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<mods:title id="EDB547C1709FB281556BFBD1EE0E0CA1">Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D558AA75E01B4C626F85F9995EEFFDA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6180821" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119522912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6180821" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D558AA75E01B4C626F85F9995EEFFDA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D558AA75E01B4C626F85F9995EEFFDA2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<paragraph id="5D4E1B63E01B4C616F85F9995E74F90A" blockId="1.[151,584,1658,1684]" box="[151,584,1658,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="0606AC0FE01B4C616F85F9995E74F90A" bold="true" box="[151,584,1658,1684]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616F85F9995E74F90A" bold="true" box="[151,584,1658,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616FFCF9995E74F90A" authority="Thomson, 1872" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[238,584,1658,1684]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616FFCF9995DBEF90A" bold="true" box="[238,386,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616E9BF9995E74F90A" author="Thomson" box="[393,584,1658,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the &quot; Porcupine &quot; deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764 - 773." type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D4E1B63E01B4C616F85F9215F1EF949" blockId="1.[151,1437,1729,1843]" box="[151,802,1729,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="824AA5C1E01B4C616F85F9215CF5F949" box="[151,201,1730,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species of the genus:
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616EBAF9225F22F949" authority="Thomson, 1872" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[424,798,1729,1751]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616EBAF9225E49F949" box="[424,629,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616D6EF9225F22F949" author="Thomson" box="[636,798,1729,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the &quot; Porcupine &quot; deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764 - 773." type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D4E1B63E01B4C616F85F9035F46F8AD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1729,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Synonymy:
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616E05F9035E40F96B" authority="Thomson, 1872: 772" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="772" authorityYear="1872" box="[279,636,1760,1782]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616E05F9035DADF968" box="[279,401,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616E8FF9035E78F96B" author="Thomson" box="[413,580,1760,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the &quot; Porcupine &quot; deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764 - 773." type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
: 772
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616D9EF9035801F968" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877: 45" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1877" box="[652,1085,1760,1782]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Ilycrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616D9EF9035EDAF968" box="[652,742,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ilycrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616DE3F903582FF96B" author="Danielssen" box="[753,1043,1760,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1877) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition: Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23, 3, 45 - 83." type="journal article" year="1877">Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877</bibRefCitation>
: 45
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616B5FF9035929F96B" author="Clark" box="[1101,1301,1760,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 a) Notice of some Crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51, 8, 233 - 248." type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="a">A.H. Clark, 1908a</bibRefCitation>
: 236; 1915: 153154; 1917: 389390;
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616ECBF91C5F35F88A" authority="Gislen, 1938: 14" authorityName="Gislen" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="1938" box="[473,777,1790,1813]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616ECBF91C5E6FF88B" box="[473,595,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616D4EF91D5EDFF88A" author="Gislen" box="[604,739,1790,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gislen, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift N. F., 34, 10, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1938">Gislén, 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</taxonomicName>
15;
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616C2FF91C5F85F88A" author="Roux" box="[829,953,1791,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la &quot; Thalassa &quot; dans le golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparee des pedoncules et systematique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, serie 3, 426, 325 - 384." type="journal article" year="1977">Roux, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 2728;
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616B08F91C58EDF88A" author="Rasmussen" box="[1050,1233,1791,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rasmussen, H. W. (1978) Crinoidea, Articulata, In: R. C. Moore &amp; Teichert C., Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, 1, Geological Society of America (Ed.), Boulder, Colorado, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, T 813 - 928." type="journal article" year="1978">Rasmussen, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: T844; Roux
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616A73F8E359AAF88B" box="[1377,1430,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002: 815, 818, 822;
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616E8DF8FE5E0AF8AD" author="Mironov" box="[415,566,1821,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="2008">Mironov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 135136;
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616DA7F8FD5F09F8AD" author="Hess" box="[693,821,1822,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hess, H. (2011 a) Bourgueticrinina. In: Seldon P. (ed), Ausich W. I. (coordinating author) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T (Echinodermata 2, Revised), University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 3: T 146 - 158." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">Hess, 2011a</bibRefCitation>
: T153.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="15EB48E8E01B4C626F85F8835EEFFDA2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5D4E1B63E01B4C626F85F8835D65FE4E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1887,2021]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616F85F8835D37F8E6" bold="true" box="[151,267,1888,1912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Remarks.</emphasis>
It is difficult to distinguish Atlantic species using only external morphological characters as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616F85F8675D4EF802" author="Clark" box="[151,370,1924,1948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 a) Notice of some Crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51, 8, 233 - 248." type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="a">A.H. Clark (1908a)</bibRefCitation>
in his key to species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616DE6F8675F47F802" box="[756,891,1924,1948]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616DE6F8675F47F802" box="[756,891,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616C98F86658D3F802" authority="Thomson, 1876" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[906,1263,1924,1948]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aldrichianus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616C98F866580BF802" box="[906,1079,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. aldrichianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616B2DF86758D3F802" author="Thomson" box="[1087,1263,1924,1948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 13, 47 - 55." type="journal article" year="1876">Thomson, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616A35F8665D7BF85E" authority="Thomson, 1872" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616A35F86659A7F802" box="[1319,1435,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616F85F84B5D7BF85E" author="Thomson" box="[151,327,1960,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the &quot; Porcupine &quot; deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764 - 773." type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have similarly very serrated crowns profiles, and
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E01B4C616C69F84A5FCDF85E" box="[891,1009,1960,1984]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E01B4C616C69F84A5FCDF85E" box="[891,1009,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displays sharper median crests on the division series. However,
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E01B4C616EAEF82F5EF4F87A" author="Clark" box="[444,712,1996,2020]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159 - 186." type="journal article" year="1977">A.M. Clark (1977: 160)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that “possibly further material may indicate that only one species can be recognized”. Both
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626D5FFF7A5821FF31" authority="Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877" authorityName="Danielssen &amp; Koren" authorityYear="1877" box="[589,1053,151,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="carpenteri">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626D5FFF7A5EDFFF2E" box="[589,739,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. carpenteri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626DFEFF745821FF31" author="Danielssen" box="[748,1053,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Danielssen, D. C. &amp; Koren, J. (1877) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition: Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23, 3, 45 - 83." type="journal article" year="1877">Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Norwegian Sea and the Arctic Ocean and
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626E79FF5E5EF3FF4A" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[363,719,188,212]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626E79FF5E5DD3FF4A" box="[363,495,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626EEBFF5F5EF3FF4A" author="Clark" box="[505,719,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907 b) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">A.H. Clark, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean differ in having smooth rounded brachials. Characters other than external morphology are required to clearly distinguish among these different
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626E52FEE75DFBFE82" box="[320,455,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626E52FEE75DFBFE82" box="[320,455,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. As pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626C16FEE65FA9FE82" author="Roux" box="[772,917,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la &quot; Thalassa &quot; dans le golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparee des pedoncules et systematique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, serie 3, 426, 325 - 384." type="journal article" year="1977">Roux (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, highly derived characters present in articulations of xenomorphic stalks allow a better distinction between taxa and can be used for taxonomic attribution of isolated stalks. The
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626E64FEAF5DC1FEFA" box="[374,509,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626E64FEAF5DC1FEFA" box="[374,509,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stalk exhibits two divergent ontogenetic profiles of columnals: the first one develops rigidity in the mesistele, the second provides flexibility in the dististele (
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626CF4FE8C592FFE19" author="Duco" box="[998,1299,367,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Duco, A. &amp; Roux, M. (1981) Modalites particulieres de croissance liees au milieu abyssal chez les Bathycrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules), Oceanologica Acta, 4, 389 - 394." type="journal article" year="1981">
Duco &amp; Roux 1981,
<figureCitation id="C5CA07E6E0184C626BDDFE8C592FFE19" box="[1231,1299,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1950,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,659,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,659,1936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bathycrinus australis (ZSM 20020004). A G, I J: large specimen; H, K L: juvenile specimen; A B: views of crown; C: distal stalk with bases of thin roots; D: progressive transition from dististele to mesistele; E: other distal stalk with large roots encrusting pebble; F H: distal synarthries; I L: mesistele synarthries." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/209421/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). Below, we provide additional information on stalk synarthries and their ontogeny which can be used as discriminating characters in taxonomy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D4E1B63E0184C626FDBFE3E5EEFFDA2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
For details on characters of external morphology used to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626CDFFE3E5846FE6A" box="[973,1146,476,500]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aldrichianus">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626CDFFE3E5846FE6A" box="[973,1146,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. aldrichianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9AF160E0E0184C626BA3FE3E590EFE6A" box="[1201,1330,476,500]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="6F85C771E0184C626BA3FE3E590EFE6A" box="[1201,1330,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626A79FE3F5D30FD89" author="Gislen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Gislen, T. (1956) Crinoids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report, 2, 61 - 62." type="journal article" year="1956">Gislén (1956)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626E57FDE35E20FD89" author="Clark" box="[325,540,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159 - 186." type="journal article" year="1977">A.M. Clark (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. Moreover, new distinctive characters in bathycrinids such as pinnule architecture have been proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626EC0FDC75E42FDA2" author="Mironov" box="[466,638,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2000) New taxa of stalked crinoids from the suborder Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 79, 6, 712 - 728 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="2000">Mironov (2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="39606692E0184C626D98FDC75EFBFDA2" author="Mironov" box="[650,711,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>