441 lines
59 KiB
XML
441 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="7701A035F0BC89AE665BBD6A622089D4" ID-CLB-Dataset="22502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b5e0ec3-e1cf-4a16-9af1-a3773e4d77cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773373" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E2F8FE4-4524-44B1-B5F8-BCC58D4FDF8E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588073674033" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pugh, P. R." docDate="2019" docId="0384A8378261FFEEFF37FD57FB3979E9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4669.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4669 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cystonectae Polygastricae." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFBDD04F8252FFDBFFA0FF8EFFFE7B6E" masterDocTitle="A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698837942893" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="39B212C2995204D70B3943D3745FCAD7">A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="118F6E0F22E61AF4D8B9A086A656BFE2">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8451A3E17E25F571B4BB9BAD135BC7D1">National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO 14 3 ZH</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B35F1F36307EFFFA0B1DE336F9F0C9AC" type="email">prp@noc.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="6520553D44F5934522D37FB916B03BFF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4AFCA0771028D91E75FD9F21C0639F03">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0384A8378261FFEEFF37FD57FB3979E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163830833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384A8378261FFEEFF37FD57FB3979E9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384A8378261FFEEFF37FD57FB3979E9" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8261FFE8FF37FD57FC037FA9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9219218261FFE8FF37FD57FD58799D" blockId="51.[151,1437,728,2015]" box="[151,678,728,755]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="D0DAAE4D8261FFE8FF37FD57FD58799D" bold="true" box="[151,678,728,755]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FF37FD57FD58799D" bold="true" box="[151,678,728,755]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FF37FD57FE3B799D" authority="Polygastricae." authorityName="Polygastricae." box="[151,453,728,755]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FF37FD57FE3B799D" bold="true" box="[151,453,728,755]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cystonectae Polygastricae.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD87FD56FD61799D" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[551,671,728,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD87FD56FD61799D" bold="true" box="[551,671,728,755]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9219218261FFE8FF67FD73FC037FA9" blockId="51.[151,1437,728,2015]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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And so we come to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FE09FD73FD897876" author="Haeckel, E." box="[425,631,765,792]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
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final cystonect family, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC0AFD73FBDF7879" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[938,1057,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
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. Haeckel begins by reviewing the history of the family and noted (
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FDA1FCAFFDD37855" box="[513,557,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ibid</emphasis>
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. p. 338) that: “All recent authors have accepted the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FB1AFCAFFAE27855" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[1210,1308,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FB1AFCAFFAE27855" box="[1210,1308,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the only
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<typeStatus id="5496A7838261FFE8FF37FCCBFF397831" box="[151,199,837,863]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
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of this family”. Ones hopes are raised that Haeckel will do the same! But those hopes are quickly dashed. First of all he re-established
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FE3CFCE7FDB378ED" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[412,589,872,899]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt’s (1835)</bibRefCitation>
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genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD05FCE7FD0778ED" box="[677,761,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD05FCE7FD0778ED" box="[677,761,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Salacia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for species with a dorsal crest, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FB2AFCE7FB0F78ED" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1162,1265,873,899]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FB2AFCE7FB0F78ED" box="[1162,1265,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for those without one. He said (
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FEFFFC03FE7578C9" box="[351,395,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ibid</emphasis>
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. p. 339): “The family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD28FC03FD0578C9" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[648,763,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
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was established in 1835 by Brandt ... He first distinguished two different subgenera in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD95FC3FFD6978A5" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[565,663,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD95FC3FFD6978A5" box="[565,663,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, viz., (1)
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FCA3FC3FFCA978A5" box="[771,855,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FCA3FC3FFCA978A5" box="[771,855,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Salacia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(or
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC26FC3FFC1678A5" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[902,1000,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FC26FC3FFC1678A5" box="[902,1000,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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proper), with a chambered dorsal crest of the float; and (2)
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FED7FC5BFE207881" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[375,478,981,1007]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FED7FC5BFE207881" box="[375,478,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, without crest. This distinction, although not accepted by later authors, is very important, since the crestless state of the pneumatophore, regarded from a phylogenetic point of view, must necessarily precede the crested state”. Of course, it also applies from a developmental point of view. However, as noted above, Haeckel had already used the generic name
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD21FBCFFD2B7F35" box="[641,725,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD21FBCFFD2B7F35" box="[641,725,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Salacia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the basis of a completely different cystonect family. Haeckel (
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FF01FBEBFF337F11" box="[161,205,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ibid</emphasis>
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.) continued: “We establish for these [the so-called species without a crest] the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FB15FBEBFAC27F11" box="[1205,1340,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Alophotidae">Alophotidae</taxonomicName>
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, and oppose it to the crest-bearing subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FDE8FB07FD287FCD" box="[584,726,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caravellidae">Caravellidae</taxonomicName>
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”. In each sub-family Haeckel then uses the presence of only a single large tentacle or of many such tentacles to divide each into two genera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8261FFEFFF67FB5FFB177AE5" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9219218261FFE8FF67FB5FFC247D3D" blockId="51.[151,1437,728,2015]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FF67FB5FFE837F85" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,381,1233,1259]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 339) succinctly summarised the problems arising from many of the previous descriptions, but then made the situations even worse. He said: “The distinction of species in these four genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FAAFFB7BFA7C7E61" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1295,1410,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
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is a very difficult task, since the entire family is transformistic, and all the so-called “good species” are connected by Darwinian intermediate forms. Nevertheless, there exist a number of “geographical species” as local forms in the different seas. In the majority of the numerous descriptions the species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC6EFAEFFBBF7E15" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[974,1089,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
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are founded upon slight differences in the variable coloration, or different states of contraction of the very variable pneumatophore and other parts ... A better and more natural distinction of “relatively good species” will be got when the future observers carefully regard the following anatomical structures:— (1) the grouping and composition of the monogastric or polygastric cormidia; (2) the relation of the basal protosiphon (at the distal end of the float) to the secondary siphons (or metasiphons) on its ventral face; (3) the difference in structure and form of the pneumatophore, mainly at its apical and basal poles; (4) the structure of the crest, the number of its chambers, &c”.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9219218261FFE8FF67F9D3FD1C7C1D" blockId="51.[151,1437,728,2015]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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Having established the sub-family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FDE9F9D3FD337D19" box="[585,717,1629,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Alophotidae">Alophotidae</taxonomicName>
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for the physaliids without a crest, eight pages later Haeckel very confusingly changed the name of the sub-family to the Arethusidae, and included in it the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FB46F90FFAB37DF5" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1254,1357,1665,1691]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FB46F90FFAB37DF5" box="[1254,1357,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a new genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FEB8F92BFE827DD1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[280,380,1701,1727]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FEB8F92BFE827DD1" box="[280,380,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Arethusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FDA9F92BFD8E7DD1" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[521,624,1701,1727]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FDA9F92BFD8E7DD1" box="[521,624,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, defined as being without a crest and with a single large main tentacle, was originally established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FE45F947FD7C7D8D" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[485,642,1736,1763]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt (1835)</bibRefCitation>
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as a sub-genus of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC65F947FBD97D8D" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[965,1063,1737,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FC65F947FBD97D8D" box="[965,1063,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the Latin diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FF37F963FE287C69" authority="Olfersii" authorityName="Olfersii" box="[151,470,1773,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alophota">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FF37F963FF077C69" box="[151,249,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FEA9F963FE8E7C69" box="[265,368,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FE20F963FE287C69" box="[384,470,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Olfersii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FE46F963FDEC7C69" box="[486,530,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
. p. 238) stated “Tentacula 2”. Typically,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FC7CF963FB697C66" author="Haeckel, E." box="[988,1175,1773,1800]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not mention, in the section on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FEAEF89FFE8B7C45" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[270,373,1809,1835]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FEAEF89FFE8B7C45" box="[270,373,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Brandt’s subspecies by name, although he did include it in his final list of siphonophore species. He decided that he had two other related species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD62F8BBFCA37C21" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[706,861,1845,1871]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giltschiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD62F8BBFCA37C21" box="[706,861,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. giltschiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC34F8BBFBE57C21" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[916,1051,1845,1871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FC34F8BBFBE57C21" box="[916,1051,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. mertensii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the description of the latter being left for his fabled
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FEC0F8D7FD247C1D" box="[352,730,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Morphology of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD97F8D7FD247C1D" authorityName=", Leuckart" authorityYear="1854" box="[567,730,1881,1907]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophorae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218261FFEFFF67F8F3FB177AE5" blockId="51.[151,1437,728,2015]" lastBlockId="52.[151,1437,152,395]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
There is little point into going into any detail of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FD7EF8F3FC557CF6" author="Haeckel, E." box="[734,939,1917,1944]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FBFEF8F3FAB97CF9" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1118,1351,1917,1943]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giltschiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FBFEF8F3FAB97CF9" box="[1118,1351,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Alophota giltschiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FACCF8F3FEA57CD5" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FACCF8F3FEA57CD5" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Arethusa challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131605A48261FFE8FE37F82FFDF97CD5" box="[407,519,1952,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1425,1450]" captionTargetBox="[257,1248,402,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[257,1248,402,1406]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 25. Left. Alophota giltschiana Haeckel, 1888b – corm diameter 1.5–2 cm; and Right. Arethusa challengeri Haeckel, 1888b – corm length 4–5 cm. Figures 3 and 4, respectively, from Haeckel (1888b) Plate XXVI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773415/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figure 25</figureCitation>
|
||
), the only two physaliids he illustrated. One could note that the maximum size of the float of the former “species” was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48261FFE8FD90F84BFD977CB1" box="[560,617,1989,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with four “developed cormidia” in the main group; while for
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFEFFAB5F84BFF487BDD" italics="true" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. challeng- eri</emphasis>
|
||
the float measured up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48266FFEFFE71FF16FDF67BDD" box="[465,520,152,179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
and the number of tentacles, which unsurprisingly were larger than for the former species, was six to eight. This is only interesting because of its inexactitude as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFC5CFF33FB667BB6" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1020,1176,189,216]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and others before him, clearly established was that the maximum number of groups in each zone was seven. To put this into context let us remember that the pneumatophore of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFD9FFE8BFCFA7A71" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[575,772,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFD9FFE8BFCFA7A71" box="[575,772,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can reach at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48266FFEFFC73FE8BFBE77A71" box="[979,1049,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length, so Haeckel’s specimens were mere babies. As there is no value in continuing to discuss Haeckel’s misguided ideas on the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFAB4FEA7FA667A2D" box="[1300,1432,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is simplest to list in full the species he included in the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFCCFFEC3FBDA7A09" author="Haeckel, E." box="[879,1060,333,359]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 372); all of which, apart from the
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF60FEFCFEAD7AE5" box="[192,339,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">nomina nuda</emphasis>
|
||
, are considered by the present author to be junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFBBCFEFFFB1F7AE5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1052,1249,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="physalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFBBCFEFFFB1F7AE5" box="[1052,1249,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Physalia physalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5249A98266FFEFFF37FA1FFBA07EA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773415" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773415/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" startId="52.[151,250,1425,1450]" targetBox="[257,1248,402,1406]" targetPageId="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37FA1FFBA07EA0" blockId="52.[151,1437,1425,1486]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF37FA1FFEDE7EC4" bold="true" box="[151,288,1425,1450]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Left.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFEFEFA1CFD267EC4" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[350,728,1425,1450]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giltschiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFEFEFA1CFDCC7EC4" box="[350,562,1426,1450]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alophota giltschiana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFD98FA1FFD267EC4" author="Haeckel, E." box="[568,728,1425,1450]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– corm diameter 1.5–2 cm; and Right.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFBC8FA1CFF297EA0" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFBC8FA1CFAC27EC4" box="[1128,1340,1426,1450]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arethusa challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFAE3FA1FFF297EA0" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– corm length 4–5 cm. Figures 3 and 4, respectively, from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFC8EFA3BFC267EA0" author="Haeckel, E." box="[814,984,1461,1486]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Plate XXVI.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8266FFEEFF37FA72FDD87A34" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37FA72FDCD7D79" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[151,563,1532,1559]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF4EFA72FDCD7D79" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[238,563,1532,1559]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF4EFA72FE657D79" bold="true" box="[238,411,1532,1559]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">PHYSALIDAE</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFE01FA72FDCD7D79" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[417,563,1532,1559]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37F9AEFB887D55" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[151,1142,1568,1595]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Sub-family
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFEBCF9AEFE4F7D56" bold="true" box="[284,433,1568,1595]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">ARETHUSIDAE</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFE18F9AEFD967D54" author="Haeckel, E." box="[440,616,1568,1594]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Pneumatophore simple, without dorsal crest).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37F9CBFCBD7D30" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[151,835,1604,1631]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF46F9CAFE177D31" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[230,489,1604,1631]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF46F9CAFEAE7D31" bold="true" box="[230,336,1604,1631]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alophota</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFEF7F9CAFE177D31" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[343,489,1604,1631]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– A single large main tentacle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF67F9E6FDE37DED" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[199,541,1640,1667]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF67F9E6FDE37DED" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[199,541,1640,1667]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF67F9E6FE7A7DEC" box="[199,388,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alophota olfersii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFE2BF9E6FDE37DED" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[395,541,1640,1667]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF67F902FD967DC8" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[199,616,1676,1702]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF67F902FD967DC8" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,616,1676,1702]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giltschiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF67F902FE4F7DC8" box="[199,433,1676,1702]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alophota giltschiana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFE18F902FD967DC8" author="Haeckel, E." box="[440,616,1676,1702]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF67F93EFB107DA4" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[199,1262,1712,1738]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF67F93EFB657DA4" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b Nomen" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,1179,1712,1738]" genus="Alophota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF67F93EFE637DA4" box="[199,413,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Alophota mertensii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFE04F93EFDAA7DA4" author="Haeckel, E." box="[420,596,1712,1738]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFBECF93FFB657DA4" box="[1100,1179,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Nomen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFB02F93EFB107DA4" box="[1186,1262,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">nudum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37F95BFC8B7D80" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" box="[151,885,1747,1775]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFF46F95AFDF87D80" ID-CoL="8VR3K" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,518,1748,1775]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFF46F95AFEAE7D81" bold="true" box="[230,336,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFEF7F95AFDF87D80" author="Haeckel, E." box="[343,518,1748,1774]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698266FFEFFDA6F95DFDE87D8F" attach="left" box="[518,534,1747,1761]" fontSize="6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">51</superScript>
|
||
– Several large main tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218266FFEFFF37F880FC297C93" blockId="52.[151,1437,1532,2046]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
51
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFF6DF880FE807C49" author="Haeckel, E." box="[205,382,1806,1831]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributes the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFD09F881FCF67C49" ID-CoL="8VR3K" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[681,776,1807,1831]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFD09F881FCF67C49" box="[681,776,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Browne, but no date was given. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFB4CF880FA667C48" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1260,1432,1806,1830]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 349) attributes the name to himself as “The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFCADF8A3FC927C2B" ID-CoL="8VR3K" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[781,876,1837,1861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFCADF8A3FC927C2B" box="[781,876,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was established a century ago (in 1789) by
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C38266FFEFFAF1F8A3FA637C2B" box="[1361,1437,1837,1861]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Patrick" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Patrick</collectingRegion>
|
||
Browne, for that gigantic Physalid of the Tropical Atlantic, which is known to the sailors as the “Portuguese Manof-War,” and which O. F. Müller and Gmelin had called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFC83F8E5FC1A7CED" box="[803,996,1899,1923]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Medusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caravella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFC83F8E5FC1A7CED" box="[803,996,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Medusa caravella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
... Since the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFAACF8E5FA957CED" ID-CoL="8VR3K" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1292,1387,1899,1923]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFAACF8E5FA957CED" box="[1292,1387,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was afterwards given up and replaced by Lamarck’s name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFCB6F807FC8D7CCF" ID-CoL="7PRWC" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[790,883,1929,1953]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFCB6F807FC8D7CCF" box="[790,883,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we employ here the former for the designation of those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFEA6F826FE8A7CAE" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[262,372,1960,1984]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
which agree with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28266FFEFFD97F826FD5C7CAE" box="[567,674,1960,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338266FFEFFD97F826FD5C7CAE" box="[567,674,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Caravella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the possession of numerous large main tentacles, but differ from it in the absence of a polythalamous crest on the pneumatophore”. Nonetheless, the species that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFB2CF848FAC07CB0" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1164,1342,1990,2014]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes in this genus are very different from those that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08266FFEFFD1CF86BFC937C93" author="Haeckel, E." box="[700,877,2021,2045]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FF17FD967BDD" blockId="53.[199,1249,153,215]" box="[199,616,153,179]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FF17FD967BDD" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,616,153,179]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FF17FE4C7BDD" box="[199,434,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Arethusa challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE19FF17FD967BDD" author="Haeckel, E." box="[441,616,153,179]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FF33FB1F7BB9" blockId="53.[199,1249,153,215]" box="[199,1249,189,215]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FF33FB737BB9" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b Nomen" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,1165,189,215]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Arethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thalia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FF33FE8D7BB9" box="[199,371,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Arethusa thalia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFEDBFF33FDD47BB9" author="Haeckel, E." box="[379,554,189,215]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFB9EFF30FB737BB9" box="[1086,1165,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Nomen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFB35FF33FB1F7BB9" box="[1173,1249,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">nudum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37FE8BFBF77A71" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[151,1033,260,287]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Sub-family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFEBCFE8AFD867A71" box="[284,632,260,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caravellidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFEBCFE8AFE3F7A72" bold="true" box="[284,449,260,287]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">CARAVELLIDAE</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE68FE8BFD867A71" author="Haeckel, E." box="[456,632,261,287]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pneumatophore with dorsal crest).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37FEA7FCC77A2D" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[151,825,296,323]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF46FEA6FE047A2D" ID-CoL="7PRWC" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[230,506,296,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF46FEA6FEB47A2D" bold="true" box="[230,330,296,323]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFEF0FEA7FE047A2D" author="Lamarck, J. B. P." box="[336,506,297,323]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref66015" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A de M de. (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres … Verdiere, Paris, 432 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14255" type="book" year="1801">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– Single large main tentacle
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FEC3FDD87A34" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[199,550,332,359]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FEC3FE2D7A09" ID-CoL="4HFJP" authority="Bosc" authorityName="Bosc" box="[199,467,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pelagica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FEC3FE6E7A09" box="[199,400,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia pelagica</emphasis>
|
||
Bosc
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF933FE18267FFEEFE7EFEC3FDD87A34" box="[478,550,332,359]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" value="52-02-18">
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFE7EFEC3FDD87A34" attach="none" box="[478,550,332,359]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">180252</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8267FFEEFF67FEFFFDA07AA8" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FEFFFDC57A10" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[199,571,368,395]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FEFFFE177AE5" authority="Tilesius" authorityName="Tilesius" box="[199,489,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cornuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FEFFFE797AE5" box="[199,391,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia cornuta</emphasis>
|
||
Tilesius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFE53FEFFFDC57A10" attach="none" box="[499,571,368,395]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">181353</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FE1BFD887ACC" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[199,630,404,431]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FE1BFDDA7AC1" authority="Eschscholtz" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[199,548,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utriculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FE1BFE6A7AC1" box="[199,404,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia utriculus</emphasis>
|
||
Eschscholtz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFD8EFE1BFD887ACC" attach="none" box="[558,630,404,431]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">182954</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FE37FDA07AA8" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[199,606,440,467]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FE37FDF47ABD" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[199,522,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalista">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FE37FE637ABD" box="[199,413,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia megalista</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFDB6FE37FDA07AA8" attach="none" box="[534,606,440,467]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">181655</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8267FFEEFF37FE53FB3979E9" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF37FE53FC947A99" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[151,874,476,503]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF46FE52FDF27A99" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,524,476,503]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF46FE52FEA87A99" bold="true" box="[230,342,476,503]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Caravella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFEFDFE53FDF27A99" author="Haeckel, E." box="[349,524,477,503]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– Several large main tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFF67FD8FFB177975" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[199,1257,513,539]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FD8FFDA97975" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,599,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FD8FFE5E7975" box="[199,416,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Caravella gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE07FD8FFDA97975" author="Haeckel, E." box="[423,599,513,539]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCCAFD8FFB697975" authority="Lesson" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1826" box="[874,1175,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cystisoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCCAFD8FFBBF7975" box="[874,1089,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia cystisoma</emphasis>
|
||
Lesson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFB3EFD8CFB177975" box="[1182,1257,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">partim</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFCF3FDABFAE37938" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCCAFDABFAA07951" ID-CoL="4HFB8" authority="Bory de St. Vincent, 1804" authorityName="Bory de St. Vincent" authorityYear="1804" box="[874,1374,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCCAFDABFBCB7951" box="[874,1077,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
Bory de St.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFB61FDABFAA07951" author="Vincent, J. B. G. M." box="[1217,1374,549,575]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref62734" refString="Bory de St. Vincent, J. B. G. M. (1804) Voyage dans les quatres principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique. III, 473 pp. + Atlas, 56 pls." type="book" year="1804">Vincent, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFF67FDC7FDB3790D" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,589,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Caravella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="maxima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFF67FDC7FE69790D" box="[199,407,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Caravella maxima</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08267FFEEFE3EFDC7FDB3790D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[414,589,585,611]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCC7FDC7FB34790D" ID-CoL="GFX6" authority="Eschscholtz" authorityName="Eschscholtz" box="[871,1226,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caravella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCC7FDC7FBC4790D" box="[871,1082,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia caravella</emphasis>
|
||
Eschscholtz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<superScript id="7C58B4698267FFEEFB75FDC7FAE37938" attach="left" box="[1237,1309,584,611]" fontSize="6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">182956</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218267FFEEFCF3FDE3FB3979E9" blockId="53.[151,1374,260,647]" box="[851,1223,621,647]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28267FFEEFCCAFDE3FB3979E9" ID-CoL="4HFD9" authority="Olfers, 1831" authorityName="Olfers" authorityYear="1831" box="[874,1223,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arethusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338267FFEEFCCAFDE3FBCA79E9" box="[874,1076,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalia arethusa</emphasis>
|
||
Olfers, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |