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<document id="CECE9D9D5BE27A456F1F2D7E0E76DC40" ID-CLB-Dataset="7424" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4931.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d63cab47-63f1-4fdc-9209-26a256c91ccb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545337" ID-ZooBank="88CF2B0D-E02B-46E1-9F52-1B95F717FC8F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613558058512" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Eiseman, Charles S., Lonsdale, Owen, Linden, John Van Der, Feldman, Tracy S. &amp; Palmer, Michael W." docDate="2021" docId="0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4931.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4931 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Liriomyza cracentis Lonsdale" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFACD8737022EB4C2A0EFFDC6551673E" masterDocTitle="Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698929887731" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4AFEF1445334B11401031D99FB776F7C">Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5F847C383A3781186F4B2A238DFBD73D">Eiseman, Charles S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5431CFF25411AE67A87C5539F94E4D6C">Lonsdale, Owen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="414182ED45E9841DB53E3D1F90B32BCC">Linden, John Van Der</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DAD0056FAE3DB1F0C14B613CD3ECEC51">Feldman, Tracy S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D73E50AF476A0349204F3F6566F0FE63">Palmer, Michael W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D5CA57364E5287E5C87416A147F88DED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545267" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180947783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545267" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542A99FD0A677465CE" box="[151,549,726,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542A99FD0A677465CE" blockId="24.[151,549,726,788]" box="[151,549,726,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D0CBA671703AEB542A99FD0A677465CE" bold="true" box="[151,549,726,752]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542A99FD0A677465CE" ID-CoL="9HWCG" authority="Lonsdale" authorityName="Lonsdale" box="[151,549,726,752]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cracentis">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542A99FD0A677465CE" bold="true" box="[151,549,726,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542A99FD0A644065CE" bold="true" box="[151,273,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liriomyza</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542B30FD0A64FA65CE" bold="true" box="[318,427,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">cracentis</emphasis>
Lonsdale
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542A99FD2665A8642A" box="[151,249,762,788]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542A99FD2665A8642A" blockId="24.[151,549,726,788]" box="[151,249,762,788]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="13070D98703AEB542AAEFD2665A0642A" box="[160,241,762,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 7386" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1743,1767]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-17@49.[151,1436,181,1719]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 7386. Mines of Phytomyzinae on host plants: 73: Liriomyza blechi Spencer on Ruellia carolinensis; 74: Liriomyza cf. cracentis Lonsdale on Ageratina altissima; 75: L. euphorbivora Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Euphorbia marginata; 76: L. hypopolymnia Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Polymnia canadensis, upper surface; 77: same, lower surface; 78: L. orilliensis on Nabalus sp.; 79: L. cf. taraxaci Hering on Krigia virginica; 80: L. trifolii (Burgess) on Mecardonia acuminata; 81: Phytomyza cf. aesculi Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale on Aesculus flava; 82: P. flavilonicera Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Lonicera sempervirens; 83: same; 84: P. notopleuralis Spencer on Cornus sericea; 85: P. thermarum (Griffiths) on Erigeron pulchellus; 86: P. triostevena Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Triosteum sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545359/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542A99FC9E606964BD" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542A99FC9E606964BD" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542A99FC9E67416462" bold="true" box="[151,528,834,860]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined. ILLINOIS:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B541B40703AEB542819FC9E606264BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3069844304" collectingDate="2018-06-12" collectingDateMax="2018-06-27" collectingDateMin="2018-06-12" collectorName="J. F. Steffen" country="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" county="Cook Co." latitude="42.149075" location="Glencoe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.789444" municipality="Woods" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCounty id="62E26991703AEB542819FC9E67D46462" box="[535,645,834,860]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cook Co.</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="8EE347C6703AEB54289EFC9E67A16462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA:8EE347C6703AEB54289EFC9E67A16462" box="[656,752,834,860]" country="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" county="Cook Co." latitude="42.149075" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.789444" municipality="Woods" name="Glencoe" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Glencoe</location>
,
<location id="8EE347C6703AEB5428F5FC9E614F6462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0395A00B703AEB542A99FD0A61BB62DA:8EE347C6703AEB5428F5FC9E614F6462" box="[763,1054,834,860]" country="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" county="Cook Co." latitude="42.149075" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.789444" municipality="Woods" name="Chicago Botanic Gardens" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chicago Botanic Gardens</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32B518D703AEB542E27FC9E61F06462" box="[1065,1185,834,860]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">McDonald</collectingCountry>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE78B67703AEB542EA9FC9E61A66462" box="[1191,1271,834,860]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Woods</collectingMunicipality>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0877DA703AEB542F0CFC9860CD6461" box="[1282,1436,836,863]" degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="8" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="1" seconds="56.66" value="42.149075">42°856.66″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0877DA703AEB542A99FCB4641764BD" box="[151,326,872,899]" degrees="87" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="1" seconds="21.99" value="-87.789444">87°4721.99″W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="FF8237DD703AEB542B5FFCBA649A64BE" box="[337,459,870,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2018-06-12">
<collectingDate id="EFC6CE35703AEB542B5FFCBA649A64BE" box="[337,459,870,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2018-06-12">12.vi.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, em. by
<date id="FF8237DD703AEB542824FCBA67F564BE" box="[554,676,870,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2018-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFC6CE35703AEB542824FCBA67F564BE" box="[554,676,870,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2018-06-27">27.vi.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26C974CB703AEB5428BEFCBB666164BE" box="[688,816,870,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">J.F. Steffen</collectorName>
, ex
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542953FCBB61C564BF" authority=", CNC" authorityName="CNC" box="[861,1172,870,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eupatorium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosum">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542953FCBB611D64BE" box="[861,1100,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eupatorium rugosum</emphasis>
, CNC
</taxonomicName>
1135572 (1♁)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542AC9FC5666E963FB" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FC56675B632E" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FC566440649A" bold="true" box="[199,273,906,932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hosts.</emphasis>
The label of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542BDDFC5767E2649A" box="[467,691,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cracentis">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542BDDFC5767E2649A" box="[467,691,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liriomyza cracentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5487AFBF703AEB5428B4FC56664D649A" box="[698,796,906,932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
indicates a host of “
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542E0BFC5761AC649A" box="[1029,1277,906,932]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Euperomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542E0BFC5761AC649A" box="[1029,1277,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Euperomum maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, possibly referring to
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542B07FC73674264F6" box="[265,531,942,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eupatorium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542B07FC73674264F6" box="[265,531,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eupatorium maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB5428CBFC72669D64F6" box="[709,972,942,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eutrochium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB5428CBFC72669D64F6" box="[709,972,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eutrochium maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) E.E.Lamont (
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542E90FC72604D64F6" box="[1182,1308,942,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD6CEC703AEB542F3AFC7265B064D2" author="Lonsdale, O." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref41359" refString="Lonsdale, O. (2017 a) The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of Canada &amp; Alaska. Zootaxa, 4234 (1), 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4234.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Lonsdale 2017a</bibRefCitation>
). The
<collectingRegion id="49F8DFFF703AEB542B29FC0E642764D2" box="[295,374,978,1004]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Illinois</collectingRegion>
specimens were reared from
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB5428C8FC0F66F264D2" box="[710,931,978,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB5428C8FC0F66F264D2" box="[710,931,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ageratina altissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob., which like
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542F5AFC0F658A632E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eutrochium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542F5AFC0F658A632E" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eutrochium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542B73FC2A6757632E" box="[381,518,1014,1040]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupatorieae">Eupatorieae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FBC661936366" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FBC66416630A" bold="true" box="[199,327,1050,1076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leaf mine.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13070D98703AEB542B59FBC664F8630A" box="[343,425,1050,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 7386" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1743,1767]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-17@49.[151,1436,181,1719]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 7386. Mines of Phytomyzinae on host plants: 73: Liriomyza blechi Spencer on Ruellia carolinensis; 74: Liriomyza cf. cracentis Lonsdale on Ageratina altissima; 75: L. euphorbivora Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Euphorbia marginata; 76: L. hypopolymnia Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Polymnia canadensis, upper surface; 77: same, lower surface; 78: L. orilliensis on Nabalus sp.; 79: L. cf. taraxaci Hering on Krigia virginica; 80: L. trifolii (Burgess) on Mecardonia acuminata; 81: Phytomyza cf. aesculi Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale on Aesculus flava; 82: P. flavilonicera Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Lonicera sempervirens; 83: same; 84: P. notopleuralis Spencer on Cornus sericea; 85: P. thermarum (Griffiths) on Erigeron pulchellus; 86: P. triostevena Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale, spec. nov. on Triosteum sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545359/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
) Upper-surface, greenish to whitish, entirely narrow and linear; the photographs provided by J. Steffen do not show the entire mines, but no frass is evident in the portions photographed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FBBE615C6342" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" box="[199,1037,1122,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FBBE64196342" bold="true" box="[199,328,1122,1148]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Puparium.</emphasis>
Details not recorded, but presumably formed outside the mine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FB5A66E963FB" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FB5A64A2639E" bold="true" box="[199,499,1158,1184]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phenology and voltinism.</emphasis>
All known specimens tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB5429F5FB5B618B639E" box="[1019,1242,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cracentis">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB5429F5FB5B618B639E" box="[1019,1242,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liriomyza cracentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reared or captured between late June and mid-July. Larvae are present in June.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542AC9FB1261156232" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FB1261156232" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FB12643063D6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1230,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</emphasis>
The
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB542B96FB13672663D6" box="[408,631,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cracentis">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542B96FB13672663D6" box="[408,631,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liriomyza cracentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5487AFBF703AEB542873FB12678E63D6" box="[637,735,1230,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected in
<collectingCountry id="F32B518D703AEB542991FB1266A663D6" box="[927,1015,1230,1256]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
: QC, and a tentatively identified male was collected in ON. The new material is from
<collectingCountry id="F32B518D703AEB5428A5FB2E67B66232" box="[683,743,1266,1292]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
: IL; also see Comments below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3264296703AEB542AC9FACA61BB62DA" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B83111D703AEB542AC9FACA61BB62DA" blockId="24.[151,1437,834,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB542AC9FACA641E620E" bold="true" box="[199,335,1302,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comments.</emphasis>
Based on the host, leaf mine, and adult characters, this fly is possibly conspecific with the
<collectingRegion id="49F8DFFF703AEB542F45FACB65A0626A" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
female discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD6CEC703AEB542BEEFAE6664D626A" author="Eiseman, C. S. &amp; Lonsdale, O." box="[480,796,1338,1364]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref40610" refString="Eiseman, C. S. &amp; Lonsdale, O. (2018) New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species. Zootaxa, 4479 (1), 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4479.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Eiseman &amp; Lonsdale (2018)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C3C6A9E703AEB54294EFAE766E3626A" box="[832,946,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948CD0F703AEB54294EFAE766E3626A" box="[832,946,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liriomyza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2; the mines in both cases seem consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD6CEC703AEB542AF5FA82676E6247" author="Spencer, K. A. &amp; Steyskal, G. C." box="[251,575,1374,1401]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref42797" refString="Spencer, K. A. &amp; Steyskal, G. C. (1986) Manual of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of the United States. USDA Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Handbook, 638, 1 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119606" type="journal article" year="1986">Spencer &amp; Steyskals (1986)</bibRefCitation>
unidentified leaf mine #4 (known from DC, MN, and WI). We should note, however, that the photographed mines are not the exact ones from which the
<collectingRegion id="49F8DFFF703AEB5429F4FA5E611862A2" box="[1018,1097,1410,1436]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Illinois</collectingRegion>
specimen was reared; no host material was preserved, and after the adult emerged, J. Steffen returned to the group of plants from which the mines had been collected and photographed old, vacated mines that at least superficially resembled them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>