413 lines
57 KiB
XML
413 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="71F03BA32A58A955DC138C26D381C839" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3602.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259143" ID-ZooBank="10304FBF-3969-4EFA-83F1-BB8A5E2B37F3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629836269209" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="TAYLOR, M. L., CAIRNS, S. D., AGNEW, D. J. & ROGERS, A. D." docDate="2013" docId="EE36E867FFB6FFDFFF0AAF63FD9E0997" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03602p105.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3602 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3602.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Thouarella clavata Kukenthal 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="120F901FFF85FFEBFF9DAB72FFEA0E66" masterDocTitle="<strong> A revision of the genus <em> Thouarella </ em> Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on <em> Plumarella </ em> Gray, 1870 and <em> Dasystenella </ em>, Versluys, 1906 </ strong>" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1699119148921" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9253FCA8A5F0A77D38A915AE7112264A"><strong> A revision of the genus <em> Thouarella </ em> Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on <em> Plumarella </ em> Gray, 1870 and <em> Dasystenella </ em>, Versluys, 1906 </ strong></mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9FFDED822308AE36A81BC319653F0A91">AGNEW, D. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CF51376F786E5E713409CF532D57CE75">ROGERS, A. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AC7E2401D6245B388E460AA68F82BCBE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="650E7C211B8D31DEBB7F740C28DED5FA">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6B00F4853D1B9402258F9431EFBD5E05">3602</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="2E850AFAFFB6FFD8FF0AAF63FD840A4D" box="[151,622,1041,1067]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAF63FD840A4D" blockId="51.[151,622,1041,1100]" box="[151,622,1041,1067]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAF63FD840A4D" bold="true" box="[151,622,1041,1067]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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9.
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FF29AF63FD840A4D" ID-CoL="56L5B" authority="Kukenthal, 1908" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1908" box="[180,622,1041,1067]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF29AF63FE730A4D" bold="true" box="[180,409,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thouarella clavata</emphasis>
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Kükenthal, 1908
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAF46FEFE0A2A" blockId="51.[151,622,1041,1100]" box="[151,276,1076,1100]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB6FFD8FF0AAF46FF060A2A" box="[151,236,1076,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 20</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB6FFD8FF65AF46FEFE0A2A" box="[248,276,1076,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">21</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAF05FD7B0AEB" blockId="51.[151,1124,1143,1257]" box="[151,657,1143,1165]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFB6FFD8FF0AAF05FD7B0AEB" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,657,1143,1165]" page="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1907">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FF0AAF05FD7B0AEB" ID-CoL="56L57" authority="Kukenthal 1907: 203 - 4" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="203 - 4" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,657,1143,1165]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAF05FEED0AEB" box="[151,263,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thouarella</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FEA8AF0AFE760AEB" box="[309,412,1144,1165]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">antarctica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB6FFD8FE3EAF05FD7B0AEB" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[419,657,1143,1165]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="202 - 212" refId="ref63292" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1907) Gorgoniden der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31, 202 - 212." type="journal article" year="1907">Kükenthal 1907: 203–4</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAFE7FDC10ACD" blockId="51.[151,1124,1143,1257]" box="[151,555,1173,1195]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FF0AAFE7FDC10ACD" ID-CoL="56L5B" authority="Kukenthal, 1908: 11" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,555,1173,1195]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAFE7FEBD0ACD" box="[151,343,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thouarella clavata</emphasis>
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Kükenthal, 1908: 11
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAFC6FB8E0AAC" blockId="51.[151,1124,1143,1257]" box="[151,1124,1204,1226]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="468F7E5FFFB6FFD8FF0AAFC6FB8E0AAC" box="[151,1124,1204,1226]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFB6FFD8FF0AAFC6FCF00AAC" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,794,1204,1226]" page="433" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="1919">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FF0AAFC6FCF00AAC" ID-CoL="56L5B" authority="Kukenthal 1919: 430 - 433" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="430 - 433" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,794,1204,1226]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata" subGenus="Parathouarella">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAFC6FDE30AAC" box="[151,521,1204,1226]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thouarella (Parathouarella) clavata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB6FFD8FD8DAFC6FCF00AAC" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[528,794,1204,1226]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919: 430–433</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, text figs 209–212, pl.43, fig. 69
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAFA1FCDB0A8E" blockId="51.[151,1124,1143,1257]" box="[151,817,1234,1257]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="468F7E5FFFB6FFD8FF0AAFA1FCDB0A8E" box="[151,817,1234,1257]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFB6FFD8FF0AAFA1FD090A8E" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[151,739,1234,1257]" page="27" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" year="2009">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FF0AAFA1FD090A8E" ID-CoL="56L5B" authority="Cairns & Bayer 2009: 27" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,739,1234,1257]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata" subGenus="Thouarella">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAFA1FE340A8F" box="[151,478,1235,1257]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thouarella (Thouarella) clavata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB6FFD8FE79AFA0FD090A8E" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[484,739,1234,1256]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref62273" refString="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629" type="journal article" year="2009">Cairns & Bayer 2009: 27</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(listed)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAE62FBED0B09" blockId="51.[151,1436,1296,1678]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AAE62FE810B4E" box="[151,363,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material examined</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFB6FFD8FEE7AE62FE250B2D" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="D. T. E Agulhasstrom" country="South Africa" elevation="500" location="Port Elizabeth" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FEE7AE62FE0D0B4E" bold="true" box="[378,487,1296,1320]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FEE7AE62FE0D0B4E" box="[378,487,1296,1320]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB6FFD8FE68AE63FDDB0B4E" box="[501,561,1297,1320]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
Cni 6080,
|
||
<collectorName id="CB6A3CA7FFB6FFD8FD33AE63FC7D0B4E" box="[686,919,1296,1320]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">D.T.E Agulhasstrom</collectorName>
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, sta. 103, SW of
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<location id="63400FAAFFB6FFD8FBCAAE63FB130B4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFB6FFDFFF0AAF63FD9E0997:63400FAAFFB6FFD8FBCAAE63FB130B4E" box="[1111,1273,1296,1320]" country="South Africa" name="Port Elizabeth" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Port Elizabeth</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFB6FFD8FA98AE62FA7D0B4E" box="[1285,1431,1296,1320]" name="South Africa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, 35˚10.5’S, 23˚2.0’E,
|
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<quantity id="A167F494FFB6FFD8FE18AE46FE250B2D" box="[389,463,1332,1356]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="500.0">
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<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFB6FFD8FE18AE46FE250B2D" box="[389,463,1332,1356]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFB6FFD8FE47AE41FBE80B09" collectingDate="1971-09-25" collectionCode="MNHWU" country="South Africa" elevation="740" location="Town Ecological Surveys" municipality="University" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="syntype">
|
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FE47AE41FDD10B2A" bold="true" box="[474,571,1331,1356]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
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<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FE47AE41FDD10B2A" box="[474,571,1331,1356]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB6FFD8FDD4AE46FD560B2D" box="[585,700,1332,1355]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">MNHWU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB6FFD8FD5AAE46FD140B2D" box="[711,766,1332,1356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
dried fragment; USNM 1140264,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="8644C30BFFB6FFD8FB1DAE46FB1C0B2A" box="[1152,1270,1332,1356]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">University</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A45B9793FFB6FFD8FA81AE46FABF0B2A" box="[1308,1365,1332,1356]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="63400FAAFFB6FFD8FAC1AE46FE980B09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFB6FFDFFF0AAF63FD9E0997:63400FAAFFB6FFD8FAC1AE46FE980B09" country="South Africa" municipality="University" name="Town Ecological Surveys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Western Cape">Town Ecological Surveys</location>
|
||
, LBT 75 G, 32”03.3' S 16”02' E,
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB6FFD8FD7AAE25FC820B09" box="[743,872,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="740.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="680.0">
|
||
<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFB6FFD8FD7AAE25FC820B09" box="[743,872,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="740.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="680.0">680–800 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="12217FB1FFB6FFD8FCE9AE25FBE80B09" box="[884,1026,1367,1391]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1971-09-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="02658659FFB6FFD8FCE9AE25FBE80B09" box="[884,1026,1367,1391]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1971-09-25">25 Sep 1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF5AAE09FA600BBC" blockId="51.[151,1436,1296,1678]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
As so little material was available for study the colony description is based on Kükenthal’s 1908 study and his more detailed 1919 record of this species. There is some confusion surrounding this species as the specimen from
|
||
<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB6FFD8FF0AAEB1FF3E0BBC" box="[151,212,1475,1498]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
has clavate polyps, very unlike those seen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB6FFD8FD4EAEB1FC730BBD" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[723,921,1475,1499]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and they in fact look similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FB62AEB6FA690BBD" box="[1279,1411,1475,1499]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crenelata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FB62AEB6FA690BBD" box="[1279,1411,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">T. crenelata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAE94FAD708E8" blockId="51.[151,1436,1296,1678]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFB6FFD8FF0AAE94FE5D0B99" box="[151,439,1510,1535]" collectionCode="MNHWU" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
As the
|
||
<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB6FFD8FF75AE95FEB20B98" box="[232,344,1511,1534]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">MNHWU</collectionCode>
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FEFDAE95FE5D0B99" box="[352,439,1511,1535]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
more closely resembles images within
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB6FFD8FCE8AE94FBD60B98" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[885,1084,1510,1534]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
we have based descriptions on this specimen. Unfortunately, it was not possible to take adequate SEM images of sclerites and polyps of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FF0AAD5DFF040821" box="[151,238,1583,1607]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
as the specimen is in a very poor condition and disintegrated in SEM preparations. Using microscopy it was possible to identify a second
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FDB3AD20FD4A080C" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[558,672,1618,1642]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FDB3AD20FD4A080C" box="[558,672,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen: USNM 1140264. We thus illustrate specimen USNM 1140264, whose polyps and sclerites are identical to the few poor SEM images obtained from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FB42AD04FAD008E8" box="[1247,1338,1654,1678]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AADCCFEF108B3" blockId="51.[151,1436,1726,2035]" box="[151,283,1726,1749]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FF0AADCCFEF108B3" box="[151,283,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFD8FF0AAD92FDDF09E1" blockId="51.[151,1436,1726,2035]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FF57AD92FEC6089E" box="[202,300,1760,1784]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
stem base is slightly curved, the main stem is straighter (no holdfast), and branching is dense and in all directions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB6FFD8FEA6AC76FE76097A" box="[315,412,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20a</figureCitation>
|
||
), although the branchlets curve to create ventral and dorsal colony planes. The branchlets are mostly
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB6FFD8FE89AC5AFE880926" box="[276,354,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (some
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB6FFD8FE72AC5AFDA80926" box="[495,578,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
), often forked at the branchlet base, and orientated at almost 90° to the main stem or branch. The dorsal plane branchlets of USNM 1140264 are greatly shortened and the proximal branchlets are also reduced in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB6FFD8FE5BAC1DFDC209E1" box="[454,552,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB6FFDFFF5AACE6FB940EB5" blockId="51.[151,1436,1726,2035]" lastBlockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
We believe that USNM 1140264 is conspecific to the
|
||
<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB6FFD8FCA7ACE6FC4009CD" box="[826,938,1940,1963]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">MNHWU</collectionCode>
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB6FFD8FC29ACE6FBE509CA" box="[948,1039,1940,1964]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The following descriptions are of USNM 1140264 (unless stated) as this is the only known whole colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB6FFD8FC46ACCAFBA309A9" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[987,1097,1975,1999]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB6FFD8FC46ACCAFBA309A9" box="[987,1097,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which it was possible to take clear SEM images. Isolated polyps are sparsely placed on branchlets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB6FFD8FC40ACA9FBD50995" box="[989,1087,2011,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20d</figureCitation>
|
||
), 7–8 per cm. They are distally flared (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFF7AABE5FEAC0EC9" box="[231,326,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 20e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFECCABE5FE910EC9" box="[337,379,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">21c</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a low a conical operculum,
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB1FFDFFD6BABE5FC960EC9" box="[758,892,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="1.5499999999999998" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
high (average 1.5), and mostly in a single plane. Each polyp has 6–7 scales in one abaxial row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFD3FABC9FCEA0EB5" box="[674,768,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21a</figureCitation>
|
||
) and 4 scales in each adaxial row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AABADFE1D0FAA" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The operculars are arranged in 2 rings, an inner ring made up of smaller operculars and an outer ring of large operculars. The inner operculars are a tall–triangular shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFCC7AA70FC3E0F7C" box="[858,980,258,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21d,h</figureCitation>
|
||
), 350–390 µm high (average 370 µm), 150–230 µm wide (average 180 µm), with a H:W of 1.6–2.5 (average 2.1). Most of the outer operculars are larger with a wider lanceolate shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFE72AA3BFD800F07" box="[495,618,329,353]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21e–g</figureCitation>
|
||
), 590–770 µm high (average 680), 340–420 µm wide (average 390), with a H:W of 1.5–1.9 (average 1.7). The operculars have a simple keel on the inner surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFB1DAA1FFB0B0FE3" box="[1152,1249,365,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21e</figureCitation>
|
||
), are tuberculate proximally, and the outer surface is deeply concave and smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFCE3AAE2FC0B0FCE" box="[894,993,400,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB1FFDFFC29AAE2FC0B0FCE" box="[948,993,400,424]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="g" value="21.0">21g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proximal edge is coarsely lobate whilst the distal edge is serrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AAAA5FDE20C3D" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The distal edge of the marginals are triangular with an angular proximal edge and are tuberculate across most of the inner surface, 790–900 µm high (average 860 µm), 480–650 µm wide (average 600 µm), with a H:W of 1.4–1.6 (average 1.5). The keel is simple and flat faced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFC8CA96DFC810C51" box="[785,875,543,567]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21j</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the outer surface is covered in granules with a smooth distal border (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFE3DA931FE110C3D" box="[416,507,579,603]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21i</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AA915FA900CA1" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The submarginals are diamond-shaped, 690–750 µm high (average 720 µm), 650–730 µm wide (690 average µm), with a H:W of 1. There is a small keel on the inner surface corresponding to the peak on the distal edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFAF2A9F9FF2F0CA1" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21k</figureCitation>
|
||
). The remainder of the inner surface is tuberculate whilst the outer surface is covered in granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFA8CA9DDFA860CA1" box="[1297,1388,687,711]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21l</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AA9A1FC580D31" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The body-wall scales have a circular distal edge, are often irregular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFBAAA9A1FB570C8D" box="[1079,1213,723,747]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB1FFDFFBF0A9A1FB4A0C8D" box="[1133,1184,723,747]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="21.0">21m</quantity>
|
||
, n
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), 220–340 µm high (average 260 µm), 250–490 µm wide (average 330 µm), with a H:W of 0.4–1.5 (average 0.9). The proximal edge is coarsely lobate. The inner surface is tuberculate, with a narrow smooth band along the distal margin whilst the outer surface is relatively smooth but has sparsely distributed granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AA811FAB40DA5" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The coenenchymal scales are smaller than the body-wall scales, 120–220 µm high (average 160 µm), 140–250 µm wide (average 190 µm), with a H:W of 0.5–1.2 (average 0.9). They are circular to widely elliptical in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFF02A8D9FEF20DA5" box="[159,280,939,963]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[256,1331,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-84@54.[256,1331,165,1909]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259224/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21o–s</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a very smooth outer surface that bears a few small granules and a tuberculate inner surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF0AA8A2FECA0D8E" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" box="[151,288,976,1000]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFF0AA8A2FECA0D8E" box="[151,288,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AA881FA600A6D" blockId="52.[151,1436,151,1036]" box="[199,1418,1011,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFB1FFDFFF5AA881FA6C0A6D" box="[199,1414,1011,1036]" country="South Africa" elevation="500" location="Port Elizabeth" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" specimenCount="1">
|
||
This species is only known from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB1FFDFFDF9A886FD7E0A6A" box="[612,660,1012,1036]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, southwest of
|
||
<location id="63400FAAFFB1FFDFFC0DA886FBD80A6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFB6FFDFFF0AAF63FD9E0997:63400FAAFFB1FFDFFC0DA886FBD80A6D" box="[912,1074,1011,1035]" country="South Africa" name="Port Elizabeth" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Port Elizabeth</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFB1FFDFFBA3A881FB3A0A6D" box="[1086,1232,1011,1035]" name="South Africa" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at
|
||
<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFB1FFDFFB6AA881FA6C0A6D" box="[1271,1414,1011,1035]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="500.0">
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFB1FFDFFB6AA881FAD70A6D" box="[1271,1341,1011,1035]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF0AAF44FF130A28" blockId="52.[151,1438,1078,1607]" box="[151,249,1078,1102]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFF0AAF44FF130A28" box="[151,249,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF0AAF28FAAE0BBC" blockId="52.[151,1438,1078,1607]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The hand-drawn images in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFE4BAF28FD750A14" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[470,671,1114,1138]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal’s 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
publication (text figs 209, 210) show modestly flared polyps like those on his plate XLIII. However, he described these polyps as clavate. We use the word ‘clavate’ to describe a polyp with a rounded distal head region, and Kükenthal appears to use the word to describe any polyp with a wider head than base. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB1FFDFFE07AFB5FE1B0AB9" box="[410,497,1223,1247]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
from MHWU is in bad condition, the sclerites are brittle and they partially disintegrated when they were cleaned in an attempt to carry out SEM observations—however, the polyps are distally flared, as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFE13AE7CFD810B40" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[398,619,1294,1318]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal’s (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrations. The
|
||
<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFB1FFDFFCD8AE7DFC680B40" box="[837,898,1295,1318]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
sample afforded clearer SEM images but the polyps are clavate and not like those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFD50AE40FC7F0B2C" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[717,917,1330,1354]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and also the opercular keel is strong, whereas it was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFEE7AE24FDAB0B08" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[378,577,1366,1390]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="202 - 212" refId="ref63292" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1907) Gorgoniden der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31, 202 - 212." type="journal article" year="1907">Kükenthal (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as weak. The illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFC1BAE25FC1F0B08" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[902,1013,1366,1390]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFC1BAE25FC1F0B08" box="[902,1013,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFB98AE24FB2A0B08" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1029,1216,1366,1390]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: text figs 209, 210) shows a distally flared polyp with pointed marginals and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB1FFDFFCD1AE08FC440BF4" box="[844,942,1402,1426]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
description mentions clustered polyps. The MHWU sample most closely resembles this description and we are thus inclined to believe this is the true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFA1AAEEDFF030BBC" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFA1AAEEDFF030BBC" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this makes the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFDD6AEB1FD520BBC" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[587,696,1474,1498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFDD6AEB1FD520BBC" box="[587,696,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a contradiction to our current use of this descriptive term.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AAE95FE600844" blockId="52.[151,1438,1078,1607]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
More samples of this species are required from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFB1FFDFFC86AE95FCA10B99" box="[795,843,1511,1535]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality to complete a full description and improve comparisons (below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF5AAD5DFA870820" blockId="52.[151,1438,1078,1607]" box="[199,1389,1582,1607]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Two polyp morphs were illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFB1FFDFFDE5AD5CFCDD0820" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[632,823,1582,1606]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 210), one of which may have been brooding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF0AAD03FEC608EF" blockId="52.[151,1436,1649,2033]" box="[151,300,1649,1673]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFF0AAD03FEC608EF" box="[151,300,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFB1FFDFFF0AADE7FD9E0997" blockId="52.[151,1436,1649,2033]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The number of polyps per cm, number of pairs of abaxial scales (5–6), and flared polyp shape makes this species comparable to
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFEDEADC8FDBB08B7" box="[323,593,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFEDEADC8FE3D08B7" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1907" box="[323,471,1722,1745]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">T. antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFE79ADC8FDA708B7" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1965" box="[484,589,1721,1745]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brucei">T. brucei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFD13ADC8FD1708B7" authorityName="Zapata-Guardiola and Lopez-Gonzalez" authorityYear="2010" box="[654,765,1721,1745]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andeep">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFD13ADC8FD1708B7" box="[654,765,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. andeep</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="2B1D6CCAFFB1FFDFFC93ADCBFC8208B7" box="[782,872,1721,1745]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[147,206,477,493]" captionText="TABLE 3. Tabular key for the species of Thouarella." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFC1CADCBFB9208B7" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1907" box="[897,1144,1721,1745]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFC1CADCBFB9208B7" box="[897,1144,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Thouarella antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a bottlebrush colony shape and shorter, more rigid branchlets than colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFCBBADACFC7F0893" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,917,1757,1781]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFCBBADACFC7F0893" box="[806,917,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The remaining species have a bottlebrush to bilateral appearance similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFE65AC70FD82097F" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[504,616,1793,1817]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFE65AC70FD82097F" box="[504,616,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFCF7AC70FC33097F" authorityName="Zapata-Guardiola and Lopez-Gonzalez" authorityYear="2010" box="[874,985,1793,1817]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andeep">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFCF7AC70FC33097F" box="[874,985,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. andeep</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have shorter more rigid branchlets and marginals that are more acutely pointed than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFD73AC54FCB6095B" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[750,860,1829,1853]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFD73AC54FCB6095B" box="[750,860,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFB91AC54FB93095B" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[1036,1145,1829,1853]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFB91AC54FB93095B" box="[1036,1145,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFB32AC54FAF8095B" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1965" box="[1199,1298,1829,1853]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brucei">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFB32AC54FAF8095B" box="[1199,1298,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. brucei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
look almost identical, but branchlets of colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFDFEAC38FD200907" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1965" box="[611,714,1865,1889]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brucei">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFDFEAC38FD200907" box="[611,714,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. brucei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more sparsely placed than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFB38AC38FAFD0907" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[1189,1303,1865,1889]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFB38AC38FAFD0907" box="[1189,1303,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFB1FFDFFAB6AC3BFA650907" box="[1323,1423,1865,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[206,1373,177,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-60@53.[206,1373,167,1947]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259187/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 20a</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, these differences in growth form are very minor.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFCFCAC1FFBC509E3" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1965" box="[865,1071,1901,1925]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brucei">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFCFCAC1FFBC509E3" box="[865,1071,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Thouarella brucei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described from Burdwood Bank and is found around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFB1FFDFFDD2ACE3FD2909CF" box="[591,707,1937,1961]" name="Antarctica" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFCAEACE0FC4E09CF" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[819,932,1937,1961]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFCAEACE0FC4E09CF" box="[819,932,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found only off the south coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFB1FFDFFF0AACC7FEC209AB" box="[151,296,1973,1997]" name="South Africa" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
so there could be a separation in geographical distribution. More material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFB1FFDFFB0CACC4FB1509AB" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityYear="2009" box="[1169,1279,1973,1997]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFB1FFDFFB0CACC4FB1509AB" box="[1169,1279,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is required to confirm that these two species are distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |