,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Picathartes oreas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were nesting, but the snake’s stomach was empty.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DBCF53B0109DFC28" author="Leston, D. & Hughes, B." box="[650,928,979,1006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="737 - 770" refId="ref31700" refString="Leston, D. & Hughes, B. (1968) The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, 30 A, 737 - 770." type="journal article" year="1968">Leston & Hughes (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found several snakes in trees of a cocoa farm in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D9F15394123CFBD7" box="[180,257,1015,1041]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D84E539412D0FBD4" author="Roux-Esteve, R." box="[267,493,1015,1042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="81 - 140" refId="ref35280" refString="Roux-Esteve, R. (1969) Les serpents de la region de Lamto (Cote-d'Ivoire). Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan, Ecologie, 2 (1), 81 - 140." type="journal article" year="1969">Roux-Estève (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a subadult that was taken from a palm tree near a grove in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DC57539416A5FBD7" box="[1298,1432,1015,1041]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D9D25478127FFBF3" author="Hughes, B." box="[151,322,1051,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
explained how many authors restricted the species to forest (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD03547817F3FBF3" author="Perret, J. - L." box="[1094,1230,1051,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="133 - 138" refId="ref34055" refString="Perret, J. - L. (1961) Etudes herpetologiques africaines III. Bulletin de la Societe de Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, 84, 133 - 138." type="journal article" year="1961">Perret 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD99547816AAFBF3" author="Isemonger, R. M." box="[1244,1431,1051,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref30676" refString="Isemonger, R. M. (1962) Snakes of Africa: Southern, Central and East. Thomas Nelson and Sons (Africa) (Party) Ltd., Johannesburg, viii + 236 pp." type="book" year="1962">Isemonger 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Roux- Estève 1969;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D8C5545C1124FB9F" author="Hughes, B." box="[384,537,1087,1113]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="311 - 356" refId="ref30539" refString="Hughes, B. (1983) African snake faunas. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 34 (1 - 3), 311 - 356." type="journal article" year="1983">Hughes 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but in fact, it occurs in several different habitats including savanna and urban areas, always seeming to seek out places with trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E224B648D98254E412D9F997" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D98254E41249FB67" author="Mertens, R." box="[199,372,1159,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="275 - 281" refId="ref32682" refString="Mertens, R. (1941) Zur Kenntnis der Herpetofauna von Fernando-Poo. 3. Beitrag zu den wissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen der Forschungreise H. Eidmann nach Spanisch-Guinea 1939 / 40. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 135, 275 - 281." type="journal article" year="1941">Mertens (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a snake that was found in a bunch of bananas on Bioko Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DD8C54E416A4FB67" box="[1225,1433,1159,1185]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D9D254C81273FB03" author="Cansdale, G." box="[151,334,1194,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref27444" refString="Cansdale, G. (1955) Reptiles of West Africa. Penguin Books, London, United Kingdom, 104 pp." type="book" year="1955">Cansdale (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB5054C8115CFB03" box="[533,609,1195,1221]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the black phase occurs in clearings, whereas the brown one inhabits farms and forests, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D80954AC12C9FB2F" author="Hughes, B." box="[332,500,1231,1257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref30593" refString="Hughes, B. (2000) Polymorphism, sex, size and other aspects of the African snake, Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844). Herpetological Bulletin, 74, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out that this is likely an artifact of sampling or attributable to a higher rate of activity among males, which are usually black.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DB91549010B5FAC8" author="Jones, T." box="[724,904,1267,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="69 - 70" refId="ref30829" refString="Jones, T. (1961) Notes on bat-eating snakes. The Nigerian Field, 26, 69 - 70." type="journal article" year="1961">Jones (1961:69)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a snake that was living in an “asbestos roof” that was
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648D8CF557412EAFAF7" box="[394,471,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="ft" value="30.0">30 feet</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648D8A055741117FAF7" box="[485,554,1302,1329]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="9.1">9.1 m</quantity>
|
||
] high in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DBC85574101CFAF7" box="[653,801,1303,1329]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DA6E5574173AFAF7" author="Cansdale, G. S." box="[811,1031,1302,1329]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref27467" refString="Cansdale, G. S. (1965) West African Snakes. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, vi + 74 pp." type="book" year="1965">Cansdale (1965:43)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later added that “both [color] forms are found equally everywhere.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DB43555811F7FA90" author="Blackwell, K." box="[518,714,1339,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="307 - 311" refId="ref26596" refString="Blackwell, K. (1967) A preliminary survey of the reptiles of the Ibadan area. British Journal of Herpetology, 3, 307 - 311." type="journal article" year="1967">Blackwell (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the species from forest, thickets, and gardens in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DC04555816A4FA93" box="[1345,1433,1339,1365]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D9D2553C1299FABC" author="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H." box="[151,420,1375,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1004 - 1041" refId="ref30630" refString="Hughes, B. & Barry, D. H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Serie A, Sciences naturelles, 31 (3), 1004 - 1041." type="journal article" year="1969">Hughes & Barry (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the habitat as forest and wooded savanna in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DAA6553C170DFABF" box="[995,1072,1375,1401]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD7F553C1611FABC" author="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C." box="[1082,1324,1375,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="483 - 488" refId="ref27281" refString="Butler, J. A. & Reid, J. C. (1986) Habitat preferences of snakes in the southern Cross River State, Nigeria. In: Rocek, Z. (Ed.), Studies in Herpetology. Charles University, Prague, pp. 483 - 488." type="book chapter" year="1986">Butler & Reid (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species from forests, farms, and swamps in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB3955E011E9FA5B" box="[636,724,1411,1437]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DB9855E01043FA58" author="Hughes, B." box="[733,894,1411,1438]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="29 - 37" refId="ref30565" refString="Hughes, B. (1988) Herpetology in Ghana (West Africa). British Herpetological Society Bulletin, (25), 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1988">Hughes (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table1) listed the species from every major habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D99055C4121CFA07" box="[213,289,1447,1473]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including coastal thicket, rain forest, “moister (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DA7055C410B4FA04" box="[821,905,1447,1474]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
) savanna, and drier (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DD3555C41784FA04" box="[1136,1209,1447,1474]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) savanna.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DC7F55C41227FA23" author="Rasmussen, J. B." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref34964" refString="Rasmussen, J. B. (1997 a) Afrikanske slanger (10). Boiga blandingii. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 40 (3), 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">Rasmussen (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented the species from gallery forests, collections of trees in grasslands, and hedges and solitary trees near human habitations.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D8A4558C11EDF9CF" author="Luiselli, L. & Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F." box="[481,720,1519,1545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref32067" refString="Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. & Barieenee, I. F. (1998 a) Observations on habitat, reproduction and feeding of Boiga blandingi (Colubridae) in south-eastern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (4), 430 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853898 X 00098" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Luiselli
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DB78558C1151F9CF" box="[573,620,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
encountered snakes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DA95558C1719F9CF" box="[976,1060,1519,1545]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
from periodically flooded swamp forests, dryland forests, cultivated land near villages, suburbs of major urban areas, and mangroves, suggesting the species is a habitat generalist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E224B657D98256381149FF10" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D982563812A1F9B3" author="Rodel, M. - O. & Kouadio, K. & Mahsberg, D." box="[199,412,1627,1653]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="165 - 180" refId="ref35169" refString="Rodel, M. - O., Kouadio, K. & Mahsberg, D. (1999) Die Schlangenfauna des Comoe-Nationalparks, Elfenbeinkuste: Erganzungen und Ausblick. Salamandra, 35 (3), 165 - 180." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Rödel
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D8575638127EF9B3" box="[274,323,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the species from gallery forest within savanna (including one individual who fell from a tree) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D806561C12F6F95F" box="[323,459,1663,1689]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D892561C1039F95F" author="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L." box="[471,772,1662,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref29665" refString="Greenbaum, E. & Carr, J. L. (2005) The herpetofauna of Upper Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 37, 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8470" type="journal article" year="2005">Greenbaum & Carr (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found an adult female in a tree in a village near dry forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D9F056C01237F97B" box="[181,266,1699,1725]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D85156C0128DF97B" author="Leache, A. D." box="[276,432,1698,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="16 - 19" refId="ref31417" refString="Leache, A. D. (2005) Results of a herpetological survey in Ghana and a new country record. Herpetological Review, 36 (1), 16 - 19." type="journal article" year="2005">Leaché (2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table 1) listed the species from “semi-deciduous forest” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DD0856C017A7F97B" box="[1101,1178,1699,1725]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DDE056C016A1F978" author="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y." box="[1189,1436,1699,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref36288" refString="Trape, J. - F. & Mane, Y. (2006) Guide des Serpents d'Afrique Occidentale: Savane et Desert. IRD editions, Paris, 226 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / books. irdeditions. 37382" type="book" year="2006">Trape & Mané (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that the species prefers very large trees.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DBFA56A410ACF927" author="Akani, G. C. & Ebere, N. & Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A." box="[703,913,1735,1761]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="500 - 506" refId="ref26189" refString="Akani, G. C., Ebere, N., Luiselli, L. & Eniang, E. A. (2007) Community structure and ecology of snakes in fields of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis) in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 46 (4), 500 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2007.00885. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Akani
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DA4C56A41004F927" box="[777,825,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented the species in oil palm plantations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D9F356881233F8C3" box="[182,270,1771,1797]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648D85E56881174F8C3" author="Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M." box="[283,585,1771,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref28020" refString="Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M. (2007) Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. Publications Scientifiques du MNHN, IRD Editions, Paris, 686 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chirio & LeBreton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species from forests, savanna-forest mosaic, and high-elevation (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648D9DA576C13C8F8EF" box="[159,245,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
maximum) savannas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB41576C1141F8EF" box="[516,636,1807,1833]" name="Cameroon" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DBC3576C10F2F8EF" author="Segniagbeto, G. H. & Trape, J. F. & David, P. & Ohler, A. & Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A." box="[646,975,1807,1833]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="325 - 360" refId="ref35508" refString="Segniagbeto, G. H., Trape, J. F., David, P., Ohler, A., Dubois, A. & Glitho, I. A. (2011) The snake fauna of Togo: Systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema, 33 (3), 325 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2011 n 3 a 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DA53576C107AF8EF" box="[790,839,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011:331)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the species from all “ecological regions” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D85957501265F88B" box="[284,344,1843,1869]" name="Togo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it was most common in forest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DBB457501739F88B" author="Auliya, M. & Wagner, P. & Bohme, W." box="[753,1028,1842,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="255 - 281" refId="ref26472" refString="Auliya, M., Wagner, P. & Bohme, W. (2012) The herpetofauna of the Bijagos archipelago, Guinea-Bissau (West Africa) and a first country-wide checklist. Bonn zoological Bulletin, 61 (2), 255 - 281." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Auliya
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DA0357501045F88B" box="[838,888,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012:265)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented snakes from islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D9D257341201F8B7" box="[151,316,1879,1905]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
|
||
“on the roadside amid dense shrubs of secondary bush and palm vegetation” at night, and another individual from an oil palm approximately
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E224B648DB3C57181199F853" box="[633,676,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DA3C5718175BF853" author="Akaffou, M. H. & Chippaux, J. - P. & Kouadio Allali, B. & Coulibaly, Z. & Dosso, M." box="[889,1126,1915,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="31 - 38" refId="ref26059" refString="Akaffou, M. H., Chippaux, J. - P., Kouadio Allali, B., Coulibaly, Z. & Dosso, M. (2017) Peuplement ophidien des plantations d' Hevea brasiliensis d'Anguededou (sud-est de la Cote d'Ivoire). Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France, 162, 31 - 38." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Akaffou
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DA9957181730F853" box="[988,1037,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the species from rubber tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E224B648D9B857FC12F0F87F" box="[253,461,1951,1977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Hevea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648D9B857FC12F0F87F" box="[253,461,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hevea brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) plantations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648DB3B57FC1038F87F" box="[638,773,1951,1977]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DA5457FC173BF87F" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Albert, J. - L. & Arrowood, H. & Mvele, C. & Casanova, M. & Dodane, J. - B. & Morgan, J. & Primault, L. & Thepenier, L. & Fenner, J. N." box="[785,1030,1951,1977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="133 - 138" refId="ref33203" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Albert, J. - L., Arrowood, H., Mvele, C., Casanova, M., Dodane, J. - B., Morgan, J., Primault, L., Thepenier, L. & Fenner, J. N. (2017 a) Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica X. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 52 (8), 133 - 138." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Pauwels
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E224B648DA3057FC109AF87F" box="[885,935,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD5757FC1764F87F" author="Pauwels, O. S. G. & Carlino, P. & Chirio, L. & Daversa, D. R. & Lips, J. & Oslisly, R. & Testa, O." box="[1042,1113,1951,1977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="3 - 12" refId="ref33373" refString="Pauwels, O. S. G., Carlino, P., Chirio, L., Daversa, D. R., Lips, J., Oslisly, R. & Testa, O. (2019 a) Amphibians and reptiles found in caves in Gabon, western Equatorial Africa. Cave and Karst Science, 46 (1), 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
2019
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E224B648DD0857FC1764F87F" author="Leache, A. D. & Oaks, J. R. & Ofori-Boateng, C. & Fujita, M. K." box="[1101,1113,1951,1977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="716 - 724" refId="ref31581" refString="Leache, A. D., Oaks, J. R., Ofori-Boateng, C. & Fujita, M. K. (2020) Comparative phylogeography of West African amphibians and reptiles. Evolution, 74 (4), 716 - 724. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 13941" type="journal article" year="2020">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2020) noted the species can be found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E224B648D86757A01250F81B" box="[290,365,1987,2013]" name="Gabon" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
in several
|
||
<typeStatus id="422B8870E224B648D8AE57A0111BF81B" box="[491,550,1987,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of habitats, including savanna, forest, cities, caves, and even beaches. On the Guinean side of Mt. Nimba (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23BB657D8BE50F41172FF77" box="[507,591,151,177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation), snakes were frequently seen near a mining camp that is in humid savanna near rainforest (MOR, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23BB657D98250BD1633FE87" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D98250BD12D3FF3E" bold="true" box="[199,494,222,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on molecular data from Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DACB50BC1083FF3F" box="[910,958,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (in press) and patterns of our morphometric data (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D0120369E23BB657D9BF51601273FEDB" box="[250,334,259,285]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="20.[151,239,476,500]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data (in mm for adults> 1000 mm SVL), tail length/snout–vent length ratios, and meristic scale counts for both sexes of West and Central African Toxicodryas blandingii (Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) and Central and East African T. vexator sp. nov. (Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zambia). For character abbreviations, see Materials and Methods. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with range in parentheses." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), we hypothesize that this species occurs west of the confluence of the Congo and Ubangi Rivers from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657D99051441247FE87" box="[213,378,295,321]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DB7D5144106CFE87" box="[568,849,295,321]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DA25514410A0FE87" box="[864,925,295,321]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CAR</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DD7451441637FE87" box="[1073,1290,295,321]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D2F36D2E23BB657D98251281679FC47" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D9825128121CFEA3" bold="true" box="[199,289,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Venom.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DB0B512811FBFEA3" box="[590,710,331,357]" name="Cameroon" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DB8B5128106BFEA0" author="Taub, A. M." box="[718,854,331,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref36115" refString="Taub, A. M. (1967) Comparative histological studies on Duvernoy's gland of colubrid snakes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 138 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1967">Taub (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the histological morphology of the Duvernoy’s gland.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657D863510C12C4FE4F" author="Groves, F." box="[294,505,367,393]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="106 - 108" refId="ref29879" refString="Groves, F. (1973) Reproduction and venom in Blanding's tree snake. International Zoo Yearbook, 13, 106 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1973. tb 02114. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Groves (1973:108)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described several “crudely performed” experiments to document the effects of captive snakebites (
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23BB657D80E51F012FAFE6B" box="[331,455,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
originating from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DBC951F011DDFE6B" box="[652,736,403,429]" name="Liberia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="8B96FD5BE23BB657DBAF51F01072FE6B" box="[746,847,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
of unknown origin, and their presumptive offspring) on mice, guinea pigs, and a capuchin monkey, all of which resulted in death after 16–110 minutes. Based on venom collected from one of the latter snakes,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DB1251B810BEFE30" author="Levinson, S. R. & Evans, M. H. & Groves, F." box="[599,899,475,502]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="307 - 312" refId="ref31738" refString="Levinson, S. R., Evans, M. H. & Groves, F. (1976) A neurotoxic component of the venom from Blanding's tree snake (Boiga blandingi). Toxicon, 14 (4), 307 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 (76) 90027 - 1" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Levinson
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DB8251B811C4FE33" box="[711,761,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1976:311)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented a LD
|
||
<subScript id="01143497E23BB657DD10518E1758FE3D" attach="left" box="[1109,1125,493,507]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">50</subScript>
|
||
value of 106 μg per mouse (
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23BB657D9DA519C13C1FDDF" box="[159,252,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mg" value="3.23">3.23 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D86D519C125BFDDE" box="[296,358,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657D828519C1199FDDF" author="Weinstein, S. A. & Kardong, K. V." box="[365,676,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1161 - 1185" refId="ref37169" refString="Weinstein, S. A. & Kardong, K. V. (1994) Properties of Duvernoy's secretions from opisthoglyphous and aglyphous colubrid snakes. Toxicon, 32 (10), 1161 - 1185. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 (94) 90347 - 6" type="journal article" year="1994">Weinstein & Kardong 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table 3), and powerful neurotoxic components that cause “irreversible inhibition of the chemical excitatory mechanism in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.” Based on venom collected from two snakes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DB8652241032FDA7" box="[707,783,583,609]" name="Ghana" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DA5F5224177FFDA7" author="Weinstein, S. A. & Smith, L. A." box="[794,1090,583,609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="78 - 94" refId="ref37225" refString="Weinstein, S. A. & Smith, L. A. (1993) Chromatographic profiles and properties of Duvernoy's secretions from some boigine and dispholidine colubrids. Herpetologica, 49 (1), 78 - 94." type="journal article" year="1993">Weinstein & Smith (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated LD
|
||
<subScript id="01143497E23BB657DDA4523A17CCFDA1" attach="left" box="[1249,1265,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">50</subScript>
|
||
values ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="5A689B37E23BB657D9935209124DFD43" box="[214,368,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.55" metricValueMin="2.85" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mg" value="3.2" valueMax="3.55" valueMin="2.85">2.85–3.55 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg in mice. Immunological cross reactivity with elapid venom antisera was demonstrated, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657D9D252EC1283FD6F" author="Weinstein, S. A. & Smith, L. A." box="[151,446,655,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="78 - 94" refId="ref37225" refString="Weinstein, S. A. & Smith, L. A. (1993) Chromatographic profiles and properties of Duvernoy's secretions from some boigine and dispholidine colubrids. Herpetologica, 49 (1), 78 - 94." type="journal article" year="1993">Weinstein & Smith (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not distinguish between samples originating from West Africa (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23BB657DDA152EC1648FD6F" baseAuthorityName="Hallowell" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1252,1397,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DDA152EC17C9FD6E" box="[1252,1268,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DC4752EC1648FD6F" box="[1282,1397,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or East Africa (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23BB657D81C52D012F1FD0A" authority="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown, 2021" authorityName="Greenbaum & Allen & Vaughan & Pauwels & Wallach & Kusamba & Muninga & Aris- Tote & Mali & Badjedjea & Penner & Rödel & Rivera & Sterkhova & Johnson & Tapondjou & Brown" authorityYear="2021" box="[345,460,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vexator" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D81C52D01254FD0A" box="[345,361,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D83D52D012F1FD0A" box="[376,460,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657D89052D0110DFD0B" bold="true" box="[469,560,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4D757BBE23BB657D89052D0110DFD0B" box="[469,560,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DB0D52D011D1FD0B" author="Greene, H. W." box="[584,748,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref29844" refString="Greene, H. W. (1997) Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, xiii + 351 pp." type="book" year="1997">Greene (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the neurotoxic venom components of this species are as toxic as some elapids. This contention was supported by the study of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DAB152B41636FD37" author="Broaders, M. & Ryan, M. F." box="[1012,1291,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1143 - 1148" refId="ref27056" refString="Broaders, M. & Ryan, M. F. (1997) Enzymatic properties of the Duvernoy's secretion of Blanding's tree snake (Boiga blandingi) and of the mangrove snake (Boiga dendrophila). Toxicon, 35 (7), 1143 - 1148. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0041 - 0101 (96) 00207 - 3" type="journal article" year="1997">Broaders & Ryan (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who studied venom from snakes originating from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DB7652981151FCD3" box="[563,620,763,789]" name="Togo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657DBE4529811DAFCD3" box="[673,743,763,789]" name="Benin" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and demonstrated the presence of acetylcholinesterase, which is common in many elapid venoms. In venom from West African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A904D51E23BB657DA32537C1631FCFF" authority=", Broaders et al. (1999)" authorityName="Broaders" authorityYear="1999" box="[887,1292,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Toxicodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandingii">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DA32537C10BAFCFE" box="[887,903,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DAD1537C173AFCFF" box="[916,1031,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">blandingii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DD53537C1631FCFF" author="Broaders, M. & Carlos, F. & Ryan, M. F." box="[1046,1292,799,825]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="155 - 166" refId="ref27124" refString="Broaders, M., Carlos, F. & Ryan, M. F. (1999) Partial purification of acetylcholine receptor binding components from the Duvernoy's secretions of Blanding's tree snake (Boiga blandingi) and the mangrove snake (Boiga dendrophila). Journal of Natural Toxins, 8 (2), 155 - 166." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Broaders
|
||
<emphasis id="AFE4EAC0E23BB657DDC7537C178EFCFF" box="[1154,1203,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
documented acetylcholine receptor binding activity.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9014B23E23BB657DB08532010A4FC9B" author="Amri, K. & Chippaux, J. - P." box="[589,921,835,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref26358" refString="Amri, K. & Chippaux, J. - P. (2012) Envenimation benigne par morsure de Toxicodryas blandingii (Hallowell, 1844) en Suisse. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France, 142 - 143, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="2012">Amri & Chippaux (2012:142)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the mild bite of a captive adult male originating from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E5877642E23BB657D813530412AFFC47" box="[342,402,871,897]" name="Togo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including muscle pain, cramps, and “troubles de la sensibilité” [sensitivity trouble].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |