470 lines
44 KiB
XML
470 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. & Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="CB6B71641CDE48B86F84580BDC5C65D5" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum cardenasii Heiser & P. G. Sm., Brittonia 10 (4): 195. 1958." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292389427" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>200</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB6B71641CDE48B86F84580BDC5C65D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB6B71641CDE48B86F84580BDC5C65D5" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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8.
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<taxonomicName authority="Heiser & P. G. Sm., Brittonia 10 (4): 195. 1958." authorityName="Heiser & P. G. Sm., Brittonia 10 (4): 195. 1958." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">Capsicum cardenasii Heiser & P.G.Sm., Brittonia 10(4): 195. 1958.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Capsicum cardenasii A flowering branch B eglandular trichome of the calyx C glandular trichome of the corolla D glandular trichome of the adaxial surface of the calyx E flower F section of the calyx showing the venation G sector of opened corolla H gynoecium I fruit J anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) K seed L seed, in cross section M structure of seed coat at the seed margin N structure of seed coat at the seed body O embryo A-H from Eshbaugh 1527 I-O from Eshbaugh 2046 J. Drawn by N. de Flury." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695457" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 42</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Capsicum cardenasii A plant B flower bud C, D flower, in lateral view E, F flower, in front view (note the different colouration inside the corolla) G immature fruits H mature fruit A, B, D, E, G from Barboza 4882, C, F, H from Barboza 4881. Photos by G. E. Barboza." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695458" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 43</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1956-08-15" collectorName="M. Cardenas, C. B. Heiser Jr., Paul Smith Ac." country="Bolivia" location="Cultivated" municipality="Indiana University" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB6B71641CDE48B86F84580BDC5C65D5:F41D310A96834A38178DFBBEFC050BDC" country="Bolivia" municipality="Indiana University" name="Cultivated" stateProvince="La Paz">Cultivated</location>
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at
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<collectingMunicipality>Indiana University</collectingMunicipality>
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greenhouse from seeds sent by
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<collectorName>
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M.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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</collectorName>
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from market in
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<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="La Paz">La Paz</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingDate value="1956-08-15">15 Aug 1956</collectingDate>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<collectorName>C.B. Heiser Jr.</collectorName>
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4196
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</emphasis>
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(
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<collectorName>Paul Smith Ac.</collectorName>
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-1793) (
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<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated here: IND [IND1000063, acc. # 139347]; isolectotype: IND [IND1000064, acc. # 139348])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Erect shrubs or subshrubs, 0.8-2 (-2.5) m tall, with the main stem 1-1.5 cm in diameter at base, much branched from near the base, the fragile branches in a typical
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“zig-zag”">"zig-zag"</normalizedToken>
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appearance above. Young stems strongly angled, green, glabrescent with sparse appressed-antrorse, simple, uniseriate, 4-6 (-7)-celled eglandular trichomes 0.08-0.6 mm long and minute, simple, glandular trichomes (stalk short; head dark); nodes green; bark of older stems greyish-white or with light brown-green fissures, glabrescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair subequal in size and shape. Leaves membranous, slightly discolorous, glabrescent, with sparse eglandular trichomes similar to those on stems and many small glandular trichomes (stalk unicellular; head dark, multicellular) on both surfaces, the glandular trichomes more abundant along mid-vein abaxially; blades of major leaves 3-5 (-6.5) cm long, 1.4-2.5 cm wide, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute; petioles 1.2-2 cm long, glabrous or glabrescent; the blades of minor leaves 2-3.5 cm long, 0.9-1.2 cm wide, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the major veins 2-3 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute or obtuse; petioles 0.5-0.8 cm long. Inflorescences axillary, 2-3 flowers per axil or flowers solitary; flowering pedicels 8-18 (-22) mm long, angled, erect to slightly spreading, geniculate at anthesis, entirely green, or purple distally, with moderate small glandular trichomes (stalk transparent, uni-bicellular; head dark, multicellular) and sparse short, antrorse eglandular trichomes; pedicels scars inconspicuous. Buds ellipsoid or ovoid, lilac or violet. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1-3 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, green or green with violet spots, moderately pubescent with the same glandular and eglandular trichomes as the pedicels, the calyx appendages five, 1-2 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, subequal, thick, erect or spreading, cylindrical, inserted close to the margin, sparsely pubescent with the same trichomes as the calyx tube. Corolla (6-) 6.5-12 mm long, 8-11 (-13) mm in diameter, thick, almost completely violet or lilac, but white at the base and along the main veins outside and within, sometimes greenish-yellow spots near the base within, campanulate with interpetalar membrane, lobed 1/3 or less of the way to the base, the tube 7-9 mm long, pubescent adaxially with short glandular trichomes (stalk 1-2-celled; head globose, unicellular) up to near its base, glabrous abaxially, the lobes (1.5-) 3-3.2 mm long, 2-2.4 mm wide, triangular, erect or spreading, alternating with five minute interlobes, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins papillate, the tips acute, papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments (4-) 6-7 mm long, whitish or lilac, inserted on the corolla 1.5-2 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 1.5-1.8 mm long, ellipsoid, lilac or bluish, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 1.5-1.85 mm long, 1.2-1.6 mm in diameter, green, ovoid or pear-shaped; ovules more than two per locule; nectary 0.4-0.6 mm tall, light green; styles homomorphic, 4.5-5.7 mm long, exserted ca. 1 mm beyond the anthers, lilac or purple, clavate; stigma ca. 0.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, discoid or globose, pale green. Berry 6-10 mm in diameter, globose or subglobose, green when immature, orange-red to bright red at maturity, deciduous, pungent, the pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 10-24 mm long, pendent, strongly angled, slightly widened distally, usually green; fruiting calyx 2-4 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, green, the appendages 1-2.5 mm long, ca. 0.3 mm wide, appressed to the berry, spreading or reflexed. Seeds (4-) 5-13 per fruit, (2.5-) 3-4.2 mm long, (2.2-) 2.5-2.8 mm wide, C-shaped or subglobose, pale yellow to brownish-yellow, the seed coat reticulate to obscurely reticulate (SM), mostly cerebelloid (SEM), the cells irregular in shape, the lateral walls strongly sinuate in the central zone, rectangular to subpolygonal at margins; embryo imbricate.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a narrow endemic species restricted mainly to the highlands of La Paz Department (Bolivia, Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Distribution of C. benoistii, C. caatingae, C. caballeroi, C. campylopodium and C. cardenasii" figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">32</figureCitation>
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). Only one collection from Tarija, probably introduced.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a typical component of the warm and dry hillsides and remnants of forests in the inter-Andean valleys, growing preferentially in open places between cactus and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cassia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, at 2,400-3,000 m elevation. It is cultivated by local people on small farms for local or family use of the fruits (Barboza, pers. obs.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering from December to March; fruiting from February to April.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 12 (Heiser and Smith 1958); 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 2x = 24 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Pochard, E" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendues 3 eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 37" refId="B369" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1977. Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum. In: Pochard, E, Ed., Capsicum 77. Comptes Rendues 3eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon: 27 - 37" title="Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum." volumeTitle="Capsicum 77." year="1977">Pickersgill 1977</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">Moscone et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9867-x" author="Scaldaferro, MA" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="693 - 709" refId="B428" refString="Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Moscone, EA, 2013. Heterochromatin type, amount and distribution in wild species of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60 (2): 693 - 709, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9867-x" title="Heterochromatin type, amount and distribution in wild species of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9867-x" volume="60" year="2013">Scaldaferro et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0099" author="Scaldaferro, MA" journalOrPublisher="Genome" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 113" refId="B429" refString="Scaldaferro, MA, Romero da Cruz, MV, Cecchini, NM, Moscone, EA, 2016. FISH and AgNor-mapping of the 45S and 5S rRNA genes in wild and cultivated Capsicum species (Solanaceae). Genome 59: 95 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0099" title="FISH and AgNor-mapping of the 45 S and 5 S rRNA genes in wild and cultivated Capsicum species (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0099" volume="59" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia.</emphasis>
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Ulupica (La Paz,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Heiser & Smith 4196</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="indigenous name">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indigenous name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia.</emphasis>
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Uaika (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Aymará">Aymara</normalizedToken>
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, La Paz,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza 4881</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The fruits are harvested directly from wild plants and marketed locally on a small scale (
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<bibRefCitation author="Jaeger, M" journalOrPublisher="Bioversity International, Cali, Colombia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B222" refString="Jaeger, M, Jimenez, A, Amaya, K [Comp], 2013. Las cadenas de valor de los ajies nativos de Bolivia. Compilacion de los estudios realizados dentro del marco del proyecto "Rescate y Promocion de Ajies Nativos en su Centro de Origen" para Bolivia. Bioversity International, Cali, Colombia" title="Las cadenas de valor de los ajies nativos de Bolivia. Compilacion de los estudios realizados dentro del marco del proyecto " Rescate y Promocion de Ajies Nativos en su Centro de Origen " para Bolivia." year="2013">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jäger">Jaeger</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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), mainly in La Paz, Bolivia. People consume dehydrated or fresh fruits in the preparation of a hot sauce called 'Jallpa
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<normalizedToken originalValue="huayka’">huayka'</normalizedToken>
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(in aymara), 'uchu
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<normalizedToken originalValue="llajfua’">llajfua'</normalizedToken>
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(in quechua) (Heiser and Smith 1958;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cardenas, M" journalOrPublisher="Imprenta Icthus, Cochabamba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B73" refString="Cardenas, M, 1969. Manual de plantas economicas de Bolivia. Imprenta Icthus, Cochabamba" title="Manual de plantas economicas de Bolivia." year="1969">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
|
||
1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘llajwa’">'llajwa'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(in quechua) or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘llaswa’">'llaswa'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(most popular), a mix of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘tomato’">'tomato'</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘onion’">'onion'</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ulupica’">'ulupica'</normalizedToken>
|
||
or other
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘chiles’">'chiles'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and aromatic herbs. Fruits are also preserved in vinegar or in oil and used as pickle (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘escabeche’">'escabeche'</normalizedToken>
|
||
) or they are cooked in boiling water before being sold (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento Sousa, WR" journalOrPublisher="Acta Scientiarum, Agronomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B324" refString="National Research Council (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivatation.National Academic Press, Washington, 409 pp." year="2015">National Research Council 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Barboza, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
EOO (1,032.864 km2); AOO (32 km2).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a geographically isolated species from the dry valleys of Luribay (Prov. Loayza), not far from La Paz; based on its extent of occurrence and the number of localities (6), it is assigned a status of Endangered (EN; B1ab(iii,iv)). It is harvested by local people; its area of distribution is poorly known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695457" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 42.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
flowering branch
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
eglandular trichome of the calyx
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
glandular trichome of the corolla
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
glandular trichome of the adaxial surface of the calyx
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
flower
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
section of the calyx showing the venation
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
||
sector of opened corolla
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
gynoecium
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
||
fruit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
|
||
anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
|
||
seed
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
|
||
seed, in cross section
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
|
||
structure of seed coat at the seed margin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
|
||
structure of seed coat at the seed body
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
|
||
embryo
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-H</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eshbaugh 1527</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-O</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eshbaugh 2046 J</emphasis>
|
||
. Drawn by N. de Flury.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is resolved within the Purple corolla clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
|
||
Carrizo
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More recent preliminary phylogenetic evidence showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to this clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B80" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Palombo, N, Weiss-Schneeweiss, H, 2019. Tracing the origin of the locoto chile (Capsicum pubescens): insights through RAD-seq data. Plants, People, Planet Symposium, London." title="Tracing the origin of the locoto chile (Capsicum pubescens): insights through RAD-seq data. Plants, People, Planet Symposium, London." year="2019">
|
||
Carrizo
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; CCG, pers. obs.), thus circumscription of these taxa is under revision (CCG, pers. obs.; see under
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
description). The fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eshbaughii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eshbaughii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eshbaughii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both also known as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ulupica”">"ulupica"</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The three species can be differentiated by their general pubescence and corollas.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum eshbaughii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eshbaughii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum eshbaughii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Capsicum eshbaughii A plant B flower buds C flower, in pre-anthesis D-G stellate corollas with different colouration patterns H flower buds and flower in anthesis, seen from behind I immature fruit J mature fruits A, E, H-J from Carrizo Garcia 67, photos by G. E. Barboza and C. Carrizo Garcia B, C, D, F, G from Palombo 19, photos by N. Palombo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695473" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">58</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a dense pubescence of long furcate glandular trichomes and stellate white corollas with greenish-yellow spots around the throat (rarely purple lines in the lobes). In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have sparse to moderate pubescence of eglandular simple trichomes and minute simple glandular trichomes. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has lilac to purple, broadly campanulate corollas (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Capsicum cardenasii A plant B flower bud C, D flower, in lateral view E, F flower, in front view (note the different colouration inside the corolla) G immature fruits H mature fruit A, B, D, E, G from Barboza 4882, C, F, H from Barboza 4881. Photos by G. E. Barboza." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695458" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">43C-F</figureCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has mostly purple, lilac or magenta, stellate corollas with greenish-yellow pigmentation within (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="F60" captionText="Figure 60. Capsicum eximium A plant (wet habitat) B plant (dry habitat) C main fissured stem D young inflorescence E-G flower buds with different colouration H-K flowers, in front view, with different corolla colouration within L flower, in lateral view M, N flowers seen from behind O mature fruits A, G, N from Barboza et al. 4914 B, E, M from Barboza et al. 4885 C, K from Barboza et al. 4903 D from Wageningen Netherlands University germplasm collection F, I from Barboza et al. 4895 H, O from Barboza 1919 (cult.) J from Barboza et al. 4896 L from Barboza et al. 3543 A-C, E-O photos by G. E. Barboza, D photo by P. Bosland." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure60" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695475" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">60H-J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695458" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 43" startId="F43">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 43.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
plant
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
flower bud
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
|
||
flower, in lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
|
||
flower, in front view (note the different colouration inside the corolla)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
||
immature fruits
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
mature fruit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, D, E, G</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza 4882</emphasis>
|
||
, C, F, H from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza 4881</emphasis>
|
||
. Photos by G.E. Barboza.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Phytogeographically,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1979. Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143-162." title="Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143 - 162." year="1979">Eshbaugh (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suspected that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be sympatric on the eastern margin of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He had observed some intermediate plants between both taxa in the Luribay Valley (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="396 - 403" refId="B140" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1976. Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102 (6): 396 - 403, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" title="Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" volume="102" year="1976">Eshbaugh 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1979. Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143-162." title="Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143 - 162." year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but specimens not cited) and, at that time, no collections of the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were known from that area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1979. Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143-162." title="Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143 - 162." year="1979">Eshbaugh 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We recently collected
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza 4885</emphasis>
|
||
) in Luribay, very near to the sites where
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows abundantly. Luribay Valley deserves to be explored intensively to document the presence of natural hybrids in the area and to find out if their level of fertility is as high as in experimental crosses (Heiser and Smith 1958;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="396 - 403" refId="B140" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1976. Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102 (6): 396 - 403, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" title="Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" volume="102" year="1976">Eshbaugh 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Evidence of hybridisation was found while attempting to identify and cytogenetically characterise these
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, using a molecular cytogenetic approach (seeds from Gene Bank, Nijmegen University, The Netherlands); however, the fertility of the hybrid has not been possible to ascertain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2019.1674403" author="Scaldaferro, MA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biosystems" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 691" refId="B425" refString="Scaldaferro, MA, 2019. Molecular cytogenetic evidence of hybridization in the "purple corolla clade of the genus Capsicum (C. eximium x C. cardenasii). Plant Biosystems 154 (5): 685 - 691, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2019.1674403" title="Molecular cytogenetic evidence of hybridization in the " purple corolla clade of the genus Capsicum (C. eximium x C. cardenasii)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2019.1674403" volume="154" year="2019">Scaldaferro 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Baileya" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 16" refId="B147" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, Smith, PG, 1971. A new variety of chili pepper, Capsicum eximium var. tomentosum (Solanaceae). Baileya 18: 13 - 16" title="A new variety of chili pepper, Capsicum eximium var. tomentosum (Solanaceae)." volume="18" year="1971">Eshbaugh and Smith (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also obtained successful crosses between
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eshbaughii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eshbaughii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eshbaughii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. IND 139349), though F1 and F2 hybrids were less fertile than with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The narrow distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum cardenasii" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eshbaughii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eshbaughii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eshbaughii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are allopatric, with the first species in north-western Bolivia (La Paz: Luribay) and the second concentrated in central-eastern Bolivia (mainly Santa Cruz: Samaipata). Their distributions are separated by nearly 700 km of distance, making hybridisation in the wild highly unlikely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Although the number of collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained in the field are scarce (8), the ease with which the seeds of this species germinate and produce fertile plants explains the large numbers (> 20) of specimens (and duplicates) gathered from plants in cultivation that are housed in many herbaria (see Specimens Examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The type collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. cardenasii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cardenasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. cardenasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of flowering specimens (two sheets dated 15 Aug 1956 at IND) obtained from seeds bought at the La Paz (Bolivia) marketplace; it is supposed that fruits came from warm, dry places along the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Abajo, near La Paz, at 2400 m altitude (Heiser and Smith 1958). Of the two specimens in IND, that with barcode 1000063 is the most complete, is labelled type and is here designated as the lectotype. There are specimens distributed in other herbaria (e.g. CORD, IND, LIL, US) with the same collection number as the lectotype (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Heiser 4196</emphasis>
|
||
, Paul Smith Acc. 1793), but these have different dates of collection and should not be considered as duplicates of the lectotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |