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<mods:title id="B4C5508F79D6D093BECB83011DE4E404">Systematic revision of the genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="639A42807DEB91004736269A3F2DEAF1">Goulding, Tricia C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5C1B1CF6A3CFF09F7CD037B04E32AA5C">Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Opp. Lion Gate, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, Maharashtra, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="66EDFAEEC395E54425E609E52DDD56B4">Aslam, Sadar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC73A110C4D6333CE80E856F82A169A2">Bourke, Adam</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4E1E6322E43EADE638D8B25E92F894CA">College of Engineering, Information Technology and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Dr, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9342D2C27770AE97D8D95812F31849B0">Comendador, Joseph</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20A76C5EF9CC753135C005131F1BC5D9">Khalil, Munawar</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E5B7F9AC80802D7B06DB333F36050C18">Department of Marine Science, Universitas Malikussaleh, Reuleut Main Campus, Kecamatan Muara Batu, North Aceh, Aceh, 24355, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="055DBEFBDFCDF9F1B4519D445FE9BB19">Ngo, Xuan Qu ảng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="96D14147135F066F80E3F65CF44C528A">Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam &amp; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="50F90346A048D9B23E21235DE7C3B268">Tan, Siong Kiat</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="77A0977E4F98A30A10B5748BD825DFA7">Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 2 Conservatory Dr, National University of Singapore, 117377, Singapore</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="033FA3D4C1DDF4BB12D02E45E5DD60A3">Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden Penang, Malaysia &amp; Marine Science Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden Penang, Malaysia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="FF83EE23C7A7599B9F0EE4F6934BF107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168209564" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF83EE23C7A7599B9F0EE4F6934BF107" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF83EE23C7A7599B9F0EE4F6934BF107" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Gastropoda" scope_family="Onchidiidae" scope_infraClass="Euthyneura">
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<taxonomicName id="E5B4FCEDC73E149DDD4194B15634FF73" ID-CoL="7SNLM" LSID="FF83EE23-C7A7-599B-9F0E-E4F6934BF107" authority="(Cuvier, 1830)" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="9FF77C593427F569961666E25478991B" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="F67" captionText="Figure 65. Habitats, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Singapore B-H Indonesia A Mangrove forest with rich litter, lobster mounds, dead logs, with sand area near the creek (st 5) B Sumatra, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary (st 78) C Sulawesi, old Sonneratia and Avicennia mangrove (st 84) D Ambon, narrow band of old Avicennia trees on sandy mud, old logs on ground (st 132) E Seram, mud next to a mangrove (st 135) F Lombok, old Avicennia forest with coral rubble (st 149) G Halmahera, rocky shore near a beach (st 217) H Timor, sandy part of mangrove with Sonneratia and Avicennia trees (st 250)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458365" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 65</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="7861EF6F8D3C7B70D00CEED5C61371A2" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="F68" captionText="Figure 66. Habitats, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Australia, Queensland, rocky shore nearby a small and dense Rhizophora mangrove patch (st 113) B New Caledonia, coastal rocky mangrove (st KM 537) C Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, mixed hard platform and seagrass bed at outlet of rivulet (st KM 05) D Papua New Guinea, Madang, limestone rocky intertidal (st PM 12) E Vietnam, mangrove patch with many big flat rocks outside (st 236) F Vietnam, coral rubble near small Rhizophora sandy and muddy mangrove (st 238) G Philippines, Bohol, coral rubble with sand and algae, near Sonneratia (st 202) H sandy, open Avicennia forest, right by the shore (st 181)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 66</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="7E0C32593C9A7235B7F004AEC1661A85" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="F69" captionText="Figure 67. Habitats, Peronia verruculata (unit 2) A India, South Andaman, rocky shore with a patch of Rhizophora, sand and coral rubble but no mud (st 53) B India, South Andaman, rocky shore only, no mangrove (st 54) C India, South Andaman, sandy beach with coral rubble (st 53) D Indonesia, Sumatra, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary (st 78) E Indonesia, Sumatra, beach with a few rocks (st 82)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure67" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 67</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C62AF2A4152DBB721A9998EAB9213F19" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="F70" captionText="Figure 68. Habitats, Peronia verruculata (unit 3) A Singapore, rocky shore covered by oyster flats (st 2) B slugs on the rocks, same as A (st 2) C Singapore, rocks of artificial breakwaters (st 3) D Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, large boulders on sand beach (st 25)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure68" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 68</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B43788704E996DDD3EA5AC4F29376866" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="F71" captionText="Figure 69. Habitats, Peronia verruculata A unit 4 B, C unit 5 A India, Mumbai, solid rock area, some crevices (st 44) B Madagascar, sandy mangrove of Bruguiera, on sandy mud in between rocks (st 162) C Madagascar, rocky platform near Avicennia and Rhizophora mangrove (st 158)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure69" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 69</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="87CE8F581C7ED1B47DE53606B624CF82" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F72" captionText="Figure 70. Live animals, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia A 40 mm long [1747], Sumatra (UMIZ 00172) B 40 mm long [2987], Lombok (UMIZ 00168) C 20 mm long [3080], Bali (UMIZ 00164) D 20 mm long [3115], Bali (UMIZ 00165) E 45 mm long [2856], Ambon (UMIZ 00163) F 40 mm long [2729], Ambon (UMIZ 00162) G 50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169) H 55 mm long [3441], Seram (UMIZ 00169)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 70</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="09DC5CCDEA011ACA899CFFB3DF232DF2" captionStart="Figure 71" captionStartId="F73" captionText="Figure 71. Live animals, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-E Indonesia F-H Vietnam A 35 mm long [5130], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) B 40 mm long [5120], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) C 50 mm long [5124], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) D 35 mm long [5927], Timor (UMIZ 00175) E 45 mm long [5904], Timor (UMIZ 00174) F 60 mm long [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021) G 40 mm long [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) H 17 mm long [5639] (ITBZC IM 00023)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure71" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 71</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EB3684EBFDCBD08A53937939CA10DB0" captionStart="Figure 72" captionStartId="F74" captionText="Figure 72. Live animals, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-C New Caledonia D-G Philippines A 50 mm long [6202] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1591) B 73 mm long [6212] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1592) C 43 mm long [6214] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1593) D 35 mm long [3437], Bohol (PNM 041276) E 50 mm long [3160], Luzon (PNM 041277) F 30 mm long [3433], Bohol (PNM 041276) G 40 mm long [3161], Luzon (PNM 041277)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure72" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 72</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="F0CA2B10138D2B863574BDC640BD0192" captionStart="Figure 73" captionStartId="F75" captionText="Figure 73. Live animals, ventral view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-F Indonesia G-I Philippines, Bohol J Vietnam K, L New Caledonia A 45 mm long [2127], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00170) B 60 mm long [2162], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00171) C 50 mm long [5124], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) D 40 mm long [5120], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) E 50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169) F 45 mm long [5904], Timor (UMIZ 00174) G 40 mm long [3379] (PNM 041274) H 35 mm long [3380] (PNM 041274) I 30 mm long [3433] (PNM 041276) J 60 mm long [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021) K 50 mm long [6202] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1591) L 73 mm long [6212] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1592)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure73" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 73</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1E1A55F6BE79EDA71BE2DF5233B3BE27" captionStart="Figure 74" captionStartId="F76" captionText="Figure 74. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 2) A dorsal view, 50 mm long [1746], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00178) B dorsal notum, detail, same as A; C dorsal view, 25 mm long [1741], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00179) D dorsal view, 45 mm long [1795], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00180) E dorsal view, 30 mm long [1080], India, South Andaman (BNHS 121) F dorsal view, 15 mm long [1079], India, South Andaman (BNHS 120) G Ventral view, same as A; H ventral view, same as D; I ventral view, same as C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 74</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="50677DE3241038E77976468AB26C424E" captionStart="Figure 75" captionStartId="F77" captionText="Figure 75. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 3) A dorsal view, 35 mm long [974] at the bottom, 27 mm long [975] at the top, 35 mm long [976] on the left, 27 mm long [977] on the right, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051 &amp; 00064) B dorsal notum, detail [974], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00064) C ventral view, 35 mm long [976], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051) D dorsal view, 25 mm long [990], Singapore (ZRC. MOL. 10496) E ventral view, same as D." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure75" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 75</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EF787D69E47A9379C7A65D989A41E0A" captionStart="Figure 76" captionStartId="F78" captionText="Figure 76. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), India, Mumbai A dorsal view, 55 mm long [1141] (BNHS 22) B dorsal view, 60 mm long [1143] (BNHS 24) C dorsal view, 60 mm long [1144] (BNHS 23) D ventral view, same as C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure76" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 76</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A6722F5C1FF9452B10F58736E45E6D74" captionStart="Figure 77" captionStartId="F79" captionText="Figure 77. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A dorsal view, 30 mm long [3142] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) B dorsal view, 50 mm long [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C dorsal view, 30 mm long [3146] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) D dorsal view, 30 mm long [3149] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) E dorsal view, 13 mm long [3598] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) F dorsal view, 30 mm long [3600] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) G ventral view, same as A; H ventral view, same as C; I ventral view, same as D." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure77" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458377" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 77</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D9F0FB339CFEB6400497F7A0A8864CB5" captionStart="Figure 78" captionStartId="F80" captionText="Figure 78. External morphology and nervous system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A anterior, ventral view B posterior, ventral view, the dotted line shows where the foot normally expands (it was partly cut to illustrate the anus, the peripodial groove, and the female pore) C dorsal gills and papillae D nervous system, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C), 1 mm (D). Abbreviations: a anus, f foot, fo female opening, h hyponotum, lcg left cerebral ganglion, lpg left pedal glanglion, lplg left pleural ganglion, mo male opening, ol oral lobe, ot ocular tentacle, pn pneumostome, ppg peripodial groove, rcg right cerebral ganglion, rpg right pedal glanglion, rplg right pleural ganglion, vg visceral ganglion." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure78" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458378" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 78</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2E79D53F3014810B718A7B79890D616E" captionStart="Figure 79" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 79. Digestive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B ventral view C stomach, dorsal view D stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 4 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st 1 first stomach chamber, st 2 second stomach chamber, st 3 third stomach chamber, st 4 fourth stomach chamber." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 79</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D87A441F26DF1419CDD855A7E8D7950B" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 80</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="00E7F60E1498B7C14F36B0BEE63F42C9" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="F83" captionText="Figure 81. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A Palau [698] (UF 253871) B Singapore [991] (ZRC. MOL. 10497) C Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) D Philippines, Bohol [3380] (PNM 041274) E Philippines, Bohol [3433] (PNM 041276) F Japan, Honshu [3751] (NSMT-Mo 78988). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D-F), 3 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure81" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458381" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 81</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4E1EE5D1CC43C4472D6126AC6B1EEB80" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 82</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="5ABAE3ECAB6F06FDAF6E7896E985F876" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 83</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0AE3B754EEE4EA4F3AAC45F8819935CB" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 84</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="7EDE5A57E2C5C7D80BFFB728A94E743C" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F87" captionText="Figure 85. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Scaphis gravieri, Mayotte (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33695) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 5 mm (C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 85</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B7D611879FF6C6FEBECC9CC212E63157" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 86</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E22B3BB7B0E3CDAF46E57ABD7B6F3C5D" captionStart="Figure 87" captionStartId="F89" captionText="Figure 87. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62393) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 100 μm (B), 10 μm (C, D). Abbreviations: 1 llt first left lateral tooth, 1 rlt first right lateral tooth, 2 llt second left lateral tooth, 2 rlt second right lateral tooth, bls basal lateral spine, hlt hook of a lateral tooth, mc median cusp, rt rachidian tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure87" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458387" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 87</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9EBEC37B67F754288D0C531A3EB00D62" captionStart="Figure 88" captionStartId="F90" captionText="Figure 88. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia A, B Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169) C-F Lombok [2987] (UMIZ 00168) A left half rows of teeth B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth C rachidian and innermost lateral teeth D rachidian and lateral teeth E outermost lateral teeth F lateral teeth. Scale bars: 200 μm (A), 30 μm (B, C), 60 μm (D), 40 μm (E), 100 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure88" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458388" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 88</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="93070BB8EA445FFF6FF8C9600A34EB72" captionStart="Figure 89" captionStartId="F91" captionText="Figure 89. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra A-D [1795] (UMIZ 00180) E [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth C lateral teeth D outermost lateral teeth E lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 40 μm (A, D), 80 μm (B), 100 μm (C), 60 μm (E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure89" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 89</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="FDEE0A17F14E85CF85F46579CD680DCE" captionStart="Figure 90" captionStartId="F92" captionText="Figure 90. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia A-C [976] (USMMC 00051) D [975] (USMMC 00064) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B rachidian and lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A, C), 100 μm (B), 10 μm (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure90" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 90</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0DAC03880EEE942A9D85518B10FA9B79" captionStart="Figure 91" captionStartId="F93" captionText="Figure 91. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), Pakistan A-C [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) D [6165] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1385) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D outermost lateral teeth. Scale bars: 20 μm (A, B), 10 μm (C), 40 μm (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure91" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 91</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="393C081ACEA975CFA5B0EBDC33F7CBB1" captionStart="Figure 92" captionStartId="F94" captionText="Figure 92. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A-C [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) D Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62398) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A, C), 100 μm (B), 30 μm (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 92</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="EE11DCD76819EC3558C9EAF2A9447116" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="F95" captionText="Figure 93. Radula, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A rachidian tooth B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth C lateral teeth D lateral teeth E outermost lateral teeth F lateral teeth. Scale bars: 10 μm (A), 30 μm (B), 20 μm (C, E), 100 μm (D), 60 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 93</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="79207B6CD61FFEF0BEE39F6E347DE888" captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 94. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A immature, posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as C. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 3 mm (C), 5 mm (D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 94</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="307AB0BC0F105F7B5F521458515ABC0A" captionStart="Figure 95" captionStartId="F97" captionText="Figure 95. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, only the spermatheca, the deferent duct, and the oviduct, [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as B. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure95" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 95</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="88F4ACC7CA148C73C2D16BD36511492E" captionStart="Figure 96" captionStartId="F98" captionText="Figure 96. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system B anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, p penis, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458396" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 96</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="F1AA8760B65A324FBA3DDB80156C61DE" captionStart="Figure 97" captionStartId="F99" captionText="Figure 97. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B Indonesia, Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166) C Papua New Guinea, Madang [5469] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 12010) D same as B; E Indonesia, Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169) F same as C. Scale bars: 4 μm (A, B), 20 μm (C), 30 μm (D), 3 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458397" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 97</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0554D6B048E92312B7F918FA25812D7F" captionStart="Figure 98" captionStartId="F100" captionText="Figure 98. Penis and penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra A, B [1746] (UMIZ 00178) C, E [1795] (UMIZ 00180) D, F [1797] (UMIZ 00180). Scale bars: 60 μm (A), 6 μm (B, E, F), 20 μm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure98" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458398" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 98</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="DFB675834E2741996C64DC2F843787C2" captionStart="Figure 99" captionStartId="F101" captionText="Figure 99. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia A, B [2547] (USMMC 00065) C, D [975] (USMMC 00064). Scale bars: 40 μm (A, C), 20 μm (B), 6 μm (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure99" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458399" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 99</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2BAA80C73C65E871C00B5A8ECD1DB9AC" captionStart="Figure 100" captionStartId="F102" captionText="Figure 100. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), Pakistan A-C [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) D [6165] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1385). Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 10 μm (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure100" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 100</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="CC8464D8DCFFA76138644340582DB09B" captionStart="Figure 101" captionStartId="F103" captionText="Figure 101. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 5) A-C Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) D, E Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) F Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62398). Scale bars: 6 μm (A), 10 μm (B, E), 20 μm (C), 100 μm (D), 4 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure101" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 101</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="DBD98C6941EBAE09CE49D1EF1982C64F" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="F104" captionText="Figure 102. Penis and penial hooks, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A-C spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) E, F spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A), 10 μm (B), 30 μm (C), 20 μm (D, E), 4 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458402" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 102</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="12E4E43125BBDD513F8C02CDFE24C44F" captionStart="Figure 103" captionStartId="F105" captionText="Figure 103. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-G Indonesia H Singapore A Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166) B Ambon [2729] (UMIZ 00162) C Lombok [2987] (UMIZ 00168) D Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) E same as A; F same as B; G same as C; H [991] (ZRC. MOL. 10497). Scale bars: 300 μm (A-D), 20 μm (E), 10 μm (F), 15 μm (G), 150 μm (H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 103</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9D0CEFA8C471447FEF43CFD027670C24" captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F106" captionText="Figure 104. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) B Papua New Guinea [5469] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 12010) C Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62393) D New Caledonia [6214] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1593) E same as A; F same as B; G same as C; H same as D. Scale bars: 300 μm (A, B, D), 200 μm (C), 10 μm (E-G), 20 μm (H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458404" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 104</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="BF559C7EF3B6C22B7AB4A4716287B53D" captionStart="Figure 105" captionStartId="F107" captionText="Figure 105. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra A, E [1797] (UMIZ 00180) B, F [1795] (UMIZ 00180) C, G [1796] (UMIZ 00180) D [1746] (UMIZ 00178). Scale bars: 300 μm (A-C), 10 μm (D-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 105</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B6AD5B94C1389C764300E2527E750082" captionStart="Figure 106" captionStartId="F108" captionText="Figure 106. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 3) A-C, E-I, K, L Peninsular Malaysia D, J Singapore A [975] (USMMC 00064) B [976] (USMMC 00051) C [977] (USMMC 00064) D [989] (ZRC. MOL. 16070) E [2546] (USMMC 00065) F [2547] (USMMC 00065) G same as A; H same as B; I same as C; J same as D; K same as E; L same as F. Scale bars: 300 μm (A-F), 20 μm (G-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure106" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458406" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 106</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="AD6B47A2265327304DEF6695AE0CB8E9" captionStart="Figure 107" captionStartId="F109" captionText="Figure 107. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), Pakistan A, C [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) B, D [6166] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1386). Scale bars: 300 μm (A, B), 20 μm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458407" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 107</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="AE774ADA704CF9D30A847CCDF91AF782" captionStart="Figure 108" captionStartId="F110" captionText="Figure 108. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 5) A Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62398) D same as A; E same as B; F same as C. Scale bars: 300 μm (A-C), 10 μm (D-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure108" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458408" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 108</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0AD9461FD4B4CA82B82C91D9DAEE48E1" captionStart="Figure 109" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 109. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A, E spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) B, F spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) C, G spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D, H spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A, C, D), 400 μm (B), 10 μm (E), 20 μm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 109</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BCBB35BA49C5BE7269C14614916760D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F11D308F22C6E36EDFAE338E4BA860D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="07B7E84820D09152BEE3DA615BF0346C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">Onchidium verruculatum</taxonomicName>
Cuvier, 1830: 281; Semper 1880: 255-257, pl. 22, figs 3, 4; 1882: pl. 21, fig. 1 [only in part];
<bibRefCitation id="59B2B7E64C8C60D4E183B15CA6EEAAF7" author="Bergh, R" journalOrPublisher="Kreidel, Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" refId="B16" refString="Bergh, R, 1884a. Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C.W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" title="Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C. W." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" year="1884 a">Bergh 1884a</bibRefCitation>
: 148-151, pl. VII, figs 7-12, pl. VIII, fig. 14;
<bibRefCitation id="30CA95F41E3C31B55063FC4D09E7640F" author="Farran, GP" journalOrPublisher="Bailliere, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Farran, GP, 1905. Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329-364. [pls I-VI]" title="Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329 - 364. [pls I-VI]" year="1905">Farran 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 358-359, pl. VI, figs 13-22;
<bibRefCitation id="E217857D92E2200CA606D8E4B59ECAC1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" author="Odhner, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 52" refId="B136" refString="Odhner, NJ, 1919. Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Arkiv foer Zoologi 12: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" title="Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" volume="12" year="1919">Odhner 1919</bibRefCitation>
: 23;
<bibRefCitation id="0F6F39880A4D39C6FD9C746E651B29BB" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44, 72-75 [only in part].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6150F62AE112F0AA2F68963A98864655" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A4A3E2905DBC6AB7D6D3896E29F223E7" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">Peronia verruculata</taxonomicName>
(Cuvier, 1830):
<bibRefCitation id="AE092FC7E80B9BA0D8365EF313377BA5" author="Keferstein, WM" editor="Bronn, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bd. 3 (2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1160 - 1306" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" refId="B102" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865a. Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata. In: Bronn, HG, Ed., Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild. Bd. 3(2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg: 1160 - 1306, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" title="Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" volumeTitle="Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild." year="1865 a">Keferstein 1865a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. CIV, figs 9-12;
<bibRefCitation id="6CE8BB17F7FDDD3B93B358F95DABCE89" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" author="Britton, KM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B27" refString="Britton, KM, 1984. The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera. Journal of Molluscan Studies 50: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" title="The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" volume="50" year="1984">Britton 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 183-184, fig. 2 [only in part];
<bibRefCitation id="43EB240A95E6C8FDC4A20A24B9CA330E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 70" refId="B177" refString="Sun, B, Chen, C, Shen, H, Zhang, K, Zhou, N, Qian, J, 2014. Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data. Molluscan Research 34: 62 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
: 63;
<bibRefCitation id="16CB9E30E89F0E546202A399CD4A4732" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" author="Liu, C" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="753 - 754" refId="B117" refString="Liu, C, Wei, L, Shen, HD, Zhu, HC, Zhou, N, 2015. Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae). Mitochondrial DNA 26: 753 - 754, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" title="Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" volume="26" year="2015">Liu et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 753-754;
<bibRefCitation id="285F366F82C293B9DA472BDDD65F93D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 149-165, figs 1-8;
<bibRefCitation id="C6BBDD6A50C5407BE11634B49002696E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" author="Xu, G" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B197" refString="Xu, G, Yang, T, Wang, D, Li, J, Liu, X, Wu, X, Shen, H, 2018. A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0196252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" title="A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e 0196252." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" year="2018">Xu et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59616E0A8F367D5921CB6BEAF6298438" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A989750575CBAD4DECF4FF7A51DC2624" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">Onchidium ferrugineum</taxonomicName>
Lesson, 1831a: 128-130; Lesson 1831b: 300-302;
<bibRefCitation id="8AE9AA67610BDA203FBB063734B11BE0" author="Lesson, RP" journalOrPublisher="Memorial encyclopedique et progressif des connaissances humaines" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="36 - 37" refId="B115" refString="Lesson, RP, 1832. Mollusques: Nouvelle espece d'Onchidie, Onchidium ferrugineum. Memorial encyclopedique et progressif des connaissances humaines 2: 36 - 37" title="Mollusques: Nouvelle espece d'Onchidie, Onchidium ferrugineum." volume="2" year="1832">Lesson 1832</bibRefCitation>
: 36-37, fig. 32.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD14617F648E145D972A8F71289AAD61" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7A206F244B78D8684BF35630C81CD3F0" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">Peronia ferruginea</taxonomicName>
(Lesson, 1831a): Lesson 1833: 3 pp. with no pagination, pl. 19, figs 1, 2;
<bibRefCitation id="9E178DEC560E6A787C51F73D69B0C43C" author="Oken, L" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" refId="B140" refString="Oken, L, 1834b. Illustrations de Zoologie ou choix de Figures peintes d'apres nature des especes inedites et rares etc. par Lesson. Isis von Oken [1834]: 268-273. [title in French, article in German] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" title="Illustrations de Zoologie ou choix de Figures peintes d'apres nature des especes inedites et rares etc. par Lesson. Isis von Oken [1834]: 268 - 273. [title in French, article in German]" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" year="1834 b">Oken 1834b</bibRefCitation>
: 269-270;
<bibRefCitation id="F74D591CF3E6AED5A57C30C68852DFAC" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 117; Adams and Adams 1855: 235;
<bibRefCitation id="24B159E5B9131E3076202404A90A8348" author="Tapparone Canefri, C" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 313" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" refId="B183" refString="Tapparone Canefri, C, 1883. Fauna malacologica della Nuova Guinea e delle isole adiacenti. Parte I. Molluschi estramarini. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 19: 5 - 313, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" title="Fauna malacologica della Nuova Guinea e delle isole adiacenti. Parte I. Molluschi estramarini." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" volume="19" year="1883">Tapparone Canefri 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 214.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6ACCF40086CE39496054DBDD5D892DC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EC3E6BF52AE35357C19E505AF1EF7792" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">Peronia savignii</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="29E4978AAD3B3355C8AA478F778A2BE5" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869: 61. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8EAC726CBB8FF73FA4D1E33E47FA065A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="577555BFF72E0725653282BA4605A20F" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">Peronia mauritiana</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="20B23A49F31DBA9980FD472E03B9D11E" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="5586FC070B1FDEBA7C49464E937CB5F3" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1872a
</bibRefCitation>
: 28;
<bibRefCitation id="462AC40167A48728667B827EF6AA8179" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">1872b</bibRefCitation>
: 325 [non
<taxonomicName id="F9651235E57E36EDCC4D6EB01EB23793" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">Peronia mauritiana</taxonomicName>
Blainville, 1824].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8492991F17A46F6DC796F2B305D2B8FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E264805C53B8D9DCC28BD704DB7B23F0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">Onchidium branchiferum</taxonomicName>
Plate, 1893: 141, 183-185, pl. 11, figs 63, 64;
<bibRefCitation id="9CE801445849E56EE7B0AD09CCE5406E" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
: 68, 75. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BA71B1C11D53127190C4CF1CFF01557" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="18D4E8074DB03DB622B0F4D9C9CF30A7" baseAuthorityName="Plate" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia branchifera" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchifera">Peronia branchifera</taxonomicName>
(Plate, 1893):
<bibRefCitation id="A575716A0DE439CFDF33C1A18FADBDFA" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="A4AA53431B2850C6AF93335C68474F24" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 194.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD9A90A52117B7F1C60F1EE1F3B7DD4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="938B7C6B8BBD8B26FDECED92D44E1394" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">Onchidium elberti</taxonomicName>
Simroth, 1920: 297-298, pl. XX, figs 51-54.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FA732261688464B634694E6B7BF705D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B6A6EE3DE83884660F9108F45C988E6E" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">Onchidium astridae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="168B75E75436EF8C78DBB4C54DDACD9C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934b: 77-78, figs 18, 38, pl. I, fig. 5. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA4485EC3D4D506F66F175E28F8D5B32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="ABFDA69B6B5AB15C7D42FCEB36C9FD5A" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">Scaphis astridae</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="75ACF5B5B0CF57E779AB22FEEC3CAE6E" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934b):
<bibRefCitation id="F34B5B72B89BE85326D93414BC789577" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="F7DB481EBB5344129A880526537403ED" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213, fig. 46.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24EA6838D2D2D7950765B10BD49D845A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="09E664948A18774FAD650456B70ACFA6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">Peronia gaimardi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="F0FDAE3BD0CCC2A63AFB8127FEB542F1" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 194-195, fig. 8. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71F200A94C97A22AEB4A08FFA34A3052" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="729EFACBCDBD66C88A4084748BFE242A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">Peronia anomala</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5A120A7A0CA816E8ED6C5BBAC834AC95" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 195-196. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FBC89A442CC0B823AA4E3A0B0C6ECA0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1D472D86BE300C4A98659F8A7545C0ED" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">Paraperonia gondwanae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="DC45C59B87F80E9568C1E9794F577947" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 199-200, figs 19-22 [only in part]. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="654A02F7F4524FE90A03657BD801F64C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="259CD2D250F100B08D5352945ECB01A5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">Scaphis viridis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="85FFBDE096FA3487F3D77F851747F91E" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 207-208, figs 31-34. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D68A68222911BFA7CD4BF8286F4A22CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="54B09C6B8DDD6342CE0C57BAD0AE294E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">Scaphis carbonaria</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="4E45FC77780A0AF631438778AFF094CC" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 208-209, figs 35, 36. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0CB07727E588ABCA67C4EE980CEC058" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="D33149D940416A56C37920105F6E1379" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">Scaphis gravieri</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="10DB968F77446325DBF1579A900FF9BC" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 209-211, figs 37-40. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB8354BACEE46C21E2852013854549C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="24A8EF8A98E9910407C632481D225292" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">Scaphis tonkinensis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BBFFB09BE273FBB8B78D5592E2D3C318" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 211-212, figs 41-43. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6014CE67A9DDD34D0B29F0A5899803" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EBC0D2EA4138E1C9ECCD6E758BAB3B2B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">Scaphis lata</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="FEA313B24914CA11B1CFB7137025A0C9" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 212, figs 44-45. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C48ED5E23A59D3FCD8FA63981890333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F7835B7D5F34DE33DB71B6BD8FDF5C49" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">Onchidium durum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="E48726156C85B666F4116938F2B654BB" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a: 220-221, figs 55-57. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F35BE9CBD8B2ACA83D8F0294583CD09C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="199F98FD0A9C838B0C007D17E5C4E4A7" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Peronia</taxonomicName>
sp. (&quot;group V&quot;): Tagaki et al. 2019: 34.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="806EE42BE3B9720D87D57A1539B35F0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="45F7750795565197F7A75E0610926DC3" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia persiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiae">Peronia persiae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="00BA8DB487E8E03AD9A9D2631BE11E0E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
: 507-514, figs 2-10. Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88B5486E2F9490409FB44B77A367F870" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="794DF23FF6AA0FD1E291B04EEAB9DF81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="397E8FEAB5376590B4A05382C6EF31C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6E602B5E51CE9FA9FE4886D0453894BF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="B1FBB08495AB79C49F486E146FFD3A3D" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="EDBC535C6B051BF45FC651B5696E53B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Red Sea • lectotype, hereby designated, 30/26 mm; [locality not specified in the original description but most likely from the Red Sea]; MNHN-IM-2000-22941. One paralectotype was not found at the MNHN.
<bibRefCitation id="11BC134CD558EFC4AD1338B648827832" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" refId="B45" refString="Cuvier, G, 1830. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" title="Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" year="1830">Cuvier (1830</bibRefCitation>
: 46) did not accompany the name
<taxonomicName id="645E0D3F9E2164F88B74A5E0FA2B2E1A" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="32939B67473A3FBD133E432A021EA4E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a description but referred to a series of eight drawings by
<bibRefCitation id="177BC582E34BA6A06EBB59E4D2A4367E" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">Savigny (1817</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, figs 3.1-3.8) in the famous
<emphasis id="DD3B5EF79417B751C1F98D50B5EF0B06" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Description de
<normalizedToken id="05EF414A941C93B007AD8A48C290261B" originalValue="l’Egypte">l'Egypte</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
(&quot;Descr. de
<normalizedToken id="007FF96BA790E8DAD9497BC91B23FCFF" originalValue="l’Eg">l'Eg</normalizedToken>
., moll. gaster., pl. II, f. 3&quot;). For a collation of the
<emphasis id="A8273EB8114BF50AD80135155CE3DD75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Description de
<normalizedToken id="27C701C91321F61816B3FE22C68E5573" originalValue="l’Egypte">l'Egypte</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
, including the text by
<bibRefCitation id="8C8A0272FE947AC01F6BFA73D457D15D" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">Audouin (1826)</bibRefCitation>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="FB91E4DE3FD5FA798735F643DDF288FF" author="Baring, T" journalOrPublisher="London Institution, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/details/b2227411x/page/n2" refId="B14" refString="Baring, T, 1838. A Bibliographical Account and Collation of La description de l'Egypte: presented to the library of the London Institution. London Institution, London, https://archive.org/details/b2227411x/page/n2" title="A Bibliographical Account and Collation of La description de l'Egypte: presented to the library of the London Institution." url="https://archive.org/details/b2227411x/page/n2" year="1838">Baring (1838)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="5CFD6809ECF8F93523FD41EB2D8D9ABA" author="Sherborn, CD" journalOrPublisher="Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Dritter Band. Landmollusken. CW Kreidel's Verlag, Wiesbaden, 251 - 264 [1880]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30987440" refId="B160" refString="Sherborn, CD, 1897. On the dates of the Natural History portion of Savigny's 'Description de l'Egypte'. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London [1897]: 285-288. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30987440" title="On the dates of the Natural History portion of Savigny's ' Description de l'Egypte'. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London [1897]: 285 - 288." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30987440" year="1897">Sherborn (1897)</bibRefCitation>
.
<normalizedToken id="BB8FED9D0DE60CBC8F7315775FA94483" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
reference to
<normalizedToken id="D1F2723B9DDEA12417F63FC41CB2DD6B" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
illustrations is an indication (
<bibRefCitation id="8DC1F524BBA4C9FD8AEA929DF25FFC7D" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="ICZN, 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 12.2).
<taxonomicName id="B3DAD2FE2BB33F299AFA872436E5EB4D" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="979902AA67BD358A3464634BAFEB7F28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available and the type series consists of the specimens illustrated by Savigny (
<bibRefCitation id="2E42CAF0A4847B94A111B46BC0EA7D0B" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="ICZN, 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 72.4). Savigny illustrated two individuals which could belong to two distinct species given that there are (at least) two
<taxonomicName id="85CF3DBA3B61CA5D7927DC2D696861F5" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3407A4363BF0484FBBDA993E174ECDAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Red Sea. One specimen (figs 3.1, 3.2) is much smaller than the other (fig. 3.3). One of the two individuals illustrated by Savigny is preserved at the MNHN in a jar with a label reading: &quot;Savigny Description Egypte, Mer Rouge [Red Sea], syntype, pl. 2, fig. 3&quot; (MNHN-IM-2000-22941). The specimen preserved at the MNHN looks like the individual illustrated on
<normalizedToken id="AE601489192BD51439CF0A88AD7A689E" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
figures 3.1, 3.2. The ventral surface (fig. 3.2) looks exactly like the MNHN specimen (without the male parts outside, which were subsequently removed). The figure 3.3 illustrates a much larger individual which could not be located. No information was provided on sizes, except that the illustrations were of &quot;natural length&quot; (figures 3.1, 3.2) and &quot;likely of natural length&quot; (figure 3.3) according to
<bibRefCitation id="F087705A3545A69C2ED570D165ACA652" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">Audouin (1826</bibRefCitation>
: 19). Given that it is unclear whether Savigny (unknowingly) illustrated one or two species, it is appropriate to designate the specimen preserved at the MNHN as the lectotype (MNHN-IM-2000-22941). The animals illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="DBF87405AA210E3132C2CF15115E3B57" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">Savigny (1817)</bibRefCitation>
were not accompanied by any species name, but they were named and described ten years later by
<bibRefCitation id="98F2F08B17656CCDE9A7ADBA17E3EFEA" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">Audouin (1826</bibRefCitation>
: 18-20) who referred to the figures 3.1-3.8 on
<normalizedToken id="00E626E4F6C82A71A92E129878CC13BE" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
plate 2 as
<taxonomicName id="0EA0F03565C7F5C3C94F678C14AA55EB" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="32F63522750B9ABDD095A3A1AC8CE4EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly,
<bibRefCitation id="AD4CBAD1EC857065E378A0333AED4796" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">Audouin (1826</bibRefCitation>
: 19, our translation) wrote that this identification was suggested to him by Cuvier himself: &quot;Mr. Cuvier, to whom we communicated Mr.
<normalizedToken id="A2DF6F6BB9774085519BA9CBB104D460" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
drawing, believed he recognized
<normalizedToken id="BD558D9C5247A98E80863BC1C7CA094C" originalValue="Péron’s">Peron's</normalizedToken>
onchidie.&quot; Cuvier likely changed his mind and later decided that, for some reason, the specimens illustrated by Savigny were a distinct species he called
<taxonomicName id="EF8E5E5C6A3311057EC6900664D02036" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="C23E1D209D50D13009C6187C5BAEFAAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lectotype is still well preserved, considering how old it is. The radula and the posterior (female) reproductive parts are still inside but only the deferens duct remains for the male copulatory parts. Its intestinal loops are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="90CD21241FB32AC21B81FE0860049896" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86A</figureCitation>
). The number of papillae with eyes can hardly be counted on the dorsal notum of the lectotype because it has faded (only four papillae with eyes were counted).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF66E8E724BB4804180ECB0A2782B05B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0ECBE80B148AACB857250CA8117ACBA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="54BC61BD3CC0038D5EB602996EC41ECA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="D6B514CFBF687BAF79333BDA5FB0B733" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="932294247946507606B491E3BF3ECADB" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="B96ADDC3422884AD25F89C9320604BB6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Indonesia • lectotype, 35/25 mm; havre de
<normalizedToken id="6DA06EF5A87A728DD8F5A244302DC59F" originalValue="Doréry">Dorery</normalizedToken>
[spelling mistake for Dorey],
<normalizedToken id="C77070C21F96365ADB9E0149F0A6C497" originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
la
<normalizedToken id="D856396398359F3B374A4A99BFEBA485" originalValue="Nouvelle-Guinée">Nouvelle-Guinee</normalizedToken>
[now Manokwari harbor, West Papua]; MNHN-IM-2000-22951. • 2 paralectotypes, 33/20 and 26/18 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-22951. The lectotype was designated by Goulding et al. (2018: 75) to clarify the application of
<taxonomicName id="135090ACC9902AF79FF1C78213452693" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="6FFB348E8C78C743E68D4AE20434EA3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two paralectotypes belong to
<taxonomicName id="F888705DB01262F503AAC29420240BD8" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Wallaconchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wallaconchis ater" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="0FB18F300D1D332D91C16AE4BDD8090F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wallaconchis ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lesson, 1831a) because they lack dorsal gills, lack an accessory penial gland, and are characterized by a highly coiled penis.
<normalizedToken id="2041D9818FE40DAA1091B5D90A19E65D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
re-examined four specimens from the original type series but there are only three specimens left in the jar, so one specimen was lost by or after
<normalizedToken id="6325B973960E009A6FD3E1075017D14A" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
. The lectotype is well preserved. Its dorsal notum bears obvious gills. Its male opening is located below and to the left of the right ocular tentacle. Pieces of the deferent duct and of the flagellum of the accessory penial gland remain, but the muscular sac and the spine of the accessory gland are missing. The posterior (female) part of the reproductive system is still in place inside the lectotype. Its radula is missing. Its intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop at 4
<normalizedToken id="5AFAA77BBCCF673A46C406D42B8549C4" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
) are illustrated here (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DBE1F932624D0EDE8C19FB2D86A57F03" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="613F22B557342ABA7DCD78539534DF99" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="BB1CAF0F43BC19296EDB529283C4E500" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="24F0D98B87B2F04B03482361F445076D" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="B41D5C16255300C3924783F11FE65E2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Red Sea • lectotype, hereby designated, 30/26 mm; MNHN-IM-2000-22941.
<bibRefCitation id="92B728B8E1E109295DCEBC00AD4C6267" author="Recluz, C" journalOrPublisher="Actes de la Societe linneenne de Bordeaux" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 62" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35747520" refId="B151" refString="Recluz, C, 1869. Observations sur l' Onchidium celticum de Cuvier. Actes de la Societe linneenne de Bordeaux 27: 59 - 62, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35747520" title="Observations sur l' Onchidium celticum de Cuvier." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35747520" volume="27" year="1869">
<normalizedToken id="2454C37BE15F038F467B2374E767E67B" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
(1869
</bibRefCitation>
: 61) created the species name
<taxonomicName id="8C725AE6A650C7AB5ECDD90D4EBF06E0" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="E0E0C3AA782CEA8F08EBCE008851DF5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a reference to
<bibRefCitation id="8DDB1C6BCDBA837F734A814F9D295CB7" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="57F455905781DBB9DEA551075C0BF5AD" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrations as indication (&quot;Descr. de
<normalizedToken id="BF2EA75CCE0580007C79CADFCAD76A85" originalValue="l’Egypte">l'Egypte</normalizedToken>
, pl. II, f. 1-5&quot;). There are only three figures on
<bibRefCitation id="69E446E3E5E9EC893B511DABC54BCFF5" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="AC0D18543DA8001E760F0D2CB76360B0" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817)
</bibRefCitation>
plate 2. Obviously,
<normalizedToken id="0130B2BFEEB7CB0A4D2C2C55E6313657" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
did not mean to refer to
<taxonomicName id="2810D25FF55C269345DE7F1DA4E78CB0" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Tritonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tritonia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48D7299799F50655BF7AFFEB3D3F699D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tritonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs 1.1-1.12) or
<taxonomicName id="69EB9C68BBB947076E690E9D07BCA1FA" class="Gastropoda" family="Aplysiidae" genus="Bursatella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bursatella" order="Aplysiida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BAAE85EFF7C3F2E388CB56C7797B09CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bursatella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs 2.1-2.13) but only to
<taxonomicName id="29F134653414755F340940ADB711E3AE" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A967F69CBF26C07D85ADBF1E9202A6AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs 3.1-3.8). There is no easy explanation for the exclusion of figures 3.6-3.8 except that
<bibRefCitation id="A3B83E014FA50AE707D7D73346B43BF6" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">
<normalizedToken id="0942A24B0C29D3DC4ED9947C28B543B2" originalValue="Audouin’s">Audouin's</normalizedToken>
(1826)
</bibRefCitation>
captions for
<bibRefCitation id="95165FED80A4093AF29F052C91328B22" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="6CB1980FDBD26D915E8CC96653E50CC1" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817)
</bibRefCitation>
figures 3.1-3.5 are on page 19 and those for figures 3.6-3.8 are on page 20. At any rate,
<taxonomicName id="53A098CED1483CC936780A8E9075C8A4" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="2234E7E908C83803CCE3C28C939360FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available and the type series consists of the individuals illustrated by Savigny. The lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="9404D1B4A1C1364B35C15979DC44A228" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="3D672C44FE5AE19CB45F1EEC2E3DFF3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-22941) is logically part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="60929F7318E3E2F6C711384B9B0A68AA" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="DDEA753F8DA0B22B03CFE928D0F62915" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in fact, a label already indicates that it is a syntype of
<taxonomicName id="3FFF4098EABED22D6E290229FFCCC04F" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="70880578469FB64DACF83FEA7240F666" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In order to clarify the application of
<taxonomicName id="1E9BC2A3EFFE5EFC5A91B6A7D0008DC2" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="D77F4A43C85DF7A55331CCA2182AB94D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="2091D41EF702E0C2DBF49382F3C04782" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="7E7E2C7F09B42A485D8608049C41D82D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also designated as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="BD27ABBA85E678DBAF87135906FCB429" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="97A9D67373225726C1D8437E508574BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A30384640D9EFD4CA665D1676BAB95B9" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="019A6EA4499C03720902F7B6055A6013" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains what it has always been, a junior objective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="E56D2E640E01806924F5D23D5CFDC1E3" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="566247B3EA61550F0BFAD7FEF076DBA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A390053757C9B3F8E9F12AD7F4DAA75B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F28D3576AADDF582FB4CB17D83912754" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4B2C3594971C68ACB779E762CBBDDC99" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="946BA1DFDEBC203CD13E696F14120885" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Philippines • 2 syntypes, 27/18 and 24/15 mm; Cavite, Manila [Luzon]; ZMB/Moll 11614. Both syntypes were completely dissected prior to the present study, likely by Plate himself, and all internal organs are either missing or destroyed. The type of intestinal loops could not be verified. Dorsal gills are present on the notum. The type series also includes six histological slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3981B9925A3E2247DCBF3AE36F50E87C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8DBEE0D65F5FB79566A217DF8E841645" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="AB9D11CAE6878AAB19E9CAAF081EEE74" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="140B93118481DC63E456EE633DFCEC5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Indonesia • holotype, by monotypy, 24/20 mm;
<normalizedToken id="EDD0583C60A6D1A9A35C88003CACFF06" originalValue="Südost-Celebes">Suedost-Celebes</normalizedToken>
, Moena, Raha [now Raha, Muna Island, Sulawesi]; SMF 45248. The holotype was never dissected prior to the present study. The animal is more or less hemispherical. It was carefully opened dorsally to check and illustrate its intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BF3F978AE50563B1034D34D62000BA4B" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal gills are present on the notum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB3CE8918DA4CA9289A21677FE898EDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="196734A42F7030CC856E8F2000CF9551" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="6746DEB99ACE27FEFB975A967F508BC9" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="8C4894FE475293C0CD5834DBF629F796" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Indonesia • holotype, by monotypy, 20/18 mm; Sorong door,
<normalizedToken id="B7ECD9A7AF6CB04AC12D3C971FFB88EB" originalValue="Nouvelle-Guinée">Nouvelle-Guinee</normalizedToken>
[Sorong, West Papua]; RBINS I.G.9223/MT.3822. The holotype, clearly labeled as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="54CF81778CF631F4401C5B520D8D41C7" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium Astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Astridae">
<emphasis id="5827926D95B0FE4B11C8064C44320E73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oncidium Astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="93E714D87E71F9D71E615C037DAB0BFF" originalValue="Labbé,”">Labbe,&quot;</normalizedToken>
was dissected by
<normalizedToken id="84D0A8E3FAD4ED5F87BDDE4DC1FF1D57" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
for the original description but is relatively well preserved. The radula, the posterior (female) reproductive parts, and the intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1EC7D334F1351F34BB65ED2613275FA7" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80C</figureCitation>
) are still in place inside the specimen. Male parts are missing. Dorsal gills are present on the notum (partly cut by
<normalizedToken id="3498FFDFF80CA46FD6A2F2F156D439FC" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
). Note that the locality on the label of the holotype is indicated as Sorong, but with a question mark.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CFDEA8FCBA5B91A5F30FD31E8D6D2198" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="271913B56C0B90BAB73288706A4EEF99" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1566C17E3595DBEFC9122E0688CEF6A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="167A59680E1D5773E213678180CDC211" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4B3161911681BF965C71DA6B342CCE8C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="75282C0F2519B8975FBD85CF8FDED705" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Solomon Islands • lectotype, hereby designated, 44/27 mm; Vanikoro; 1829; JRC Quoy &amp; JP Gaimard leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33705. • 1 paralectotype, 35/30 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-33705. The type material also includes a paralectotype from Djibouti which could not be located with certainty (see below). Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="0E708AA48ADA7E3EA905E963F5CB65F2" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="A4DB68A500BFEBD2FDBD78D75F449CA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="459752E89B9A636BD7CC89AEA7F11638" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="5E55218168DC2C0606D8D07F4D293CB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on three individuals, two individuals identified as
<taxonomicName id="B2FB8EA9AF68717BAF58BA0B0A1232AB" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24F130C6C8967AB9A5EBD224C0F13EBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from &quot;Vanikoro (Quoy and Gaimard 1829),&quot; and one individual identified as &quot;
<emphasis id="93494CE507ABEE02F7939284C8E3111A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6DC18F997336FC6F3EC48B6B8789C283" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Oncidium</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="712563873E494B7965839EA3A8099F07" genus="Peronii" lsidName="Peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Peronii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,&quot; from &quot;Obock,
<normalizedToken id="14480E09F11A5138C7F66DE49CFB2636" originalValue="Récif">Recif</normalizedToken>
de Clochettins (Gravier 1904).&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165332B4EDC177D44F099E7FE41D87C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The two specimens from Vanikoro were found at the MNHN in a jar with three labels. One old label says &quot;
<taxonomicName id="DEA33D894558197FB34BD9D8961E84DA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
[subsequently replaced by
<taxonomicName id="1F147A13FEAF9D2633B556E592CE9DD4" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Peronia</taxonomicName>
] de Vanikoro, mm Quoy et Gaimard 1829.&quot; Another label only says
<normalizedToken id="43722F2164A5706820E0D4D30AFEBA23" originalValue="“44”">&quot;44&quot;</normalizedToken>
for unknown reasons. And a more recent label says &quot;
<taxonomicName id="D6701B882DCEAC2CF7832C1578D49ADE" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Peronia</taxonomicName>
Vanikoro, M. Quoy et Gaimard 1829.&quot; There is no indication that those two specimens are part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="0EF20142EFAD271EC1E70DB7663C5F39" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="98884898CC04283904D73305A116CF26" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, there is only one jar of specimens collected by &quot;Quoy et Gaimard 1829&quot; from Vanikoro at the MNHN and, given that the size of the largest specimen (42/22 mm) provided by
<normalizedToken id="8753BD0C5B4F355D9020FACB1EC0CBB9" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
matches the size of the lectotype designated here, there is little doubt that those two individuals from Vanikoro were originally used by
<normalizedToken id="FA8B74464A0F71D745CD964321743E60" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
to describe
<taxonomicName id="CF59678EBDD2A19EE6ECC8D7858FCCCE" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="6B65AB32DDC048D3A803BEAAEE7EEF1F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lectotype was dissected by
<normalizedToken id="9DD1868353BD0838484FFDF924E1C9A4" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
. Its radula and male apparatus are missing. The female parts are still inside the animal. Its intestinal loops of type I are illustrated here (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE8D6B3AC3BB59BEE190B0E24F8747D5" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80E</figureCitation>
). Dorsal gills are present on the notum. The paralectotype from Vanikoro was not dissected by
<normalizedToken id="81E8B15108E41ADA2E047D58D8B3915C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FCBC1407538C2C56F8F8373096CF7D3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
As for the paralectotype from Obock, Djibouti, it could not be traced with certainty, which does not matter given that it has no name-bearing function. Based on the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="397F3845A3C39FB321E0088CA5130AC8" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="3D701BFA359BCC84485BE830009BDF06" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 194), the paralectotype from Djibouti was collected by Gravier in 1904 at the
<normalizedToken id="55FD7C5719726C75A1E7E4364240FFBC" originalValue="“Récif">&quot;Recif</normalizedToken>
de Clochettins, Obock,&quot; that it measured 80/57 mm, and that its body was &quot;very flattened.&quot; There is a jar at the MNHN with a label saying &quot;
<taxonomicName id="06820E01D483E64D395E6C9B40E380F4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Oncidium</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AF74F167B10AE3310F1EE7F089C5EBE5" genus="Peronii" lsidName="Peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Peronii</taxonomicName>
, Cuv. Obock M. Gravier 1904 - A
<normalizedToken id="46810F2CD50DAA98EA03C5A2981E4F87" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="025F881E78BD5305DB8488B0F5FCD467" originalValue="dét">det</normalizedToken>
[for
<normalizedToken id="3C6EE54CB0580661653C7AC7030282B5" originalValue="“déterminé,”">&quot;determine,&quot;</normalizedToken>
i.e., identified] 1933.&quot; Another label says
<normalizedToken id="4538EECE00812258D298D22731465706" originalValue="“F”">&quot;F&quot;</normalizedToken>
for unknown reasons. All the information on the label matches the information provided by
<normalizedToken id="5EB91BD8699D96C47A106F9EC7B62A3E" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="AE3210868DC353B1BBFA26A177F208C6" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="AFC82E6D1F2B14AE318EB89B0DA642B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the size (80/60 mm) of the specimen perfectly matches the size of the paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="C9EE01122A72990FBF3C6D92D21B7ACB" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="13292C463AE0E0A2A5B01D7B480F8FDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That specimen is just an empty notum with dorsal gills (all internal organs are missing). However, for two reasons, it is extremely unclear whether that specimen is the paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="FC719751EE47F23811EEBADB3D58FD35" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="5EAA4D98A78BD88C33C39AB73A28D55A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Obock. First, there is yet a third label (which was covered by the &quot;Obock, Gravier, 1904&quot; label) saying that the specimen was, instead, collected by Jousseaume from the Red Sea (&quot;Mer Rouge&quot;). And, second,
<bibRefCitation id="2DA2A7053A8698BE747DAA1CAA85632A" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="61150B9BA86D9FDD3B80BB9C3E575E59" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 192) listed a specimen from the same locality (
<normalizedToken id="9303EDF8020052AD1A5F306BA5D5FCF2" originalValue="“Récif">&quot;Recif</normalizedToken>
de Clochettein [for Clochettins] (Obock)&quot;), also collected by &quot;Gravier 1904&quot; and also identified as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="C97C4829500405BAA35705F3D6546408" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="A625AA4BA6FAA1342EE865B2FF999BF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; in his re-description of
<taxonomicName id="259DBD1564D93FB9A9A055078C428D06" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia tongana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tongana">
<emphasis id="36784B06163318D17E9D2911533D6A2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia tongana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, given that there is only one jar at the MNHN with a specimen collected by Gravier in 1904 from Obock (there are other specimens from Obock at the MNHN, but not collected in 1904 by Gravier), and that the specimen may not even have been collected by Gravier, it is not possible to know whether that specimen is the paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="B44EA8959C6F0112342295F506879AFC" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="D76496E15DDBC792F8BD81AE067ED1BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a non-type material used by
<normalizedToken id="37A123EACA1D7E0A62200077200A2D74" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
for a re-description of
<taxonomicName id="B4095D7066EB2520876AB6D41563A8C9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia tongana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tongana">
<emphasis id="01ECBEEBFD719F963ED490F6BBEA6FC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia tongana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or even something completely different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BA2C440E059DB86AFEF05064BCDFE42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="869D94D98D962D8750524034F35D5588" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3DBD9061AA8816E92DB2A442107523DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A86F0758E77ED7950733EAE88D680C99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotype</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="25F17105AA6C576162E8A75563F5C254" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="3D276960FD2F807CF53A85A7C6ACCA73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Red Sea • lectotype, hereby designated, 10/8 mm; 1893; Jousseaume leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33678. • 1 paralectotype, 6/3 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-33678. Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="21C7D4C8D0B18D64924D456313543D19" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="C1ADD88B06181CED87A8264798AE388A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN, but it could be traced back. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="A67B9030E681B70F219A73AEB7011857" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="3F7B7F1BAA174494AE8F5CF04E15D422" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on two individuals (10/9 and 5/5 mm) from the Red Sea (&quot;Mer Rouge&quot;) collected by Jousseaume in 1893. Several old jars were found at the MNHN with material collected from the Red Sea by Jousseaume. Most jars are labeled as
<normalizedToken id="A6A967B4E8C6FD60E3EE1E07BE929832" originalValue="“1892”">&quot;1892&quot;</normalizedToken>
for collecting date, one jar is labeled as
<normalizedToken id="641B19DC340F61047EA30EDBA5B63FD9" originalValue="“1893”">&quot;1893&quot;</normalizedToken>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33678), and another as
<normalizedToken id="1C82DAC795F0B799B9D32D292C1C6576" originalValue="“1823”">&quot;1823&quot;</normalizedToken>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33698). The jar with the (erroneous) collecting date of 1823 is the type series of
<taxonomicName id="0CC8E21B2F62E4D34DBF4CE66F932FF4" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="496B9DDEE75D495C774EFE4978AB6DCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below). The jar with a collecting date of 1893 matches perfectly the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="97C2976B2E63E89FCF98580EE0E2F7B0" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="7288CED387D7D93E70659356EB5F9AFC" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="596F0E6FEE98B14A25EEBE89363AC5A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and even the animal sizes match (MNHN-IM-2000-33678): these two specimens are considered to be the type series of
<taxonomicName id="DC79CBA8D1F16F243BD23C1ACA2F0A75" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="C414BD91174BE9669EC2B775D7F542B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the largest specimen is designated as the lectotype. Both the lectotype and the paralectotype were dissected by
<normalizedToken id="DC21833893D017CD68D57F60C6908F7F" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
. The radula and female and male reproductive parts of the lectotype are missing (the lack of penis and accessory penial gland, mentioned by
<normalizedToken id="8530A8652686505C1FECA25B230B250C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, but likely due to the lectotype being not fully mature, cannot be checked). Dorsal gills are present on the notum. Its intestinal loops are not of type II (
<bibRefCitation id="95015A87651DB5A5490C73582AF437C4" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="304FE19EA3A121869D14EC58B73A3F7C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 195), but of type I instead (Fig.
<figureCitation id="60FA3F8C12E35CC98FCC1F5CC1F15523" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86B</figureCitation>
). The paralectotype is largely destroyed but bears dorsal gills on the notum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D6D7AD281FCD1D1A2717627105919C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="445FAA63696CC30B5252D456F13736FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D47BBB711E29DDD6EA9EFCFFE1A0349B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="DBD258A9C190D40B67754D8E0469B051" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="303B1662667F40FD9AA3730ABE151D6B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="39F09D838BDE68C67296CADE61402669" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). India • lectotype, hereby designated, 29/25 mm; Bombay [Mumbai]; MNHN-IM-2000-33681. • 1 paralectotype, 26/25 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-33681. • 1 paralectotype, 50/35 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-33682. Red Sea • 4 paralectotypes, 40/30 mm; 1892; Jousseaume leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33683. • 13 paralectotypes, 32/25 to 25/20 mm; Red Sea; 1892; Jousseaume leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33688. • 15 paralectotypes, 40/30 to 22/20 mm; Suez [Egypt, Red Sea]; 1878; Letourneux leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33684. The type material mentioned in the original description also includes a paralectotype from Mauritius which could not be located with certainty at the MNHN, a paralectotype from the Red Sea which could not be located at the MNHN, and another individual missing from one of the jars from the Red Sea (see below). Most importantly, the type specimens belong to more than one species, so a lectotype is designated to clarify the application of the name
<taxonomicName id="BF15DB55D3CAC9D4F7132BDB616FEA0B" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="24017FA629EB13739DC3B83E5FC8AE04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F960A5AA49D17114C24A8096C8BA244" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="79C621689F6860EE1FDF3B9305E9A928" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="E2B384CBE8BC7A779F05929BE51E3541" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN, but most of the type material could be traced back. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="FB3348D738E50FC43B19B981D05B279D" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="F6488687DB5A405B62B1C90DEA9FC724" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on 38 individuals which
<normalizedToken id="8F732BAAEB020D65E736EDBAB91A2960" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, as often, listed in his article using italicized letters:
<emphasis id="0AB4009ABB494C2C39882AA2E5494ABE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
) three individuals from Bombay and one individual from the Red Sea (&quot;mer Rouge&quot;), for which
<normalizedToken id="DCCB8DE5D42580ED9AAD74C6BFD3B097" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
gives the sizes 29/23 and 50/30 mm;
<emphasis id="1884E005B4498D32D2414FEC5AEBC5A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
) one individual (60/50 mm) from Mauritius (
<normalizedToken id="6348F5EE25E2C45AD735BC1BD9311D7E" originalValue="“île">&quot;ile</normalizedToken>
de France&quot;) collected by Mathieu;
<emphasis id="929C2A16CEDDF4B7BEA0882DBBB57058" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
) five individuals (40/27 mm) from the Red Sea (&quot;mer Rouge&quot;) collected by Jousseaume in 1892;
<emphasis id="89A0471E501D42826050186FD4AE4606" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
) 15 individuals from Suez (Red Sea) collected by Letourneur in 1878; and
<emphasis id="7BCC987F3DE52177A9995D30557A6E5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
) 13 individuals from the Red Sea (&quot;mer Rouge&quot;) collected by Jousseaume in 1892, for which
<normalizedToken id="048C1C7F75705341F26B9476149B6A94" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
gives the size 32/25 mm (for both
<emphasis id="7156799AF32F3F455ED1742596490A16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="5E8A4E8B97972745F4AE7F76F4307B5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3260AD5133990FA6DC477EAA449DE1C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The specific name &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4E93E734FB53C35487ED46AF84D0F0D2" lsidName="gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">gondwanae</taxonomicName>
&quot; was written in pencil only on two old jars at the MNHN. One jar contains four of the five &quot;
<emphasis id="1808F64777BB9D291B18ADA00FA9EF53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
&quot; individuals collected from the Red Sea by Jousseaume in 1892 (MNHN-IM-2000-33683); the name &quot;
<taxonomicName id="D885FC549C8F7E1091ED67EF43521BCD" lsidName="gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="392165A90E5F545E103F699E9D7D6B7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; is written on the small label with the number
<normalizedToken id="6C4D7627A75DE37F20AF34B225D5BC55" originalValue="“59;”">&quot;59;&quot;</normalizedToken>
the size of the four specimens (40/30 mm) matches the size provided by
<normalizedToken id="BCF45CDB9F91FF480E216E83F6D97D7D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
. Another jar contains the 13 &quot;
<emphasis id="45546AEC784982FA33CC397EE3A20A36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
&quot; individuals collected from the Red Sea by Jousseaume in 1892 (MNHN-IM-2000-33688); this jar was found only labeled as &quot;57
<taxonomicName id="4892C4D0ADF5F99A2F4B86FFB29EF2C9" lsidName="gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">gondwanae</taxonomicName>
,&quot; i.e., with no locality, collector name, or collecting year, but the number of individuals and their size (32/25 to 25/20 mm) matches the size provided by
<normalizedToken id="E56E8E7F9D4AEA74CFC843493E8A2723" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(35/25 mm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EAA6F229CC670200F64FE6DCF1574350" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
No other jar labeled as
<taxonomicName id="E932FB067E42312FAC70EE248C3CEB4B" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="18E4B0C2F4167B659E08023641B850AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN, but most of the remaining type material could be traced back thanks to the matching of
<normalizedToken id="FB1BA079DB4C56BD4EABF37CB2946832" originalValue="collector’s">collector's</normalizedToken>
name, collecting date, specimen sizes, and the number of old jars from any given locality at the MNHN. There are only three old jars with specimens from Bombay at the MNHN. One jar contains seven
<taxonomicName id="455454F602609343FCCA54885B7076D7" authorityName="H.B.Baker" authorityYear="1938" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FF262E50505D61527E42E679675008C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Platevindex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals collected by Roux in 1826. The two other jars contain the three &quot;
<emphasis id="F31AA659057F0F43C9064D31A0E2E3D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
&quot; individuals from Bombay: one jar contains two individuals (29/25 and 26/25 mm) (MNHN-IM-2000-33681) and the other jar contains one individual (50/35 mm) (MNHN-IM-2000-33682), which sufficiently matches the sizes in
<normalizedToken id="EB45999DAF100138FDA564CDE45BF3A1" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description (50/30 and 29/23 mm). There is only one old jar at the MNHN with 15 specimens (from 40/30 to 22/20 mm) from Suez collected by Letourneux (
<normalizedToken id="3656ED76DDB556841C62F28C801213A2" originalValue="“Letourneur”">&quot;Letourneur&quot;</normalizedToken>
in the original description) in 1878 (there is another old jar of
<taxonomicName id="161DF1911E6E38B812A807434F277C72" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="354628F166536715BF0230BC2E4EE1CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Suez but collected by Jousseaume in 1889). That jar contains the &quot;
<emphasis id="440E187F34E1A9D362B9FD72BD3E8CDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
&quot; individuals of
<taxonomicName id="398C6CEAB263529311B52980CA110C5D" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="E8EC96761DB712932ACCA8767EC3490B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Suez (MNHN-IM-2000-33684). The &quot;
<emphasis id="6102C3BCB863966B1EFBC85581A3EB98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
&quot; individual from Mauritius could not be traced with certainty at the MNHN. Indeed, there are two jars, each with a single specimen from Mauritius collected by Mathieu and identified as
<emphasis id="7174000D05DCBE68BC14B7FB7993911D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C9E780B59E037B43CB66BCAC3057794C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Oncidium</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AF7350424EE1082557A8997C1472E51E" genus="Peronii" lsidName="Peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Peronii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
by
<normalizedToken id="A3D08CCFA79424041946E1F04677FC2B" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
in 1933: one 65/40 specimen (MNHN-IM-2000-33687), and one 60/40 specimen (MNHN-IM-2000-33686). Both specimens match the size provided by
<normalizedToken id="15DE18122447C3658716BE7A0BB26A86" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
for the &quot;
<emphasis id="07E0149835B3057C6E3DFD54B720E2FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
&quot; individual (60/50 mm).
<bibRefCitation id="B32C30C29B2CD71F56B4EB803CFB36DC" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="A1BC300BCA07A36F224B30FCB813FB6A" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a)
</bibRefCitation>
listed only once a specimen from Mauritius by Mathieu in his entire work, and that specimen could be the one in either jar (i.e., MNHN-IM-2000-33686 or MNHN-IM-2000-33687). Finally, the &quot;
<emphasis id="6BEDFECCFDFBF359548AB3B9FDFC1BA9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
&quot; individual identified from the Red Sea could not be located.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="324E54E84E14C698D18CC44A5225A7D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The 29 mm long &quot;
<emphasis id="7A3520059A21402A755CFC2C2E409D17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
&quot; individual from Bombay, dissected by
<normalizedToken id="E42809F0482E3A4D71983BFBFF66A795" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, is designated here as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="F7A5DAF6454FC9D7D6D6E2C56401486C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="E9E5A064A0847A1C5E895DB5FE1CC7C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33681). Its radula and male parts are missing. Its intestinal loops are clearly of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E3DD2EFCAADE84566195BC883784A147" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84A</figureCitation>
) even though
<normalizedToken id="FB5A4274969752338EB51CDC07997C7F" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
described loops of type V. The 50 mm long &quot;
<emphasis id="CA1733CF16DDB0D5F827F07601EB2D90" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
&quot; individual from Bombay was also dissected by
<normalizedToken id="F6946E01A423960CD73A58BC5782AC83" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33682). Its radula and male parts are missing but its intestinal loops are of type V (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A5888176BD6F03CE7FD21069E11ADCB8" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 21. Peronia madagascariensis A-D digestive system, dorsal view, with intestinal loops of type V E posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system A holotype, Paraperonia madagascariensis, Madagascar (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33680) B paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Mumbai, western India (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33682) C paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33683) D Madagascar, [5501] (MNHN-IM- 2009 - 16392) E same as D. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-D), 2 mm (E). Abbreviations: dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458321" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
), as in the original description, so it does not belong to
<taxonomicName id="EE41FA38496AA714D4F98BD19E8B7A84" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F8C0F4ED28F4B7FB2591064AD1A26BD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but
<taxonomicName id="697F0F5113E2B2D3A76CB5791F50FB09" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="A1B211C927AE326FC29B4B060B9AB63C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead.
<normalizedToken id="A2FD0218CD958970C5A041591BA00977" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
dissected only two of the 15 specimens from Suez (MNHN-IM-2000-33684): the radula and the male parts are missing from both specimens (38/32 and 35/28 mm) but their intestinal loops are both of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="960036299EF086525D958951E2B87C18" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86D</figureCitation>
), suggesting that they belong to
<taxonomicName id="2AC80F8793CDC03AE075BA94DAA5A0A1" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="42CBF36194DE082D90DDFD71DA2C1048" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though
<normalizedToken id="6F12971D514A42D0226309C1E774BCE1" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
described loops of type V.
<normalizedToken id="E0F9E9418B2B3635526CC7EF65147BAE" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
dissected only one (40/30 mm) of the four specimens from Suez (MNHN-IM-2000-33683), acknowledging that maybe one specimen was lost: the radula and the male parts are missing, but its intestinal loops are of type V (Fig.
<figureCitation id="56A160C1C526C5C9DB12FAACC226D022" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 21. Peronia madagascariensis A-D digestive system, dorsal view, with intestinal loops of type V E posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system A holotype, Paraperonia madagascariensis, Madagascar (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33680) B paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Mumbai, western India (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33682) C paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33683) D Madagascar, [5501] (MNHN-IM- 2009 - 16392) E same as D. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-D), 2 mm (E). Abbreviations: dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458321" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21C</figureCitation>
), as in the original description, suggesting that it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="64F2D9174886FDBA26E295B7207B4D4D" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="F72491DECB21C5E3FE60BDD70DCAE278" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="6E0C85D13D6D7EC1800DEA9977B97779" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
dissected seven of the 13 specimens (assumed to be) from the Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-33688). Those specimens are all completely destroyed and extremely poorly preserved. An undissected individual (35/25 mm) from the same lot was dissected for the present study and its intestinal loops are of type I, suggesting that it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="35F6C0A270A3DA62B04C35164FC7439E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A2659110818E93B55FF238DB271ED658" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="6DA11788566BAFB0899A9901189AB5B0" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86E</figureCitation>
). Finally, according to
<normalizedToken id="D0437FB6C7A33D16BD9C057967025CA2" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, the intestinal loops of the specimen from Mauritius (collected by Mathieu) are of type V. One specimen collected by Mathieu from Mauritius is completely empty inside (MNHN-IM-2000-33687). The loops of the other specimen are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="49FDDAA4CD44ED91030411CDA98470A5" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 9. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia peronii, type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A paralectotype, Onchidium peronii, Timor (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22938) B lectotype, Onchidium tonganum, Tonga (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22937) C lectotype, Onchidium punctatum, Indonesia, West Papua (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22966) D possible paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Mauritius (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33686) E lectotype, Paraperonia fidjiensis, Fiji (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33692). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 10 mm (B, C, E). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458309" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9D</figureCitation>
), suggesting that it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="24139B39982A355F1D256D21FA744A14" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="AACE867613ED6065DCBCC039CAF5D459" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33686).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0310905B41745FEE9F49A05DEC3D8D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E04519716D703E371761C3546C2B88DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D71196DF994F0906AC9D890C7D3FDDAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="F39DF75B5FAC3333A723D20176A56401" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="5861449FC4F3601AF32F86E5D1CCC528" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="88546A9BD44E0E79ED367368D15E4E4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Australia • lectotype, hereby designated, 50/20 mm; Thursday (
<normalizedToken id="3DCA6DB03305C3316EED00186950F89B" originalValue="Océanie">Oceanie</normalizedToken>
) [Thursday Island, Torres Strait]; 1892; Lix leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-22964. • 2 paralectotypes, 45/30 mm and 45/25 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-22964. Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="113A36F102564A1B52BAC55B45C074CC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="965A6FC7210F4B439BB5DB738A125918" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN. However, only one old jar was found at the MNHN with specimens collected from Thursday Island, and the collecting information on the label (specimens collected by M. Lix in 1892) matches the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="3ED68B3244B4030A33E9F39CB91CAA73" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="AC77394532A956BB2276BA16A63BD3DA" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="4103CBBEA31A624690ADEC9B107FA02C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(even though, according to
<normalizedToken id="9BEF55F24F1738BFF09259542D8536EE" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, the specimens were collected in 1890). The sizes provided by
<normalizedToken id="25336B85CB93741EF912E8EC6284B8B6" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(48/20, 47/30, and 42/25 mm) match the sizes of the three specimens here and their notum clearly bears dorsal gills, as in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="931928890FBDA1D529BFEF473BAD2F25" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="66EFDC743281B89133C4706FDECE3868" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="E158BBAADE4778C3DAD2AA9FD9762C61" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
mentioned four specimens but, given that he provided measurements for only three specimens, it is possible that he only examined three specimens. Or he examined four specimens and one is now missing. The three type specimens are largely destroyed inside (due to
<normalizedToken id="896C5D15C5856737B5944EC71EF38768" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
dissections). The male parts and radula are missing in both paralectotypes but are still inside the lectotype. The intestinal loops of the lectotype are of type I, with a transitional loop at 5
<normalizedToken id="149573D6DF2DC4AC9A18D191EF21604F" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="BBDC7BB5DABE7A07786B685634E0FCDD" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80F</figureCitation>
). The three types are green (hence the specific name chosen by
<normalizedToken id="7D56A1BB5E36C250EDCFCECE85EFED88" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
) but that color is clearly due to preservation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="08F6901314745B88947E63ED80343BC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="68D1727AE19DEF230AFD8184949D74F3" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="2944F8F92215D81FF5C936D08810FBB5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="FEED6542AFBF7E05F63E7B47EC84D412" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). New Caledonia • holotype, by monotypy, 40/26 mm; 1880;
<normalizedToken id="D8126A3F02EE18586596AF1FC4F987DD" originalValue="Réveillère">Reveillere</normalizedToken>
leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33708. Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="4C12EE6E369DDD00438656758B10AF3C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="79EBB1E793FFC90DDA6BC8834EA46256" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN. However, of the several old jars found at the MNHN with specimens collected from New Caledonia, only one matches perfectly the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="48DECCE928D5642BC38A04E99CF8EC6D" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="54D23719B411AA904B0DB61E0F0A5397" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="4984E7986F922B70320F9F4F697DA904" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: an individual collected in 1880 by M.
<normalizedToken id="64D51A2C4515BC5F265F04D734F83185" originalValue="Réveillère">Reveillere</normalizedToken>
(the French navy officer Paul
<normalizedToken id="117DB02A80F1187062DC02E49DC4C0D4" originalValue="Réveillère">Reveillere</normalizedToken>
[1829-1905]) with an identification as
<taxonomicName id="69D6C372B8CE43211EC787C233492E71" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EE8F1E8B583B7CFA0D9B9BAF67CC12D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other jars with specimens from New Caledonia were collected by Fisher in 1878 or by
<normalizedToken id="02EFDDEE73B83D4E925D421D7C3AB0DC" originalValue="François">Francois</normalizedToken>
in 1894. Therefore, it is extremely likely that the specimen collected by
<normalizedToken id="8FD9A4F7201A1B47BB7932A0F9798692" originalValue="Réveillère">Reveillere</normalizedToken>
in 1880 and identified as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="A84FBB4F2A7BF598FD36A82069026D15" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="269DCDE10249A1D0F454B6897614C0B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; is the holotype, by monotypy, of
<taxonomicName id="A464597F2EAA3EF3353A0015F67BEBE7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="98E7892744AF6DFF51BF38C0D14D07A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The size of the holotype (40/26 mm) matches the size provided by
<normalizedToken id="E8854A57B61451F9990D9E568DD7885A" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="B21123CF44CD5698A263B3F1972C3542" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="5F7705714D819EF9D279B0A245B90E4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(36/25 mm). Its notum is not well preserved. Dorsal papillae are quite flattened (as pointed out by
<normalizedToken id="DCD140E9EB149983E0051268E1E8725B" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
) and dorsal eyes cannot be seen, likely because their black color faded. However, dorsal gills are clearly present on the notum. Its intestinal loops are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="177DAA4BB062FC7E59329B4C38876E50" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80D</figureCitation>
) but its radula is missing. The posterior (female) reproductive parts are still present but poorly preserved. The copulatory parts are missing, except for the muscular sac of the accessory penial gland (approximately 10 mm long) and so the length of the spine of the accessory penial gland cannot be checked (it was not mentioned by
<normalizedToken id="B9FC922F23822D1A3D249DDF39B111D2" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
in the original description).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC1AB8D2463F67EBA54A0F4E1222FD97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="560FEBA047928D37517E1FFDE7154AA0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F432A2061A4CCC34F9380EC5C8FEDE31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="9268F742494FE2E2587D0CA831977E13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="0A980DF889B2CB6FA65B0B5E132F0DF1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="070166D0F8BCCE034B3918D5CEAF8AF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Mayotte • lectotype, hereby designated, 27/18 mm; 1883; A Vimont leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33695. Zanzibar • 4 paralectotypes, 30/28, 32/25, 27/23, and 14/10 mm; 1865; Grandidier leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33693. The type material mentioned in the original description also includes two paralectotypes from Djibouti which could not be located with certainty at the MNHN (see below). Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="856B35D77CA2F7AEB3080EB60AC46F0D" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="B852C02F0BFA8648FC642624526E8BAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN, but most type material could be traced back.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48AA124E908273E06C15A6481337E673" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="ECBDA6C7DEF79F928A303D05241F2A36" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="DBB66E11EBDC28A8B1F427979D93D62E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on seven individuals: two individuals (10/7.5 and 8/6.5 mm) from Djibouti collected by Gravier in 1904; four individuals (32/29 and 30/25 mm) from Zanzibar collected by Grandidier (the French naturalist and explorer Alfred Gandidier [1836-1921]) in 1865; and one individual (28/19 mm) from Mayotte collected by Ach. Vimont in 1883.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54DE708CF5166DD97FF0BA1E9571CB31" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
One old jar was found at the MNHN with a specimen from Mayotte (MNHN-IM-2000-33695). The information on the label (specimen collected from Mayotte by Vimont in 1883) matches the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="3900799AB9865C61629B325E4D6D5720" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="B81012DF6A3BDC2661AE601728F0F40C" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="86A0F2AC1F3AEBC162A23E2EF989930B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the specimen size also matches. Therefore, that specimen from Mayotte is here considered to form part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="89E7C5B79023F090E596F993BC311D09" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="15116AF05FC7560E71EB01E67224F495" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and designated as the lectotype (MNHN-IM-2000-33695). This lectotype was dissected by
<normalizedToken id="A10DFB18E2F3F510D070C139A29B3C8B" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
: the radula and the posterior (hermaphroditic) reproductive parts are still in place but the male parts are missing. The intestinal loops are of type I with a transitional loop at 6
<normalizedToken id="C44557E2C0E6C01C25240E559307C513" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="841EE37D30209C4887066DECBD570FA2" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F87" captionText="Figure 85. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Scaphis gravieri, Mayotte (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33695) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 5 mm (C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0CD287169BD82921F57D193445C3A4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Another old jar was found at the MNHN with specimens from Zanzibar (MNHN-IM-2000-33693). The information on the label (specimens collected from Zanzibar by Grandidier in 1865) matches the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="D294B08C885EF2267C0004DCE768CB14" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="1B4BD9A074FAFE4EF357E6644FC89D46" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="6BDD115128342A621C5338B8468F54EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the specimen size also matches (
<normalizedToken id="D02B20AA22276415BC950599B7159845" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
likely provided the size of the largest two specimens). Therefore, those four specimens from Zanzibar are considered to form part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="826497FC469BD72CF3F0C942835B4FE2" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="8DFA6D4E72C1CF90C05E460D1E657220" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are now paralectotypes (MNHN-IM-2000-33693). Only one paralectotype (30/28 mm) from Zanzibar was dissected by
<normalizedToken id="EB6411A4589C5C11D158EC603A7627E5" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
: the radula and the posterior (female) reproductive parts are still in place but the male parts are missing. The intestinal loops are of type I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1617E555EAA1A9C1468B72E561B5872" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The two paralectotypes from Djibouti could not be traced with certainty. There are two old jars of specimens collected by Gravier in 1904 at the MNHN. One jar is labeled with Obock as locality (not Djibouti, even though Obock is in Djibouti) and contains one
<taxonomicName id="4B82523DBA058697B58B46BE52A630EC" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0CB7CCA410DD73B81BE92024FDFDC6BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen of which the size (80/60 mm) does not match
<normalizedToken id="E404DB9C2A21CA3BD58536CF82218310" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="F96BB7060863FD15DD7171C16D07A9C2" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="904D126935149A6CD0E5767FBF9F7DF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, that specimen from Obock is more likely to be a paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="A6AB2D58E089BADA78C898712E40DA7E" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="4C13DD55BA8872F27E698FA250A9E554" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or a non-type specimen used by
<normalizedToken id="342E0C711F601FD86C9ECC4F90EADE92" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
for the re-description of
<taxonomicName id="B2ED11AF037B1EB3AFA12EF0B7115080" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia tongana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tongana">
<emphasis id="702C0C86FEBD859AE6CDE6F2DDB022F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia tongana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The three specimens (70/60, 70/65, and 65/65 mm) of the second jar collected by Gravier in 1904 are from Djibouti (MNHN-IM-2000-33696), which matches perfectly the original description of
<taxonomicName id="E7335C1D3B42ED12D186E20F7CB9E296" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="DE2FCFE77D6D16ACBF4B35FA35D8AEF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<normalizedToken id="B17ED645949252D1A031642B2B3500C3" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
. The problem is that the specimen sizes do not match because
<normalizedToken id="EB0D3820BD7C32B3D2BF6C0BCA67FD29" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
described two individuals of only 10/7.5 and 8/6.5 mm. It is likely that
<normalizedToken id="9F666C81CBDDEFA190EF9E47873882FD" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
meant centimeters instead of millimeters (even though he wrote
<normalizedToken id="43B10AFC086696D84C682CC97A4BD2C9" originalValue="“mm”">&quot;mm&quot;</normalizedToken>
) because he described a muscular sac of 8 mm in the specimens from Djibouti, which is impossible in individuals that are only 8 and 10 mm long. One of three specimens, possibly dissected by
<normalizedToken id="BB831347DE9553AF55F88282064EEEBD" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, possibly is part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="6A4939C94BDB02D6A1342770DD787D1A" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="62DD57B810296FBF0BA6CCF21FEA0429" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it remains questionable. In addition, a specific name was added in pencil on an old label with the number
<normalizedToken id="0F34C93BD3FB7747BEEA229CBB75C06F" originalValue="“69”">&quot;69&quot;</normalizedToken>
but that name, which is impossible to read, seems to start with a J, and not a G. In summary, it remains unclear whether those three specimens from Djibouti can be regarded as part of the type series of
<taxonomicName id="BD0CC108FE4437F49305D9448ACC453E" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="B419C76B3126FF1BBA499938B83F0C38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, it ultimately does not matter because a lectotype is designated here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97F09D7C0F15742AF96BF0C9AFB758A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="FFA9BA791C93DF22E44D3702F4972952" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="B499104BF1F058DDC52DA2BCEBA7A8BD" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="251A1C4061D9E54FE4E1996569DDB8B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The type material of
<taxonomicName id="8977DFF870CFA8172EC0CCBC06D13CD5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="D4C2E8C49E5F1742EE55E09B54911B8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ten syntypes up to 20/18 mm, according to the original description) could not be located with certainty at the MNHN. Only one old jar was found at the MNHN (MNHN-IM-2000-33700) with specimens collected from Vietnam (as
<normalizedToken id="249AE2C123C4A44F23A519F80838BE27" originalValue="“Tonkin”">&quot;Tonkin&quot;</normalizedToken>
), and the information on the label (material collected by M. Julien in 1874) matches the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="3C8D09A43F93FF7FC404CC99B78110EF" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="111E1D3AF8B9E119DC87F582334F7623" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="2A6D39BF4319D5144CE54D1948861202" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, it is possible that the jar mentioned here contains the type material of
<taxonomicName id="8C4F653B247617EC4335EC4EFD8943DF" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="8E3D55AC5964EE2D4D6757B46DAB074E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, the jar only contains three pieces of unidentifiable and poorly preserved tissue (each piece measuring approximately 20/10 mm). Two pieces are likely not even part of an onchidiid slug, and it is unclear whether the third piece is part of an onchidiid dorsal notum or not. So, regardless of whether this material is regarded as part of the type material of
<taxonomicName id="F5FF1272656082C517F4ED647027DD4A" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="8EACCA24A8650A105446CBACE11CE5FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is basically useless.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="274FD8794E9937898E6322E915D02FA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A057E27E7D3804797B838B81190348B5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="909A374E8C6758D6BAF6872D764EC1D1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="307B8E7680B47AAC04E926AAD045010E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The type material of
<taxonomicName id="18A0A9333FB3ECD38E73F859C75EC7A7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="795F32E9F804D5E7D0C4CF62910FA370" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(four syntypes up to 28/28 mm, from Vietnam) could not be located at the MNHN. Only one old jar was found at the MNHN (MNHN-IM-2000-33700) with specimens collected from Vietnam (as
<normalizedToken id="3D981CBEC6FDF0C1B800A61050C15BFB" originalValue="“Tonkin”">&quot;Tonkin&quot;</normalizedToken>
), but the information on the label (specimens collected by M. Julien, in 1874) does not match exactly the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="A2AFED099F4AD42B818B590DCA9D0D2E" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="84D8E83D906FB51F2E69179FCBBA58C9" lsidName="S. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="F3AB8FA82D32F4F54FE7D9A94CE7D70F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(specimens collected by M. Julien in 1878), and, instead, matches the information provided in
<normalizedToken id="3ADE6C72B52BF533B6C8E79BA5278DC5" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="7CDB66A14E2FB94C466517BDA8C14518" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="D21F6F9A2727647AC93BE0C02734751A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4987B05E3BE8F70EABC9EE9A52E9660" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7E2864507EB7270535D5523A8C298D7D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="BADDA17B6C87C310ADA20F72D822CCEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="8DB3102DEA9A933CB31864725F92157B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paralectotypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="D8E6D98E9D928F39D6E8019E12B009B7" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="669410E3BF1E69135E15C25FF853B1DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Red Sea • lectotype, hereby designated, 20/15 mm; 1893; Jousseaume leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-33698. • 25 paralectotypes, from 23/15 to 14/14 mm; same collection data as for the lectotype; MNHN-IM-2000-33698. Originally, no jar clearly labeled as the type material of
<taxonomicName id="35A7B68C0CA000465E72A0ACEFCFBB20" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="16B1D53DEC0553CD5645C75469D8C831" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at the MNHN, but it could be traced back. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="2428F80435AB7D21D4CE6E9D566D4C7C" lsidName="O. durum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="B73174897D1EC519964356E767191C4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on
<normalizedToken id="C54065909A9C51C601F9A2C46CCFC17F" originalValue="“approximately”">&quot;approximately&quot;</normalizedToken>
20 individuals (from 24/23 to 14/13 mm) from the Red Sea (&quot;Mer Rouge&quot;) collected by Jousseaume in 1893.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D77B1BFB7F532676709AAB21AF0BF8DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Several old jars were found at the MNHN with material collected from the Red Sea by Jousseaume. Most jars are labeled with 1892 as collecting date, one jar is labeled with 1893, and another with 1823. The jar with a collecting date of 1893 (MNHN-IM-2000-33678) contains the type series of
<taxonomicName id="55EB021D092EB307B4DCAE4B623592A5" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="331310D2DCF55183A7BC9858A28F3EBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above). On the jar with the collecting date of 1823, there is another tiny label with the number
<normalizedToken id="59C6C0A4271E81CDD9B5B825E55A5543" originalValue="“61”">&quot;61&quot;</normalizedToken>
(for an unknown numbering system) on which
<taxonomicName id="C54BD2446CD4C988E52379BF434E5421" lsidName="O. durum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="10C3288E24CEC30FD54986B0C40942D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly written in pencil. It is one of the very few cases in which a species name is indicated for some MNHN material studied by
<normalizedToken id="ECD237F3D71E9A2ECE48DEFF303BB5C4" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
and there is little doubt that the specimens are the type series of
<taxonomicName id="B1D6C182864D9D41DA491FA1150681F4" lsidName="O. durum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="3505AF28C2269F802FAED197EA354074" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially because the number of individuals and their sizes perfectly match with
<normalizedToken id="F50E0EF91D990299272E3E0B9DE12961" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description. Clearly, 1823 is a mistake for 1893. Most importantly, contrary to what was described by
<normalizedToken id="8C5BF01BB9025FFBA3DD3052C1B66511" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, gills are present on the dorsal notum of those individuals. All specimens are poorly preserved. They likely dried at some point and their body is hard. Three specimens were opened by
<normalizedToken id="897DE782D37592E1E46E9F7D65A7198A" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
and are now largely destroyed with only the digestive system inside. A lectotype is designated here in order to clarify the application of
<taxonomicName id="26C697ACA60F90907079FFA97941F853" lsidName="O. durum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="93DAC57CE21C27D13A315861F0A089E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(specimens in the type series could belong to more than one species). Its intestinal loops are not of type II (
<bibRefCitation id="D938FAF34090D8661F08FEF70CBDBCBE" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="115C476539ED7BA7171A56AA0BFFDE60" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 221): they clearly are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="92A302D667A328D0632E323D505F9D09" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0D1CBCC4865D415E021250293F004B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="791BF5D8422FFF826005B3F0533280B2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="ADCEE01AEFB98E373E3D90123C99CFC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="224623221970EEC51657B7EB8C2C9C7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paratypes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="05C516D16818C7AAF4EC3AC3B96369C0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia persiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="5E217D3CB9B879FE92F284DFDB44D573" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Iran -
<emphasis id="9295D6B157950659FCAC788FF3245508" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Persian Gulf</emphasis>
• holotype [not examined], by original designation, 35 mm; Lavan Island;
<geoCoordinate id="E6B6D59E947B1461A69CA759DD5090BD" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="48.3498" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.80583">26°48.3498'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C3FBDEF5DA4EE56D60B6BB355274C58B" degrees="53" direction="east" minutes="16.08" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="53.268">53°16.08'E</geoCoordinate>
; Feb 2016; ZSM Mol 20180017. • 2 paratypes [not examined], 22 and 37 mm; same collection data as for the holotype; ZSM Mol 20180018. • 1 paratype [not examined], 32 mm; Bandar Lengeh;
<geoCoordinate id="981C58F92960E7BAE096EB622C32286B" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="33.4833" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.558056">26°33.4833'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="592E80E345AC87F4FA6A92FA78F36708" degrees="54" direction="east" minutes="52.8333" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="54.880554">54°52.8333'E</geoCoordinate>
; Mar 2015; ZSM Mol 20180018.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58DEB8282BA665535DCAC77068D6C78B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="7B06457E7BD2A619B4A1C607F0BA5CF9" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="B988B9C389B4CB796412336580F51BB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on a total of 14 individuals (from 13 to 37 mm): the four types (see above) and ten other specimens from the same two localities as the types. DNA sequences (COI and 16S) are provided for 11 of those 14 individuals, including all four type specimens. However, it is unclear which GenBank sequences correspond exactly to the holotype because this information is missing in GenBank as well as in
<bibRefCitation id="CA946FA9328152BAE6AF42B39E050579" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table 2). It is assumed that the holotype, called &quot;specimen LA7&quot; in
<bibRefCitation id="890B5018E2845660A4DB911A491DFA62" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table 1), corresponds to the individual called &quot;voucher LaFM7S&quot; in GenBank. Ultimately, it does not matter at all because all mitochondrial sequences of
<taxonomicName id="A8E7CEAB21B31111F147DCDFA919E391" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="5181BA2AC926B6C9548F039D92521CCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cluster together within the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="A1A3C6DDD2E618F956A9B92ED56D811F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9C939A059A7D9D23F3A1AABFB7362120" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: only the COI (MK993404) and the 16S (MK993392) sequences of the &quot;voucher LaFM7S&quot; are included in our phylogenetic analyses to represent
<taxonomicName id="7E41BE3E8B2767C1B2EE4FDF62248EFE" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="9E788C7F04AD89E706F19EA28D9E483E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="621F16FB5E3292B53C00DC11FF3B3EFB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). Finally, note that the COI and 16S GenBank accession numbers are switched for
<taxonomicName id="1AC7F058AF619F39C73198F84C583C43" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="0804A3496BFE2D94B8DFCFEEA17E18FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="6290A960EC63355110C8805132BB2DDF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table 2). Comments on the original description of
<taxonomicName id="01E8CF6B5DB0C3D00BF619631E12DAB9" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="64F69E81E95813DFD765FEA1A1809A2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are provided in the species remarks (see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44705289432C218A0608710398A770BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="34AC1A4A8AB6F136B6C6362A2E6611F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3622C426137F47E4822D0B74E7D55A95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CD81A8B9A8D9D917990B75949174BB22" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(unit #1).</emphasis>
Australia -
<emphasis id="B1C1E1D8E42A415FF6DF3FAC07EA3684" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Queensland</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 35/25 mm [2682]; Mackay, Campwin Beach;
<geoCoordinate id="CD188F63271A91122C33CD3CCE69DD5F" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="22.455" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.37425">21°22.455'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7EE747A6BACE49293749277462102CC2" degrees="149" direction="east" minutes="18.753" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="149.31255">149°18.753'E</geoCoordinate>
; 5 Jul 2013; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 121, by boat ramp, mangrove margin with large rocks by creek,
<taxonomicName id="E22199D35A71F22D1DBB99801EE36303" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7211938603AE55537B1C6E0D5BD90CD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and soft mud; MTQ. • 1 specimen 40/25 mm [2620]; Bowen, Dingo Beach;
<geoCoordinate id="8F9ED765437C903CF5BE9FE5BF4917D4" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="04.864" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-20.081066">20°04.864'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2FE9B92A1CF1A8CC8B135A57CE45DBBC" degrees="148" direction="east" minutes="29.576" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="148.49294">148°29.576'E</geoCoordinate>
; 30 Jun 2013; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 113, rocky shore nearby a small and dense
<taxonomicName id="3506365A2D49C319CE55BDC75AFCD9D5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6425E22F573E9898B30832B64D7E554" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove patch; MTQ. • 1 specimen 25/15 mm [2622]; same collection data as for the preceding; MTQ. 1 specimen 22/18 mm [1538]; Magnetic Island, near Cockle Bay, off Townsville;
<geoCoordinate id="36159316571EDD07D9CB105F53273E37" degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="10.500" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.175">19°10.500'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="72243DCC1524E6BBF9DC4882C91C2F33" degrees="146" direction="east" minutes="49.552" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="146.82587">146°49.552'E</geoCoordinate>
; 20 Sep 2005; I. Loch leg.; on top of dead coral on fringing reef and muddy sand flats with seagrasses; AM C.448363. • 1 specimen 25/20 mm [2571]; Cairns, Keewara Beach;
<geoCoordinate id="17F83855DD4FDB824603CCC581562C0D" degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="34.711" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-16.578516">16°34.711'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D5CFCF1D0EFA61CB7872AE453A1389C0" degrees="145" direction="east" minutes="30.751" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="145.51251">145°30.751'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18 Jun 2013; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 102, rocky platform; MTQ.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5D212E2E3DE7183EAAEB05CFD1EEF94" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Indonesia -
<emphasis id="DD441FA81178896931452B37359B8277" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambon</emphasis>
• 2 specimens 35/25 mm [2724] and 40/30 mm [2729]; Pulau Haruku;
<geoCoordinate id="F3A3255A83BE1EAB396860F9F6356A83" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="36.31" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.6051667">03°36.31'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="261F217FF9769F9A74AA1FB1BA086AA9" degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="25.04" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="128.41733">128°25.04'E</geoCoordinate>
; 11 Feb 2014; st 127; M Khalil and field party leg.; rocky
<taxonomicName id="5D97D8FC5A0731453BEE8D03A0522664" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAF8418A8AA49E80C21FBD76D6C15B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove with coral rubble; UMIZ 00162. • 1 specimen 45/30 mm [2856]; Wai;
<geoCoordinate id="9638F69542ED7E98C4E9D5E4F639FFC5" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="34.65" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-3.5775">03°34.65'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="FCA5A58D6544224A468A4204D6261C68" degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="19.53" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="128.3255">128°19.53'E</geoCoordinate>
; 15 Feb 2014; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 132, narrow band of old
<taxonomicName id="B0D2AE122BCBF7D6B4A977D0C53CF29E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DD9DB2FC156EE2B5027F278A44DC8AA9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees on sandy mud, old logs on ground; UMIZ 00163. -
<emphasis id="8A722AAF453A56FC5A8D1915F83C180B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bali</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 20/15 mm [3080]; Gilimanuk;
<geoCoordinate id="96B65AEBB86B47132D66E0485AFBE9F6" degrees="08" direction="south" minutes="10.26" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-8.171">08°10.26'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2855FE60D92F713B8B64732B29555164" degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="26.61" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="114.4435">114°26.61'E</geoCoordinate>
; 3 Apr 2014; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 155, large rocks near a patch of
<taxonomicName id="4FAC46F7B14B0288A41BDEB7934E15E8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EA720F422D332CB4CA0A1C9FB50BC7DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; UMIZ 00164. • 1 specimen 20/12 mm [3115]; Gilimanuk;
<geoCoordinate id="3529A338BBC983A7D018AC28334D9AE8" degrees="08" direction="south" minutes="10.16" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-8.169333">08°10.16'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1925C9A175DEF9B1ABC48C4EF532A3E0" degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="26.65" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="114.44417">114°26.65'E</geoCoordinate>
; 4 Apr 2014; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 156, sandy mudflat outside
<taxonomicName id="134B11F221C659D969451779523A36E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EFD9A2343319D6CF05EC738CC57172F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2DDD7AF9AD00C6EE52054A707D8F4122" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="913641952FD2E1BFE816BF485402B6F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove; UMIZ 00165. -
<emphasis id="9139A7E57CE486C352AD01BA746BCC3E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Halmahera</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 45/35 mm [5068]; Sofifi;
<geoCoordinate id="AF018A376760AE262A5791C6CF500984" degrees="00" direction="north" minutes="45.47" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="0.75783336">00°45.47'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C15CD67041D3AC750D54AC7623872E1E" degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="35.90" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="127.598335">127°35.90'E</geoCoordinate>
; 8 Mar 2015; st 205,
<taxonomicName id="6FD25304B2C7D0AF78D67E59FB100764" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FEC956E28FDC3F207C02135A1BE973EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove; UMIZ 00166. • 3 specimens 40/25 mm [5120], 50/35 mm [5124], and 35/25 mm [5130]; Folly;
<geoCoordinate id="9993F1AF0DCB449EA5C6413241922DE6" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="14.66" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="1.2443333">01°14.66'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9D7F2829B6B37D63B193384CD948AFB5" degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="10.61" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="128.17683">128°10.61'E</geoCoordinate>
; 19 Mar 2015; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 217, rocky shore near a beach; UMIZ 00167. -
<emphasis id="39624C5811F0972272A97809FD5A8245" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lombok</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 40/25 mm [2987]; Don Don;
<geoCoordinate id="13B491F9D5350BC709E7316B9E2BFD2E" degrees="08" direction="south" minutes="54.54" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-8.909">08°54.54'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3E261EB68CC29F1427F7BE30416F51A" degrees="116" direction="east" minutes="21.50" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="116.35833">116°21.50'E</geoCoordinate>
; 26 Mar 2014; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 149, old
<taxonomicName id="04D3A5E5964AE52DFA9A929F41AB874C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A3F75AC210EB3B42A8FFAA5BFFB2DF5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest with coral rubble; UMIZ 00168. -
<emphasis id="4716908A75BEE9259BC343C066DEAA31" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seram</emphasis>
• 3 specimens 50/40 mm [2868], 50/35 mm [2870], and 55/40 mm [3441];
<geoCoordinate id="DF80D8E2F15E02E0B40F601A80E23A03" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="58.24" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-2.9706666">02°58.24'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9CDF7801E1E2EBA6CE169B998B45765F" degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="07.07" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="128.11783">128°07.07'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18 Feb 2014; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 135, mud next to a mangrove; UMIZ 00169. -
<emphasis id="18B6B5F1091C156BCB7A969909FABF17" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sulawesi</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 45/25 mm [2127]; North Sulawesi, Wori;
<geoCoordinate id="B54274D2B56F4E01F6C0AEDDA356AECB" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="36.06" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="1.6010001">01°36.06'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="64AFC41F0841FB8CB1C6C10F0D646227" degrees="124" direction="east" minutes="51.73" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="124.86217">124°51.73'E</geoCoordinate>
; 9 Mar 2013; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 84, old
<taxonomicName id="C1D293A9D8EF2EB85C413C0F359EA8DA" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EDB50BC7EE4CE1EC4DABBAE74295B77A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4E0D4215D47BFD75BF431FA90777A523" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="492017AF897AB951A6C1D66EA9915AFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove; UMIZ 00170. • 2 specimens 25/20 mm [2150] and 60/45 mm [2162]; North Sulawesi, Bahoi;
<geoCoordinate id="607E4951F6889BE741626B288C24A69A" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="43.36" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="1.7226667">01°43.36'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="57EAD965AB0F0B8D76B9B133534A89CA" degrees="125" direction="east" minutes="01.23" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="125.0205">125°01.23'E</geoCoordinate>
; 10 Mar 2013; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 85, sand and small rocks outside a mangrove; UMIZ 00171. • 1 specimen 23/18 mm [731]; South East Sulawesi, Walowa, Pasarwajo Bay, Buton Island; 28 Oct 2005; MAE Malaquias leg.; upper tidal, on rock pools; NHMUK 20050628. -
<emphasis id="CCC8EC6E265782138D97E709E1A06564" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sumatra</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 40/30 mm [1747]; Lampung, Penegahan;
<geoCoordinate id="7823C9E07817CC2CF169CDB4A01FB9CF" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="40.40" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-5.673333">05°40.40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4BA8B54B0CE71AC9A009385BE1AAE3B0" degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="33.76" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="105.56267">105°33.76'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18 Oct 2012; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 78, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary; UMIZ 00172. • 1 specimen 20/15 mm [1759]; Lampung, near Kalianda, Sungai Boluk;
<geoCoordinate id="C2DFF8245AF5DAF7EDD77E8E1E7B436C" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="40.793" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-5.6798835">05°40.793'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="32442A4D85B249E3ABD8197A522798E1" degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="33.625" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="105.56042">105°33.625'E</geoCoordinate>
; 23 Oct 2012; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 82, beach with a few rocks; UMIZ 00173. -
<emphasis id="56BD7FA2917BE98F8C5DBFA4C8918C21" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Timor</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 45/25 mm [5904]; Oesapa;
<geoCoordinate id="98958260C844571D6E286AACD10C141A" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08.73" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-10.1455">10°08.73'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8DCEA17794CF9438C8496D645CEED2C5" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="38.10" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="123.635">123°38.10'E</geoCoordinate>
; 11 Jul 2016; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 250, sandy part of mangrove, with
<taxonomicName id="FAA51C273585AB3F5E2872EC4FD1F789" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B81BC1A46288B4CB1F9BDA5673A8DEF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F8732A05FCFE7CDC0F51D3969AA184F9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="465D28DF3EA44ECA96C5D78768B8244F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees; UMIZ 00174. • 2 specimens 12/7 mm [5925] and 35/20 mm [5927]; Kelapa Lima;
<geoCoordinate id="D1FBBF4D5110E7BE8D9C7823797B37E8" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08.715" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-10.14525">10°08.715'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="91108FC5FC6D9316FD619F29BBD2BE1A" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="36.914" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="123.615234">123°36.914'E</geoCoordinate>
; 13 Jul 2016; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 252, rocky area at sandy beach with algae; UMIZ 00175.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0753E87BB67BF0612488D52EBC1D0BCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Japan • 2 specimens 40/30 mm [3752] and 32/25 mm [3751]; Honshu, Wakayama, Nishimuro, near the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory;
<geoCoordinate id="175B843FBBB5A64C8BE8E5E5448BE3BD" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="41.533" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.692215">33°41.533'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E0463C4CBF3DAFDECCC972824FF17821" degrees="135" direction="east" minutes="20.265" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="135.33775">135°20.265'E</geoCoordinate>
; 2014; T. Nakano leg.; NSMT-Mo 78988.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="368569E50DA5A28E830EEC93BDFDDBD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
New Caledonia • 1 specimen 50/45 mm [6202]; Baie de
<normalizedToken id="CF8226F1321706B0B9B4D25CA18ADA52" originalValue="Taaré">Taare</normalizedToken>
;
<geoCoordinate id="9F74129E380E5208DC4F641CCC59DF77" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="15.286" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-22.254766">22°15.286'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2272B44919596A1F8875C15032D6DAFB" degrees="167" direction="east" minutes="00.808" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="167.01347">167°00.808'E</geoCoordinate>
; 19 Sep 2018; Our Planet Reviewed Koumac 2018 expedition leg.; st KM524, intertidal sandy coral rubble flat in front of mangroves; MNHN-IM-2019-1591. • 1 specimen 73/52 mm [6212]; Tontouta, South side of Page Island (Ubeakure);
<geoCoordinate id="AF8599BA335EA1FE6416321772A601C9" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="03.443" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-22.057383">22°03.443'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D45609F1CD7796A2E131DD3A9C245E3A" degrees="166" direction="east" minutes="05.080" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="166.08467">166°05.080'E</geoCoordinate>
; 25 Sep 2018; Our Planet Reviewed Koumac 2018 expedition leg.; st KM537, coastal rocky mangrove; MNHN-IM-2019-1592. • 1 specimen 43/30 mm [6214]; Pointe Sauveur,
<normalizedToken id="1B17B5F5DCC5BC4A304CBB06F02ECE23" originalValue="Presqu’île">Presqu'ile</normalizedToken>
de Quano;
<geoCoordinate id="6D7709E645063A628965CEC71C1F92C3" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="52.006" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.866766">21°52.006'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="0E113B225F5EBC6C6E0BC24EC4C780A9" degrees="165" direction="east" minutes="49.195" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="165.81992">165°49.195'E</geoCoordinate>
; 26 Sep 2018; Our Planet Reviewed Koumac 2018 expedition leg.; st KM538, muddy intertidal rocky flat in front of mangroves; MNHN-IM-2019-1593.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70FB055F6C366BB76711B4C90CA1D5F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Palau • 1 specimen 35/30 mm [698]; Ngerchaol Island, East end, South shore, North of quarry on Malakal Island;
<geoCoordinate id="D52E35F6ECFB0A73F38608D495B2AA15" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="20.433" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.34055">07°20.433'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2C665CE2149BF4B42DAE87C2309C7047" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="27.150" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="134.4525">134°27.150'E</geoCoordinate>
; 15 Feb 1995; K Auffenberg leg.; UF 253871.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BA530DA3CB05FF4FA7D49C29A46BE97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Papua New Guinea -
<emphasis id="8CB1F289D8D4097E3CCD09DAC87BE64B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Madang</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 35/30 mm [5467]; Rempi Area, south Dumduman Island;
<geoCoordinate id="E1FD80051D0017C61D897B432CDBDE02" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="00.2" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-5.0033336">05°00.2'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8E9BE8B7D481F2CB4292BBC907B3E570" degrees="145" direction="east" minutes="47.6" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="145.79333">145°47.6'E</geoCoordinate>
; 9 Nov 2012; MNHN Expedition Papua Niugini leg.; st PM 12, limestone rocky intertidal; MNHN-IM-2013-12008. • 1 specimen 38/30 mm [5468]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2013-12009. • 1 specimen 35/30 mm [5469]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2013-12010. -
<emphasis id="09076CF7A948DD49E8F6AAC1697A4870" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">New Ireland</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 40/30 mm [6085]; Kavieng, west side of Nago Island;
<geoCoordinate id="3D3E8E99C5A4FC0B1C52C3B84403D809" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="36.3" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-2.605">02°36.3'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="DA0948CC406918FB6B1A977367FE6649" degrees="150" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="150.76666">150°46'E</geoCoordinate>
; 6, 9, 10, 14 &amp; 22 Jun 2014; MNHN Expedition Kavieng 2014 leg.; st KM 01; MNHN-IM-2013-50974. • 1 specimen 25/25 mm [6087]; Kavieng, Povalval, East coast of New Ireland;
<geoCoordinate id="030EC70FE0079A443900FF3DEBD5A441" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-2.6833334">02°41'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7444FFF19D37BF55F69237ACD895674C" degrees="150" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="150.95">150°57'E</geoCoordinate>
; 11 &amp; 13 Jun 2014; MNHN Expedition Kavieng 2014 leg.; st KM 05, mixed hard platform and seagrass bed at outlet of rivulet; MNHN-IM-2013-53523. • 1 specimen 30/30 mm [6088]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2013-53525.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="05A587151C9C228348A01D78E0783C53" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Philippines -
<emphasis id="D6A5BB775132E704AE598BD9ABA68C6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bohol</emphasis>
• 2 specimens 40/25 mm [3379] and 35/30 mm [3380]; Maribojoc;
<geoCoordinate id="6E2E8A67AD5DD07340C25AACCAA0D06A" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="44.02" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="9.733666">09°44.02'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="24F60A68671F117A381448464775FE19" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="47.45" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="123.79083">123°47.45'E</geoCoordinate>
; 19 Jul 2014; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 200, coral rubble with sand, at night; PNM 041274. • 2 specimens 30/20mm [3433] and 35/25 mm [3437]; Maribojoc;
<geoCoordinate id="7C04715D253C2AB2AB0AC3A5DABCAFAF" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="44.28" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="9.738">09°44.28'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="104A548EA8B62854B84ECE1D3AC61B74" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="49.39" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="123.823166">123°49.39'E</geoCoordinate>
; 20 Jul 2014; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 202, coral rubble with sand and algae, near
<taxonomicName id="834C1D5E9BA4E487DB5C724586FC9B99" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D583ABCE3B748565D5D4EB4F3636CF98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; PNM 041276. -
<emphasis id="D3B2E0F2CADB75E5AC4AF6116EF20BF7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cebu</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 22/15 mm [712]; Badian near Barila, across road from entrance to Children Spring and Kawasan Falls, behind huts; 27 Apr 2005; KNRL-012 leg.; fringing reef flat, 0-2 feet reef walk; UF 368518. -
<emphasis id="12EA2467CE37C90B9A68F372A073E80D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Luzon</emphasis>
• 2 specimens 50/35 mm [3160] and 40/25 mm [3161]; Batangas, Lian;
<geoCoordinate id="D9C804D9CBA7DCCEF727071BC8F05821" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="59.76" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="13.996">13°59.76'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7B1164526E4244C0A72CFD4E1EA48171" degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="37.43" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="120.62383">120°37.43'E</geoCoordinate>
; 5 Jul 2014; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 181, sandy, open
<taxonomicName id="DA15FF96ACD4AB24B47EED3ECCFF07AF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4B16279C91065A818D72E8375C5124F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest, right by the shore; PNM 041277. -
<emphasis id="8D471EAC7F0CEA81909D47DF139D8479" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Negros</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 15/8 mm [704]; San Jose, near Sibulan; 28 Apr 2005; KNRL-011 leg.; exposed rocky intertidal, under and between rocks; UF 368517.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="69AC559FF4907BDC1F96AB9AE2C38EB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Singapore • 1 specimen 20/15 mm [991]; Pasir Ris Park;
<geoCoordinate id="ABCBAFAE67E6874BE243EA71FBDE2EE2" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="22.840" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.3806667">01°22.840'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="09769280EE4B50334E68487CD86FEAE4" degrees="103" direction="east" minutes="57.224" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.953735">103° 57.224'E</geoCoordinate>
; 1 Apr 2010; B Dayrat and SK Tan leg.; st 5, mangrove forest with rich litter, lobster mounds, dead logs, with sand area near the creek; ZRC.MOL.10497.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="048CE8F9E35938DB3F8D6379F50DEBB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vanuatu • 1 specimen 20/10 mm [5480]; Port Vila; ca. 2008; MNHN leg.; MNHN-IM-2013-62392. • 1 specimen 17/11 mm [5481]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2013-62393.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD946D058D910D62001807841F033D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Vietnam • 2 specimens 60/40 mm [5620] and 40/30 mm [5621];
<normalizedToken id="13990EC18E8063AFE25CFC32E4870A52" originalValue="Hòn">Hon</normalizedToken>
Tre Island;
<geoCoordinate id="FFEBE6B655178CDF56C20C2F8D711807" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="11.983" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="12.199717">12°11.983'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="696970E54077084C85FE1633089718F2" degrees="109" direction="east" minutes="18.093" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="109.30155">109°18.093'E</geoCoordinate>
; 28 Jul 2015; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 238, coral rubble near small
<taxonomicName id="040C453BDE9CE572EFF656B3C5B92A64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E10244407E36D1FB963A32876D3FA83D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sandy and muddy mangrove; ITBZC IM 00021. • 1 specimen 25/20 mm [5670];
<normalizedToken id="D8E409F5E8B1F273B34225A8715FE382" originalValue="Côn">Con</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A96A14324BAEAB2472DA2804B00B4FB9" originalValue="Đ">Đ</normalizedToken>
ảo Islands;
<geoCoordinate id="FC24C43B6589FD633608994BBF539F28" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="38.803" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.646717">08°38.803'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="999E3A42BBA57A616B82C956A3FABBE7" degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="34.719" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.57865">106°34.719'E</geoCoordinate>
; 22 Jul 2015; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 235, edge of dense
<taxonomicName id="65A3B5A6F735FC7A31AE01D98563574B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="12792BB3EA9C894533CD738F17972D48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove, near sand; ITBZC IM 00022. • 1 specimen 17/14 mm [5639];
<normalizedToken id="20586769D27138CA2B52A9983614F427" originalValue="Côn">Con</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A01FAAEBAFA96802AD85ECB63277C03E" originalValue="Đ">Đ</normalizedToken>
ảo Islands;
<geoCoordinate id="1A4B93B491E05B345DA32406B365ADAE" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="38.780" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.646334">08°38.780'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3E3D69155450B3FADD5909A8CDB56C33" degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="33.210" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.5535">106°33.210'E</geoCoordinate>
; 23 Jul 2015; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 236, mangrove patch with many big flat rocks outside; ITBZC IM 00023.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC68BC3CDE3F7CD848F773CAC89FE91E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CE640ADE537BBA1A98600DE445311979" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE5B355554B7D59A2ACF89691E5BED0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="66EDE5DAC2B1BB2E4AABC11FEE581CC8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(unit #2).</emphasis>
India • 1 specimen 25/15 mm [1072]; South Andaman, Burman Nala;
<geoCoordinate id="01E70AD8ECF1C00D88D529577136A3CC" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="33.226" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="11.553766">11°33.226'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B429D236942ECD437ADD79651A8828A2" degrees="92" direction="east" minutes="43.997" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="92.733284">92°43.997'E</geoCoordinate>
; 8 Jan 2011; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 53, rocky shore with a patch of
<taxonomicName id="F4F083595A982515CA79AAF1EC8263AB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0DF3BC4581DDCAC252339ADD5785979" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sand and coral rubble but no mud; BNHS 1072. • 1 specimen 10/8 mm [1077]; South Andaman,
<normalizedToken id="762E34D73BBA8AD9B2B1518EC9298BD0" originalValue="Corbyn’s">Corbyn's</normalizedToken>
Cove;
<geoCoordinate id="D1332D08956C264FEF8C11F38189E92E" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="38.676" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="11.6446">11°38.676'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FAE0480420B26F2A5D44ECA6B20EC8" degrees="92" direction="east" minutes="45.005" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="92.750084">92°45.005'E</geoCoordinate>
; 9 Jan 2011; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 54, rocky shore only, no mangrove; BNHS 119. • 1 specimen 15/12 mm [1079]; same collection data as for the preceding; BNHS 120. • 1 specimen 30/20 mm [1080]; same collection data as for the preceding; BNHS 121. • 1 specimen 20/15 mm [1081]; same collection data as for the preceding; BNHS 122. • 1 specimen 20/10 mm [1084]; South Andaman, Wandoor;
<geoCoordinate id="E64416079E48DBC4C3ACBBE3A8D34A60" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="37.140" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="11.619">11°37.140'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="958ECCFD2159511666023987A75E429C" degrees="92" direction="east" minutes="37.242" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="92.6207">92°37.242'E</geoCoordinate>
; 9 Jan 2011; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 55, sandy beach with coral rubble; BNHS 117.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60B2E27EFD8978DA33AA2D9599E652A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Indonesia • 1 specimen 50/35 mm [1746]; Sumatra, Lampung, Penegahan;
<geoCoordinate id="794B290826EE62D0EDD3D9B189C5B7E8" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="40.40" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-5.673333">05°40.40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="0542F53136D00E7ED09E503C60833A4D" degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="33.76" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="105.56267">105°33.76'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18 Oct 2012; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 78, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary; UMIZ 00178. • 2 specimens 25/20 mm [1741] and 30/22 mm [1742]; same collection data as for the preceding; UMIZ 00179. • 3 specimens 55/35 mm [1796], 50/30 mm [1797], and 45/30 mm [1795]; Sumatra, Lampung, near Kalianda, Sungai Boluk;
<geoCoordinate id="990761161C2B4718AA71B42738D83C0C" degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="40.793" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-5.6798835">05°40.793'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3BD7A4D3B3F5ABDED35AD9BAA85AE349" degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="33.625" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="105.56042">105°33.625'E</geoCoordinate>
; 23 Oct 2012; M Khalil and field party leg.; st 82, beach with a few rocks; UMIZ 00180.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C0C53860C1C6ADAD6D3FFC1D6471A0DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F13CBB0A7E51E4E1202BD9A906B628CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C6A75CAD32E0C31E5EE55382E9E24CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0EAE5B01E04F28E945A54917AA8BB705" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(unit #3).</emphasis>
Peninsular Malaysia • 1 specimen 35/25 mm [976]; Langkawi;
<geoCoordinate id="5A54BFC25AECAA9EE8471BA309DC3C58" degrees="06" direction="north" minutes="25.361" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.4226832">06°25.361'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="49EAF7A9D9AAFD954548B853614B5572" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="47.269" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.78782">99°47.269'E</geoCoordinate>
; 14 Jul 2011; B Dayrat and field party leg.; st 25, large boulders on sand beach; USMMC 00051. • 3 specimens 35/30 mm [974], 27/20 mm [975], and 30/20 mm [977]; same collection data as for the preceding; USMMC 00064. • 2 specimens 25/20 mm [2546] and 40/25 mm [2547]; Penang, Pasir Panjang, Pulau Betong;
<geoCoordinate id="4BDA17382DB39053895195FE208B5BD1" degrees="05" direction="north" minutes="17.967" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.29945">05°17.967'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4825ABE5D67F1A505DDB551393650993" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="11.080" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.18467">100°11.080'E</geoCoordinate>
; 2013; SH Tan leg.; boulders and rocks on a beach; USMMC 00065.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70B64DB0F5CD44994F0552ADCFC20995" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Singapore • 1 specimen 25/20 mm [990]; East Coast Park;
<geoCoordinate id="7EEDAC955DDA2914E70C160A8D2192DA" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="18.259" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.3043166">01°18.259'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="FCFE038BAB31E72873403CE00E54C7FF" degrees="103" direction="east" minutes="55.644" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.9274">103°55.644'E</geoCoordinate>
; 29 Mar 2010; B Dayrat leg.; st 3, rocks of artificial breakwaters; ZRC.MOL.10496. • 1 specimen 12/8 mm [989]; East Coast Park;
<geoCoordinate id="B6836F9F5191A8293B22C99FFDF851D7" degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="18.153" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.30255">01°18.153'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C92F11B0707425B845A192BBBCE3C467" degrees="103" direction="east" minutes="55.289" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.921486">103°55.289'E</geoCoordinate>
; 29 Mar 2010; B Dayrat leg.; st 2, rocky shore covered by oyster flats; ZRC.MOL.16070.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5896BA10B78DB01359AC8D4D15039715" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D819DC04B2DA95749CE2AFAC4BB80F7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BDE9368F34E57DDC189AAD7EBDB4BE23" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7134C2B82A4CDACDAEB29AEDB99418B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(unit #4).</emphasis>
India • 1 specimen 55/30 mm [1141]; Mumbai, Bandstand, Bandra;
<geoCoordinate id="8D57C4CBEFA96429CD80CB414F27C377" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="02.863" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.047716">19°02.863'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CBC1108BD6F2691AD845C40512FB9BE5" degrees="72" direction="east" minutes="49.174" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="72.819565">72°49.174'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18 Dec 2011; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 44, solid rock area, some crevices, near wastewater discharge to ocean; BNHS 22. • 1 specimen 60/40 mm [1143]; same collection data as for the preceding; BNHS 24. • 1 specimen 60/40 mm [1144]; same collection data as for the preceding; BNHS 23.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D2F9ED252188931A64A4E967A2F0EEC1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Pakistan • 1 specimen 50/40 mm [6164]; Sindh Province, Balochistan coast, near Karachi city, Hab River Delta;
<geoCoordinate id="A42B1E97421A495F08C5C456812783B9" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="53.22" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="24.887">24°53.22'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6EC69D58FAA296E819962BE83F282A3C" degrees="66" direction="east" minutes="42.30" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="66.705">66°42.30'E</geoCoordinate>
; Apr 2017; S Aslam leg.; on oyster beds; MNHN-IM-2019-1384. • 1 specimen 50/35 mm [6165]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2019-1385. • 1 specimen 40/25 mm [6166]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2019-1386.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7950E770DE843C017D175F3198DE40E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="396FFE8CF38455BE4C2FE4349E5CB7D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E267DBD9C6D1A6E7B1D5B4AA26D1AFF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="12D1D57CE1C2C8D80719BD15D1B64C44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(unit #5).</emphasis>
Madagascar • 5 specimens 30/25 mm [3140], 40/30 mm [3231], 15/12 mm [3597], 30/20 mm [3142], and 13/8 mm [3598]; Antisiranana (Diego Suarez), Baie Andovobazaha;
<geoCoordinate id="2932E3381056E299D61FCCF5DF7660AA" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="18.887" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.314783">12°18.887'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CDB1F712E253D925DB1192CA08A46B45" degrees="49" direction="east" minutes="19.735" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.32892">49°19.735'E</geoCoordinate>
; 16 May 2014; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 158, rocky platform near
<taxonomicName id="C11FA3240B4EE5AE8D9113563AAC3F27" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4ACDC781F3175B7798098E8474E1F7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4758820407570C57FDA844EABFE246B1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C86FE3DE382192788C9D29A7B49461A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove; MNHN-IM-2019-1610. • 5 specimens 50/35 mm [3143], 35/25 mm [3144], 30/20 mm [3146], 30/20 mm [3600], and 30/20 mm [3149]; Ampondrahazo;
<geoCoordinate id="499C5B9EEA5A7D73E18716416049F9CA" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="25.297" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.421617">12°25.297'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A6579D01447F2620DA11B6D782E5DD9D" degrees="49" direction="east" minutes="28.916" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.481934">49°28.916'E</geoCoordinate>
; 20 May 2014; TC Goulding and field party leg.; st 162, sandy mangrove of
<taxonomicName id="B7CCF9F044B41B51BE4704A6B47982C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Bruguiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bruguiera" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1D0924C4378A7930379B70924E16FA75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bruguiera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on sandy mud in between rocks; MNHN-IM-2019-1611.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE9DDEAC7A4543F8CDF087D6F356332B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Mozambique • 1 specimen 22/18 mm [5507]; Baie de Maputo, Inhaca, Ponta Punduine;
<geoCoordinate id="5E45A8CC5D822F11A7622C6186375331" degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="02.5" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-26.041666">26°02.5'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C58BEA186A68C347DA804A9DFFAD1B78" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="53.5" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="32.891666">32°53.5'E</geoCoordinate>
; 24 Nov 2011; MNHN Expedition Inhaca 2011 leg.; st MM2, tide pools with sand and dead coral rubble; MNHN-IM-2013-62395. • 1 specimen 25/20 mm [5510]; same collection data as for the preceding; MNHN-IM-2013-62398. • 1 specimen 17/13 mm [730]; Cabo Delgado Province, Ibo Island; ca.
<geoCoordinate id="E488FC804C26BE4C6C87DD074CEFB162" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.366667">12°22'S</geoCoordinate>
, 40.35'E; 2 Jul 2006; DG Reid leg.; on mud in seaward
<taxonomicName id="D99C545B14DC8D5D8306AC05D4D85A32" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0EA881468664C26A002A89B933CAC7A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zone of mangroves; NHMUK 20080190. • 1 specimen 15/14 mm [733]; Cabo Delgado Province, Ilha Lipulula; 1 km off Mocimboa da Praia;
<geoCoordinate id="206A8A2C4A7167F5147616C4E8A19EB5" degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="20.65" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-11.344167">11°20.65'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="943B9234A0FCB85981A40F8AE9ED52D2" degrees="40" direction="east" minutes="22.95" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="40.3825">40°22.95'E</geoCoordinate>
; 8 Jul 2006; DG Reid leg.; on beach rock outcrops, upper eulittoral, moderately sheltered shore; NHMUK 20060257.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BAA506C8F9A48AB131DD560268077D7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="72FA5E2D3251EEE93F3ED45B3A680D30" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CA77D008129C8C947FC448FA50544C3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A3A7285A60190A9AF2A0727B544F108E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(Red Sea).</emphasis>
Egypt • 4 specimens 35/25 mm [#1], 40/30 mm [#2], 35/30 mm [#3], and 35/25 mm [#4]; Gulf of Suez, Gimsah Bay, African coast; Mar 1913; Bannwarth leg.; ZMH 27472/4. • 4 specimens from 40/30 mm to 30/25 mm; Suez; Bannwarth leg.; ZMH 27474/4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DFB1E6FAEFD703C0A9F10EB109418EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Red Sea • 4 specimens from 35/25 mm to 25/22 mm; no precise locality data; Savigny, from the collections of the museum in Marseille, France, leg.; NHMD 90791.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2D4B1A9D61691041480BDBE59E778950" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="42D4AA4D138CF6EF607A7C7FEA2F2FA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1D00AA7CD811CA9224350A86870C7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="529C9398C6F07B3E12AA65CD0813C248" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(historical museum collections).</emphasis>
Australia • 1 specimen 30/23 mm; Queensland, Cape York; 1867; Salmin leg.; SMNH 180712. • 1 specimen 30/18 mm; Queensland, Cape York; 1 Jan 1881; Mac Leay leg.; SMNH 180713. • 1 specimen 28/23 mm; Queensland, Palm Island; 1 Jan 1881; Mac Leay leg.; SMNH 180714.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9057DC11B0EAF99E36A0B4AA3F05DAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">China • 1 specimen 40/28 mm [dissected prior to present study]; Hong Kong; 13 Oct 1878; Salmin leg.; SMNH 180707.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="799FCFD7AF02F402B7CCA7B89A385F8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India • 11 specimens 35/28 to 20/15 mm; Nicobar Islands, Sambelong, N. V. Bugt [Great Nicobar, Sambelong, north-west bay (possibly the Ganges Harbor)]; 1 Feb 1846; Reinhardt, Galathea Expedition leg.; NHMD 635300.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD056466EB13E35F0413C6B8089311D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Indonesia -
<emphasis id="F7321AD55A5AE844BDB76F6A1DAEF692" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Java</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 33/25 mm; Batavia [Jakarta];
<geoCoordinate id="0B45E5FD32C3E52A75AC2BCB6961E51D" degrees="06" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-6.116667">06°07'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="23C6256FD73134DD73111B956A38DC27" degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="106.8">106°48'E</geoCoordinate>
; 1890; A Groth leg.; SMNH 180720. • 1 specimen 25/25 mm; Edam Island [Pulau Demar Besar, Jakarta Bay]; 1891; C Aurivillius leg.; SMNH 180719. • 1 specimen 30/28 mm; Insel Mendanao, westlich von Billiton [Mendanau Island, west of Belitung Island, Java Sea]; 20 Sept 1899; C Aurivillius leg.; SMNH 180722. -
<emphasis id="E8B2C7340F26791FCC4B16DAFA26DB8D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tanimbar</emphasis>
• 1 specimen 30/26 mm; Jamdena Straits, 2 miles north of Tg Nuan;
<geoCoordinate id="3F2AE3109D2B774077DF50E8132669D9" degrees="07" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-7.4">07°24'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8B67E26E105B0E7B05FE6B7176218C26" degrees="131" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="131.31667">131°19'E</geoCoordinate>
; 23 Jun 1970; Mariel King Memorial Expedition Moluccas MV
<normalizedToken id="5ADA20B0A3664FD724BECB2E87DE5D4A" originalValue="“Pele”">&quot;Pele&quot;</normalizedToken>
1970 leg.; WAM S26630.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0250BC77842E69BBA1EF56ADE088287" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Iran • 14 specimens 80/60 to 25/15 mm; Persian Gulf coast, Bandar Bushehr; 28 Feb 1937; G Thorson leg.; tidevandszonen klippekyst [intertidal rocky shore]; NHMD 635301.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A7AEE0CD3CD0AF297DB5F87236031EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Madagascar • 1 specimen 35/32 mm; Catsepe [Katsepy];
<geoCoordinate id="9F1B94640549268F8D121CF5E2E4291F" degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-15.766666">15°46'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D8940E1EB11A94D2240876D5C4078C59" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="46.233334">46°14'E</geoCoordinate>
; 12 May 1912; W Kaudern leg.; SMNH 180724.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A9DC184A9E7C99CA08E82206643FE032" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pakistan • 1 specimen 23/20 mm; Karachi; 1884; O Dickson leg.; SMNH 180721.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F19C0FF774B0D3BE78F7EED1BD2FCAA3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Singapore • 1 specimen 30/25 mm [dissected prior to present study]; Singapore; 15 Jan 1853; Eugenie Expedition 1851-1853 leg.; st. 1502; SMNH 180716.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1BD66F436A192F2E38126E260850DA50" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Tanzania • 3 specimens 35/25 to 15/14 mm; Zanzibar, Mafia Island, South Juani Island; 29 Jun 1994; M Richmond (from N
<normalizedToken id="8EB8504F8F51B7DC606954517B30D451" originalValue="Yonow’s">Yonow's</normalizedToken>
personal collection) leg.; on film-covered rock at cliff base on exposed cliff to open ocean; MNHN-IM-2014-7989. • 4 specimens 50/35 to 35/25 mm; Zanzibar, Kisakasaka; Jun 1995; M. Richmond (from N
<normalizedToken id="FCDF356D4C94E1BE8EFD8DF65FADB44C" originalValue="Yonow’s">Yonow's</normalizedToken>
personal collection) leg.; on rock outcrops in mangrove channel, very sheltered, in daytime; MNHN-IM-2014-7990.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9A94243C6B676D54992BA2D129F5FD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="genbank sequences">
<paragraph id="4A634AAFC73D5F54B67E805F0CB56BA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">GenBank sequences.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27D46B1087F73C16F3BC97B218FE035" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
One COI sequence was obtained from GenBank (MH002601) for an individual identified as
<taxonomicName id="A65BD0C57A095AEDB8D79335A0FE392E" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7F617480D8783C34A6EA0C9FD2039786" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and collected from Singapore (
<bibRefCitation id="28705DDEC229A6B48FEBF697CFE2E361" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). This individual as well as others were referred to as a &quot;Singapore clade&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="ACD35D5D9A9EAB06AED7996E90B3C5AF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
and clearly belong to the mitochondrial unit #3 of
<taxonomicName id="66E0DFCBD92D3210737266E945A5A499" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B8F31869AB7BA8DF068AB2C882CE64FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="0A73128E91B4F7552F5F9C64DBD5E0E2" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). Another COI sequence was obtained from GenBank (MH002570) for an individual identified as
<taxonomicName id="CB0CF65CE91A7D3AFE6B4B4F2388E490" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F82F4322ADAC6F092CFDB2E4746C1694" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and collected from Singapore (
<bibRefCitation id="F401DD2CFD71896480C72BEAAC684760" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). This individual as well as others referred to as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="F6E3E23704EAA3AF11821C2B435E156E" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69935B111DED34DEFC180F1347AB4CCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="0A705D3455CC69744A8BC39500D86F4C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, following
<bibRefCitation id="9792B04D68BF2C140A44D38095ACC991" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, clearly belong to the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="8D4CCC3EEB5FC19A0FD8360F95B01E2E" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6D31684DBC4B38AF5CD88DEB211378B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="7C89F35A793660873C7FCC7DEF1DBE4E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). A third COI sequence was obtained from GenBank (LC390389) for an individual identified as
<taxonomicName id="7F8BB53CB9A66E538AEF6B02A63DA4D2" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="66F00FE6114721060EC396588140AECF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and collected from Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan (Tagaki et al. 2019), which is south to the northernmost known locality near the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory (see material examined). This individual as well as others from &quot;Group V&quot; were referred to as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="9BBF00A43691B119D685EB2D189B7576" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="774B2AD4C534DCFE145EFAFBBAED4249" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="98823CF6637B5B8BB9DA7EEAA4DAC409" author="Takagi, M" journalOrPublisher="Part Second, The Birds. John Murray, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://w3.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/naruse/lab/2019E_files/49-3_Takagi_etal.pdf" refId="B181" refString="Takagi, M, Takao, Y, Mizuno, K, Ieyama, H, 2019. Genetic diversity of Onchidiidae in Japan Fauna Ryukyuana 49: 23-37. http://w3.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/naruse/lab/2019E_files/49-3_Takagi_etal.pdf" title="Genetic diversity of Onchidiidae in Japan Fauna Ryukyuana 49: 23 - 37." url="http://w3.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/naruse/lab/2019E_files/49-3_Takagi_etal.pdf" year="2019">Takagi et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
and clearly belong to the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="C8D5E7A4B76410A34F7CA4E9699E7B0F" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4EA9BEC5F12E2DC5594CA3297FDF89C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D6A728A00E3E2DDCD33469EA9B300D17" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). Four COI sequences were obtained from GenBank (JN543152, JN543153, JN543154, JN543165) for individuals from the coast of China, from Hainan (18°N) to Fujian (26°N) (
<bibRefCitation id="E888D8FFF9F9C7A69D8E59F59F293537" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 70" refId="B177" refString="Sun, B, Chen, C, Shen, H, Zhang, K, Zhou, N, Qian, J, 2014. Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data. Molluscan Research 34: 62 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). These individuals were referred to as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="B88D10C3A7EE871FD21779BCB56E7753" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3096959946E8920D866A1B00C3DD9CA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="3C72B860721A0621BBD0E3F4A7F372AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 70" refId="B177" refString="Sun, B, Chen, C, Shen, H, Zhang, K, Zhou, N, Qian, J, 2014. Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data. Molluscan Research 34: 62 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and clearly belong to the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="EDBD8B292D018C0A40DA8C4291EE3F5B" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FF8C1D1BE3B68F430D2706A8163376BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="F6ECEB98AAFBDCB254CDCAFAC67174D5" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). Finally, the COI (MK993404) and 16S (MK993392) sequences of the &quot;voucher LaFM7S&quot; represent
<taxonomicName id="6099500BD3CDCD9DA22A4FAD5B17DCC1" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="350B93883F4DC770D50AD79472B3EF0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C469C5ED8C861295F25B6CE8436C8B16" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
): all published mitochondrial sequences of
<taxonomicName id="DC78F2ECB0E17D4CF066F1356958119D" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="A1C9AFB0424039E54363370712AC4464" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cluster together within the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="48352114D5C2A72F7AA97090EDF68EC2" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="74C3297E93E9B4F3B960369A453AC63F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so only one individual is needed to represent
<taxonomicName id="33B6C466F75A0B891AA03EEE1FE12936" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="2AA99730B9D643F18131AD4047D39733" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6B82692A5E5E08E146FF169EB0DD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="ED5668D816587BFBE7BEA9137C112423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1CB422FAAC04E6DB94D466384DFAC4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="EC7007DB62A717EA924B0F0F623E9929" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="DB311B78F3909C44B5E2FB803D874BC1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5F55E151E3ECC74848F75AF6252B0BE5" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="57B976EC24FA1E5B040B1ECF2F4A380A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most widespread of all onchidiid species. Its most western records are known from the Red Sea and southern Mozambique (26°S). Its most eastern records are in Japan, Wakayama (33°N), Vanuatu, and Queensland (21°S). It is unclear how far south it is distributed in southeastern Australia, although we did not find it in Sydney, New South Wales (see remarks below as well as remarks on
<taxonomicName id="81612A3A2DE7806759C05B2906BD55E1" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="E3443C0971595D9F6BC726FF93856858" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Undoubtedly, the delineation and distribution of the mitochondrial units of
<taxonomicName id="F491BC582EBA44CF2D2E26C8977ACE54" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="70A527CFA0C097C53E0BD8804E6C65E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will change as new DNA sequences are added, especially from the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, southern India, as well as southeastern Australia (see species remarks). Note that the range of
<taxonomicName id="13976791B4ACDCB9779516E2D4669738" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9C54BE7CBBFB08C1FE6E582D90C4FE8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is continuous. Even though our molecular analyses do not include specimens of
<taxonomicName id="79FD24D7EBD708C20CF7A602065CF435" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F313C039CCAB72654FA1DBD6F6E519AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from places like southern India, the Persian Gulf, or the northwestern corner of the Indian Ocean (coasts of Somalia, Yemen, and Oman),
<taxonomicName id="0FE063CBC4B65A0EA6E6BD6DBFBC3B6E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8F7205808B970147A718B23E8A26C1A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must be present there (red areas in Fig.
<figureCitation id="A051906C9FFDEEB479A8D0126355BA86" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). As of today, units #1 and #2 are sympatric in southeastern Sumatra (we found them both together at our stations 78 and 82), and units #1 and #3 are sympatric in Singapore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EB62D4F0BB66776436527589B22F347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0EC2B757FE15B3C89B60B234DEEE472D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B21D1D97641268C9F407521B187B1376" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also is very abundant and has been very often recorded in the past. However,
<taxonomicName id="C1836A4080475522F0C7513325581389" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A32D2B1A27A3702A1FB26EA025D79B37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are externally cryptic and can be easily misidentified and confused. Here the records that are positively confirmed are distinguished from the records that cannot be confirmed. Erroneous applications of the name
<taxonomicName id="4972CB5E2D885456060F56EB65103798" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6F532481C60EF8813AAC308F0AADAD7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or some of its synonyms) are also listed. All the details can be found in the species remarks (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="638F3FB2A02DBAD59BA9D3063F633011" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The presence of
<taxonomicName id="07CE37B335902E4541B9A4C5B991D54B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ED11F71772B9A5C7C735E9C0FBBDD264" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confirmed here at the following locations (as
<taxonomicName id="8E9BA311F1B60835A37E3AA1BB302B13" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="3327969649F7C5260CD5BC130A476D4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="3529A6EFC3F8BF83D7FB54870BC11C50" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="95CC66A0A89F44B7C05A3181B3E1EFE9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, unless specified): Australia, Queensland (
<bibRefCitation id="05155248447946BE7A1159CB0776C2DC" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
; present study), Torres Strait (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="996F72E7A9135A23CE4D4B4210038B1F" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="28306923181115CCEC6FA5618F92820A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); China (
<bibRefCitation id="C851C9AB28582D7C3F0A2D1F49417757" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 70" refId="B177" refString="Sun, B, Chen, C, Shen, H, Zhang, K, Zhou, N, Qian, J, 2014. Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data. Molluscan Research 34: 62 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A68352C3EE09AD3D7E0F052252EAE12D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" author="Liu, C" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="753 - 754" refId="B117" refString="Liu, C, Wei, L, Shen, HD, Zhu, HC, Zhou, N, 2015. Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae). Mitochondrial DNA 26: 753 - 754, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" title="Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" volume="26" year="2015">Liu et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0E1E82187DA234BCEFE937CCFB078C15" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" author="Xu, G" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B197" refString="Xu, G, Yang, T, Wang, D, Li, J, Liu, X, Wu, X, Shen, H, 2018. A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0196252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" title="A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e 0196252." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" year="2018">Xu et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
), Hong Kong (
<bibRefCitation id="FCDC5E6236F94CCC756AF2861F8DBE40" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BB5507C6A5D24578224FD56D30EDE5A5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" author="Britton, KM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B27" refString="Britton, KM, 1984. The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera. Journal of Molluscan Studies 50: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" title="The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" volume="50" year="1984">Britton 1984</bibRefCitation>
; present study); India, Andaman Islands (new record), Gulf of Mannar (
<bibRefCitation id="18B10769039FEC8AE3F352ECF4DE3614" author="Farran, GP" journalOrPublisher="Bailliere, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Farran, GP, 1905. Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329-364. [pls I-VI]" title="Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329 - 364. [pls I-VI]" year="1905">Farran 1905</bibRefCitation>
), Nicobar (
<bibRefCitation id="E6ECBE294251E7AC8DC17026036C4978" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="6A3E81E2AE18A9B120D7942D87071C95" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1872a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9A83CB2D35B58D25582D6E781B06E620" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">b</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="8BDFF9C49862858E816CBA306BB49176" lsidName="P. mauritiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="C672FC0FD14391C6D975F3748C69FE06" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Semper 1880;
<bibRefCitation id="F1876795853FB13D6DCC2E8B486D1F76" author="Bergh, R" journalOrPublisher="Kreidel, Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" refId="B16" refString="Bergh, R, 1884a. Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C.W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" title="Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C. W." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" year="1884 a">Bergh 1884a</bibRefCitation>
; present study), western coast (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="AA3693F836B81A2E1E04C622E5BCD8A5" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="89DB254363DAA187F445BF25B99E867E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Indonesia, Ambon (new record), Bali (new record), Halmahera (new record), Java (
<bibRefCitation id="FCD8A53231E5A362CF40ADA79B966667" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
; present study), Lombok (new record), Seram (new record), Sulawesi (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="BCD2EB9FF332ED61FC10AD8E938A3BD9" lsidName="O. elberti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="6DA44D396E6754430BD8E07B001310E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E0084B75E649A43196B298E10CCD92F4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="49F7682B91164BDF8F75E1D83373F0FA" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8F3F5B4EE5808A08F25E22D2AC122817" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 6; new record), Sumatra (new record), Tanimbar (new record), Timor (new record), West Papua (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="D95FB27237115F5EDA7AC135476FBB4C" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="D13B1A744D0E2EE51585D084809E30B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EB813132D46DC964B87E0D2D359BC89C" lsidName="O. astridae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="E1C8BE4386E9D4786AF552ED7CE5C33A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Iran, Persian Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="27B225D8D5223556F43998369E58186B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
, type locality of
<taxonomicName id="90CD1D444E36394B400D689B246C6F10" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="A502EB8A7BBDBF3F55B63116A2BBBD8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; present study); Japan, Kagoshima (Tagaki et al. 2019, as
<taxonomicName id="0334F8DE4FE564F48D613FE724C7E3F2" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D8532A22D59E10A6A2C251B1AB140C03" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; new record), Wakayama (new record); Madagascar (
<bibRefCitation id="12911533499E1647443C3B034B81D8B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" author="Odhner, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 52" refId="B136" refString="Odhner, NJ, 1919. Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Arkiv foer Zoologi 12: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" title="Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" volume="12" year="1919">Odhner 1919</bibRefCitation>
; present study); Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia (new record); Mayotte (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="D5DD2AD5B2B3E8F99D91574A7D3043C0" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="D7F940275EF2A04BD2BBA798CFFF6161" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Mozambique (
<bibRefCitation id="AC8F5629A3B11B44AF4FDDBDCDD32A80" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="2CE9F62EB60628932AE92975C3AD01C4" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="285990E853BD85494FF66195CB3DC6C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 4 and 5; new record); New Caledonia (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="6C768B51D5A5B8423ED61A0C065E3D2D" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="73C9A9F14ABCAD75A5EB34DF52E2E4BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Pakistan (
<bibRefCitation id="6875C35D72B132FC0DD5EC0A1761BC07" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
; present study); Palau (new record); Papua New Guinea, Madang (new record), New Ireland (new record); Philippines (
<bibRefCitation id="AC8A32D905A6F35FE7C18226E410A427" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="BB22EDD817BA8487A5CA9E9C44BDF3BF" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="3AAFB9BECFA4843B687360A03660EC58" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="F554D8BD1B3FF0E4DA2DE3F54446281B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record), Bohol (new record), Cebu (
<bibRefCitation id="75A9089573F2267C2889726722E00472" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="25ECC9197A5C8D1B53CAC3F1A7B9A98C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4F0F19923EC2BE1AD9C8D626D516BA7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; new record), Luzon (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="A2B9070D99CC102FD920D0FD8494A365" lsidName="O. branchiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="F2CB1EE9CB714062979F38BEDAB030D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record), Negros (new record); Red Sea (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="AFFFA13AF16F373E2D8D578B71FA5E78" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="0F624746B2CB3C4D3B7879F84E98375D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C5442F0D461BDF054C8BA60FCFB48CED" lsidName="P. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="A29D44FEE6DFB96996EFCB60AF82F8DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0CB6B8F94A9EA661DBDB87D6EF2C968B" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="D1AF1B8BDAA689428B5AA88C19D22230" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="9D147791D7B3807ECC68D5741B7DB374" lsidName="O. durum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="1252EBE0D28DFDAFC1278C54D3D92EF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; paralectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="136E971A9091F2FD8E2B9803B525A2F0" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="964B86CC10BF73B8097F0ECEAD46790B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; present study); Singapore (
<bibRefCitation id="9FE7344D927E9B8638EA8845FF96D501" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="35E7D02B3881B11FDD0A515B0EB98F35" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
; present study); Solomon Islands (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="4CBDB83F19F81CC584DECC5726E32017" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="617D60B10F9B8282CA46B4F3C4798598" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Tanzania, Zanzibar (paralectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="490DE9AC43EB56BF0E907333D7AAF6E1" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="412A23BBE990518C7C2125E80CB3035F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record); Vanuatu (new record); Vietnam (type locality of
<taxonomicName id="F35FFCEA2BA2E10DEFF1D506CF3B3E42" lsidName="S. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="992E24CD5EFC713C653840AF95B1A6C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3043899694EE5A3DA80C28361EDD093D" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="3E2F5B261F3C4AA4BD87A0F4463CED75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; new record).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D0A4E2E53116870F99E35DF414FE94B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The following records from the literature are not confirmed here, because authors did not provide enough information supporting the identification (as
<taxonomicName id="F57EB634F8320BB687FE52D9E5F805F9" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="012A16303B21CF98C934F2CD0769EBB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="23EC1839AC507102053003823EB9F0EA" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="489FF438E42007D07F634E2DEB8305A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unless specified): Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="D792314964766AA7EFA28FD442C87B99" author="Hutchings, PA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 121" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" refId="B93" refString="Hutchings, PA, Recher, HF, 1982. The fauna of Australian mangroves. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 106: 83 - 121, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" title="The fauna of Australian mangroves." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" volume="106" year="1982">Hutchings and Recher 1982</bibRefCitation>
), New South Wales (
<bibRefCitation id="540F71BD17DA132E9691AF44CD0732C8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall 1919</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E71E07C5A0FC1A8460EFEB0411DAC02B" author="Dakin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B46" refString="Dakin, WJ, 1947. The true sea-slug -Onchidium. Australian Museum Magazine [April 30]: 141-147." title="The true sea-slug - Onchidium. Australian Museum Magazine [April 30]: 141 - 147." year="1947">Dakin 1947</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9D7B3691B2C945B664EB9F5B5A407A6A" author="Smith, BJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian National University Press, Canberra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B167" refString="Smith, BJ, Kershaw, RC, 1979. Field Guide to the non-Marine Molluscs of Southeastern Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra" title="Field Guide to the non-Marine Molluscs of Southeastern Australia." year="1979">Smith and Kershaw 1979</bibRefCitation>
); Queensland (Semper 1880;
<bibRefCitation id="43931D2E1465059BF064D70B0DFFDBB2" author="Hedley, C" journalOrPublisher="Report of the Australian Association for the advancement of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="329 - 371" refId="B91" refString="Hedley, C, 1909. The marine fauna of Queensland. Report of the Australian Association for the advancement of Science 12: 329 - 371" title="The marine fauna of Queensland." volume="12" year="1909">Hedley 1909</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="66DAA4F3A839F035A25BF347C0EB91BD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall 1919</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2F1E766725AD8A299002C84C16997D1C" author="Allan, J" journalOrPublisher="Australian Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 157" refId="B7" refString="Allan, J, Bell, PJ, 1947. Onchidium associated with dead coral. Australian Naturalist 11: 149 - 157" title="Onchidium associated with dead coral." volume="11" year="1947">Allan and Bell 1947</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="77A86E31A821446A574367CCF62F5C82" author="Allan, J" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B6" refString="Allan, J, 1950. Australian Shells. Georgian House, Melbourne, xix + 470 pp. [44 pls]" title="Australian Shells. Georgian House, Melbourne, xix + 470 pp. [44 pls]" year="1950">Allan 1950</bibRefCitation>
); Djibouti (
<bibRefCitation id="061AE50035FB2D8E9AECFFA84C50F02C" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="C459E82A1E752DC3D218ACB9B21D939D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
, paralectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="210DDC360000ECF8A4CFFE923DCCD30F" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="BB5BDE6A2ACD996E06DCC8B7A5411893" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); eastern Africa (Semper 1880); India, Andaman Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="1D44EE67B43C5D6D2F11D9BA2A27B53B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" author="Santhosh Kumar, C" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="433 - 441" refId="B156" refString="Santhosh Kumar, C, Mishra, JK, Pravin Kumar, N, 2016. Diversity and distribution of tide pool ornamental fishes along the Andaman coast (Andaman Sea), India. Marine Biodiversity 46: 433 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" title="Diversity and distribution of tide pool ornamental fishes along the Andaman coast (Andaman Sea), India." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" volume="46" year="2016">Santhosh Kumar et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of Kutch (
<bibRefCitation id="5187C2013242807A53189787151435FB" author="Menon, PKB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="475 - 494" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" refId="B126" refString="Menon, PKB, Datta Gupta, AK, Das, Gupta D, 1961. On the Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Kutch. Part II-Gastropods. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 58: 475 - 494, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" title="On the Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Kutch. Part II-Gastropods." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" volume="58" year="1961">Menon et al. 1961</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of Mannar (Gopinadha Pillai and Appukuttan 1980), Nicobar (
<bibRefCitation id="5AAA74F2C82B6DCAB727C6DE74405559" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate 1893</bibRefCitation>
), northwestern coast (
<bibRefCitation id="A29344F262A1F1F5F7B4867CDCD573EC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" author="Mandal, S" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Monitoring and Assessment" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="653 - 672" refId="B119" refString="Mandal, S, Harkantra, SN, 2013. Changes in the soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure from the ports of Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185: 653 - 672, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" title="Changes in the soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure from the ports of Mumbai, India." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" volume="185" year="2013">Mandal and Harkantra 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1C63573D98C8AEF6204CDB6C1075E459" author="Solanki, D" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Zoology Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="24 - 28" publicationUrl="https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" refId="B168" refString="Solanki, D, Kanejiya, J, Gohil, B, 2017. Studies on ecological status, nutritive values and exploitation of Peronia verruculata, Cuvier, 1830 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) from Gulf of Khambhat, India. The Journal of Zoology Studies 4: 24 - 28, https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" title="Studies on ecological status, nutritive values and exploitation of Peronia verruculata, Cuvier, 1830 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) from Gulf of Khambhat, India." url="https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" volume="4" year="2017">Solanki et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), Sri Lanka (
<bibRefCitation id="CE8DB5822E1554A8DA43BA1959CEE877" author="Nevill, H" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" refId="B134" refString="Nevill, H, 1870. Note on Onchidiumverruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal [1870]: 304-305. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" title="Note on Onchidiumverruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal [1870]: 304 - 305." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" year="1870">Nevill 1870</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7142DF918BB3BCF40EFE6573292A8983" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" author="Nevill, G" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B135" refString="Nevill, G, 1878. Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, xv + 338 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" title="Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, xv + 338 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" year="1878">1878</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA3C23AF475BE22124F8599C51EDFE4F" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate 1893</bibRefCitation>
), southeastern coast (
<bibRefCitation id="4D2D90AAF59E48DF00D46CD6B628E9CF" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
), Uran City, near Mumbai (
<bibRefCitation id="2E4FDDFF7604430FFE3BAEA9E1C0FB7E" author="Patil, P" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Zoology and Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 30" publicationUrl="http://www.tjprc.org/view_paper.php?id=2556" refId="B143" refString="Patil, P, Kulkarni, BG, 2013. The Onchidium (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae: Genus: Onchidium) of the Uran, West Coast of India. International Journal of Zoology and Research 3 (4): 23 - 30, http://www.tjprc.org/view_paper.php?id=2556" title="The Onchidium (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae: Genus: Onchidium) of the Uran, West Coast of India." url="http://www.tjprc.org/view_paper.php?id=2556" volume="3" year="2013">Patil and Kulkarni 2013</bibRefCitation>
); Indonesia, Ambon (Semper 1880;
<bibRefCitation id="02DA17B79F84635B264BD28A12D16266" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate 1893</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E15B34CBB432951403CEA069714812DF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" author="Martens, E von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 332" refId="B125" refString="Martens, E von, 1897. Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien 4: 1 - 332, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" title="Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" volume="4" year="1897">Martens 1897</bibRefCitation>
), Timor (
<bibRefCitation id="F23A002F4B298F019787FAEAC3D81647" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" author="Martens, E von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 332" refId="B125" refString="Martens, E von, 1897. Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien 4: 1 - 332, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" title="Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" volume="4" year="1897">Martens 1897</bibRefCitation>
); Japan (
<bibRefCitation id="26EAE5DD7015C3041954884AC4D2FB3E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" author="Nakaoka, M" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 435" refId="B133" refString="Nakaoka, M, Ito, N, Yamamoto, T, Okuda, T, Noda, T, 2006. Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance. Ecological Research 21: 425 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" title="Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" volume="21" year="2006">Nakaoka et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DC8046798FD77FBD64E5F01955760432" author="Wardiatno, Y" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Life Sciences Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="53 - 65" refId="B191" refString="Wardiatno, Y, Mardiansyah, , Prartono, T, Tsuchiya, M, 2015. Possible Food Sources of Macrozoobenthos in the Manko Mangrove Ecosystem, Okinawa (Japan): A Stable Isotope Analysis Approach. Tropical Life Sciences Research 26: 53 - 65" title="Possible Food Sources of Macrozoobenthos in the Manko Mangrove Ecosystem, Okinawa (Japan): A Stable Isotope Analysis Approach." volume="26" year="2015">Wardiatno et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), Tokara Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="14BDED666A2FB4A02B43ED5132CFE13E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" author="Baba, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Baba, K, 1958. Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls] https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" title="Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" year="1958">Baba 1958</bibRefCitation>
), Misaki (
<bibRefCitation id="8ECD266BA865AC1C447F297F7B2B99B9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" author="Baba, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Baba, K, 1958. Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls] https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" title="Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" year="1958">Baba 1958</bibRefCitation>
), Boso Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="2F2BB93FE9591AC2C72EF2F847BBC8E1" author="Katagiri, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Katagiri, N, Katagiri, Y, 2007. Is Onchidiumverruculatum (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) a complex of two species? Chiribotan 38: 37-42." title="Is Onchidiumverruculatum (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) a complex of two species? Chiribotan 38: 37 - 42." year="2007">Katagiri and Katagiri 2007</bibRefCitation>
); Madagascar (
<bibRefCitation id="D488C2960B7D1597DD8D6554D9FE788D" author="Marcus, Ev" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 223" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" refId="B123" refString="Marcus, Ev, Marcus, Er, 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico. Malacologia 10: 181 - 223, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" title="Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" volume="10" year="1970">Marcus and Marcus 1970</bibRefCitation>
); Mauritius (
<bibRefCitation id="EDA0FB8A3D90DCFAAA7F88AA60F6B3D1" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="86720A0D52D7A5C47B89029F9AB420FA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
), New Caledonia (Fischer and Crosse 1878;
<bibRefCitation id="E24E8173E72DECC6F2AF4146264362FA" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A84F999CCA816DA0A891A6D007B52155" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="04C18629981A1DFA9B924D9D6D399FA6" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
); New Guinea (
<bibRefCitation id="AA913D53D8B4F691EC137F297DE6849C" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="C18BAD0F14993B4AC90BE630CC5C11D4" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
); Philippines (Semper 1880;
<bibRefCitation id="7FF4744312DD89608928266B14E9BD03" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="E14C6882A0E4EB19A8065ED0BC67A424" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="10CB065D7D6F2732C057004EE7305119" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="CCD3A4307995D751828922C828348C43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C006FA7483C54375E9473D863B829505" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9C9F02B5483380B72D9F3E5F2E73D4BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Red Sea (Semper 1880;
<bibRefCitation id="44A5F39C21769E8463431131034AA70A" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AB20FEF7BE7CF3FEE4FEE05CBB99A813" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="E99A94EF12EB32D8CA4F229A0E2BA2E1" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
); Samoa (
<bibRefCitation id="647A598D389C72D0AD6F557DAC73E1D0" author="Schmeltz, JDE" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" refId="B158" refString="Schmeltz, JDE, 1874. Museum Godeffroy Catalog V. Nebst einer Beilage enthaltend topographische und zoologische Notizen. L. Friederichsen, Hamburg, xxxvi + 213 pp. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" title="Museum Godeffroy Catalog V. Nebst einer Beilage enthaltend topographische und zoologische Notizen. L. Friederichsen, Hamburg, xxxvi + 213 pp." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" year="1874">Schmeltz 1874</bibRefCitation>
); South Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="BEDF4DC79E351EF1817F585A3881744E" author="Connolly, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" refId="B38" refString="Connolly, M, 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1-660. [pls I-XIX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" title="A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1 - 660. [pls I-XIX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" year="1939">Connolly 1939</bibRefCitation>
); Vanuatu (
<bibRefCitation id="FC07665B39F7D5C09E2CA72781492CCE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 359" refId="B169" refString="Solem, A, 1959. Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zoology 4: 1 - 359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" title="Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" volume="4" year="1959">Solem 1959</bibRefCitation>
); Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation id="B2B592BCE673221D83CAB5C1AFAFFE2C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" author="Zvonareva, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 437" refId="B198" refString="Zvonareva, S, Kantor, Y, 2016. Checklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 4162: 401 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" title="Checklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" volume="4162" year="2016">Zvonareva and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="AF5B3527FF7ECC20997A604858FC5A35" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="00DC87950F890D74751FBE3F56A2C188" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F99966EFB6004E0D658F01E8E1FA2BF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The following records are erroneous, i.e., the names that were used (as
<taxonomicName id="C67A051A4CFAC07DA9D5B33E5B04EA99" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="BAFE9821153237581A1B90D5DC95608F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="EBCA9CE14756737E8D308B3598487738" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="226AA173699114C91F447E8AFE2C4FDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unless specified) refer to species that are not
<taxonomicName id="9156D1780706E047555491DF3A90C2E1" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4BFF1A46D1C8A623DF7C8DBA5B82222C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Japan, Nagasaki (
<bibRefCitation id="F9F8AEAC34F49939F3BE224AACD3AA0D" author="Keferstein, WM" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 93" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" refId="B103" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865b. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.). Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 86 - 93, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" volume="15" year="1865 b">Keferstein 1865b</bibRefCitation>
) and Sagami Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="19EF43AB81545A5A9395BE5BBFF136BD" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
) are records of
<taxonomicName id="43A81B396E4EE351CF414978A5F0DD7B" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="4ABB04C6A3F754775FBBC1D7199F81C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Djibouti (paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="06E5DD541E4DF4E7CBA682E47CABF74B" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="ACFE84B8C610F4298AC704E759DAD95E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Red Sea (paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="B1D23FD128C0FDE1512377B29D8CEDC3" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="8EA71ACBD11950CFB025BC0CF845FF86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), South Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EEABFA1E2E833C376870088005A9ED61" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
), and western India (paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="F220C37F24BD562E0A2EC0B33D30E3E4" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="A81ED91FF2418B6AF971A955082B58A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Awati &amp; Karandikar, 1948) are records of
<taxonomicName id="69620AE19E23E1DB3298DBC175AAE40D" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="89C84AD21175CEE5B8EEA654E7AC82A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin (
<bibRefCitation id="5ADA7B423198421780810387CC72E668" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
) is a record of
<taxonomicName id="71CA2533F449BC3E2A72990F824A465F" lsidName="P. willani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="willani">
<emphasis id="1942FBD872B57254C2BC508BE9C43D56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. willani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; India, Nicobar Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="55AA639CB2635F52E617A314ED468E14" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="5E66F1AA5AB5B5446D868BFD83D73C3E" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1872a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9E8145C3EA927CCC61AD674DEF7C567B" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">b</bibRefCitation>
), Japan, Tokara Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="F6F78ED67C343279E64FC4CAA005AB2B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" author="Baba, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Baba, K, 1958. Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls] https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" title="Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" year="1958">Baba 1958</bibRefCitation>
), and Mauritius (possible paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="23F25F8AD9ACCD563B51ACB74FB378BC" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="7D36B61B2F16EC9D5474ABCD02C0DC4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are records of
<taxonomicName id="D3DA4EFEA76A6416BB6191A47D3416EE" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="AEAE91676F135CE0403C092404892BCF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Hawaii (
<bibRefCitation id="9E6E93699167C20DE5AC60ADA680E457" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4194BA2C43A581E1D9B1FB57008EB97B" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="569319D7C68123BF7DF0E8FC50CF0299" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F74CD5EDDE4995C99B765DC76574A3BF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 359" refId="B169" refString="Solem, A, 1959. Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zoology 4: 1 - 359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" title="Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" volume="4" year="1959">Solem 1959</bibRefCitation>
) is a record of
<taxonomicName id="5424F94AA1E4D54B0B909032B7AF666B" lsidName="P. platei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platei">
<emphasis id="5002AE48A8DB21FD64D0E5EB6A96B6F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="C1D079FEB62915700B78D2BFF19C923F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" author="Britton, KM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B27" refString="Britton, KM, 1984. The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera. Journal of Molluscan Studies 50: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" title="The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" volume="50" year="1984">Britton (1984)</bibRefCitation>
recorded from Hong Kong some slugs with intestinal loops of type II as
<taxonomicName id="B0710CDDB591FC6B72ADDF697F9CFE36" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="671A978F1560921D4D8BDC271B8B601A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; those slugs do not belong to
<taxonomicName id="B82F54AEB4A24B9577901B9109654C67" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4F366B6034BE5906CF36BE6CAA804CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(they likely were
<taxonomicName id="C17364CE903E3A64BAB86AEA1466F208" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paromoionchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paromoionchis tumidus" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tumidus">
<emphasis id="1ED149275ED9E82E8B2850E05AFCAD5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paromoionchis tumidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species with intestinal loops of type II).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57C0C6C521228462B67523FCFE60D77F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="4F3A4C14099062331A434F06A1A74144" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2544759D33A8ACA88BB8D4F677AFFB9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The etymology of specific names is treated alphabetically.
<taxonomicName id="58609B77016344C1D6929CDAA898DB82" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="3F2CBC5CAA310E05335B6A147BDC6390" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the supposedly anomalous intestinal loops of type II, except
<normalizedToken id="7F37990CEC697578476257A90187B916" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
made a mistake because the intestinal loops are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="33449810618E89BF9706F73EF44B9D11" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4130F343FAA5A79DAD8E5D1E80D71ECF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="92A14CF9F59FCC3204B7F0233ED4F14D" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="B71686923EC47577B901B9EB40EC7CE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named after Astrid of Sweden [1905-1935], spouse of Prince Leopold [1901-1983], King of the Belgians from 1934 to 1951; the type material of
<taxonomicName id="A80A6FD697D4FDDE7847AB6DE786B9A3" lsidName="O. astridae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="CD9F0C8907244EE9135C1E230A791DDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in 1929 during a scientific journey by Prince Leopold and his wife in the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3EE1215EE30134A4EA91B1C4D301E8A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="785CE7F84DC8E0BFDA9F27009EDE3EAF" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="BAAB0BD81278774D8B76EB37F8493B53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the dorsal gills on the dorsal notum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D72E67D1C88B0B6DD62EA3DF4F3DD5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="16A0ED91FC953A67F6C4EE6F4DCD1ADA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="7D749A317DCB552A56E47D1B0C637CDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the (artificial) charcoal color (
<taxonomicName id="8F56FDC703056156DD2A5D68882A3710" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="3D0F763AC38B58C93DAC4ECFCCF7A028" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Latin) of the ventrum of the preserved holotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73C3079D7CBE128D4B85A42B5D4212B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="27A4054B9E549F26F68697257ACC822A" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="01F840B6F9A14AF7474AE3B52A9ACF9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the hard (
<taxonomicName id="403FEAC5CDC1DD8447603392BAC0B2FB" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="EBA76A72A01E42AD206AA08EB8172651" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Latin) notum of the preserved type specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7ED81CEF64A60DFBAFB59A519338613" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7ACBE4EFE2FC0D18ADFE11B214410CFB" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="2C89DE7CF9989B320A745CFAED37209D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after Dr. J. Elbert, who collected the holotype in 1909.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9142E54319401DC054F31E34C3ED7673" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="79BC19C611D222BA72F8B7C5A64E3CD6" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="2756E6EF807D1A746606EF9BDC2D79D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the rusty (
<taxonomicName id="DD112F482D6E599626AEB99284C3C254" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="9ADF41B128D49FF80520876CE2762FDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Latin) color of the live individuals collected by Lesson which belong to two different species: the lectotype belongs to
<taxonomicName id="EED7FA40DEFCD4C57096B148859565C4" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="264F8522F64630AA5757CB5B7F00571E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) and the paralectotypes to
<taxonomicName id="A9A0552057A9389D4BF90A5366FB92F2" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Wallaconchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wallaconchis ater" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="B241A3CF99A7863F175CBC4C76ED1E53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wallaconchis ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The dorsal notum of some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="D01316AA3BA07CD560C3A0A84083BD2F" lsidName="W. ater" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="26CAB99582602EA629D8F48678F66968" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W. ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be homogenously of rusty color (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="3B700F389CAE00D8ECAD1D2C62E1CB88" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.763.21252" author="Goulding, TC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 111" refId="B82" refString="Goulding, TC, Khalil, M, Tan, SH, Dayrat, B, 2018b. Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae). ZooKeys 763: 1 - 111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.763.21252" title="Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.763.21252" volume="763" year="2018 b">Goulding et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 36F) but individuals of
<taxonomicName id="51ED7207ACD08850F530773BF98B91E6" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="E002F863FB042A397EF424565AE35324" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) are not typically of rusty color, although their notum commonly displays red patches.
<normalizedToken id="EAFBB804A7C9893747E542DF8CFF3413" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
(1833: pl. 19, figs 1, 2) illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="7A7CC79DF9CA08D5A18911E179C4CCD2" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="33B4D359B1AB83FA56BB1D58252313E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his
<emphasis id="4E71FF7A9C6F2798CB14A6906D078372" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Illustrations de
<taxonomicName id="AC30AAD2B04B5A5B04124369080F3EB8" genus="Zoologie" lsidName="Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Zoologie</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
represent a
<taxonomicName id="91F967F29F80E9C83D682DC3B8886C5A" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3D406727D5437721D0ADC4E1332F035D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slug with a dorsal notum that is homogenously of rusty color: it almost looks like an individual of
<taxonomicName id="48A0B0E00AD00D1EB7DC51CB0A63DD07" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Wallaconchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wallaconchis ater" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="BC989D75002AEB9A3C2DBC3F6963777F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wallaconchis ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to which dorsal gills were artificially added.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="779C175F9988E8EF55460E5BC9420638" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="92F6E7D560E3094DAEAB2E600AE89902" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B73B41E9C9E4963786BF72CE208A151A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after Joseph Paul Gaimard [1793-1858], who collected (with Jean
<normalizedToken id="79600F11510ECA0AA9FE8C754D75FE43" originalValue="René">Rene</normalizedToken>
Constant Quoy) the type material in Vanikoro in 1829 during a voyage of the
<emphasis id="E2FFE8637AEB3905617A9CBB2C757FFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Astrolabe</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF552E8D3253E5E2F50277FA9B51625" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EA821637840CE3C8990D81B9456F32AC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="DB22FF95E7DE5CFBDCA561F8C9378062" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after its supposedly Gondwanan distribution (Red Sea, Mauritius, western India, and Torres Strait).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C0FC60846B8B39B2837FE71DCB512CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="826F2D2FA4D4206C18FCBFEB13A48445" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="1E9DF7B76380E83AF2DFD94DE1C5A6D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after Charles Joseph Gravier [1865-1937], professor of zoology (worms and crustaceans) at the MNHN, who collected two paralectotypes from Djibouti.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DABA70A3EEB0C964F8228841AE5A1C21" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8E1E650DDDBF3A991CE3FBD35AA8CFC3" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="D07B58139110F17F6024FC52EEEE21DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the broad (
<emphasis id="63F258C13F18918F8FAD2E609769883B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lata</emphasis>
in Latin) and circular shape of preserved type specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0448D3E845A582FA0E562907C4990BA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="40B0043F90D86334FD01B731C9579EC7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia persiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="DA945B7E396F3A1ACD127B93CBF14557" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the Persian Gulf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F4FA9B2838822C7D8C3DFBD2D9B1C32C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FDB92AC842BBB1606CAFEB2698FA70DD" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="6A1514A4D275610EBD26B0502D7EFB92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after Marie Jules
<normalizedToken id="97E5450CD6AD8A3306A91F5DE24D027C" originalValue="César">Cesar</normalizedToken>
Lelorgne de Savigny [1777-1851], a French zoologist who participated in
<normalizedToken id="9D61A2F2A6630B083186B96F8958B17E" originalValue="Napoleon’s">Napoleon's</normalizedToken>
expedition to Egypt and published a plate of illustrations for gastropods (including onchidiids) in the
<emphasis id="07972A9373BB69D8E3126D06124D856D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Description de
<normalizedToken id="05FF4D7E660B93A3FBBE39DA51FDFA3E" originalValue="l’Egypte">l'Egypte</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="470FBE9C7F7CF043FC8320D4E282C6F6" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">Savigny 1817</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC129BEF375B4D70BD85E5F9B268B9B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0AB67BB373087013182A28B3FC9C4D50" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="0BDCF75BD938C3F48B9439E3685A935C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after its type locality in Tonkin, i.e., Vietnam.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C3FB6EEA5434BA74E4374DA847D350D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FF9997242AA664AD731AF02ABA944966" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="DDA6E450DC9FC2582AE770B709F95AC2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the dorsal notum covered with warts (
<taxonomicName id="623BB363E409A1C86CBD5768507EBCDE" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="69534236557AD2C632FC12E316923FEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Latin).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B5C4055B437ED25F9AEC7BF3B2D4C91E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="80AF183F39CD69611A2C6896E792374D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="445E448E771BFB696E79D0FAC42C7A94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was named after the (artificial) green color of the preserved type specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8B2630B37C60BFA857E8592BE213223A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="B17FF5896455DD028964FE54A1C96EBF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAB74C797D82C65C9B8D53A698A4BE4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="29BF8E57601FDFC28B4563BBDFDF7A6B" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="F67" captionText="Figure 65. Habitats, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Singapore B-H Indonesia A Mangrove forest with rich litter, lobster mounds, dead logs, with sand area near the creek (st 5) B Sumatra, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary (st 78) C Sulawesi, old Sonneratia and Avicennia mangrove (st 84) D Ambon, narrow band of old Avicennia trees on sandy mud, old logs on ground (st 132) E Seram, mud next to a mangrove (st 135) F Lombok, old Avicennia forest with coral rubble (st 149) G Halmahera, rocky shore near a beach (st 217) H Timor, sandy part of mangrove with Sonneratia and Avicennia trees (st 250)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458365" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">65</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="E0C41C11BF540AAB75710384B60B6311" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="F71" captionText="Figure 69. Habitats, Peronia verruculata A unit 4 B, C unit 5 A India, Mumbai, solid rock area, some crevices (st 44) B Madagascar, sandy mangrove of Bruguiera, on sandy mud in between rocks (st 162) C Madagascar, rocky platform near Avicennia and Rhizophora mangrove (st 158)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure69" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">69</figureCitation>
). Unit #1 is found in a large variety of habitats. It is predominantly found on rocks in the rocky intertidal (including man-made structures). It can also be found on huge and isolated boulders on a sandy beach or in coral rubble mixed or not with sand. The rocks on which the unit #1 is found can be associated or not with sparse mangrove trees. It is also found on sandy mud inside or nearby mangroves. Exceptionally, it can be found on old logs inside muddy mangroves. Unit #2 is found on coral rubble and rocks on sandy beaches. Unit #3 is found on rocks on a beach and in the rocky intertidal. Unit #4 is found in the rocky intertidal. Unit #5 is found in the rocky intertidal as well as on mud, sandy or not. There was no habitat data on the labels of the material studied here for unit #6 but it is most likely found in the rocky intertidal, like the other units of
<taxonomicName id="FE42A97CE2878B11E31EABDB3C062640" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1F9BBEE02A50701B83B1FE4E0BFB87C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F2999BC9F7C5E6ABB81070F1540F14CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4071F723CDC3834D00D6D8B7ECEF636A" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7F85F8EE32D0B97A7EB29EA77C0C78B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely common across its entire distribution. In localities where they overlap geographically, the different mitochondrial units are found more or less in equal abundance (units #1 and #3 in Singapore, and units #1 and #2 in southeastern Sumatra).
<taxonomicName id="EA367924EBC3C6DF19795E633B2C45BF" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B6EA9C470362BC868CC36D99055C6050" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly found during the day, even though a few individuals were also collected at night.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EC964A421B4FE0C0E949777D0BDFEBCB" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458365" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 65" startId="F67">
<paragraph id="41FD60EB26A9E1BA1540A2B05E47116B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A1CCEBC199EFB45B09F734A79185DA1A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 65.</emphasis>
Habitats,
<taxonomicName id="ECF2B87F86D1FA1AC9323453D435CFAE" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6BE93BD6B62F0F7132ECD4F1289D77A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="9459EBDBA47E30415AB77457E94DDF9E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Singapore
<emphasis id="852026469118B8143B5B2E4D0A1D008E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-H</emphasis>
Indonesia
<emphasis id="F3AB3AB7B632455DCAA903FDC557F1B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Mangrove forest with rich litter, lobster mounds, dead logs, with sand area near the creek (st 5)
<emphasis id="1458BF0273AF63E04164BAD90C4F6C1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Sumatra, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary (st 78)
<emphasis id="2C66112674458025BE4E96818C23BBAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Sulawesi, old
<taxonomicName id="895DB2B4268D04C52EB46D27516F5261" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="148D617DB21B4A6B11D75FC6A7F14ADE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0665ACB0632DB41DB0C18E3AAB174354" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CFAD4CA0E2BE26860DE1EBAAF7FFA1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove (st 84)
<emphasis id="B8E6D6301E6B4E46787421033DA33037" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Ambon, narrow band of old
<taxonomicName id="B486E21748A56152DDD3AD7AD7D52615" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="21737074FDB1AD8E0FF6C5272A2EDE0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees on sandy mud, old logs on ground (st 132)
<emphasis id="A8DB2737F882A6C38F283B78CAF2F84E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Seram, mud next to a mangrove (st 135)
<emphasis id="D7E5468B104391F555E45681499E66BE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Lombok, old
<taxonomicName id="B7C95DBD6FDC683293CBC60AC1F8F683" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDF9B4F0E1347943DD0A9C9FCBC61D40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest with coral rubble (st 149)
<emphasis id="DA600F47E54C1D89451A58D2110D23D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
Halmahera, rocky shore near a beach (st 217)
<emphasis id="867CA7D946346D258645E808314A9476" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
Timor, sandy part of mangrove with
<taxonomicName id="C997041EBC8FBF6A4659E081EB4B0FAF" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1F4A86917A1C54D1A2FD8C467BD6FF06" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="27C11E1C7669CFBFEFD0B95C80AEF54A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BEFE38297CFC4412D3EA105193FC1965" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees (st 250).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D725BE4BD93023F46A85D652561E4953" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 66" startId="F68">
<paragraph id="EE0FA83B65CA1685C51D0657B4284081" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5DBC5940200806132DE9B115C056AD0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 66.</emphasis>
Habitats,
<taxonomicName id="008D51E0A8A92A6A27EFACAD6A2CFE0D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C64FB6AED477810BB7BEB8EDB6CAD887" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="23E42E844C4671CB88BFE4F0E8A4EB91" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Australia, Queensland, rocky shore nearby a small and dense
<taxonomicName id="26908A2D9CDF10CA54646ACA5AC3596F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D32D8E3A93F584C55DD7C6B002454F6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove patch (st 113)
<emphasis id="08709CB94F51418362F20EF2A6C31CA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
New Caledonia, coastal rocky mangrove (st KM 537)
<emphasis id="91B6461B451C3526B7B3EED5E3B7EDAF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, mixed hard platform and seagrass bed at outlet of rivulet (st KM 05)
<emphasis id="B23A914E960A29DBA63AEDD40222D1F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Papua New Guinea, Madang, limestone rocky intertidal (st PM 12)
<emphasis id="1A8C4B7F6F7E876D4D6AECA770E1FB63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Vietnam, mangrove patch with many big flat rocks outside (st 236)
<emphasis id="BBE3C3703204EFD84079C6108F10B0E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Vietnam, coral rubble near small
<taxonomicName id="085DC4B813A720EE1C6F32AFA48E5C3A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F8777FC1D0F21F9F9FD29E3DBBC50CF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sandy and muddy mangrove (st 238)
<emphasis id="1F0B79572BE8BE3AF959156586FF32D5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
Philippines, Bohol, coral rubble with sand and algae, near
<taxonomicName id="F3C7A87C06AD12B3ABD35DF2BA4D958F" class="Cephalopoda" family="Hoplitidae" genus="Sonneratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sonneratia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C831EF66AC7CB725453946BC3E52BDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sonneratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(st 202)
<emphasis id="0E989D7C0778B85094999B865683D773" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
sandy, open
<taxonomicName id="4407B6DE615071238E2C054B07F9CD15" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1CF8BA1F7C7BCEBB7A89A40208E94FB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest, right by the shore (st 181).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8D3D04602F8A57180B5B647C333A2DD2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure67" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 67" startId="F69">
<paragraph id="6F1A002C22F3B962D263E6F7A3FC3029" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DDF133A8F04D376E98D59E777AF74C48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 67.</emphasis>
Habitats,
<taxonomicName id="6207C0C8422C6EC36F2B97ABD12CA9E9" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="27995849AB3A8F5B46331F2E107A5976" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2)
<emphasis id="009A2E3E2DE29B03F380E8C79E18290B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
India, South Andaman, rocky shore with a patch of
<taxonomicName id="BCDD91FA2B3BA217EBAD9B9F1B79D0F4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="23BCA0A3B15DD7399FCAC576392A592D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sand and coral rubble but no mud (st 53)
<emphasis id="B73F0D1E8AA7E4B301334F5D93FE3D44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
India, South Andaman, rocky shore only, no mangrove (st 54)
<emphasis id="127BCADB38FABF6C46A62B924F509309" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
India, South Andaman, sandy beach with coral rubble (st 53)
<emphasis id="C2D0AC2A84991980FC56DF004BDCDA46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Indonesia, Sumatra, coral rubble on beach exposed to estuary (st 78)
<emphasis id="6B84D7E454C2C1AB753D759F0ED161A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Indonesia, Sumatra, beach with a few rocks (st 82).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5E7591326280BB4961D1990E1F30D32E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure68" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 68" startId="F70">
<paragraph id="DFADA65693911A414232DC272D131D56" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C94A0A54C9ED5BDF41B8132C5DDDF40D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 68.</emphasis>
Habitats,
<taxonomicName id="EFDF6166817CB6E15A1096DC89159722" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FF5DF05635C02074EE8034C2E831309F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3)
<emphasis id="8BB8FC88753BA02CC6C1DD6F1726DB0B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Singapore, rocky shore covered by oyster flats (st 2)
<emphasis id="CB652976DAA35B5202F1D2EA2A463005" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
slugs on the rocks, same as A (st 2)
<emphasis id="A7721A985A6465A79B85AF87BA289577" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Singapore, rocks of artificial breakwaters (st 3)
<emphasis id="9D97CA30DE26DE9613C0A882495F508F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, large boulders on sand beach (st 25).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="58250FF20A398307EC6C21AF3422C29E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure69" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 69" startId="F71">
<paragraph id="C7A6E7E48AF30D770C26583ECB1F53E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8C784C0CDA58BB293DC4143062FA1C79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 69.</emphasis>
Habitats,
<taxonomicName id="6F0BFACE9673D59502D802ABFF70F058" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="DCABD2A2C392305DBB8C783937C4713C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="5A48FBC373273451DE1DE44750F493D5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
unit #4
<emphasis id="9B1D5609C061224C43A846105FC71828" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
unit #5
<emphasis id="E437DFD476A7598D730B22EDF513D77C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
India, Mumbai, solid rock area, some crevices (st 44)
<emphasis id="90334289956DD14DFEA7DE03CFAE4E2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Madagascar, sandy mangrove of
<taxonomicName id="83E62307ACD332D1D3AD33A14D9D035B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Bruguiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bruguiera" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CB132ADA4027A290CED2C6738B5420C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bruguiera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on sandy mud in between rocks (st 162)
<emphasis id="E7A1F9D0A78BCBD309A313D2AE1B518F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Madagascar, rocky platform near
<taxonomicName id="2ACBF94B7E9C71B3B4E7A56386A504B9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0D8E89F0DF2A5C5E8F75E1A201CFB85D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="975E58E5CA2C33D18F9A6A8E470D8B23" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="45DAB50D422412466774A851CAB49BDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mangrove (st 158).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2687F30597131D4598BE26C5A48808ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="color and morphology of live animals">
<paragraph id="62AA61CD9C941DC3285B328868CE4F31" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Color and morphology of live animals</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB89538D15A0D079C5037583399E9F12" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="05331908E234AC08165CD292EBF5B507" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F72" captionText="Figure 70. Live animals, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia A 40 mm long [1747], Sumatra (UMIZ 00172) B 40 mm long [2987], Lombok (UMIZ 00168) C 20 mm long [3080], Bali (UMIZ 00164) D 20 mm long [3115], Bali (UMIZ 00165) E 45 mm long [2856], Ambon (UMIZ 00163) F 40 mm long [2729], Ambon (UMIZ 00162) G 50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169) H 55 mm long [3441], Seram (UMIZ 00169)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">70</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="4D5E10A983A3071F6D5103F22798010B" captionStart="Figure 77" captionStartId="F79" captionText="Figure 77. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A dorsal view, 30 mm long [3142] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) B dorsal view, 50 mm long [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C dorsal view, 30 mm long [3146] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) D dorsal view, 30 mm long [3149] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) E dorsal view, 13 mm long [3598] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) F dorsal view, 30 mm long [3600] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) G ventral view, same as A; H ventral view, same as C; I ventral view, same as D." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure77" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458377" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">77</figureCitation>
). In unit #1, live animals are not covered with mud, but they can often bear tiny pieces of various materials, such as sand and broken shells (Figs
<figureCitation id="2CD548EFD7A76C69DC75F2A27077D3A1" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F72" captionText="Figure 70. Live animals, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia A 40 mm long [1747], Sumatra (UMIZ 00172) B 40 mm long [2987], Lombok (UMIZ 00168) C 20 mm long [3080], Bali (UMIZ 00164) D 20 mm long [3115], Bali (UMIZ 00165) E 45 mm long [2856], Ambon (UMIZ 00163) F 40 mm long [2729], Ambon (UMIZ 00162) G 50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169) H 55 mm long [3441], Seram (UMIZ 00169)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">70</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="D9BB2CCA3684310E9D00C915D93281EC" captionStart="Figure 73" captionStartId="F75" captionText="Figure 73. Live animals, ventral view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-F Indonesia G-I Philippines, Bohol J Vietnam K, L New Caledonia A 45 mm long [2127], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00170) B 60 mm long [2162], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00171) C 50 mm long [5124], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) D 40 mm long [5120], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167) E 50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169) F 45 mm long [5904], Timor (UMIZ 00174) G 40 mm long [3379] (PNM 041274) H 35 mm long [3380] (PNM 041274) I 30 mm long [3433] (PNM 041276) J 60 mm long [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021) K 50 mm long [6202] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1591) L 73 mm long [6212] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1592)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure73" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">73</figureCitation>
). The background color of the dorsal notum is highly variable, most often brown (light to dark), or greenish, and occasionally even black. The background is mottled with darker areas, occasionally with red areas. In most animals, the color of the dorsal papillae varies as that of the background itself. In some animals, however, the tip of the dorsal papillae (with and without dorsal eyes) can be bright yellow. The color of the foot is the same as that of the hyponotum, which varies greatly from pure white to dark blue-green. In most animals, the ventral surface is yellowish-greenish or yellowish-bluish. The ventral color (foot and hyponotum) of an individual can change rapidly, especially when disturbed. The ocular tentacles are brown-grey (variable from light to dark), like the head. The ocular tentacles are short (just a few millimeters long). Preserved specimens no longer display the colors of live animals. Colors tend to fade rapidly with preservation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E20A0AAC2DA17BE2CC3C88DC9253F0E4" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 70" startId="F72">
<paragraph id="E6C42DF33F4E70923EDA9CF308D5E422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9422DD78EC68DCC3BBE0746738673F44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 70.</emphasis>
Live animals, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="968E20B915FA4C7F7959EE6305FA99CE" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="46869EA339724A1446D495DD9CC9E881" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), Indonesia
<emphasis id="3CA68F61EAAF418BD7139335C9E4BAFA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
40 mm long [1747], Sumatra (UMIZ 00172)
<emphasis id="DD47DE65079AA2D4BCE9AAAE31F453AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
40 mm long [2987], Lombok (UMIZ 00168)
<emphasis id="16C74755FD75A4410537F1243A7236B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
20 mm long [3080], Bali (UMIZ 00164)
<emphasis id="593439BD90440E60A4F2180BF00315CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
20 mm long [3115], Bali (UMIZ 00165)
<emphasis id="8741CBA96F41C795C40700EB4CB80E22" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
45 mm long [2856], Ambon (UMIZ 00163)
<emphasis id="69087B2E2D3F066C4E4E2D4B533AFA56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
40 mm long [2729], Ambon (UMIZ 00162)
<emphasis id="53F45D0A5DDA2B8D9F34D3D1748BE5CB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169)
<emphasis id="F38D65FA1E107B93EE0A47D91DFBF154" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
55 mm long [3441], Seram (UMIZ 00169).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D6D10ACA11F37AE29FA30D5EB59F06F4" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure71" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 71" startId="F73">
<paragraph id="152BD594CF010C203B120E02915F89B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9FB5337024F270720E25CA4C6220AB86" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 71.</emphasis>
Live animals, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="652548C9EFA9D192CF0D246ADE0DBB92" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D731595397928431C09C7D2AC3B6805A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="E9FCF75E405D5B1BC1C7B2017973DEA1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-E</emphasis>
Indonesia
<emphasis id="3B23539C80E91C74FFAF99B7AE3CD836" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F-H</emphasis>
Vietnam
<emphasis id="8EFB5411D3A1090E3A1727963F7B4577" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
35 mm long [5130], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167)
<emphasis id="2AADCF8DEE297AA32C00ADF82489F7B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
40 mm long [5120], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167)
<emphasis id="ABD13FF8722FF91ADC75A3DCF6C8972C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
50 mm long [5124], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167)
<emphasis id="1E8AC51F597A001719EA44DE8EE667D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
35 mm long [5927], Timor (UMIZ 00175)
<emphasis id="D166B3E7BB8CFBF3C4D5E414E05B4421" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
45 mm long [5904], Timor (UMIZ 00174)
<emphasis id="0880C234BF3BB70061276DC278996B2B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
60 mm long [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021)
<emphasis id="9FA2D119C2C4E34CF884592C83962744" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
40 mm long [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021)
<emphasis id="21753045C52D0845F15078F0FBB060BE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
17 mm long [5639] (ITBZC IM 00023).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E0A3B59F510E12690A837C015902A3DE" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure72" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 72" startId="F74">
<paragraph id="D7F1F6A1E40EDEE6210AADB0B710E85B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5D6F5DB57AA66E8AEADDEBD2C9F6CE8A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 72.</emphasis>
Live animals, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="D3B599CD0FF80DF8C906707FF6DE7803" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="70F6A3F643FFBFE3F273E4D0BD202E9B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="2E57782C3A2BD4A20E4AD7F147CC26BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
New Caledonia
<emphasis id="BAB9059CB704DC740F3E551A5E0DBBB9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-G</emphasis>
Philippines
<emphasis id="4DEA7C37B5C071FAE86AB1B8394D6240" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
50 mm long [6202] (MNHN-IM-2019-1591)
<emphasis id="0B511A1CC074C9BA773D139DA9AF27F9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
73 mm long [6212] (MNHN-IM-2019-1592)
<emphasis id="115EB00B113C57A7FE916C0F9C91E973" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
43 mm long [6214] (MNHN-IM-2019-1593)
<emphasis id="307B5838772A80CACCECA7982A5F7F68" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
35 mm long [3437], Bohol (PNM 041276)
<emphasis id="6B693975AE39C5D495C6D653E131B20F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
50 mm long [3160], Luzon (PNM 041277)
<emphasis id="74BFAC52F8E186C8EBA121F031E7AB5F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
30 mm long [3433], Bohol (PNM 041276)
<emphasis id="538E70FF4A1B9B31632813E429BE3039" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
40 mm long [3161], Luzon (PNM 041277).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8A7459CCF6C8337103B7011F47D997ED" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure73" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 73" startId="F75">
<paragraph id="D76DE61E96EE3D7B09B0C38A2E821FD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5DE19F891244B0EF5A4B77EA9C57A37E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 73.</emphasis>
Live animals, ventral view,
<taxonomicName id="8B77EF7818B547021C3784F3887CA525" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="64670ECF002A2D48387D0EED2D4D891B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="E6AB2CBD5D4C6F6526E54217180F7EF2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-F</emphasis>
Indonesia
<emphasis id="057C0A79DF16E6BBC3D6BE457924EA67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G-I</emphasis>
Philippines, Bohol
<emphasis id="A21107F2A352060B45EA283076002610" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
Vietnam
<emphasis id="B6EDE65F4833A8B9AE4492C3F089F0DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K, L</emphasis>
New Caledonia
<emphasis id="76A073A07EFD4B1E2B04F58371E3AEB3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
45 mm long [2127], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00170)
<emphasis id="67DBC2B5622C5AD4BB333356DC93521F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
60 mm long [2162], Sulawesi (UMIZ 00171)
<emphasis id="74FE2033C5CB489B31CC236534893ECF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
50 mm long [5124], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167)
<emphasis id="46F56C3C148AEFEF69C4055066D49188" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
40 mm long [5120], Halmahera (UMIZ 00167)
<emphasis id="B9505CF84C6483CB172DF73CBEE549B7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
50 mm long [2868], Seram (UMIZ 00169)
<emphasis id="33EFED7C75E8F32F43E0995FC38F87D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
45 mm long [5904], Timor (UMIZ 00174)
<emphasis id="3CB0E6A18178A3693048081B8A4A7328" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
40 mm long [3379] (PNM 041274)
<emphasis id="A1ED004CCE0F71350332BAD12B5060D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
35 mm long [3380] (PNM 041274)
<emphasis id="34CB9310BD6125356DC4A2F0E5A08505" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
30 mm long [3433] (PNM 041276)
<emphasis id="28923332A162EB522B041BF1AE08CE8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
60 mm long [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021)
<emphasis id="D2A2D784FF8DE8050C7FDA4958AA8CC6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
50 mm long [6202] (MNHN-IM-2019-1591)
<emphasis id="B4B15F919E7EB9A918080C7448B52622" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
73 mm long [6212] (MNHN-IM-2019-1592).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="716B661112A48F3E14A14EAC9642759E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The dorsal notum of live animals is covered by dozens of papillae of various sizes. Those papillae do not retract within the notum, whether animals are disturbed or not, and so the dorsal notum is never smooth. Larger papillae are not arranged in two longitudinal and lateral ridges (on either side of the median line), even though larger papillae are mostly concentrated in the central area of the dorsal notum. Some papillae bear from one to five black dorsal eyes at their tip (most papillae bear three eyes). The number of papillae with dorsal eyes is variable (from 10 to 22) and papillae in the central area of the dorsum tend to bear more eyes than those on the side. Occasionally, papillae can bear more than five eyes: a central, large papilla can bear up to eight eyes but, like other papillae, is not fully retractable within the notum. The exact number of papillae with eyes can be difficult to count because papillae are often dark, and because the eyes, which are located at the tip of the papillae, can be seen only if papillae are relaxed. Dorsal gills are present on the posterior third of the dorsal notum. Dorsal gills are most easily observed when animals are relaxed under water. When slugs are not under water, dorsal gills are retracted and hard to see. If animals were not relaxed before preservation, gills can be retracted and hard to see in preserved specimens (the best relaxation method is to immerse live specimens in a solution of magnesium chloride).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89A14DAD872D814DC6F9E6F6E6815C6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The color variation in unit #2 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="869B5F70507804CE0817FC82C6AAB450" captionStart="Figure 74" captionStartId="F76" captionText="Figure 74. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 2) A dorsal view, 50 mm long [1746], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00178) B dorsal notum, detail, same as A; C dorsal view, 25 mm long [1741], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00179) D dorsal view, 45 mm long [1795], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00180) E dorsal view, 30 mm long [1080], India, South Andaman (BNHS 121) F dorsal view, 15 mm long [1079], India, South Andaman (BNHS 120) G Ventral view, same as A; H ventral view, same as D; I ventral view, same as C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">74</figureCitation>
) and unit #3 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="843EA3886D95A349D3272298366E1672" captionStart="Figure 75" captionStartId="F77" captionText="Figure 75. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 3) A dorsal view, 35 mm long [974] at the bottom, 27 mm long [975] at the top, 35 mm long [976] on the left, 27 mm long [977] on the right, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051 &amp; 00064) B dorsal notum, detail [974], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00064) C ventral view, 35 mm long [976], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051) D dorsal view, 25 mm long [990], Singapore (ZRC. MOL. 10496) E ventral view, same as D." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure75" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">75</figureCitation>
) is similar to the color variation in unit #1, and specimens cannot be separated where units overlap geographically (in Singapore for units #1 and #2, and in southeastern Sumatra for units #1 and #3). The number of papillae with dorsal eyes observed in unit #2 (from 14 to 22) and in unit #3 (from 10 to 18) is within the range observed in unit #1. Slight differences may be due to a more limited sampling.
</paragraph>
<caption id="507C7B8ADEA9C9A66DEC35A47E854330" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 74" startId="F76">
<paragraph id="E414D6217EBA9E8C61709C9632CDD9C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1D709FE37D6DAC19C41C642C99972136" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 74.</emphasis>
Live animals,
<taxonomicName id="2179B27BC0237230FF1431A5B8464F42" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="82B64006D2E8F75E4FF6B64AD585F397" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2)
<emphasis id="8D61F61158B18DE6368217BBCE99782B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
dorsal view, 50 mm long [1746], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00178)
<emphasis id="DA584D882C624E542C09515E28EC76C1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal notum, detail, same as
<emphasis id="02B0CAF1F71616584B8394384835FA9C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="87BBC771AC9DAD6982E3F3F9F61E4C72" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view, 25 mm long [1741], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00179)
<emphasis id="13B23BB98FA569FE10A7F9BDD0CC90A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
dorsal view, 45 mm long [1795], Indonesia, Sumatra (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="20C545FBAC111BE2D1C8DE8BF7698407" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
dorsal view, 30 mm long [1080], India, South Andaman (BNHS 121)
<emphasis id="DEEBF5D140A33D44F76333E02E241BAA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
dorsal view, 15 mm long [1079], India, South Andaman (BNHS 120)
<emphasis id="A0E50978E94F366E32AEC120CE1567A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
Ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="E74298F273C2534BD82A823931BAE145" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="7662E4E927EF0532F52640F6F301BB42" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="C2BAA074F6BC2E8AD4FE37A83C0AE275" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="64D31611711C8149FDBA8932A0181C84" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="34D9796FA2246C653DE11FB16E661955" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E5ABA2AFA78A70B3B82E36F4344891E2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure75" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 75" startId="F77">
<paragraph id="23AA90E5E6F6AFAEFFB6B02534C55B58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="09F23B4763AF96A1F24E3E29DE646038" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 75.</emphasis>
Live animals,
<taxonomicName id="582AD61A5D6C9280622E63118DC7752A" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="266EF37CDFD6464029D1A3B00D2F92FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3)
<emphasis id="AE2603D871A3F097F453224B60C3C06F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
dorsal view, 35 mm long [974] at the bottom, 27 mm long [975] at the top, 35 mm long [976] on the left, 27 mm long [977] on the right, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051 &amp; 00064)
<emphasis id="93CE8362ECF4EA3B0FC524E1F64A2FE6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal notum, detail [974], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00064)
<emphasis id="227FCD113AD48B742B78D28AD256D8F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
ventral view, 35 mm long [976], Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi (USMMC 00051)
<emphasis id="E42D8EE4747B054B918F97D3ADD1AC25" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
dorsal view, 25 mm long [990], Singapore (ZRC.MOL.10496)
<emphasis id="FA5CBE8DC4EA8758D8331698AC0BE5D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="D9185C63159FC988529ACEA67DF7FA48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9E534CC5A482B47E79F5855EAD39F0C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In unit #4, the color of the dorsal notum is brown, mottled with darker and lighter areas (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5B207C5DA95C255639D04C55088DCF6D" captionStart="Figure 76" captionStartId="F78" captionText="Figure 76. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), India, Mumbai A dorsal view, 55 mm long [1141] (BNHS 22) B dorsal view, 60 mm long [1143] (BNHS 24) C dorsal view, 60 mm long [1144] (BNHS 23) D ventral view, same as C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure76" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">76</figureCitation>
). The ventral surface (foot and hyponotum) is brown-greyish. The number of papillae with dorsal eyes varies from 10 to 18.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2868E0A89802C6C9791226123D0A28EB" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure76" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458376" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 76" startId="F78">
<paragraph id="129AF4CCE96FBD071DD64C2A2727A083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7731BEDD2AEE8424C10FD3C306819F9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 76.</emphasis>
Live animals,
<taxonomicName id="1DA7CFC85C2DE2327F570D8A6555BAD0" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4D792ECDDA7A98A281846ACC652B943A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4), India, Mumbai
<emphasis id="0A2DA1D62B3F0F3CC842296A2238B62D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
dorsal view, 55 mm long [1141] (BNHS 22)
<emphasis id="D07CE08DA327E9D245AD17AE9BEBCD47" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal view, 60 mm long [1143] (BNHS 24)
<emphasis id="BE7DD24252336467BF288F309B703367" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view, 60 mm long [1144] (BNHS 23)
<emphasis id="FEE6A9318B23645FB93DA14E17A1140D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="9998E2A21B2025FB40BF19B7CE30275B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="865224DD3A3DEAB99ECDD2794A462CA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In unit #5, the dorsal notum is brown, light to dark, mottled with darker areas (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4EA51011AE517537876625FD1EECBC5D" captionStart="Figure 77" captionStartId="F79" captionText="Figure 77. Live animals, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A dorsal view, 30 mm long [3142] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) B dorsal view, 50 mm long [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C dorsal view, 30 mm long [3146] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) D dorsal view, 30 mm long [3149] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) E dorsal view, 13 mm long [3598] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) F dorsal view, 30 mm long [3600] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) G ventral view, same as A; H ventral view, same as C; I ventral view, same as D." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure77" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458377" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">77</figureCitation>
). The ventral surface (foot and hyponotum) is yellowish, greenish, or bluish, and can change rapidly in any given individual. The number of papillae with dorsal eyes varies from 10 to 20.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2836D07BE33369A205AB18C48C38DC18" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure77" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458377" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 77" startId="F79">
<paragraph id="D26901651A1FF83307FF15979E6F87D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8199810750FB9DFFACC74E31C2BCA4D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 77.</emphasis>
Live animals,
<taxonomicName id="EE569FA2CBE2D5F8C902AAA973720526" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="711FBB4B87EE2B39CE48F5198B833B61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5), Madagascar
<emphasis id="4F7A887BD4335376CB553D48694FAFB3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
dorsal view, 30 mm long [3142] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="CE8C4578ED93279DA8958693456C70E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal view, 50 mm long [3143] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="6941A1B688DFF86C13D8D58D5566EE8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view, 30 mm long [3146] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="7B85A10C67E80CC19DFC674CD6DC60D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
dorsal view, 30 mm long [3149] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="F1AE4BAD5A3731B697A4AD4E0529A52A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
dorsal view, 13 mm long [3598] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="B410D38374F6F03FFE5C175CCCD443B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
dorsal view, 30 mm long [3600] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="682FC9B670E83F4434653F3CA64BE044" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="0A4E5CFA63F3AD7030251E7754925A0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B85E52886C10791FCA4603A468DECD7E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="65850CCC09BAB010D3F071F6D84B426F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="13D47C32D82E3BC2A8BCF306A5231021" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
ventral view, same as
<emphasis id="9FD9479B09FFB2B6024D2814995FE7EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="201AD36690E6E1E9EDA0153854610696" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pictures of live animals were not available for unit #6 (Red Sea). The dorsal color of preserved specimens is beige with faded darker areas. The ventrum is beige. The number of papillae with dorsal eyes varies from 10 to 18, but the black eye color possibly faded in some of them.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58B90F1D1FCD4540E481B63F7A0C43B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The largest specimens are 60 mm long in unit #1, 55 mm long in unit #2, 40 mm long in unit #3, 60 mm long in unit #4, 50 mm long in unit #5, and 40 mm long in unit #6. Exceptionally, one individual in New Caledonia was 73 mm long (unit #1).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9C11B1A467710D337C36A27A5B7958A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="external morphology">
<paragraph id="6CE4E8CDBE47002C291CA780DFA6271B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">External morphology</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DA0F174A005DBFE4DD1B923B7FD4DCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C51C005FA2AC89EC157BF7F5D65C8280" captionStart="Figure 78" captionStartId="F80" captionText="Figure 78. External morphology and nervous system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A anterior, ventral view B posterior, ventral view, the dotted line shows where the foot normally expands (it was partly cut to illustrate the anus, the peripodial groove, and the female pore) C dorsal gills and papillae D nervous system, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C), 1 mm (D). Abbreviations: a anus, f foot, fo female opening, h hyponotum, lcg left cerebral ganglion, lpg left pedal glanglion, lplg left pleural ganglion, mo male opening, ol oral lobe, ot ocular tentacle, pn pneumostome, ppg peripodial groove, rcg right cerebral ganglion, rpg right pedal glanglion, rplg right pleural ganglion, vg visceral ganglion." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure78" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458378" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">78A-C</figureCitation>
). The body is not flattened. The notum is oval. The hyponotum is horizontal in live animals. The orientation of the hyponotum as well as the shape of the dorsal notum of preserved animals greatly vary depending on preservation. The width of the hyponotum relative to the total width of the ventral surface (pedal sole and hyponotum) varies among individuals but is approximately one third. In the anterior region, the left and right ocular tentacles are superior to the mouth. Eyes are located at the tip of the two ocular tentacles. Inferior to the ocular tentacles, superior to the mouth, the head bears a pair of oral lobes. The latter are smooth, with no transversal protuberance. The male opening (of the copulatory complex) is below and to the left of the right ocular tentacle (i.e., between the two ocular tentacles, but closer to the right than to the left tentacle). The anus is posterior, median, close to the edge of the pedal sole. On the right side (to the left in ventral view), a peripodial groove is present at the junction between the foot and the hyponotum, running longitudinally all the way from the head to the posterior end. The female pore, which marks the posterior end of the peripodial groove, is located a few millimeters from the anus and the pneumostome, which does not vary much among individuals. The pneumostome is median. Its position on the hyponotum relative to the notum margin and the edge of the pedal sole varies among individuals but averages in the middle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C76231A309FD32A3528825CDF6FDEBF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure78" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458378" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 78" startId="F80">
<paragraph id="4934D71AB398854F9AAA13C4C1A001E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E320D5C5CCEDDEAFA01219642F872043" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 78.</emphasis>
External morphology and nervous system,
<taxonomicName id="5CDD4335BC029223C0CE482683FB6755" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1F4D70F3B1B52F01E8232CB61301FD9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170)
<emphasis id="7D91F30AED7D542E643E9EF3E7B16436" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
anterior, ventral view
<emphasis id="8DA1BD5C865A4D7FAC9860F356198C97" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
posterior, ventral view, the dotted line shows where the foot normally expands (it was partly cut to illustrate the anus, the peripodial groove, and the female pore)
<emphasis id="4BC1349916B7354F18A3B3F4608BF966" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal gills and papillae
<emphasis id="408CDCA9FA9828F8D883FCC30D9616D5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
nervous system, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="655E6701D61C5CC4FBAD65F24F830F79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
), 2 mm (
<emphasis id="5E5B2C0DDA05B2FC696576672D32CDBD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 1 mm (
<emphasis id="C20572DD147F259AA9025E77DAA9C652" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: a anus, f foot, fo female opening, h hyponotum, lcg left cerebral ganglion, lpg left pedal glanglion, lplg left pleural ganglion, mo male opening, ol oral lobe, ot ocular tentacle, pn pneumostome, ppg peripodial groove, rcg right cerebral ganglion, rpg right pedal glanglion, rplg right pleural ganglion, vg visceral ganglion.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3D5E76DBCA09E70EF720CEEB68370C89" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="visceral cavity and pallial complex">
<paragraph id="81D77CBCBA8481ACE71862C0DB6288FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Visceral cavity and pallial complex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="909C90E8E6BCC8C69A5F4192F91629FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The anterior pedal gland is small, more or less round, and flattened, lying on the floor of the visceral cavity below the buccal mass and below a thin layer of connective tissue (it can be hard to detect). The heart, enclosed in the pericardium, is on the right side of the visceral cavity, slightly posterior to the middle. An anterior vessel supports several anterior organs such as the buccal mass, the nervous system, and the copulatory complex. The kidney is nearly symmetrical, the right and left parts being equally developed. The kidney is intricately attached to the respiratory complex. The lung is posterior in two more or less symmetrical parts, left and right, which are joined in the middle.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="24E8BB12E308218769BFA5EAC4C48C93" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nervous system">
<paragraph id="B5788BC303C8850AB66D5FEFBC62EC3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nervous system</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C354E9FDB8D0A0467B85423225801E5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="F272F04A3D20A1C82269A38D53E0FE73" captionStart="Figure 78" captionStartId="F80" captionText="Figure 78. External morphology and nervous system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A anterior, ventral view B posterior, ventral view, the dotted line shows where the foot normally expands (it was partly cut to illustrate the anus, the peripodial groove, and the female pore) C dorsal gills and papillae D nervous system, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C), 1 mm (D). Abbreviations: a anus, f foot, fo female opening, h hyponotum, lcg left cerebral ganglion, lpg left pedal glanglion, lplg left pleural ganglion, mo male opening, ol oral lobe, ot ocular tentacle, pn pneumostome, ppg peripodial groove, rcg right cerebral ganglion, rpg right pedal glanglion, rplg right pleural ganglion, vg visceral ganglion." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure78" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458378" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">78D</figureCitation>
). The circum-esophageal nerve ring is post-pharyngeal and pre-esophageal. The paired cerebral ganglia are separated by a short cerebral commissure of which the length varies among individuals. Paired pleural and pedal ganglia are also all distinct. The visceral commissure is short but distinctly present and the visceral ganglion tends to be slightly to the left. Cerebro-pleural and pleuro-pedal connectives are short and pleural and cerebral ganglia touch each other on either side. Nerves from the cerebral ganglia innervate the buccal area and the ocular tentacles and, on the right side, the penial complex. Nerves from the pedal ganglia innervate the foot. Nerves from the pleural ganglia innervate the lateral and dorsal regions of the mantle. Nerves from the visceral ganglia innervate the visceral organs. Ganglia are commonly surrounded by almost transparent connective tissue through which they can be observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6FA79DC5873985D0F01C650AE4BF62D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="digestive system">
<paragraph id="381CB987506EC11752EA02345A8C3D1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Digestive system</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67DBD5C04F97C65AF90403DAE5C901CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="35250DEB784BBCD664FA51B8F2AAEDFF" captionStart="Figure 79" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 79. Digestive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B ventral view C stomach, dorsal view D stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 4 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st 1 first stomach chamber, st 2 second stomach chamber, st 3 third stomach chamber, st 4 fourth stomach chamber." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">79</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="2C1D5EA692639E9D54A78BC8F3005ED5" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="F83" captionText="Figure 81. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A Palau [698] (UF 253871) B Singapore [991] (ZRC. MOL. 10497) C Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) D Philippines, Bohol [3380] (PNM 041274) E Philippines, Bohol [3433] (PNM 041276) F Japan, Honshu [3751] (NSMT-Mo 78988). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D-F), 3 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure81" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458381" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">81</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CE8BF3D5C2381FBB2B7E886336DD38E3" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">82A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6CADF895003EFAFF524A860327507788" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">83A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4CF97E74186040D69FFF26F1573A75FD" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7F8C467CD0D2C56FF267D10930E877FD" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F87" captionText="Figure 85. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Scaphis gravieri, Mayotte (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33695) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 5 mm (C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="D0402FF77816868657D8591F6B672706" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="F95" captionText="Figure 93. Radula, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A rachidian tooth B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth C lateral teeth D lateral teeth E outermost lateral teeth F lateral teeth. Scale bars: 10 μm (A), 30 μm (B), 20 μm (C, E), 100 μm (D), 60 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">93</figureCitation>
). There are no jaws. The left and right salivary glands, heavily branched, join the buccal mass dorsally, on either side of the esophagus. The esophagus is narrow and straight, with thin internal folds. The esophagus enters the stomach anteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E8BEF1F9824CC4866D5796AB1EC79073" captionStart="Figure 79" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 79. Digestive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B ventral view C stomach, dorsal view D stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 4 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st 1 first stomach chamber, st 2 second stomach chamber, st 3 third stomach chamber, st 4 fourth stomach chamber." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">79</figureCitation>
). Only a portion of the posterior aspect of the stomach can be seen in dorsal view because it is partly covered by the lobes of the digestive gland. The dorsal lobe is mainly on the right. The left, lateral lobe is mainly ventral. The posterior lobe covers the posterior aspect of the stomach. The stomach is a U-shaped sac divided into four chambers (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D9F68E180E1F95E9DEC499CF42B8B011" captionStart="Figure 79" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 79. Digestive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B ventral view C stomach, dorsal view D stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 4 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st 1 first stomach chamber, st 2 second stomach chamber, st 3 third stomach chamber, st 4 fourth stomach chamber." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">79</figureCitation>
). The first chamber, which receives the esophagus, is delimited by thin tissue, and receives the ducts of the dorsal and lateral lobes of the digestive gland. It is internally smooth (with no ridges). The second, posterior chamber, delimited by thick muscular tissue (which takes most of the space inside), receives the duct of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland. The third, funnel-shaped chamber is delimited by thin tissue with high leaflet-like ridges internally. The fourth chamber is continuous and externally similar to the third, but it bears only low, thin ridges internally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="003C25F231BC73B717D5E7C2BB54250C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 79" startId="F81">
<paragraph id="F2D99BE321E6EF0848F2C2D79F3CB9DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D03E52B107B7EB625D17097D21ECF19D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 79.</emphasis>
Digestive system,
<taxonomicName id="B5F1ABB55EBDA01548166882C65C217B" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="19A47C347777DB9705CDD7DE695EC0F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170)
<emphasis id="E1CD8BE10D18BBF877BD05D7E72B7450" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="B81C6EFCF9444E290DDFF15C18C4BBB9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="BF0F06C0E27F6EB9A643E31221B2A1F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
stomach, dorsal view
<emphasis id="787274B459A7FA1F0FC02787FB310DF6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="24436995C1021BDFD33924D9F596855D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="220249C91B052B20BEBA4736ECF97D5D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st1 first stomach chamber, st2 second stomach chamber, st3 third stomach chamber, st4 fourth stomach chamber.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F2BB1F23DF83FF7B85B53A8EB6BA8AD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The intestine is long and narrow. Intestinal loops were checked in every specimen listed in the material examined: the intestinal loops are of type I with a transitional loop oriented between 3 and 6
<normalizedToken id="64A8075E53948B9D0C8EA674A8D7F285" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="113551184338EDD47DCCA23FA319B1F4" captionStart="Figure 79" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 79. Digestive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) A dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B ventral view C stomach, dorsal view D stomach, ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 4 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, ldg lateral digestive gland, oddg opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland, oldg opening of the lateral lobe of the digestive gland, opdg opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach, st 1 first stomach chamber, st 2 second stomach chamber, st 3 third stomach chamber, st 4 fourth stomach chamber." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure79" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458379" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">79</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="7BA165B90E1B280349C71CA5623D14D7" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="F83" captionText="Figure 81. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A Palau [698] (UF 253871) B Singapore [991] (ZRC. MOL. 10497) C Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) D Philippines, Bohol [3380] (PNM 041274) E Philippines, Bohol [3433] (PNM 041276) F Japan, Honshu [3751] (NSMT-Mo 78988). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D-F), 3 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure81" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458381" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">81</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8AA3F1094FDED8E169865D8587DE819" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">82A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D7D861B3AB44D6D5E88DDA0171BCE329" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">83A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2B8AD2B769E0875F59136D15D02259DD" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4109044478C23F280FB06AD9469ACBB6" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F87" captionText="Figure 85. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Scaphis gravieri, Mayotte (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33695) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 5 mm (C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="69801982206B1628330CF77D6BC3FC99" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86</figureCitation>
). There is no rectal gland.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD5C9B02B79D9C9B009A70B9800207AF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 80" startId="F82">
<paragraph id="FCC8839AC95F2873093B563C364F9A1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="AAEA6156C05B394A64E4F72580B32AF6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 80.</emphasis>
Digestive system, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="07F83C549BA6EFADB3A86E20B95517B6" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3F51096670A3322E1671B64C4F1EF98A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="0052377495E09AD5640B12D0C0B467A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="4E05ACAC8A8126A7FBA9BADA6B2A3B80" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="D42599CD8D2C7235A395465D0B230001" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-22951)
<emphasis id="D59D697A2E5B5FBBBBFE0A2722BB6374" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
holotype,
<taxonomicName id="5D1E7FE2213E064664EEC991648164EC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="78190D4640C462F8EB58784C6A47F8A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SMF 45248)
<emphasis id="10237CB7A9FCBCCF5BD35D6D13C615FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
holotype,
<taxonomicName id="F1B334450ECA6F9E4329240B909A6FB2" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="EFB22C74723387650E93C0CAB51F10D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RBINS I.G.9223/MT.3822)
<emphasis id="D8E60D90FF8A667D42D7D5C37C2FC918" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
holotype,
<taxonomicName id="EEB8B079AD738231697B2805BD565102" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="53CE06C5A72EF96D5D0F777FCD383FFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33708)
<emphasis id="8B67836C7FFFDAB6CDC3EC09D4493721" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="1E31892CCBE38C9FC7673F4964C0565A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="1FBD3CCE2A85ECF21CB2DE01D7392F46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-33705)
<emphasis id="9915943815C6A9779C3050DF5BB49CBD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="5F3E677DAF44051741140744EB0E4032" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="744D2935839473519C591B8215833C27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-IM-2000-22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (
<emphasis id="25577292B24C4A3EB9E1D00126A39076" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
), 5 mm (
<emphasis id="FCFE535E9CF5B8113B3BBB9505CA76DF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-F</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0F9296BD543BFE20AC8D4B537DCD72C8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure81" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458381" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 81" startId="F83">
<paragraph id="40295393BFC17478D11D92BE6AE5AF81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A8CABB6AE5221FA040A91AC08324B78B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 81.</emphasis>
Digestive system, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="CB092084E889BAA118281BC58875BCAA" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7C9622F284D9B016B9F83E5D20B70A0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="12BCE1C5B556B96235A4932EC7CC1B15" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Palau [698] (UF 253871)
<emphasis id="8EE29D56A5C039209C409FB3F91EE261" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Singapore [991] (ZRC.MOL.10497)
<emphasis id="0817C907A74E1C514E1318F7F4D894F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ)
<emphasis id="941DEE0356A88A739A7B986913B6FB8D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Philippines, Bohol [3380] (PNM 041274)
<emphasis id="008BD0C3F8B4C55F3AD56064C1E616E4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Philippines, Bohol [3433] (PNM 041276)
<emphasis id="29D4B1CB7DB38C01996CE6E6417F7878" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Japan, Honshu [3751] (NSMT-Mo 78988). Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="450B1256D972C9AFA70D358E28143C7E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D-F</emphasis>
), 3 mm (
<emphasis id="98BB30FF3BA6F4D6FD9A3AB18181481F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A7421BD143AE6AD4B83F2466D675CEA3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The radula is in between two large postero-lateral muscular masses (Figs
<figureCitation id="DB7CC64EA36C2A3D1C3243DDF1612742" captionStart="Figure 87" captionStartId="F89" captionText="Figure 87. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62393) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 100 μm (B), 10 μm (C, D). Abbreviations: 1 llt first left lateral tooth, 1 rlt first right lateral tooth, 2 llt second left lateral tooth, 2 rlt second right lateral tooth, bls basal lateral spine, hlt hook of a lateral tooth, mc median cusp, rt rachidian tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure87" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458387" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">87</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="5EB80B45C4EE87E5E716C46620C6ACB7" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="F95" captionText="Figure 93. Radula, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A rachidian tooth B rachidian and innermost lateral teeth C lateral teeth D lateral teeth E outermost lateral teeth F lateral teeth. Scale bars: 10 μm (A), 30 μm (B), 20 μm (C, E), 100 μm (D), 60 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">93</figureCitation>
). Each radular row contains a rachidian tooth and two half rows of lateral teeth of similar size and shape. Examples of radular formulae are presented in Table
<tableCitation id="DD44E3A0EEFFDE69DA69B6EBE204B6D2" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Radular formulae in Peronia species. Each formula follows the same format: number of rows x number of lateral teeth per left half row - 1 (rachidian tooth) - number of lateral teeth per right half row. Each DNA extraction number corresponds to one individual. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates a holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A">5</tableCitation>
. The rachidian teeth are unicuspid (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A50A646C1501C30BE59C8FD95435BD92" captionStart="Figure 87" captionStartId="F89" captionText="Figure 87. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62393) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 100 μm (B), 10 μm (C, D). Abbreviations: 1 llt first left lateral tooth, 1 rlt first right lateral tooth, 2 llt second left lateral tooth, 2 rlt second right lateral tooth, bls basal lateral spine, hlt hook of a lateral tooth, mc median cusp, rt rachidian tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure87" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458387" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">87A</figureCitation>
): the median cusp is always present; there are no conspicuous cusps on the lateral sides of the base of the rachidian tooth. The median cusp of the rachidian teeth is approximately 40
<normalizedToken id="F4DA57D6C3FB4A2B28A0675A1EE33CDF" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long. The lateral aspect of the base of the rachidian teeth is straight. The half rows of lateral teeth form an angle of 45° with the rachidian axis. Except for the few innermost and few outermost lateral teeth, the size and shape of the lateral teeth do not vary along the half row, nor do they vary among half rows. The lateral teeth are unicuspid with a flattened and curved hook (approximately from 80 to 120
<normalizedToken id="5638D2FBA1442D5C838AEDAFFB461035" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long) with a rounded tip, but there is also a pointed spine on the outer lateral expansion of the base, or basal lateral spine (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B7F847CCF689FE2322BD3AAF8EAC5CA2" captionStart="Figure 87" captionStartId="F89" captionText="Figure 87. Radula, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 62393) A rachidian and innermost lateral teeth B lateral teeth C outermost lateral teeth D lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 100 μm (B), 10 μm (C, D). Abbreviations: 1 llt first left lateral tooth, 1 rlt first right lateral tooth, 2 llt second left lateral tooth, 2 rlt second right lateral tooth, bls basal lateral spine, hlt hook of a lateral tooth, mc median cusp, rt rachidian tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure87" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458387" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">87D</figureCitation>
). In most cases, the basal lateral spine cannot be observed because it is hidden below the hook of the next, outer lateral tooth. It can only be observed when the teeth are not too close (such as in the innermost and outermost regions) or when teeth are placed in an unusual position. The inner and outer lateral aspects of the hook of the lateral teeth are straight (i.e., not wavy and not with any protuberance).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2252DDA373A7607EB3CB53ACFB1F3D25" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reproductive system">
<paragraph id="2308421602D8925D711FED571FA0E342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reproductive system</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7AB2A13A060223FA438884DFD8DCFBD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="83EA208E54087AC3F6FC6D82E1550E12" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">82B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DFAC018ACC5B1A84CFF0884A6866470" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">83B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5138263BF57F263B182A9464D91D9689" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3A7AD2AD0C2F377434653B4FD9CC5E20" captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 94. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A immature, posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as C. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 3 mm (C), 5 mm (D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">94</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="B974A617B81FAE5941C24E0A205547AF" captionStart="Figure 109" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 109. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A, E spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) B, F spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) C, G spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D, H spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A, C, D), 400 μm (B), 10 μm (E), 20 μm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">109</figureCitation>
). Sexual maturity is correlated with animal length. Mature individuals have large female organs (with a large female gland mass) and fully developed male copulatory parts. The smallest, immature individuals may have inconspicuous (or no) female organs and rudimentary anterior male parts.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BE6C1FEC6BC4FACA5BD03CA8AF1E2CCA" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 82" startId="F84">
<paragraph id="B3FA0542BEC163E0221C45C5FEC65EAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="BFCD0C96EBC0EF49AE3E09F06DC842BA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 82.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="670FBFD0BA763C9AC08637B56642C0A5" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="36447BF6B108D1B356F014007F960842" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178)
<emphasis id="128BEBA8A2D8D4A13A8C789D9EE8EA48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="2FA37B979F37CDE99AFBC4BC61297826" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system
<emphasis id="7547A6980BBD11DA840150D9F4280E1A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="8431D69F57FF3F59D1A11FE651EA4297" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="2109316D5C4F6758DEECB71559F31A00" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="ECAAA28A3A656C6249008A8C34BD3868" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 83" startId="F85">
<paragraph id="0A178BB2F7DB832E29F76325B1A2B943" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DBD0EBB72BE3CEBEE87BC87F9BAF7298" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 83.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6DFD6D9568D64ABDE51453D5750458A9" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="98083E237CA800E41BD5520E79271872" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051)
<emphasis id="63606E222A716289DE991E1DC3B0CB7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="1E61C130AF465C8B956EC206C20712DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system
<emphasis id="2E242A30263D37F29542131630F6D8FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="C3402385F6F55EE628DF350BC34687EB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 3 mm (
<emphasis id="9F7BB5159B5418361342113DF2675AD3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="4306560191069DD5810647FE47F34096" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="180E6B6E12FB762F7B1D3905E1493F3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The female organs are located (with some male parts) at the posterior end of the visceral cavity (Figs
<figureCitation id="3927D3BDE01F404E7D7FEDFC35B55CF1" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">82B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BD53BED1ECF175E7C6A9574E03C65A1E" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">83B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4AAACD323DC221CAEF1E58CD6ED377F2" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0EE211344FA62C565A3598CDC1DD1D69" captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 94. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A immature, posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as C. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 3 mm (C), 5 mm (D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">94A-C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="233716716683AADA1BF0E1BF013E6C6F" captionStart="Figure 95" captionStartId="F97" captionText="Figure 95. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, only the spermatheca, the deferent duct, and the oviduct, [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as B. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure95" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">95A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CF7A8534CEAE921601A22B8A70D4BFEF" captionStart="Figure 96" captionStartId="F98" captionText="Figure 96. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system B anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, p penis, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458396" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">96A</figureCitation>
). The hermaphroditic gland is a single mass, joining the spermoviduct through the hermaphroditic duct (which conveys the eggs and the autosperm). There is a narrow, elongated receptaculum seminalis (caecum) along the hermaphroditic duct. The female gland mass contains various glands (mucus and albumen) which can hardly be separated by dissection and of which the exact connections remain uncertain. The hermaphroditic duct becomes the spermoviduct (which conveys eggs, exosperm, and autosperm). Proximally, the spermoviduct is not divided (at least externally) and is embedded within the female gland mass. Distally, the spermoviduct branches into the straight deferent duct (which conveys the autosperm up to the anterior region, running through the body wall) and the oviduct. The free oviduct conveys the eggs up to the female opening and the exosperm from the female opening up to the fertilization chamber. The large, spherical-ovate spermatheca connects to the oviduct through a short duct. The oviduct is narrow and straight. There is no vaginal gland.
</paragraph>
<caption id="72AAA024E084CE1398567B72DE2EC740" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 84" startId="F86">
<paragraph id="164A50B1A105473A85A20F0678A99AD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B590CC2BD8B6BE55534602BE1C9F448D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 84.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="ED5EDF4D2551F339FF86E077239FD221" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8015DAFC7C86BD20DD18F6FFC32129D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4)
<emphasis id="2FE46BA08ADDF5B04F30340F0BADED6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="C699A14AE6234453182A7E2636BDD9E6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="BB23ADCD682A68CCBC2BB6E44D38F612" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM-2000-33681)
<emphasis id="14D51D0A5F2F3D97A7BDEDC41684E376" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM-2019-
<emphasis id="CFB3660FF7978739FAAB67E6B009BAC2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1384</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C73A317EDF463F9A25C1F2325CEC473C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="7A1B592352949719FFCFFAE759837148" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
digestive system, dorsal view
<emphasis id="88F9C50C6E25EB7EFC98B4F4094F3E05" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system
<emphasis id="79AA2CD392490F511C12E2DC71164D7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (
<emphasis id="5470ECB89E4570F3FFB9921AB92A2A3E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
), 5 mm (
<emphasis id="BC0DAD40872D528DD0F89547A29E4436" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, D</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B7981522EE107F575DA95879BE571FA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The male anterior organs consist of the penial complex (penis, penial sheath, vestibule, deferent duct, retractor muscle) and the accessory penial gland (Figs
<figureCitation id="83731EA041944DCE922EE08E6122989A" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 82. Peronia verruculata (unit 2), Indonesia, Sumatra, [1746] (UMIZ 00178) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure82" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">82C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="64C4F2ADA74A49C642A9636EC4511AA7" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 83. Peronia verruculata (unit 3), Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, [976] (USMMC 00051) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure83" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458383" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">83C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A9485D6D61599492074CEC677E7E532C" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B38508FAA53DE493C9D0ED35847834AA" captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 94. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A immature, posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021) C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as C. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 3 mm (C), 5 mm (D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">94D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3183AC6FE0CA10EC8480715A2E82183C" captionStart="Figure 95" captionStartId="F97" captionText="Figure 95. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata (unit 5), Madagascar A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, only the spermatheca, the deferent duct, and the oviduct, [3143] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) B posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610) C anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as B. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 3 mm (B), 4 mm (C). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure95" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">95C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="62B446B63AA4413F9D7FE6D5525569BD" captionStart="Figure 96" captionStartId="F98" captionText="Figure 96. Reproductive system, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) A posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system B anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B). Abbreviations: Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, p penis, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458396" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">96B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9FA54D8EB3D92C933B15145B5E9E9272" captionStart="Figure 97" captionStartId="F99" captionText="Figure 97. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B Indonesia, Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166) C Papua New Guinea, Madang [5469] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 12010) D same as B; E Indonesia, Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169) F same as C. Scale bars: 4 μm (A, B), 20 μm (C), 30 μm (D), 3 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458397" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">97</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="2C9C72BFB05E4DE2E842E2A288E6C53C" captionStart="Figure 109" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 109. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A, E spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) B, F spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) C, G spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D, H spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A, C, D), 400 μm (B), 10 μm (E), 20 μm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">109</figureCitation>
). The penial complex and the accessory penial gland share the same vestibule and the same anterior male opening.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE534284D48D97E1E2E2136C8B12E69A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The penial sheath is narrow and elongated. The penial sheath protects the penis for its entire length. The beginning of the retractor muscle marks the separation between the penial sheath (and the penis inside) and the deferent duct, which is highly coiled. The retractor muscle, which can be shorter or longer than the penial sheath, inserts at the posterior end of the visceral cavity. Inside the penial sheath, the penis is a narrow, elongated, soft, hollow tube. Its distal end bears conical hooks which are less than 50
<normalizedToken id="214009C6F7D7984C0114175E1B40448D" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long in units #1 and #2, less than 55
<normalizedToken id="B30159B69BCFAA8A9E362726DFE8EFCC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long in units #5 and #6, and less than 60
<normalizedToken id="C3BE6CCAAF00DE0A93DB15626DA9EC67" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in units #3 and #4 (Figs
<figureCitation id="FE4D679615E8FD01770FDE4C21F30A0A" captionStart="Figure 97" captionStartId="F99" captionText="Figure 97. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ) B Indonesia, Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166) C Papua New Guinea, Madang [5469] (MNHN-IM- 2013 - 12010) D same as B; E Indonesia, Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169) F same as C. Scale bars: 4 μm (A, B), 20 μm (C), 30 μm (D), 3 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458397" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">97</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="CA9DD25C95C113C8DDA1B0637A9AE596" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="F104" captionText="Figure 102. Penis and penial hooks, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A-C spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) E, F spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A), 10 μm (B), 30 μm (C), 20 μm (D, E), 4 μm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458402" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">102</figureCitation>
). When the penis is retracted inside the penial sheath, the hooks are densely packed inside the tube-like penis; during copulation, the penis is evaginated like a glove and the hooks are outside, not as densely packed. In some individuals of unit #4, a few penial hooks are exceptionally double, or two-pronged (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E30A5A305C923AE42DECF98D00592B85" captionStart="Figure 100" captionStartId="F102" captionText="Figure 100. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), Pakistan A-C [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) D [6165] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1385). Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 10 μm (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure100" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">100C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33DFB0C6551AE3BE152306B889A9F194" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The accessory penial gland is a long, tube-like flagellum with a proximal dead end. The length of the flagellum of the penial gland varies among individuals but it is always highly coiled. Near its distal end (just before the hollow spine), the flagellum is enlarged into a thick muscular sac, which is less than 15 mm long in units #1 and #6 and less than 10 mm long in the other units. Distally, the flagellum ends in a hard, hollow spine protected by a sheath which opens into the vestibule.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F4E8A910F68515532FF7665FB6692C2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The hollow spine is narrow, elongated, conical at its base, and straight or slightly curved (Figs
<figureCitation id="6152E441E54CCC99156A39676E20CB6E" captionStart="Figure 103" captionStartId="F105" captionText="Figure 103. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata (unit 1) A-G Indonesia H Singapore A Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166) B Ambon [2729] (UMIZ 00162) C Lombok [2987] (UMIZ 00168) D Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170) E same as A; F same as B; G same as C; H [991] (ZRC. MOL. 10497). Scale bars: 300 μm (A-D), 20 μm (E), 10 μm (F), 15 μm (G), 150 μm (H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">103</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="E386F0BD727F9AD05BD41FCFD1403706" captionStart="Figure 109" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 109. Accessory penial gland spine, Peronia verruculata, Red Sea A, E spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4) B, F spm 2 (ZMH 27472 / 4) C, G spm 3 (ZMH 27472 / 4) D, H spm 4 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 300 μm (A, C, D), 400 μm (B), 10 μm (E), 20 μm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">109</figureCitation>
). Its shape varies between individuals, including at its tip which may or may not be pointed. Its length (Table
<tableCitation id="2E2FC818499FC56123AB25F49C8CBD3D" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
) ranges from 1.4 mm ([5481] MNHN-IM-2013-62393) to 2 mm ([5068] UMIZ 00166, [5469] MNHN-IM-2013-12010) in unit #1, from 1.4 mm ([1796] UMIZ 00180) to 1.7 mm ([1797] UMIZ 00180) in unit #2, from 1.8 mm ([990] ZRC.MOL.10496) to 2.2 mm ([976] USMMC 00051) in unit #3, from 2.2 mm ([6165] MNHN-IM-2019-1385) to 2.8 mm ([6164] MNHN-IM-2019-1384) in unit #4, from 1.8 mm ([3144] MNHN-IM-2019-1611) to 2 mm ([3231] MNHN-IM-2019-1610) in unit #5, from 2 mm (ZMH 27472, spm #4) to 2.4 mm (ZMH 27472, spm #2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1EF6285CD5A3644FD7E3462F22608A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Its diameter at the base (Table
<tableCitation id="0D8DC7339BB1BF125330096DB7E6D728" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
) ranges from 100
<normalizedToken id="1AD2BBE758DD3C5827DD53564DB71B70" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([5481] MNHN-IM-2013-62393) to 200
<normalizedToken id="F849CF1E517386F78ACFD7E495E95270" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([5621] ITBZC IM 00021) and even, exceptionally, 270
<normalizedToken id="9AF74849F92F820B938271F317AAACDD" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([991] ZRC.MOL.10497) in unit #1, from 140
<normalizedToken id="A00DFDFC97178BC1A35CEA05BAF36841" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[1796] UMIZ 00180) to 160
<normalizedToken id="D7728DC7FFB4CE2280EF71A61685894B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[1797] UMIZ 00180) in unit #2, from 200
<normalizedToken id="8E5AD63656D6A42A80643CBF8ACC4766" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([989] ZRC.MOL.16070) to 270
<normalizedToken id="3FE3BA20D6E43E68E3ABE5F6A128A38A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([977] USMMC 00064) in unit #3, around 200
<normalizedToken id="11BA682088762E76F6836CAA35829E71" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([6164] MNHN-IM-2019-1384, [6165] MNHN-IM-2019-1385, and [6166] MNHN-IM-2019-1386) in unit #4, from 150
<normalizedToken id="810822579D5744030CCD3031FC693950" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([3144] MNHN-IM-2019-1611) to 180
<normalizedToken id="2A282BCCB238115433B9495C4C23CBC7" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([3231] MNHN-IM-2019-1610) in unit #5, and from 140
<normalizedToken id="A3EC120092AB806918BC0879AB6840B8" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(ZMH 27472, spm #4) to 200
<normalizedToken id="FD6D02A03B3C1D2E63742B518CB77B17" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(ZMH 27472, spms #2 and #3) in unit #6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C9C9A9C725C8C1DD67BB1083EF4FCE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Its diameter at the tip (Table
<tableCitation id="06D0ACB8348B285AD920C495B4DC3360" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
) ranges from 35
<normalizedToken id="8BB23E59BDA81C5981C993D6C9727AFF" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([5481] MNHN-IM-2013-62393) to 50
<normalizedToken id="5AA1033D5BA5B1F9B005E578E441DA90" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(e.g., [5068] UMIZ 00166) in unit #1, from 30
<normalizedToken id="C30A7A3FA4A5FDBCD8B4746CD65EE168" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[1795] UMIZ 00180) to 35
<normalizedToken id="5DCA4CB7A387AE75C2735F452FC4BCBE" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[1796] UMIZ 00180) in unit #2, and from 40
<normalizedToken id="CA4387EF3137817EE41580B69E76615F" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[989] ZRC.MOL.16070) to 80
<normalizedToken id="84AC5E275192EDDC21B5245D85473C2A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
[977] USMMC 00064) in unit #3, around 50
<normalizedToken id="570725A118239E5EA7A40EE226DD1CC6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([6164] MNHN-IM-2019-1384, [6165] MNHN-IM-2019-1385, and [6166] MNHN-IM-2019-1386) in unit #4, from 45
<normalizedToken id="C5ADAF8CF287D90D124C76DA0DE1B5A1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([3231] MNHN-IM-2019-1610) to 50
<normalizedToken id="36BCB1F45E8E95AE146B0134C781A382" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
([3144] MNHN-IM-2019-1611) in unit #5, and from 55
<normalizedToken id="79EC8901026BD027D74AB119B9CD2E37" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(ZMH 27472, spm #1) to 60
<normalizedToken id="C482052FD57B970862D5008ADB8ADB2E" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(ZMH 27472, spms #2 to #4) in unit #6.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FBC4A78A71EE12432025AC1599967651" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 85" startId="F87">
<paragraph id="989D728923411DDFDD7679ADF27B567F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5CE88CE9410D392F563D9C5715EC9526" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 85.</emphasis>
Digestive system, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="86C397842EA6F74B2320EBD7AC4DEF5B" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="E95D5D92B0E41AD75D0311C6030A000E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="50FEF0A000921290C7598063D84CFB27" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="DC55FBE534D2B5C26A4255A8E0E62845" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="A0841D441A1792FA1D0F71ECC9CA1FF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Mayotte (MNHN-IM-2000-33695)
<emphasis id="551E5FA0FBD8FBD45405F6AB49172625" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="82FD3C3B8BD28A19D11A061EC6338664" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis id="73BBAADBEB29479545D89ACCD3B4DBB2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="F9E5E592310336ABA6A9729D30518B65" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 5 mm (
<emphasis id="0CA8A208FE71E95DE2DBDFBC5C035B78" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9340FF545800E512C5C36042A9A9B5AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="7F855935247FFD3330630C25454DA187" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnostic features</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E6D1EBCCC6FA165ACCD91C30B44A172E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Table
<tableCitation id="AED5BC273A448EE3675DA9F008BC8D20" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Externally,
<taxonomicName id="35B7F25E1A550E8B173AEE2677EB8CE1" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D206AB44CC9F7D1F2A8C0DDAFDF8892C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be distinguished from the other
<taxonomicName id="B8CC20E6F7F35F7499F6D53246C1265C" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C3EB54A45EAD21397BF976232D6FA377" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The animal length, which is helpful to identify
<taxonomicName id="5C430E65A0AEFD472DE9F14B20F657D8" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="377C99E854C99FFC2BBBF50F7945A5E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, does not help identify
<taxonomicName id="551E2EAD6F815B8A41BA40E727FBD842" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A638A9615D9A3B8E0BF2675EA380F570" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In our material, most live animals are between 30 and 40 mm long, but some animals are exceptionally longer: e.g., 60 mm for [2162] (UMIZ 00171) in Sulawesi, 60 mm for [5620] (ITBZC IM 00021) in Vietnam, and 73 mm for [6212] (MNHN-IM-2019-1592) in New Caledonia. Internally, all units of
<taxonomicName id="B04908B1F03463049567CD74C1633066" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5CA254737E0A186A3353D907BCC3FCC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are cryptic with each other (Table
<tableCitation id="E0D693E76643AF3DD6B870FBBE7A16D9" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). The ranges of sizes for the accessory penial gland (length, diameter at base, diameter at tip) overlap when all units are considered, but ranges may differ when only a pair of units is considered (e.g., the accessory penial gland spine is shorter than 160
<normalizedToken id="2B70554A8888719575B00427577A79F9" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #2 and longer than 200
<normalizedToken id="23D95C56A485FBF857AB91E9B14C8A11" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E14C9B8EDED252E36BAB28C9C5828DB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The units #1 and #3 are sympatric in Singapore but they cannot be always separated anatomically. Based on the length of its spine (270
<normalizedToken id="9882ECB1E72603965B3FDFB9D6A0B859" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
), the Singapore individual [991] would be assigned to the mitochondrial unit #3 because the spine is longer than 200
<normalizedToken id="B0EE73133CDD0099F4EAF428A2CABA39" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #3 while it usually is less than 200
<normalizedToken id="7D2B953B580F8531899B90BEC062FB46" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #1, but it belongs to the mitochondrial unit #1 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="058518F64885AC757B9DC86B6A5161E0" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). The diameter of the tip of the spine only partly overlaps between unit #1 (from 35 to 50
<normalizedToken id="578929724D941E245782F2A37FAB69D6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
) and unit #3 (from 40 to 80
<normalizedToken id="F3CFB52CCED72BA226E7E3842D692DFE" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
), but that trait is hardly practical when it comes to identification (it requires SEM). The units #1 and #2 are sympatric in Sumatra (we found them both together at the stations 78 and 82) but they cannot be separated because they are completely cryptic anatomically (Table
<tableCitation id="B87AB7A58FA344761CDA0F1FC3686466" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). All that is not to say that there are no anatomical differences between units of
<taxonomicName id="2072B624AE39BAEEAD25559771085472" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1E18795A52B57078E03E1FAA0F97D201" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On average, the diameter of the spine of the accessory penial gland tends to be larger both at the base and at the tip in unit #3. However, because ranges of variation overlap, anatomical traits cannot be used to reliably assign individuals to any particular unit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A96AED6BCA51E780F253E426C4982A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7D581A4DF2466A4351B500BD70D5C94D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="66C90FEFF8E830EC627953DFD0F281B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close anatomically to
<taxonomicName id="380F7B1B5B77A51BF0093ADE5DB24249" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="9322D6E3C2D4030EE76E72700F81DA78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0AB4CDD183E2207950B1E55418007E6D" lsidName="P. willani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="willani">
<emphasis id="381432430C3A675A571AE55D222867A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. willani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They all share intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop oriented between 3 and 6
<normalizedToken id="C19A5272921F6C7CC2FD1A10B1BD3DC4" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
. There are, however, important differences. The muscular sac of the accessory penial gland is significantly longer in
<taxonomicName id="6BEF69067EA931382BED8AF3D4430433" lsidName="P. willani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="willani">
<emphasis id="93003A7E356DA814B0F7217A5880BF12" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. willani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(up to 25 mm) than in
<taxonomicName id="9E9C7DD79CB66ABFDBFF4DB09B3E19A0" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2C0FE605B3AFCD2B37107CD54C3A99A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(up to 15 mm); the spine of the accessory penial gland is significantly shorter in
<taxonomicName id="D90C1AFD1ACBE8A87686C15A871FBE8C" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="9F3A6B2B96FB429E851E942FB20D363C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(less than 1 mm) than in
<taxonomicName id="3544C4E94099B56E3EE3AB5581B593EE" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0E4496FA60DFFBEAE0A8F5768BAE09D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(at least 1.3 mm); strong, hemispherical protuberances cover the spine in all individuals of
<taxonomicName id="EA4622DB70C9CE15F198275303A13026" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="BBC5990DAC479473422C8F423ABF3C8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are absent in all other species.
<taxonomicName id="4E4C40FFAA1942D568AFB10E54896047" authorityName="Dayrat &amp; Goulding" authorityYear="2020" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia sydneyensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="4F23C46F2653ECED9738654CF4C273A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="220FE788F965F4C019189303CC45D65F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="419BC56E5829C5C7BD9509E818076881" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be confused even where they are sympatric (Queensland and New Caledonia) and
<taxonomicName id="A50486C55CBE7074E90B3A2A9519C4C2" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F441CC7CC1C3D695B7605C80E1A5CCDF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2A43841977B65BBDF6DEEB36EDFE657" lsidName="P. willani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="willani">
<emphasis id="EEFF2E02C5C8E27A98350D0F0467FBAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. willani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not sympatric based on current data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C89BF740E658498FAB4B6499A0BEF732" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="28A854D777473C3F2C2E71BEF34173DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A57128E9A3A7C1CCF932CE5CF057ACE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CB8BF3FF163B7193825C86A9A9F0A2E4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species delineation.</emphasis>
Our decision of recognizing a single species with high population structure and several mitochondrial units is explained in the results (see species delineation). Fresh material from the Red Sea, Somalia, Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf is needed to determine the relationships between the populations of
<taxonomicName id="1B5C284D33314C5A44DA11108AE4E533" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D6521FD10A3C452C09B00015DAE28639" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Red Sea and the remainder of the species. Similarly, fresh material is needed from southwestern and southeastern India, including Sri Lanka, to determine the relationships between the western (Indian Ocean) and eastern (South-East Asia and West Pacific) populations. Most likely, additional populations will show that mitochondrial units are even more mixed than what is already shown here, and new units may be found. Nuclear markers will remain indispensable as the current data show that populations that seem divergent using mitochondrial markers are not reproductively isolated. It is not excluded that populations from the Red Sea belong to two distinct species (both with intestinal loops of type I):
<taxonomicName id="9511F83E31D97ED3962E0693EFC91B52" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="34A6070145EC09DFF72339E5C39965BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and another species endemic to the Red Sea. The
<taxonomicName id="E353814A0352EB8BC9440D7CAB432A5B" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A7B4F7D89F76378CCBEE6F7BF79C4675" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diversity in the Red Sea would thus be similar to what is found in Japan, which is also at the periphery of the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="08D64983149BA7ED2408D2FCB5B6F16E" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7706B21E043411F744767E469A4C7D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="85DBBD985FF8FD5389225FD7197991C6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="975D905CFCA6D0BE008AFD45D49E218F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="39F3BC0325CB06E7A5640F207A77DB03" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Synonymy.</emphasis>
The application of all the species names regarded as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="D524BBEB035C31C777A04E377582875B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B97358938CC0150ECEB6707029B56F1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is addressed here, following a chronological order starting with
<taxonomicName id="73BBB4B78DD9FABB89C0645B5ECC9BC2" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D02F412E57E82A911B70C4950C560449" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="17A78A60173C514CE0C995AABA28BDB2" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="5903154C9F9E7E6153CEDA2D74316CEF" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10DDB63C8DF186019EEEFC5589FB647C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on our data, there are two
<taxonomicName id="60478A3390583F0D11E5F88EA9C77378" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="902B5B7AACD8D837F2930067DD7A1577" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Red Sea, one characterized by intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop oriented between 3 and 6
<normalizedToken id="7DF874E339E3513894B2D66AC3089096" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
) and the other characterized by intestinal loops of type V (see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="09E41D532E14770E7D1F5BB40A744B3E" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="19F3D55C3212C021FC6E650754481A1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Because the intestinal loops of the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="C7453CD787507F814FDB48D88C888A04" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F4CF9866B352293C28C545F07A7A37B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C30EB97EDDC449382EB9927724DFE17D" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86A</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="C5A0CC565CA9169E2F0911F09BBCBAE6" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8D61D8B7919A272CD943D639EEACDAE6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to the species described here with intestinal loops of type I.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4829D54F3C4198CECB2ECA8B0DBA598C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 86" startId="F88">
<paragraph id="FFA2D4FD1819952D6D79DB1DE531DEAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D493FA61B0961AA3AE1C72CA56985329" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 86.</emphasis>
Digestive system, dorsal view,
<taxonomicName id="E1448B68CA65BB13DDE513A0D32F0B4F" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D4380E2D6A94F83C5A2B2D02BB5DE958" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop
<emphasis id="C92F502A684F87DA7DF774068089769F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="1D2375AB10F3E903600E37B49C05A112" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="3FDEB0C2BFD4EAC889DBC1B2F0FD7695" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-22941)
<emphasis id="06DDEF3F0BCEA97968385311939FAD86" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="F1CB7C5667E3E48CF03E9CCCC97FB61A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="A84F326A4BCF5093982DAA7AB36F07C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-33678)
<emphasis id="02BEDE806D18A0D655ABC0E0B0F6190A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="5F8CF9DDA859DFD2CD1E009D748376FB" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="DFBCF32C7AE28F9BD3BC5290570DEE71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-33698)
<emphasis id="6438E5F760001AEAC15FEF70C796503C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
paralectotype,
<taxonomicName id="95F1BDFB84E26D58BDEB5EE2113AB278" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="1524E381DBDEC639AA6D268B2D149183" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-33684)
<emphasis id="4381B25CDFD136350CE8A2057BB0A7D0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
paralectotype,
<taxonomicName id="941D137ED4B73AD2B3BE27983AB6AE1D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="A898E5689DBFCAFEAAA8FC07538C3C35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, locality unknown (MNHN-IM-2000-33688)
<emphasis id="9D4F72582077D674E47A41593C955614" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Red Sea, spm #1 (ZMH 27472/4). Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="3528116DE8C8C99CCC2B1FF27FE2726E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="BFA76F730483856A6E558DFA0386AA17" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, E</emphasis>
), 3 mm (
<emphasis id="539D84E6A9ECF8ACAEECCFB77E4BA1BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, F</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A44710CCEB99EDB031D058E4E1C7DF32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="B71A6B28AC3F6FB4769F7E4C8601C911" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="50F420D9112EA6C5C3DCCA2043E8DBF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was published four times in different venues by Lesson, twice in 1831 (first in the
<emphasis id="311629D559CFDD983E2D2BA67409E436" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bulletin des sciences naturelles</emphasis>
and then in the zoology section of the
<emphasis id="E497390EC6C1D618B76D49A6ECDD5AF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Coquille</emphasis>
voyage), once in February 1832 (in the
<emphasis id="2348020532288FAFCE6D9B3D59FC28BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="8E77886B9426AF9E1C03FC5BC4FE2B47" originalValue="Mémorial">Memorial</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0636CD0B5B3E1AAA6E54AA3480655D2A" originalValue="encyclopédique">encyclopedique</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
), and once again in 1833 (in his
<emphasis id="714455FB7136A4876540BCFD65E9E384" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Illustrations de
<taxonomicName id="8355C08A59EF6B38396858ED01CC0152" genus="Zoologie" lsidName="Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Zoologie</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="D951A1D51BDC2D17A6BA816FEE890785" author="Cretella, M" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino Malacologico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 103" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51117488" refId="B42" refString="Cretella, M, 2010. The complete collation and dating of the section Zoologie of the Coquille voyage. Bollettino Malacologico 46: 83 - 103, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51117488" title="The complete collation and dating of the section Zoologie of the Coquille voyage." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51117488" volume="46" year="2010">Cretella (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, the date of publication for the description of
<taxonomicName id="6C6A6DD379C109C74BA66D79AFAC39A7" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="DAB774776AA6DB050AA062BAAE859070" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<emphasis id="8F4D37AE960F77E1D0503801888AB622" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Coquille</emphasis>
voyage is November 15, 1831. Therefore, the oldest and original description of
<taxonomicName id="CF7674D79C2F08514433EF387948ED3C" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="23C54CD368FDD891F8AE29281EC9E4B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the one published in the
<emphasis id="984F7D92466F6136A0DBB2689D9F98D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bulletin des sciences naturelles</emphasis>
in April 1831. Both descriptions from 1831 did not include any illustration. An illustration of an animal ventral view was published by
<bibRefCitation id="388BB870FC4686D35D8294AD06701798" author="Lesson, RP" journalOrPublisher="Memorial encyclopedique et progressif des connaissances humaines" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="36 - 37" refId="B115" refString="Lesson, RP, 1832. Mollusques: Nouvelle espece d'Onchidie, Onchidium ferrugineum. Memorial encyclopedique et progressif des connaissances humaines 2: 36 - 37" title="Mollusques: Nouvelle espece d'Onchidie, Onchidium ferrugineum." volume="2" year="1832">Lesson (1832</bibRefCitation>
: 36-37, fig. 32) in the
<emphasis id="FE7C7E4371F604E0CBA9D52148920740" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="03AE2446B993F61752C770A03C244DFF" originalValue="Mémorial">Memorial</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6C34BE19B22457DD0FA9DCE364A56BD3" originalValue="encyclopédique">encyclopedique</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
. Two beautiful, colored pictures were published in
<normalizedToken id="E888B48837E9ED5F7E54FC32DAA95F0E" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
(1833: pl. 19)
<emphasis id="C4F7DF562E008E973452AAABDC6A06F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Illustrations de
<taxonomicName id="9E28EC97F88979D588FBFD7137B1C624" genus="Zoologie" lsidName="Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Zoologie</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="92F483B52C3DF7E003F67B920A935396" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure87" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458387" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 87" startId="F89">
<paragraph id="8846AAE3A6592D4A95238C29C6D2FC70" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="256FEF7F36F584357B33588386427E1A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 87.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="A54504C91935DE4593836F97953D325F" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">Peronia verruculata</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM-2013-62393)
<emphasis id="F9FF369AC52889EF80E09D1CC202E884" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="B0D2CA708CEE90645E44B43F5B1AB4EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="2076D053B3433B4B0DEA3B6B3EF8793C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="83F64AC68AB5447EF2E46DE79B536587" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20
<normalizedToken id="6BDEAE282E5F651E8534DC303718EA3F" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="8C3493865DF5B5993577863395C3E532" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="7D2C9136C5D95131A9C1D1BBCD5F8272" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B6EE5C7BC10C0DF8D3076A8B7A0EB27A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="F0C02A20A65C11D606A27C8EFA707C0C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="C20379429690C1978D1C0E63016D2A30" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: 1llt first left lateral tooth, 1rlt first right lateral tooth, 2llt second left lateral tooth, 2rlt second right lateral tooth, bls basal lateral spine, hlt hook of a lateral tooth, mc median cusp, rt rachidian tooth.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="42AA14C4D01BA8ED326CAB7232285ACE" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure88" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458388" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 88" startId="F90">
<paragraph id="752A8B6941EFC96013D5EA9B6B0B38FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0DC9C45DF83120D436B658598A94EBF4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 88.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="14172D26E7CEA966D99B21E1048BE3F9" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BBFC0BF9B5E5BFF546B2C73B70757B62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), Indonesia
<emphasis id="A65CDF0311A706D9FD0E97A93B8E22E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169)
<emphasis id="814BB9968FC30ACEA61D37D9EE3DB3F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-F</emphasis>
Lombok [2987] (UMIZ 00168)
<emphasis id="2FA7E759E188D13E9776BEF161B80154" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
left half rows of teeth
<emphasis id="F1165FEFCEA1C441CD9F2141846E003A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="5B28C6B583FB442593A95C05CDA6BF7C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="9BD37A68E96B3478F7D1840296B012F1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
rachidian and lateral teeth
<emphasis id="6084249E311ABAEC514F0711328C5CD4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="CB821C9495387E4ADB32D3D52FBD3BF5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
lateral teeth. Scale bars: 200
<normalizedToken id="BE60698924211AD69449136B5A815F93" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="97A90A4278D08ED5426A8807344B34DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 30
<normalizedToken id="26748737490ED1A75CB681C8D3F958CA" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="C8BC37BB28D924CDE7639B2C300B630F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
), 60
<normalizedToken id="66F8E874D6AE5560E54345400254BA08" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="0CD3E8434AC08CF87DD3B88E35B7DEFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), 40
<normalizedToken id="D74421C3848EBD09D391C6326FD23CBE" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="41A7DDAD9E0DEE5FA7A520CE2779CC8D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="5FE0CD04A6FCBBD895051C60393EFF89" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="66B8EDDA16F80FA82211F87E87E2F509" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A3982B767FF0E5AE1E54DE792C7C6703" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The type locality (of the lectotype) of
<taxonomicName id="585778D99FB7DDA51A3035A419CE574A" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="EFD9AE4FC06F805369A001F9436BD57F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia, where at least three
<taxonomicName id="C08EBDE7EC7118F2F7B453F2B57CBF40" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2A8CE4BE8796B10F39C5AF284D49E8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are known to be present (Fig.
<figureCitation id="640FFDD5007F5C60F34F6861A929C692" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Based on the length of the lectotype (35 mm) and its intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop at 4
<normalizedToken id="E9EA36601A8426529A6ACD6C2B2C414B" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="ECE3E9DB511C218DA7D602634ED3B2C3" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80A</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="EE1F75971B137ACF4A5BED694EAFAF0F" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="7E6E5EB105F30D3EB7DE1CF268C8DE5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to the species described here (
<taxonomicName id="01A2C061D19336251F130A22994B0886" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3944CBF6823CE107934521FB81708B62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and not to
<taxonomicName id="E60D72676A06FB08544B2E3872070FB5" lsidName="P. griffithsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="griffithsi">
<emphasis id="B48B8733C16A8ABF4A9039F52D986D0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="26E0A9DD82F18ABC43CAF94EF657673B" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="F1EA697DF48A643526981BD8DDC21A04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="7C395F5DF56ABAFEB186BE2187BD05EC" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Unfortunately, this identification cannot be confirmed by the muscular sac or the spine of the accessory penial gland, which are missing in the lectotype.
<bibRefCitation id="80F894A9F13B80F0BADA3C3643DF2CFB" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="8FD41392C8C2866D8BA61886246A801D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213-216) claims that there is no accessory penial gland in
<taxonomicName id="E76FB867F63B50CAE397733FC411EBF3" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="F067991055093BB6AF3913D29977E7B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and thus does not comment on the spine and the muscular sac of the accessory penial gland of the lectotype. It is unclear whether
<normalizedToken id="0F72926E5B4DC836B19CCFB78D92F21E" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
dissected the lectotype or if he found it already dissected by Lesson (who commented on the penis of the paralectotypes and thus might have dissected the lectotype as well). Eleven dorsal papillae with eyes were counted on the lectotype, but it is possible that others faded with time.
</paragraph>
<caption id="697E4DEAE71D38ECCB0C3F4BE62C88C8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure89" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458389" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 89" startId="F91">
<paragraph id="0883653E6055275D203CEBFB43DC2F6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="32093358D951273EA92AFB65F38CE35D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 89.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="A6934571F1E748F7B11E16699AE182F5" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="E1A6CBE548BD549389B4A205545577E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2), Indonesia, Sumatra
<emphasis id="8A006E7E5A35546772159D02CA497DE4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
[1795] (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="2F3939C6523710452C87730529858CC1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
[1746] (UMIZ 00178)
<emphasis id="4FCE65306F3BD53ED9753081391B52E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="1DD299B5E2CFFA6A9F4E4370D86E88E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="60AB3DF428AD31D4E8F7AC6E54E6774E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="E530D302600E4D89B8EA1CC895B52FDD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="AD45B5D4F7D9DC85EED8B0B889BDE359" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 40
<normalizedToken id="3BAD0CC1B9DE0B83B6A2948301EF4575" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="BDAC69C49F4CA6BA48D1DA15105063BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D</emphasis>
), 80
<normalizedToken id="F24198DAC0F1D2BBC8268AE6DA2C33FF" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="BF1BCA264CEC0A8C62F49CEA39B851CA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="68657F5F368619C6166A3AD72576BE82" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="85CEA1EFD5D961747B2634B1A8BF8C65" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 60
<normalizedToken id="7746584762CC5B9FA98065DBC20DD263" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="F92431DEFFC2DCB9485F962412A1370C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A4AA1A41DB836DA57972319F6EA90104" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure90" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 90" startId="F92">
<paragraph id="C2F11EB13020BE5BC77006ED571F146C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4E875BAD9FFCAA0F322DB1BE78C11118" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 90.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="21051CFD3B5A08E7625092856E404AAB" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1B3FA3DC86020A523F2D10CA89213498" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3), Peninsular Malaysia
<emphasis id="B11535AE1A677C0FBA2748AFDCA30869" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
[976] (USMMC 00051)
<emphasis id="708A2F6E325659136EF934C457F1CF74" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
[975] (USMMC 00064)
<emphasis id="FA94AD08F0525B4DF0E69869D892B328" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="CEB7E710598D7CA9F175E82307F59B44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rachidian and lateral teeth
<emphasis id="138C3026CE1AC51B8DD93D155E46F787" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="2B67DFE6029682110B7661600344271F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20
<normalizedToken id="EFAD320EDABB302A84CF0B55B26CB438" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="BE6DEC7ACF3B7FFE3728D00F97F61618" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="E243AF82FB0DF7361CE4B3998083C8AA" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="713B05EE1272DFAB90975348B6825B2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="383579C34A03F8E035565EE87CAF3C8B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="65B78F9BD528EC3A7551C8B2A9975F64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="11C6453B978E4A01917BD95BD90A0062" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Lesson (1833: pl. 19) transferred
<taxonomicName id="FBF6E5C6D63FAE3458894A1F3AA5362F" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="EDE8B2962D03F1A7F6481F84ADB3AD62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="DA8DD1C9ECF3F1BA3407D0511B45F23A" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B4509177366651AF76228B8276C41C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the written description, Lesson (1833: unnumbered page) considered
<taxonomicName id="20F3EA89C098B0613DFE64CE03778A1E" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="3E1650CE7539273FACF2FDD67CA2FBB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the type of a genus which he decided to call
<taxonomicName id="7779A59FBE33AB4D57AA17971EA7E148" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2EC488378902E31A4A3E921FBF5F6C7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, following Blainville, but the type species of
<taxonomicName id="89706587B2565AD2D606C75357487558" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9B5DA77B75DE1FBA9FF60750465A115E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="C537CCC03C4F2BF9C060B69B6ACCBBE8" lsidName="O. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="0A63AFEF049BD6AE00D169785E4084E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy, and the author of
<taxonomicName id="EF4252EBE178918EFF6140B4FE0F2A7F" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1B3AE38665A8DFB6C84959DC4795B88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<bibRefCitation id="12EB342EA370714912BC689DAFEA5237" author="Fleming, J" editor="Napier, M" journalOrPublisher="5). Archibald Constable, Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="567 - 584" publicationUrl="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t8jd7m43f&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7" refId="B72" refString="Fleming, J, 1822a. Mollusca. In: Napier, M, Ed., Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 5). Archibald Constable, Edinburgh: 567 - 584, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t8jd7m43f&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7" title="Mollusca." url="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t8jd7m43f&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7" volumeTitle="Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol." year="1822 a">Fleming (1822a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4CAC3EB4BDA28C3D8DF778E60F0AF374" author="Fleming, J" journalOrPublisher="Archibald Constable, Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230157" refId="B73" refString="Fleming, J, 1822b. The Philosophy of Zoology: or a General view of the Structure, Functions and Classification of Animals (Vol. 2). Archibald Constable, Edinburgh, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230157" title="The Philosophy of Zoology: or a General view of the Structure, Functions and Classification of Animals (Vol. 2)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230157" year="1822 b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="54FC43E54DBC0CFED26B1AE16C202380" author="Oken, L" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" refId="B140" refString="Oken, L, 1834b. Illustrations de Zoologie ou choix de Figures peintes d'apres nature des especes inedites et rares etc. par Lesson. Isis von Oken [1834]: 268-273. [title in French, article in German] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" title="Illustrations de Zoologie ou choix de Figures peintes d'apres nature des especes inedites et rares etc. par Lesson. Isis von Oken [1834]: 268 - 273. [title in French, article in German]" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509779" year="1834 b">Oken (1834b</bibRefCitation>
: 269-270) reported
<taxonomicName id="7DDBE0D283662A3E89FDAB54C0D392C0" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="1834BF77695011BBA71EB31513CF86AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<normalizedToken id="EE48BD4C76EC7EB556EE22EFEA679C13" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
(1833: pl. 19)
<emphasis id="5D3A68B93C38C022CE71E54BD519375E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Illustrations de
<taxonomicName id="A2BA82F4A271AE33CA0B7FD55D7F1B93" genus="Zoologie" lsidName="Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Zoologie</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="36609D3AD90D3834DC3A5C143E49F891" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3983" author="Van der Hoeven, J" journalOrPublisher="Voss, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B185" refString="Van der Hoeven, J, 1850. Handbuch der Zoologie: Nach der Zweiten Hollaendischen Ausgabe. Erster Band (Wirbellosen Thiere). L. Voss, Leipzig, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3983" title="Handbuch der Zoologie: Nach der Zweiten Hollaendischen Ausgabe. Erster Band (Wirbellosen Thiere). L." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3983" year="1850">Van der Hoeven (1850</bibRefCitation>
: 786;
<bibRefCitation id="CA8EC44D0A6AA91EEEC9F0F13E2375CB" author="Van der Hoeven, J" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19836813" refId="B186" refString="Van der Hoeven, J, 1856. Handbook of Zoology. Volume the first (Invertebrate Animals). Translated from the Second Dutch Edition by the Rev. William Clark. University Press, Cambridge, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19836813" title="Handbook of Zoology. Volume the first (Invertebrate Animals). Translated from the Second Dutch Edition by the Rev. William Clark." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19836813" year="1856">1856</bibRefCitation>
: 817) suggested, based on
<normalizedToken id="C28DAA1FF664AC413071965FB8C7A09C" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
(1833: pl. 19) own illustration, that
<taxonomicName id="1161B2507E076D8E798430048187805E" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="C8F7A5EBFDC2D0D2A7A7F96FE061A9E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be a nudibranch instead of an onchidiid, but there is no question that
<taxonomicName id="ECE8E3D99E1880A5847685CF8DD1C579" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia ferruginea" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="848464C57C50137410BFD526260635F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to an onchidiid species.
<bibRefCitation id="1C13406373EB79CD54CC576D11462859" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray (1850</bibRefCitation>
: 117), Adams and Adams (1855: 235), and
<bibRefCitation id="4D69BB3BD5707D9AA5EB3E28304A84DF" author="Tapparone Canefri, C" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 313" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" refId="B183" refString="Tapparone Canefri, C, 1883. Fauna malacologica della Nuova Guinea e delle isole adiacenti. Parte I. Molluschi estramarini. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 19: 5 - 313, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" title="Fauna malacologica della Nuova Guinea e delle isole adiacenti. Parte I. Molluschi estramarini." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812598" volume="19" year="1883">Tapparone Canefri (1883</bibRefCitation>
: 214) classified
<taxonomicName id="90D2CA8B51F52FF8A6BEEF8C43032877" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="09E79B785A0998DCA16560BE5A4EE1BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="059D9E0FD2B71BB0421254929DE0AD0B" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CB39F8BF3F510C9F73BBCEF0F2FB3E31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but other authors preferred the original combination with the generic name
<taxonomicName id="47AA77849D846E76FC1A0855AEFA17D8" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D7C81907DAF624F651A088FDD7D984B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A983F636E8C60A47DEE0B421E67DD52D" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure91" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458391" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 91" startId="F93">
<paragraph id="A6AA5C2C5031E981C0CA9E0FE3AA5C39" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4DCF094698C16EC0896006B341A8A8E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 91.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="5B8785B9185C9E2787E1645D0A8EE660" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="EF0C50A8259C0EE8DE34ADCD72C11076" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4), Pakistan
<emphasis id="004E0148B957EF110597323546CE7099" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
[6164] (MNHN-IM-2019-1384)
<emphasis id="B8594B609CB22DA4A9FD0586FC908E5F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
[6165] (MNHN-IM-2019-1385)
<emphasis id="2BA47A782DBC0E6B32153502926E699C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="D0CB1F2C2D94376D3F2D1618C5EC47D0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="C85229A8DCF110AF42A98D4C4CB3D6F0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="8FD0B9156E8B73C027EF3AE3D2679601" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth. Scale bars: 20
<normalizedToken id="2B4718794AAB48F95EA8A7B339795B63" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="354CE10EF30ACBCF46F9AF1C63AC0FD2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="FBB48494DFA640A74A986154649E6B19" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="0A50FB829ED9D54DD53407FF99C2DB62" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 40
<normalizedToken id="31D18D6602555ABE06F56A919CB81947" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="846ACE9442625F2F5C8CDFE7167E7CC4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="51DD0B843FA68E5E8D92A9AD1BB22292" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458392" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 92" startId="F94">
<paragraph id="2F2C67588D91CB471AC7615264781076" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="31690D6FB4AC9BF2D9E262133F283248" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 92.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="0C7EF94C74D7CAB0C42F7EF2D7007F97" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A54D9EFD5A2A7CC62F8C9A3523F5297E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5), Madagascar
<emphasis id="6823E5D2292778DE9445713A0385A5B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
[3231] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="BDEEAFD018EA9DC777D3ADDE274DDE2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM-2013-62398)
<emphasis id="0502AE727C04370DA122AC0DBB498C75" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="9E055E6F58D7D5033B0093CB4EE88DEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="188070DD6F66037A7FC39947D4387B23" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="B9FC919A56E17C55DDBE6BE239EB974C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
lateral teeth, frontal view. Scale bars: 20
<normalizedToken id="06420365E3D88C455848CA2B91BD13DA" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="AB7F1F70F7D63F51CC7BC25E67A9B068" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="7DF65DBBC84A53475D608C6FD6C6F65C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="70D540368763B1EF6C5F7A39742717D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 30
<normalizedToken id="6B3B1D747A16BDE69FE97417FA11FDA2" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="7B68EC979FF79DA8DCA5C575A8A681DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="60BDA8515471BDD00DBF4F3CE9D7EA80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Semper (1882: 268) kept
<taxonomicName id="7E58B72F7B0953F40D09EFDC1F24D7F3" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="7ABC9D1022B791DDB88E151B6A56949A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="911700EBACBEC55205791E62BE363E29" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8B395D02C911447FC7272280ABEFE650" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and regarded it as a questionable name because he (erroneously) thought that its original locality was unknown.
<bibRefCitation id="F543AB7967B426A4ED5A5863BFF9D8E4" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893)</bibRefCitation>
did not comment on it.
<bibRefCitation id="95CDC128503D11F2DFD8EC1D40602A86" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall (1919</bibRefCitation>
: 326-327) thought that
<taxonomicName id="E6592207DB66B8223538507DF552C13F" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="9BB97A8FB49F37FD2FC4ED9A48816E72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
referred to a species insufficiently known and merely repeated
<normalizedToken id="02493F8ADA831A83AF59CA6573460FFB" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
original description.
<bibRefCitation id="31C4576B6586EEC25A7649A940AC52B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall (1919</bibRefCitation>
: 326) also suggested that
<taxonomicName id="12F77E33BE579B5807E4126F42F2F6A2" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="DBAFAA0DC993E60ED8F9797758AC3A6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seemed &quot;closely related to that of M. de Blainville,&quot; i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="168EA0717FFCE5DB21EBF5EB318426DA" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="51851A6D661DB4A82C755F756F1108FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="236022FF7A58CC148B52C3E1E79E7403" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="A4AD78B36254DBD72386BB3F563F442D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Solely based on information from the original description,
<bibRefCitation id="1476F814C544E36DD3844CBE702498D5" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 71, 74) regarded
<taxonomicName id="6EB5936882C395ED93FE63E9D0BC5360" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="F3EAB6F665642DAF9CF7A5ECFAD3A984" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="AC17FBFC9371B95769A3A45C1AD9F526" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="BA53ED2D264BBB527E89B7E194B6DD9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and disagreed with Bretnall that it could refer to
<taxonomicName id="1B6DE325794653B8435D51CADAC19F96" lsidName="O. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="3AACB05828770F4762EEC98F0B102AAD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the application of
<taxonomicName id="E681B10B6C91603341C3CFB2BAB954CC" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="2E33D41EA7A063229DA18579790ED586" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be deduced from the original description, especially because it is based on
<taxonomicName id="5A05BE3380729813E4E6A1BACE522174" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F9639386AE6627111197C8BD97660AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7032068570DC9A64762596DA21D70CA3" authorityName="Goulding &amp; Dayrat" authorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Wallaconchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wallaconchis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16402B319F39A41F308B8ABC68731F3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wallaconchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens (see above the remarks on the type material). Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="4A3BD4EE33189EE087767AAA45503E84" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="AB0B7AA98706E6AED4AF8F03BC0FD03C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213-216), who re-examined the type specimens of
<taxonomicName id="765977280C9D0672FC54695BDEBC453C" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="37FA1CB787BE185FA74F0F1205866F5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, created the generic name
<taxonomicName id="248FBDA4F3DE3A0DC351F09CD0DE7BDB" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Lessonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lessonia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E1FC6DC338276A7403ADB9BFCCE53A52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lessonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(later replaced by
<taxonomicName id="07D3AD74F3001481C3CAB4C31FDD926F" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Lessonina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lessonina" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8442176EFFF13049D78F9552941D13C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lessonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) for
<taxonomicName id="C6D8B7147138797782F071B04B86C15E" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="0053824C8CAD3252073C7B4E0AB5FFF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for a genus characterized by a unique combination of traits (large and coiled penis, dorsal gills, etc.), without realizing that the types of
<taxonomicName id="DF0C4E637E1EFF2F6F0141B89061E878" lsidName="O. ferrugineum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="7F9114F34334124ABAFEF7AA1C8F297C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were part of two species from two different genera.
</paragraph>
<caption id="64339C3EAEAF0286A7B0EC3FD15F01B2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 93" startId="F95">
<paragraph id="0AD1B359580FA009DA4DED89E1A3088E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0C3E56B22B958FF3F96333B70441D150" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 93.</emphasis>
Radula,
<taxonomicName id="DD4F226AAB079196E74660D83710BEE9" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4628877158E4C0487690FF14956565E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea, spm #3 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="47CD3180511FEE1E2FC7C96A7878510A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
rachidian tooth
<emphasis id="AD40F63EB543DE728C8F717C7AD1E129" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
rachidian and innermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="B8AF43B8D804DB26F818630FF0ED5AA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="BC582387F22EC3651A1E65C7DEB49100" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
lateral teeth
<emphasis id="D56B2EBD9F9E3265F5D842313DCDBDEC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
outermost lateral teeth
<emphasis id="0F50BC796D9CA28376F9914423305E54" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
lateral teeth. Scale bars: 10
<normalizedToken id="116CB3D08CDBE6F63F013FCFD8AF1F54" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="FFEE7080D19C8FD9C2CD5BA414544B8E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 30
<normalizedToken id="0E661CA4FE009AB9BFA17225157E643D" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="6BAC3E8BA9ED1155C63F0CC6F4BE9067" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="230EEAFC6D53FEC6133FCE3C3CAB8A17" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="D633300C4A3E5ADAF401CB8998D6E917" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, E</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="2454BCF67505D0C5051FA543ECC89AA6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="C3295B9CBDF2BDFCA8253EE6F737F467" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), 60
<normalizedToken id="398A068C9CB880E2C74FE2AED52109EC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="D07A86595AAA0A5530DC22C325F2DB97" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0B99EA7D0E092E7D94B038FB7EC13AFA" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 94" startId="F96">
<paragraph id="C1DBD8D7F589A18A0E27D61CCD689DC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="68F227660977B247C221C5F86823B1DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 94.</emphasis>
Reproductive system,
<taxonomicName id="272AD3FB478EFAF12149346085DF7382" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="90743E242A6284ECBB9ED0413516230B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="180324F88C1ECC158C9156D4647A4DEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
immature, posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ)
<emphasis id="917FA8A6ED3B7B704BDBE85D21938F1E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021)
<emphasis id="37F9498A847D86A41A9158C5EEDC58DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170)
<emphasis id="8D6B23301A7B298DEFBF320C383DD388" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as C. Scale bars: 1 mm (
<emphasis id="67194BB77FEB48978D34534D41F2DEB6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="7064AF85EF52BD4D60F8BD93661F4362" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 3 mm (
<emphasis id="3C867714B9A9AC7E3AFD67CC88DF1BC9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 5 mm (
<emphasis id="CE6DBA00ABF1EFAEB060B46ABFE22B0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6434CBAE8C2266AD0FEE00D1DF1F1E33" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2E5F18D1D0292E85E6269CC21ED372E3" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="C205DF1EC3EAF996DDC20BAD98419752" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an objective junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="322EFE38D6E4320842241A2BBF876B66" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="D1367EA35140E79245837CFA99CB7241" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because they share the same lectotype (see above, the remarks on the type material of
<taxonomicName id="1F6FF68CDD562099098A0D4FAFB9BD2E" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="1C734DD4C18B992336CF99ECE89394D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="E5E1A1D4A7CCD435B9A9998DFE66DF17" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 69, 72),
<bibRefCitation id="4EB2EEF220A104B6BBC753F9163F0803" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="E3B52DDCAF88878E0D959142632386E4" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 193), and
<bibRefCitation id="A7B8B8056CE7A827F1A59EFFF437AA1B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B49" refString="Dayrat, B, 2009. Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species. Zootaxa 2068: 1 - 26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1" title="Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1" volume="2068" year="2009">Dayrat (2009</bibRefCitation>
: 16) all regarded
<taxonomicName id="EC54F706F5A36928469FF6FA91FB6377" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="5A364D8877D532481CAA76B3F162F286" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Semper, 1800 as an emendation of
<taxonomicName id="CD4D77E5421E063806F44BE038E4C6DC" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="5AF5455AA51744CED11FB438192EB218" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="882A4BA9D53D45334BC5A4F8D72AABE1" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869, and
<taxonomicName id="8FFCF8DCE18A07E6CDB9EFF2EA816DA9" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="8295B6640AB42267D064A55F9F30B30E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="D947E9274E4AC66649F8DD65E3F1F5C8" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="D6A059A1DAF81C31F7E3B3FB371AA839" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="48C4B8A662A4E005F1CE5A6B6D047DB8" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="7D3909463F06D41358FBBE0601FCDD04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Semper, 1880 is not an emendation of
<taxonomicName id="7EC332BAE39700962693E7ACFE2C3891" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="4CE5425AE16D68E7C2E5D6D7EFF1BA39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="0734167B1A51A50D2A5E1FCD5385F055" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869. Semper (1880: 260-261, pl. 19, fig. 6, pl. 20, fig. 1, pl. 22, figs 5-9) created
<taxonomicName id="4B4A4E1EDCAAA5D911FAF3BD4772CF12" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="65467B4F29B7FFA3E5922D60E2DB77D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a new name for two individuals from Bohol, Philippines. Semper (1880: 260) merely suggested (with a question mark) that his
<taxonomicName id="861BF1C24CBD60EABC30D3A198660DAB" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="50DFCF9DA8FE29818D91976612087BB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might refer to the same species as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="2FDB805D377DA72F78EE41BB2EF0E593" lsidName="O. Peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="Peronii">O. Peronii</taxonomicName>
Savigny, Description de
<normalizedToken id="6F99B07D2A25DBEED4E443F56CFF5B7F" originalValue="l’Egypte,”">l'Egypte,&quot;</normalizedToken>
but did not even mention the existence of
<taxonomicName id="6BC6C9E3431E08F145150579CADFC7A0" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="FAE548D1C0FBCC7F75B51546A0E42B65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One syntype of
<taxonomicName id="74588E54CF14ABD3F5B5E23A7DAB8C64" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="15899B68362DFCC8A509F894D1B457E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well preserved and still undissected (ZMB/Moll 39018). Its notum bears gills, which agrees with
<normalizedToken id="3CD82A336A4A9BF668C21F21B634368A" originalValue="Semper’s">Semper's</normalizedToken>
original description and means that
<taxonomicName id="05315545A46693CD94A11D564D640985" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="687A2AA042D0AE9B7335AA6715DE3CAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to a
<taxonomicName id="749B20543383A2F06AB28617D707BF91" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5A95A70CE58BA30AECFA093D4F51026" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="EFAC0D10A9F5E542F18137532FA821DE" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="7BC4F9751CA9602FBC7C9CC9AD81CA80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Semper, 1880) is a secondary junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="8C421059FBE640F0D8B25A458E2EED41" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="B8C04954A1211625B6419A68707F717B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="F5B96685ECA90FF033A31CDEDF9F0D7A" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869 because ICZN Article 58 applies (
<taxonomicName id="3FD1401ABBCEC4B2372232654FC13916" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="5C4B79EDC9DA94CAB26620964641D4A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="13334466D0009F9DE23B0FF121EC11B5" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="121D62C35461829C12B8B67DECE90DA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are deemed to be identical spellings). As junior secondary homonym,
<taxonomicName id="E0840F4C7BE9628C237C5301755C455B" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="F5E1AAC6C9E902E0DE9F10B361CCF1CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an available but subjectively invalid name (
<bibRefCitation id="E92849D23FC74D9586C13D8380E14198" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="ICZN, 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 57.3) (Tables
<tableCitation id="D886571C174B817249DFD5F4A6216BE5" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="04DBF8BC00926082F28036A789DF9205" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79F1DF298F20CB20C823FD9918354F97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Some authors (
<bibRefCitation id="1955510343941B03060DE78E4E2AECCB" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
: 72-74;
<bibRefCitation id="256A69982675488B0030205753FD3AD7" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="536F6B82BBC7FC689B3458029DC9E544" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 193;
<bibRefCitation id="C9861F5E12DCE74735F8DD6D8A5BB50C" author="Connolly, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" refId="B38" refString="Connolly, M, 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1-660. [pls I-XIX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" title="A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1 - 660. [pls I-XIX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" year="1939">Connolly 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 454) regarded
<taxonomicName id="A89D3D079993EC7DCB413E2C4E96DE61" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="156CB888C6191E52AB6AF0AE9E9D6BE0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="0DF39D629E01EEBCCF2D507C0790FE88" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="92960B3B2B28C9CA233B2578DFA632A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while others regarded
<taxonomicName id="34CAE60EDFA3F60EAE9D1E9C70B38776" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="B779704188F63827CCC692A0A0D79D29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as valid (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A5554B05BDCBA2BF1207BA0406D338BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11477" author="Connolly, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 306" refId="B37" refString="Connolly, M, 1912. A revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 11: 59 - 306, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11477" title="A revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11477" volume="11" year="1912">Connolly 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 225;
<bibRefCitation id="A5D1160D6B5DD77C5D34CFE126798726" author="Collinge, WE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Natal Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="159 - 174" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6322951" refId="B36" refString="Collinge, WE, 1910. The slugs of Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum 2: 159 - 174, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6322951" title="The slugs of Natal." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6322951" volume="2" year="1910">Collinge 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 172). Also,
<taxonomicName id="8FFD4B1F975D357F07EB94B8E9E8B678" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1880" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="475CEF0144D33E7CC46C7CF0EEFA9461" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Semper has naturally caused some confusion with respect to whether it refers to the same species as
<taxonomicName id="B79F58E511C2943001D40CC30A4B6BEE" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="35EAB2836A99CFB80C661ADCDA5B0FC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="DD0A3071E496DE3F260E5F7E44DAFE91" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
(e.g., Fischer and Crosse 1878: 697;
<bibRefCitation id="199051CF09A77CB6A278CDB02DCFA79E" author="Smith, EA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="354 - 402" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15168721" refId="B166" refString="Smith, EA, 1903. A list of species of Mollusca from South Africa, forming an Appendix to G. B. Sowerby's &quot;Marine Shells of South Africa&quot;. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 5 (6): 354 - 402, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15168721" title="A list of species of Mollusca from South Africa, forming an Appendix to G. B. Sowerby's &quot; Marine Shells of South Africa &quot;." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15168721" volume="5" year="1903">Smith 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 401). Strangely enough, the situation is simple:
<taxonomicName id="7232E8D50D618E73F4EB78B609F8DEAB" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="DF5306ADF8C8EA9CD7FB2922EB914709" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="04AD65EACEE6450589F3CF850F2474A5" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
is objectively invalid (as junior objective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8895D0ADD1DB34EA5AB025D2A955EF7F" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F411CC5284434437CAA3EAAE0FF1D9D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="BC3A651CD55D50339A052EA4CEF0F0F5" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="EEDA6E50B496E55363439F5D7F050716" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Semper) is subjectively invalid (as junior secondary homonym
<taxonomicName id="7658208119A806336EEA94BB696FCE7E" lsidName="O. savignii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="9EFB67DFDBC3D3C160E893FF8DF92B95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<normalizedToken id="57E2CA728A212EC6585CF477AC6EF110" originalValue="Semper’s">Semper's</normalizedToken>
description of the two specimens of
<taxonomicName id="B0EBA91E375CE0EDA29427B07FB4CD74" lsidName="O. savignyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="BD4B6A09177CFC827D932AF4A8BFB467" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Bohol seems to suggest that they belong to
<taxonomicName id="59388E76D94BFC6ED4127E20CF4D6FA1" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C8746FCA3C39766D8CA0D7EA9C42A235" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., retractor muscle attaching to the end of the body cavity, accessory penial gland spine 2.5 mm long), but the long muscular sac (22 mm long) matches better the anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="1B4CBBA048C671B939F1F3A28BE762C9" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="2A2EE726B14561D972298095E196798B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="25846F45BDD5E54A735FC26A6A2A201E" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5C345C3F916D2646D576581871725E35" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure95" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 95" startId="F97">
<paragraph id="167F1EA78AF47EABDCD92BC6BFBEFD36" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7BE3D843E944F83304A3CBEBDD9DF836" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 95.</emphasis>
Reproductive system,
<taxonomicName id="FAF804E18F23EAEBCB329A0CCD11C740" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0E17AB8BC716C7195FF89D566CFC2719" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5), Madagascar
<emphasis id="485FABB3FF41241D1488037CB4C90264" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, only the spermatheca, the deferent duct, and the oviduct, [3143] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="102CAC47EE1529D2C5C88EDF909291DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system, [3231] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="E45FADD18F94058DF93A5E82FB77E281" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus, same as B. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="58BB35A280874A4DCBC7124A95F40F2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 3 mm (
<emphasis id="92EC68E905ACC359D5E6CDEFEF40ACEF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="A46289D7BA5AB953E567498FA4DB9A17" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, v vestibule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8E22B17AA57F86FEC82B8DD380632E39" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458396" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 96" startId="F98">
<paragraph id="7C8B70B245ECE59430AA2BD1D618C619" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="18A8D7E5F7DC869F059096667D3539FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 96.</emphasis>
Reproductive system,
<taxonomicName id="2C29C1F08FDB3B44E415B4695DA208AB" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6534C4E2E19C3DE7B9848F4B46DE39BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea, spm #1 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="211267739EF4DB795FDA471A5B56A4BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system
<emphasis id="B598A674725EBA5A5FDA1F2E432B7FD0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis id="80418DF7A5143C67A219BA8FAD33B24B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 4 mm (
<emphasis id="8BB007620A00F5BB6E40A8F1FEBFA50F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, p penis, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="71C2C39E7E3B4B4C150D9AD6153C33D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The two syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="D3675F5DEA77F260D9552EF6756274A5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="CC993FD131B311F4BD4FC5DA8FCCD98F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from Manila, Luzon, Philippines. Anatomical traits described by Plate (insertion of the retractor muscle of the penis at the end of the visceral cavity, spine of the accessory penial gland 1 mm long) indicate that
<taxonomicName id="7431933A238E3E1359041D4D7EF319A3" lsidName="O. branchiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="580B17E3DDE1F2B33EA6603E284C9B21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to
<taxonomicName id="CEC8ADFFC729D55420E8A694E437884B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BCB44166905571EA43D0547611DC4CC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though they cannot be confirmed on the syntypes in which all internal organs are either missing or destroyed (Table
<tableCitation id="B0FFCD8FDA6A49C6585EAC26F7C05271" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Plate did not draw the intestinal loops but he describes them as being type I (the orientation of the transitional loop is unknown). The number of radular teeth per half row (88) also matches what is known in
<taxonomicName id="852A1545489EE6E9CAD42C28C322075B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D256B8457657B8637AC43169A02CDFAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="E40482AABC368A57DB7CD17F396BABD8" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Radular formulae in Peronia species. Each formula follows the same format: number of rows x number of lateral teeth per left half row - 1 (rachidian tooth) - number of lateral teeth per right half row. Each DNA extraction number corresponds to one individual. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates a holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A">5</tableCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="A0E76DB73E38E875A4CECEDE8F52C128" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893</bibRefCitation>
: 184),
<taxonomicName id="6FEF5FA4C117B05EBA5720818D3804C1" lsidName="O. branchiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="6BA4B9719F0ECA08AE30B3F8C2A7A4B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily recognizable because its branchial plumes are only present on the posterior end of the dorsum (posterior sixth). However, this trait is not distinct from other species and varies depending on preservation (gills are often retracted in preserved specimens and can only be observed if specimens were carefully relaxed before preservation).
<bibRefCitation id="99B2FC42CB0CDAA7C4F2E35810C3D9B0" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893)</bibRefCitation>
did not provide any other feature supporting
<taxonomicName id="E56F4C6A00CAB2F0B28DD19800EFCD8C" lsidName="O. branchiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="2F7848C86946432FD3F72722130AD971" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species, and he did not compare it with any other existing species.
<taxonomicName id="B6929DB4D4736FB0F28F23C646FC6FE5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="CEF29933F46DC2266029D29E1411BEE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded here as a new junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="5DA60DB01F5E83589E04A17E16C825C6" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C062DD8379321928FFDB4BA13272BEEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="FB015B6B229B7AF0DFEAA6C02D9604CE" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="65F14DCDCF4E84677D7CBF15782EBF26" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="67AED0AF0BE5A56A86BE1EBA86CB0645" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458397" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 97" startId="F99">
<paragraph id="CB4D7B4D113E17DF96E4E48B1B5B6508" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8DFADA50F59FAC3B76005CA82ED7712C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 97.</emphasis>
Penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="82D94FA1897C9823A60BE5BE05A32C64" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="DFCB079860017FAEF87533CE75518844" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="7296539952063BB9057FC45EEC9119B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Australia, Queensland [2622] (MTQ)
<emphasis id="DC1838B12FAFA68E3A6E9506C1FB0BA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Indonesia, Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166)
<emphasis id="D451114433183BF98D3A3C30249D5337" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Papua New Guinea, Madang [5469] (MNHN-IM-2013-12010)
<emphasis id="20FC07ABE670B847A33C84830E1D7C1A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="97C6A528728C793ED35CD2604378F564" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="D23B2C8AAE968F0459292D296FBE2592" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Indonesia, Seram [2870] (UMIZ 00169)
<emphasis id="05FFBFE68DB6EDE98F406DA46ED9BD75" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="5DF280C3EFFFB0FB93AE1C7190E40E8E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
. Scale bars: 4
<normalizedToken id="B4127581FC3453B908816523D2E19F19" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="7EE4AB4B7437B081AB2330D27AB470B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="CE5123FC08B6F36A2036F6FCF6D6214C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B8EA6665483E2ADDB219ED376C8BB1E8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 30
<normalizedToken id="441A1A94B696805D474E4C5602F08A9A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="C49AA3C21E3CE170ED5B8C4F242B22F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), 3
<normalizedToken id="D8A5A38512EE7A44234C81D3E63843E1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="D1A2F44F5CD1D66C95854E9443B411D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="278BDDBFE818BE8DBD46A7403577CB9C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure98" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458398" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 98" startId="F100">
<paragraph id="1A88A68F58EECBC08B61BD8C23006B62" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="68F891E8E233DDC1E7D16996BA857C67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 98.</emphasis>
Penis and penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="D665B3DE2CAF5EA2FC3D3FBDB31C53C2" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D75A922A3A1BE5CD86AEA293431FC0F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2), Indonesia, Sumatra
<emphasis id="0FE638799573924D8833DE91B6D833F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
[1746] (UMIZ 00178)
<emphasis id="76448C629161DA979C960B65BEBEF79B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, E</emphasis>
[1795] (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="CF7D6DDE3A7273D6527D4BEF0B7953E7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, F</emphasis>
[1797] (UMIZ 00180). Scale bars: 60
<normalizedToken id="78EB86B10FC4E240F3A12D81122955E9" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="932B2818E44AFC5D01B6FFC16C4CA084" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 6
<normalizedToken id="1E8F1C17E5CDF7C808C7F7668EDEC71A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="33570F4A195A5B42EA19826165662EBA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, E, F)</emphasis>
, 20
<normalizedToken id="B030C2099088582E5ADE90691FE09B73" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="9E093A579BA8404DE82AE9CB8E82A24B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CD9C78E3E35B96E49BCA444EA8C79F34" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="6B09350F0523C19BB6679C95A52F12A9" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 75) listed
<taxonomicName id="82B542E580B4CE11B6B5C6FC98DE07C9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="EBBEF9285AD3BF51B04267C608D31CC6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid name (solely based on information from the original description) but considered it to refer to a &quot;local form&quot; of
<taxonomicName id="4467C50295122B3EF414A4425C137CAF" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="38F758BA57F34C9B305207AAE461BA02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="DD60AB5BA7740DE3488EE4561B3AE88D" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="8C3929C7F3E4550CDC164886BF1C9022" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 194) transferred
<taxonomicName id="AE93A673BF62C4A1EE65990CFD4A8340" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="715E0D411C8290A611654FA0191FFB47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="58283E0D9F8EED055F25BA2AE4FFEC1B" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31FC1EB66AC86DFBAF2D6049EFB07591" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and regarded
<taxonomicName id="9DC7B0C9D57A0C3B0077F81DDB14F44F" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="CD7F17528821E0B1DE180C75D62F7EC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid name &quot;out of deference to the eminent zoologist Ludwig Plate&quot; even though he agreed with Hoffmann that
<taxonomicName id="B96A2214F6D8AD1766F5CA21102E0311" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="BB70C64D9C1A636D0F0D4D6F9A6C63CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most likely was just a local form of
<taxonomicName id="9DBCE03BC199A760C825E5FB3C65E93A" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5D8D9BD13E2F61EADC428DB12E9EBB69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="14BEC2AF7CDD7765819E047044886187" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
re-description of
<taxonomicName id="47BBC4C6E5C0006F1B71C86A25983010" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="DD3DC8C3FCDF7298F163C6D38CE7D48B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on a specimen (30/23 mm) collected by Ach. Cuming in 1844 from an unknown locality in the Philippines. There are two jars preserved at the MNHN with
<taxonomicName id="9193E6FB066C0290B15330C12B0FF5C0" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6FFAB159A1B9D884590E822A6C81D81B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens collected by Ach. Cuming in 1844.
<bibRefCitation id="5D6F1838231D3040388AAA6BA86ABF4F" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="CCA1F87AE815552DD704F2F3A76510DA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 192-194) also re-described a specimen collected from the Philippines by Ach. Cuming in 1844 as
<taxonomicName id="D49E62BC40AD506CB3753B60276C8D6E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="03155AB237EF7B89E2AF4601DF6CD9B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is not possible to determine which jar corresponds to what species in
<bibRefCitation id="F075AD71C3E53D75216427D6B1201581" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="5331C3B3D8B1CCF3C1941B1501F7CAD8" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
(1934a)
</bibRefCitation>
monograph because
<normalizedToken id="6991FB9F4DE960BADCDC40573E55C2D3" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
did not indicate species identifications for any of the MNHN specimens he examined.
<normalizedToken id="2F8A193A083EFAF29F78848D1ABEDC9C" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
description of a &quot;short penial gland&quot; indicate that he most likely examined
<taxonomicName id="8BDC2DC0F1786A2AD230E80300F94A81" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B466945A8352F5715DD2413133A0EC39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1). Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="92A9497537BEF34070DCFC1ECADB634A" author="Marcus, Ev" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 223" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" refId="B123" refString="Marcus, Ev, Marcus, Er, 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico. Malacologia 10: 181 - 223, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" title="Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" volume="10" year="1970">Marcus and Marcus (1970</bibRefCitation>
: 213) wrote that
<taxonomicName id="1001F5E72433495608FFACFA7102CFEA" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="B456D8DAE0B8EFCEFD3FE14027F3B1AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was close to
<taxonomicName id="74A4E6EE261EBF2F592B87CA0C166507" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FDE1D4E506513DF8DC1C33A5964AEDAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with no explanation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EAE2C57E12F0F5A8A1F88E97BFC68FA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8A0153E5335C6FC964313D4CF7A3CF43" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="71FAB002F5D2DE6C2172886738A74520" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="F7EE8C336F9B33AB96988EB2B0433B39" author="Simroth, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 302" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48256899" refId="B164" refString="Simroth, H, 1920. Ueber einige Nacktschnecken vom Malayischen Archipel von Lombok an ostwaerts bis zu den Gesellschafts-Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 35: 261 - 302, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48256899" title="Ueber einige Nacktschnecken vom Malayischen Archipel von Lombok an ostwaerts bis zu den Gesellschafts-Inseln." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48256899" volume="35" year="1920">Simroth (1920)</bibRefCitation>
from Muna Island, southeastern Sulawesi, Indonesia, where only
<taxonomicName id="748BE247FAF51EB8A3F7632C555C14B4" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3326BE5B302943228C3CBD07CD804925" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to be present (Fig.
<figureCitation id="32E75790F459686CF91FCD6CB2D162F9" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Internal features of the holotype (24 mm long) are fully compatible with the anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="71BCFEE3E9B9B9D37D68823A3EC05613" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ECAFA431DE93CA7E683DBEFFDC572051" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: intestinal loops are of type I with a transitional loop oriented at 5
<normalizedToken id="5CA728B6F0D19D762CAF9972BED61D4F" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D64D4C4786487FFCFAD711427B974FFD" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80B</figureCitation>
) and the muscular sac of the accessory penial gland is 8 mm long (Table
<tableCitation id="A3E23D603C1AD6E1B3CC02DB2F1BBE49" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Eleven papillae with dorsal eyes were counted (which fits within the range of the species) but some may have faded with time. As a result,
<taxonomicName id="BA023AE95FDC9063E7077DEDB3CD5892" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="E4E9D43F90E6D181993354BDDC44E518" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded here as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="E1A425D33EA9EB2E079FC0A40AC18341" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5D5B2EE31F8EB934FA98BAC22AD8A007" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="E14E991168C5BCB0B7CAFDCB39CD6907" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="B4F7D53BE5F3D97704F9BCAFF81BBE47" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="09A26D99E1334E3B94D51362FAD120CC" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 71, 75) thought
<taxonomicName id="CCF32128477E2EDCF49E238A6EA4A2AE" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="1BC4CF5941898950FEC48C4DC63E1C43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="401FB7A6E039C88621229F9232E61DE5" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="3DF887BB28C29897B132768B5B3BD92A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on information from
<normalizedToken id="EBB5AFA3659615E73AE7E3766ACA98D1" originalValue="Simroth’s">Simroth's</normalizedToken>
original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781836D4D1901712654337EA25C40662" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CDC2C7D53E78F2525355232DBCDB76AE" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="99D4917E5D5A83516B404154E39C796D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type species of
<normalizedToken id="C1361BBC797763AF82C120EED786B8DE" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
genus
<taxonomicName id="CAFE81B8C4FA22E23B6F8064C0F4B46C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCBCBF763C78319EA961A71761BF0E6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="402B3EF4B67037902A9D5D3413BAE98A" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 83" refId="B109" refString="Labbe, A, 1934b. Opisthobranches et Silicodermes (Onchidiades). Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie 2 (14): 1 - 83" title="Opisthobranches et Silicodermes (Onchidiades). Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique." volume="2" year="1934 b">
<normalizedToken id="B04D7AF42AD571F996E92C2CF12E08BE" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934b)
</bibRefCitation>
within the genus
<taxonomicName id="059C198BA3A3B36E0F390B207D50B484" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7CB07A7FACB053753E0BB5F1C3ACE9FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Only one specimen is known, the holotype (20/18 mm) by monotypy, from Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. There is no doubt that
<taxonomicName id="1538A5117DF8A870748796C7A79153AD" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="F0CCFDC2183B8E77769BB8D0EACC2DF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to a
<taxonomicName id="890F0182216EFEA4D683B840A6E5610D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A8394409362DA8AF776C3F635C17BB45" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species because the dorsum of the holotype bears gills. All copulatory parts are missing and
<normalizedToken id="FEB576932E06F72DD6428AAB5AF6CAAE" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
did not describe the length of the muscular sac or the length of the spine of the accessory penial gland.
<bibRefCitation id="558A35655B201E8E7E74318F302E6800" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="D467E4F77C33936E3EFFC30AFD9E67DA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213, fig. 46) described two muscular sacs instead of just one, but that could not be confirmed here. At least three
<taxonomicName id="0AA09D623AAEBE8DFAB055C26AD7163E" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1962805D1654C959FB4A8A654D2F01F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are present in West Papua (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FF54135AABB2C0E54876CA5BABDF5F2A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). However, given the size of the holotype (20 mm long) and, importantly, its intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop at 4
<normalizedToken id="1FD59E555719A78A64BFF57554739863" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="1408AF77A6A230E5667E669517EBA7A9" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80C</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="91D78A027E8D3631A95AFDF20E8AD840" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="8D8FF1D44222B3F64C69036DE1BE9375" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="3933F9F12C29F5AC1B98595172305864" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="213638EBB85293E54C51BF121590CF8B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="B42677FF6A3BBF80C9F7063123505F80" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="A4035E36DB4B48D7E1A02CB65CDFDE8B" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="1CCF597A6D80D5A81A8D404863D7CFD9" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). Note that the number of papillae with dorsal eyes could not be counted on the preserved holotype. According to
<bibRefCitation id="656C8DFA17ED140A1F67DB5FF76FB13C" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 83" refId="B109" refString="Labbe, A, 1934b. Opisthobranches et Silicodermes (Onchidiades). Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie 2 (14): 1 - 83" title="Opisthobranches et Silicodermes (Onchidiades). Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique." volume="2" year="1934 b">
<normalizedToken id="1A32E6B1AE0F2F4EAB579481985B12EA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934b)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CF706FECE23FEFDED39E72D085AFAC4" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="C0B0BF0B469BC3FF967870EED381CB0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to
<taxonomicName id="0CC6C7D3923ACC25CE2A8E29FDDB76C8" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium vaigiense" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vaigiense">
<emphasis id="625E1D0344471790302152125399EE27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium vaigiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A6EC32314FF8563A091EC7C08CC4CBC5" lsidName="O. steenstrupi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="steenstrupi">
<emphasis id="547CC935D97E9341E70FDBFD9071E78D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. steenstrupi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but both names refer to
<taxonomicName id="DF7125254B3F1F34878289E382534524" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Marmaronchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmaronchis vaigiensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vaigiensis">
<emphasis id="5997019C843629EFFAD54AA4B1BA1451" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Marmaronchis vaigiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species which belongs to a distinct genus (
<bibRefCitation id="8C001E3BE3745C2A311B928F366D9862" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="814 - 837" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" refId="B54" refString="Dayrat, B, Goulding, TC, Khalil, M, Lozouet, P, Tan, SH, 2018. Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 814 - 837, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" title="Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" volume="66" year="2018">Dayrat et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5D594F88113F3D83C1097C7E85BBBE3C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure99" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458399" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 99" startId="F101">
<paragraph id="99A931E114F7CC44A06BEE96A2535058" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="82E9979FAD480C24DC465909E825CFBD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 99.</emphasis>
Penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="7FF3555AEDA549FE3A74AD3060CD79A3" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="174A597CE197E924653E14C9323CF417" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3), Peninsular Malaysia
<emphasis id="DAD4CD846FB33C9590F8D7E52C0526B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
[2547] (USMMC 00065)
<emphasis id="B48286E2D8F94D8186A5B88E5CB995E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
[975] (USMMC 00064). Scale bars: 40
<normalizedToken id="C595F0C048D69D67BA2921A7A4803A78" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="F485C64A7F460CD33D3F916CFF6CA136" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="74EF16835D0F9229F6293DE374AF90C3" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="7C2D3C5FC13584715F0939CDFDB27282" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 6
<normalizedToken id="AC1965B93B5C4A0AB2F9342E697CAA1F" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="7544269051DA19AECDFDC5EE1D47DDFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3A894BC716D81A635525E556F7A23B18" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure100" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 100" startId="F102">
<paragraph id="0B199BC0E261B2A2D45082531BB69961" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="461087C7B00BDE6D189E905CDC9738B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 100.</emphasis>
Penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="4BCDFFCC129D3717FDF5631E86B49B8B" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="390B8A517C7402F8D09F6F6B128F32BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4), Pakistan
<emphasis id="89E93440828EDF495B70D34FECEC723F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
[6164] (MNHN-IM-2019-1384)
<emphasis id="FECCC308964F12A1EF26A7C4A7AC87D0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
[6165] (MNHN-IM-2019-
<emphasis id="C0AAD574B54D450982CE0DAFBE905FEE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1385</emphasis>
). Scale bars: 20
<normalizedToken id="6C7E077B9192CB8AB5B060CA12B6FFA3" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="AA19F6511392C9355941765EA4330B9D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="5122DBA757742FE9963E7D9D1CCD4350" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="236C46FE952E5BA52BE3ABFCC46374FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="411B7C38958CEC33C366C38F284EFB60" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="F3B85AE46893D274A34DC830FE3B8B6A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="C1C4467B304FD9E54ADFD15D8C2CCAA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on two specimens from Vanikoro, Solomon Islands, which were found at the MNHN, and one specimen from Djibouti, which could not be located. The type locality is Vanikoro, locality of the lectotype designated in the present study. Our molecular data demonstrate that
<taxonomicName id="BB5260A4AE62EC557627CD925C8B9802" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B79FAC8A4D6AB5BFDD0EE6FBAE00D4CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) is present in Vanikoro, but
<taxonomicName id="12E63B72256605B7DB5B5F762FFFDBA0" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="F9DAC2DA9825C8C8F2580E0B7FB77989" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28D5A46EE5DDAB20255F08696C7874E9" lsidName="P. platei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platei">
<emphasis id="D189A1E2C58148766BB19E44F85DBC4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could also be found there (Fig.
<figureCitation id="08386F366FC553EE8F291B0C1154E9EA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Given the intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop at 5
<normalizedToken id="B30759F0DBE3DCDF8685E9172227C93B" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
) observed in the lectotype (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F520EB1283E60E67EEF6CD4E1C108F30" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80F</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="B6753BF857BB3EE2CAD641F5D3C85716" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="E1CD3D4C30163E908CD27674A3A8D4B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="D8B8C5CFDD6E48C77F5F6AD0C5F33391" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D736628B87EA44A8FE9E241A5797FD2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="1581569F43737E263C093AE012DC19E3" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="CEAF36FD65F1C6E0BA2F9B32183C0552" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="83F8E22A165ACE6EDF3D730F0CCE035C" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). The male parts of the lectotype are missing and
<normalizedToken id="6D2F6BA19083292E088972578D8C3012" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
description of the copulatory apparatus is confusing because it is based indiscriminately on individuals from both Vanikoro and Djibouti. His measurement of the spine of the accessory gland (8 mm long) is most likely a mistake. In the present study, the longest spine (5 mm long) was found in the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="38FEBDFD62FF2688D85B7BA4F5259F79" lsidName="P. fidjiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fidjiensis">
<emphasis id="53058E0D6CAE1A854026A2E0BF23BDA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fidjiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="256151687BB569B27870F8799815E17E" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="115E13981EB5B63D1BD7209FB4A23514" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from Fiji. Also, the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="E63F4150E0E9A7E0F95A13A23BB96B00" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="D48BE7F229E0B305F9AF0D3E03026495" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only is 44 mm long, which would make it a very small individual of
<taxonomicName id="F8964E24DE6CF6909003838913FA6416" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="7CBBDFCE37291B8D913BDAE984D019B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Given the large size (80 mm long, according to
<normalizedToken id="BDCA7A81222EB0D42761128C6F26B274" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
) of the paralectotype from Djibouti, it most likely belongs to
<taxonomicName id="7D4715B683E15E6761CDDBBD37088463" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="6C8E29ED43F2017C9A02FF394D3644B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species present there, and for which large specimens are known (Table
<tableCitation id="7E54083ACE106D1C92E8E3EA4323F8CA" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). It would imply that
<normalizedToken id="303D626924C69127D8C240CE21B871F7" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
confused its intestinal loops of type V for a type I, which is a mistake he often made.
<bibRefCitation id="D49F158A810B561E16371AE8ACD812AB" author="Marcus, Ev" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 223" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" refId="B123" refString="Marcus, Ev, Marcus, Er, 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico. Malacologia 10: 181 - 223, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" title="Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" volume="10" year="1970">Marcus and Marcus (1970</bibRefCitation>
: 214) wrote that
<taxonomicName id="5DBE20AD919818F355250E9BC4EC7B2C" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B7C89BA26797A00A66E5FECCCBBD5ED0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8BA73247D2C25B5D0DFA8ED74E47BD0D" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8330F3F3C1DFF4E7A5708A1CDC4696E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on information from the original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DB030C71F6F0C24B98860F49944E444" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="243C49E2C7196D52D8894F3B7B760B4F" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="75DEA2E6DC5F329AB17273A91482E1A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from the Red Sea, is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="1EC471D0F886A35CD4456B4F288A427A" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4A32A5C6EE20064C6F37D7E4F6B873AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because, contrary to what
<normalizedToken id="72164C5A193BE02347463AEBE2149BDE" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
indicated in the original description,
<taxonomicName id="0032A3758FCCAE3081492E296C844822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="0D02805381A8F02439C906388BA6F3AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E6411FFEF460B64EA19F52B4569ACF35" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86B</figureCitation>
). It is assumed in this work that there is only one species of
<taxonomicName id="01043A7974272C5D4E93BDDAB427592A" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87665AD562FB5ED1DDA491AF182BDF9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs with intestinal loops of type I in the Red Sea, although fresh material from the Red Sea may show that there is more than one species.
<bibRefCitation id="177AA518824742DCE948393B5D64A4C6" author="Marcus, Er" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literature, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="873 - 934" refId="B122" refString="Marcus, Er, Marcus, Ev, 1960. Opisthobranchia aus dem Roten Meer und von den Malediven. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literature, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 12: 873 - 934" title="Opisthobranchia aus dem Roten Meer und von den Malediven." volume="12" year="1960">Marcus and Marcus (1960</bibRefCitation>
: 881) suggested that
<taxonomicName id="80887AF3051A17E50D2BCB00D794B06E" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="9BBD82D159193686DE6F25032A6DDD42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="FEDBC1E62118038D742AC3B2537E562F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8A57D6451E2E3E8BFF2D253E73908EC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that intestinal loops of both types I and II are found in
<taxonomicName id="99D6FD214881B0E25483188F2B926561" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0C55D61F485CFCB52A2F7B2AB968105B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but intestinal loops are only of type I in
<taxonomicName id="50D2F4ACDE0C37A83095441806AD4E7A" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9620D4796DED051D79F51DF8DC850F3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and there are no intestinal loops of type II in
<taxonomicName id="23271424BE151FC680D58FABA95365F7" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6FA394B7AC69A8CF53905B027E6978BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E1405607D62EC28AE3F22F3EDB812F10" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table S1) took
<normalizedToken id="732BBB48DCCEF5B5E7DEB2D506E97EC6" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
description for granted and considered that
<taxonomicName id="97AFE917E6F6B82DF167DD76911B7FE9" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="1597009B20A1416C5A04827EA8B596AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was characterized by intestinal loops of type II.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2D45D65DB2512AC518C9F77A3127187C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure101" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 101" startId="F103">
<paragraph id="63BD7264CFCA99DBBAAB7939F56018A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9DDAE8DCC38C1EFE4840568609BB91DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 101.</emphasis>
Penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="082313E58189F3EF5294AF54B7E68A36" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="81BC997DA788BA345A6FC094C766BCE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5)
<emphasis id="9F4BA3DCC05ADE24C42A51060DC59050" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="BF66D2A10B052B132CEBFBFDA77AB666" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="912F56CAAE702F6E1061BC1103E4CD0A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM-2013-62398). Scale bars: 6
<normalizedToken id="375D3BD6A0EE88D56701CDBC5B6D87DC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="E783B5AF05C0583E8E94EE3EB3FA8F2B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="4ECA39B4633D35A6AC7D47043B8EA55F" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B86A6186F93D7C9763FF66BE6960CA29" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, E</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="FF73766E7D87BCFD6F1BD693749DBB7E" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="D9F568E48AFD73F3DA52DE278A3B77C4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 100
<normalizedToken id="C9867ECA4DCE31071363AF3299A6AFD3" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="E7DE0E3A4CDA6554AAED8E78D6814CCB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), 4
<normalizedToken id="15EC450626AA4DE2DB2D06FA6EE30F13" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="DA5A3299D117DB0C21A4071FB3345D23" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8A51FBDD16D53925214DA245616075D4" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458402" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 102" startId="F104">
<paragraph id="A4F2D06A3F367A5540BF64320C283CED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B0580041D2AE0FEA4D39BDB181213ECD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 102.</emphasis>
Penis and penial hooks,
<taxonomicName id="7A6842B206E43B96A2CDECE91DF4B288" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="E5F03A8B8DFC70135AB0A927A42F23DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea
<emphasis id="354E5068D28146FAC96ECFB750DDCE8A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
spm #1 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="6DFD65A41358F76FD43C3FF9DE7ACC58" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
spm #2 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="35608AB49E6FE77034A22B0CA978B158" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
spm #4 (ZMH 27472/4). Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="8CBAB7A3B09E706CBDE321064C0377AC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="74EC30AF7087603F6AC86006257C553E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="C7A3C582A52AF89C9B8F3CE7D932C36C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B096211B326D73DB99C333E009268373" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 30
<normalizedToken id="D2A4C17854B66822DF1E25945712616D" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="DF97BD770DE2083E99F15780A839B03D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="336080B6B89839280E73D6C8B61D70D7" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="BDC49C4AD9E20B4AACC365A8E028DBFE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
), 4
<normalizedToken id="FE04E097EADD3C663934D5161E21F444" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="FBCD59BC2361A4111A5E067D1B37D9EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7AC35B2767CE616FEBADC3A182A0CEA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The type specimens used by
<normalizedToken id="D4A399ADBD9148F4B16662212ABFE4C7" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
for the original description of
<taxonomicName id="12E0253711BFA549E5CAFC927621134A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="0DC9162F6EE7B90FE5C64D1D54740299" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belong to several species, because our data show that slugs with intestinal loops of types I and V necessarily belong to distinct species. The application of the name
<taxonomicName id="E26F039FC3BD1294344AC4A6CE147DA6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="F2E0697637AE100A41AC836C801CAD66" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is determined by the lectotype from Bombay (MNHN-IM-2000-33681) with intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CADBB977FD3815DC73CD147D31C7F436" captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 84. Peronia verruculata (unit 4) A lectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, India, Mumbai (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33681) B-D Pakistan, [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) A digestive system, dorsal view, the arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop B digestive system, dorsal view C posterior, hermaphroditic (female) reproductive system D anterior, male, copulatory apparatus. Scale bars: 4 mm (A, C), 5 mm (B, D). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal digestive gland, fgm female gland mass, hg hermaphroditic gland, i intestine, ms muscular sac, ov oviduct, pdg posterior digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rm retractor muscle, rs receptaculum seminis, sp spermatheca, st stomach, v vestibule." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458384" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84A</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="0410C12EB2BAE9519CA7C2301C96331C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="0ECF6E25B7AA733791FC0B9C23FAEF25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to
<taxonomicName id="ED477F9EA12E1529B900A6219908934B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7C3CA507C37751CEBD2600C1404821C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and, more specifically, to the populations of the mitochondrial unit #4 from western India and Pakistan (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A7183832004E6833B0FC02B5AC1DDACC" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
, Tables
<tableCitation id="D0C591DBDC8DDAA1DB67E3C169E5F249" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="3469CF1705781111FD142AD73F6509DC" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). The paralectotypes from the Red Sea with intestinal loops of type I also belong to
<taxonomicName id="83276264F0A10123F6FF521FE6767CF4" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="B005EAF17359448A074148D816136570" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one &quot;
<emphasis id="181C7162BAEFAA4EECF9D1834A72559A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
&quot; paralectotype from the Red Sea (MNHN-IM-2000-33688), and two &quot;
<emphasis id="23D6F941173F76EB5164A96D1A6087CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
&quot; paralectotypes from Suez (MNHN-IM-2000-33684). The paralectotypes with intestinal loops of type V belong to
<taxonomicName id="D432F310BBDFBA60E23DAD66402B6793" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="07B0C1387F6EC770983F48078FF08823" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one of the &quot;
<emphasis id="EB7A2776AAE6091587BDE6D294025BEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
&quot; paralectotypes from Bombay (MNHN-IM-2000-33682) and one of the &quot;
<emphasis id="8B07A9719C052BDDCAF008A0677D2F5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
&quot; paralectotypes from Suez (MNHN-IM-2000-33683). The large specimen with intestinal loops of type I from Mauritius (MNHN-IM-2000-33686), which may or may not be part of the type material of
<taxonomicName id="0F907DA5B5CC7300D4DE8B994394DC98" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="2753920E7B3295B99FB032B9312DFC2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, likely belongs to
<taxonomicName id="0808B3E2B2C405AC7943C7B1610A254C" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="AF197EDFFC5C54C29E6371BC1D50B88C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F25D14086475FE5E868263CD72846E28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E444EB50850D651CBD755DD9868B8AC5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="EF7CDB65353B5645EC68E094BBC94DC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<normalizedToken id="0BCAE55EFE0FA4D9C22D08FE639A8EF9" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
based on three syntypes (four according to the original description) from Thursday Island, in the Torres Strait, Australia. The presence of
<taxonomicName id="42F7546E1B332803972242D42278B5BB" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="CE7940DC0ED86FD932B7246A2B1D41FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Torres Strait is not demonstrated positively with fresh material. However,
<taxonomicName id="5BC5B1729145EF6629156E8F73CC03C7" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3BBFA578E109C603D492B27D0C8A775E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species we found in northeastern Queensland (up to Cairns, 16°S). None of the
<taxonomicName id="6E2161749223527B21FF099967B3BEFD" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83814204CB157E91F7BD55EF8104E73D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs we collected north of Bowen (20°S) were individuals of
<taxonomicName id="97AB5F05892ED833D1BD45792B1DF603" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="389F449D34C5DC5C0BCC89F3C34C1378" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is thought to be only distributed from southern Queensland down to New South Wales (Sydney) and eastwards to New Caledonia. More importantly, both the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="47C94DBC2A6383CF45ED54C6CBC4430E" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="0702F516D12B800354B43CB6B0E0A648" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 207-208, figs 31-34) and the traits examined in the lectotype here confirm that
<taxonomicName id="65B5CD410AC219D18F621D3CF502E99B" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="492201D184842E1FF3384820EE3BC783" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to
<taxonomicName id="B9C675BC5540677E270D1F4D2D31392F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4A022EA7545718C2EC5CBEF32EC68044" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="78EA3FCD30082B64CA3D13C2135CF3C9" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
): intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop at 5
<normalizedToken id="168399286601DD3372F2845423CFD74E" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="DF1A564B83A6F887825336910F648458" captionStart="Figure 80" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 80. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 1), type specimens. The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium ferrugineum (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22951) B holotype, Onchidium elberti (SMF 45248) C holotype, Scaphis astridae (RBINS I. G. 9223 / MT. 3822) D holotype, Scaphis carbonaria (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33708) E lectotype, Peronia gaimardi (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33705) F lectotype, Scaphis viridis (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22964). Scale bars: 4 mm (A-C), 5 mm (D-F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure80" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458380" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">80F</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CFA8B0B654EC793B5090FBB688EDD592" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="8D5E2342EF81A3D5ABAAEC5882C8B66B" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 32), muscular sac of the accessory penial gland 14 mm long (
<normalizedToken id="FCD95893286F9A785843F25A165DD4C9" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
) and 15 mm long (lectotype), spine of the accessory penial gland 1 mm long (
<normalizedToken id="B887E0F1C754105C1C2EA286BFACEDBC" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
) and 1.7 mm long (lectotype), retractor muscle attaching at the posterior end of the visceral cavity. Because those traits are only compatible with the anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="F533D1A8D22CCED3ED370CDA47043FDB" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="14452AECD1E0374754E0BC60ED599B15" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7C39C3D54C9DB911B85285BEBC5ED4D2" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="DDFBCE816267AAD1CE636194D15F2AAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded here as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8F9BCF454D8C81F999A50CE2F1D46AE3" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="815DAB81F51578FFC744DEBBFC9B5B51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and which applies to the unit #1 (Tables
<tableCitation id="12702D6E6F5BC500F11EE433E85E809B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="E47B31545595D4EDEBB3E66436D16467" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). Finally, a total of 13 dorsal papillae with eyes was observed in the lectotype; more may have faded with time.
<normalizedToken id="E608910D5341BAF9831475630BE00361" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
only compared
<taxonomicName id="ECD64A641938DB03CB6B19C243294D8C" lsidName="S. viridis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="FDDFA34F7B374C382DA0D69F8AC9FDA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="7B1359ED6C27102A23F142EC94DE5AA3" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1852" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia acinosa" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acinosa">
<emphasis id="3F524EC93FB619F77A59A8AECFF14715" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia acinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a
<emphasis id="BFBCFF55B072041C0170D5C3DBFED5E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nomen dubium</emphasis>
which may or may not refer to an onchidiid species (see general discussion).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7D210CF4B5EA976AE16D18CC24B7CD1F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 103" startId="F105">
<paragraph id="CF65EEB7193D9950728E564BC795F57D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A0ADDC75BE021F9622FAF48485037148" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 103.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="4857473A75C5DEF2641D8A79A88A16A8" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6A878A9D29AE85E5B236E557DE38A676" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="BCE15F30078E33B09A3369ED17251423" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-G</emphasis>
Indonesia
<emphasis id="1C03142F4B233B70CD84A1E041B6A805" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
Singapore
<emphasis id="D545BEC2D18CEB6E01B938E133DE172C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Halmahera [5068] (UMIZ 00166)
<emphasis id="E1F9397755308AB517AD27A25A08DA24" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Ambon [2729] (UMIZ 00162)
<emphasis id="A841C1D6A16368E42DC97A0BF6F33BAD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Lombok [2987] (UMIZ 00168)
<emphasis id="48D4472E2A68BC38A693C8F39485EE8E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Sulawesi [2127] (UMIZ 00170)
<emphasis id="C0313B63EDE2DF423B6792A53AE7C1E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="7F4986A1F47F6BB2BD87069A41EF1DFB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="DDE5BFF4560232DC89D52E335CF26AD4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="0F453642F0E6BFEA1DE5196B9584A125" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="0FBBA6211F3CE2DAAF41DBB045CC0D63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="5840B2719299BEBB200BB269C767BBF4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="035956DD2914F8D22E52A3DE77FF1CDA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
[991] (ZRC.MOL.10497). Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="995A498D573C85D60D022B5D0DEE6584" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="74A79489FDBBF18B45C3427AE9152C5B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="DD0FC61D1A69B672F9EF58D5339F351D" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="83148A982EFC6366ED9D05A38CAFD56D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="6BED40D7F33D9114303932B1FF7435E6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="9B720555D5EC5F436700D6AAF4D151F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
), 15
<normalizedToken id="4FA73FA504569EBAAC05709C8D01A6D5" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="4FF35030716760C6B1FB0578C7FB0412" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
), 150
<normalizedToken id="8EC63A67B1BECF89FF9CC77A09BE6993" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="4EDFBFC9986A20A8DA09D60CE122A339" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E9488114FAF4143B380A2E28C14B4598" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458404" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 104" startId="F106">
<paragraph id="C95CFAC01F32DE311CC33CF0ADCC9E81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="135D53341842F169EEEC1754C03CA069" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 104.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="ACA3AAC2E26FD110920DA84ED06EE2DC" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="592AE30C086C76819F01BAFE3BCCDD0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1)
<emphasis id="D1E16E3CDDBD8836D94C445823214032" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Vietnam [5621] (ITBZC IM 00021)
<emphasis id="E5EC01D6649927C5A4086D3828DCAC81" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Papua New Guinea [5469] (MNHN-IM-2013-12010)
<emphasis id="E0431C85FBB283BE01AE4F730FD889DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Vanuatu [5481] (MNHN-IM-2013-62393)
<emphasis id="3CD342B875EB017DA8CB4F9B6DD05E58" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
New Caledonia [6214] (MNHN-IM-2019-1593)
<emphasis id="213662B9EA75C5EE5EC06D88EDCAB9DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="1A2CA01964B7A66F359A79635D53FC45" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="83C02D601439E7A3AE6DEE696DAAF410" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="344E54280382F9045A8D3B104F14849E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="08FBF4F66D53C704C04CBB9A20BE62DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="8051D9669FCBD0F07A22913B4BEE7DDC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="A6122C99FD3CEAFFC150CD634570D8AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="31774EDE12D2783DD77F1DD0DC647173" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
. Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="91F209FB65B5F86C8F2693C4D87FF81C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="DD610312ED56F32E0CD8437431F7516F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, D</emphasis>
), 200
<normalizedToken id="EF3039924C4C95CE5C73C8CDE9FB8735" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B041A538CC9ECF5A7296235CB1A308DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="D7C164CD856E508A699C1F1CF1213B63" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="1FB5B32F167C1938A4232E1AE5F5A869" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-G</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="7BB8C69BED1A7D99F3B5C96C7E258586" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="BA21719FF249BD0973262F6CD208C1D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="46BBE072464A08A6AD2955108C211810" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There are three
<taxonomicName id="B985BD14B533922B99DB88D7F4F15869" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1ADA8379E893CF57A3AC610A322A6ECD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in New Caledonia, the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="AAFBD666557D629584F91BAF40F71630" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="0C40F65B665AFF5BD8C14BB4534B712F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="67CDB98E3CA6C91323C4032F6A9F980B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). DNA sequences of individuals from New Caledonia belong to two species in our molecular data set (
<taxonomicName id="E79AB0EFB8B2F125090BF3B427F4DF0B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0F7D3163486C5A2E2910E7526B29E28C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="25D8BE71BEE41D4B7FC5E6C14DC91C00" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="2E3A1CD509829F119EA80212827CE973" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Although our molecular data do not include any specimen of
<taxonomicName id="C3BB75914E89B4C0A3AFB82215110B7A" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="4012CF0184C187708ABD809F293C7492" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from New Caledonia, it is present there based on the rest of its distribution (it is found all the way to Fiji and Tonga; Fig.
<figureCitation id="15E559DEABE529267BB03FB53F34D0B4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
) and on an old specimen from a historical museum collection (ANSP 203028). Two characters in
<normalizedToken id="5480FDDF01ECB40508E8ACF0B7799350" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description are problematic. The penis, described as &quot;wide and short, without hooks&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="64ED9B86F73D9AC20E602DD8680F2F5C" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="7B87E0716FE882237F7AD168AFEABB1C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 209, our translation), is absolutely incompatible with
<taxonomicName id="2AB0D97DC7AEC797040BF0C65B9EA966" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84AFF23F858F33AB0E909BD06E886B05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the penis is thin, elongated, and always with hooks in the distal region. The absence of dorsal eyes on the notum is also quite perplexing. The notum of the holotype is in poor condition and its dorsal eyes cannot be seen, likely because their black color faded. However, dorsal gills are clearly present on the notum and there is no doubt that
<taxonomicName id="72DC5CEAA1205838CA1E9D9CD11151DE" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="6005F6158182040511E89FD0161A9EC4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to a
<taxonomicName id="149FBC9C6B36CE94D6071ACB96227D70" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F3CC44AF5ACEA65FC033289DAED5464D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Based on the length of the muscular sac of the penial accessory gland (10 mm),
<taxonomicName id="457ECE8672A0056F4B6ABB31DE5D155E" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="658030F8D1BDEAA2B66BB34400DE620D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A80C05AA088E5C4D3F549D9CCA7F9872" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="BBB0D970A38AE2225C5CD0797CE7674D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, its muscular sac and its intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop oriented at 4
<normalizedToken id="54B0E37D70D9B3BE7ADFD68BEFD9D12B" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
are compatible with both
<taxonomicName id="AC5EBF20EB5CA42D13BAC8BFF0E68064" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="77CDD6FAB52CADC36FC21845CCD148EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7A948001A90B380D97C9AD0B064F96B5" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="9BFCBCBAD8D3FC154130FEAE694A3A60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="217706806F2528348C8EE61B9F1F8771" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). The length of the spine helps distinguish both species but
<normalizedToken id="4287A3C839DDF5EA5F54C0D229A4DF0D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
did not mention it and it is missing in the holotype. Therefore, strictly speaking,
<taxonomicName id="366DD55FA626227A0A1BC6CD6027227B" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="F44A5F902FEB9560B671DC3856BB9EDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be regarded as a
<emphasis id="1FD8FE5460ADB9B313CC180126A2A485" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nomen dubium</emphasis>
. However, because there are many older names available for the unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="3384A97A4EA14C0936231E84542E763F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="83946FBDBC020A0ABBAD4B4511170BD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="06C79B6E00A370A3545D9C2E4F181151" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="E01B720BE67F40CA3425EC41057E1792" lsidName="S. carbonaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="870ACE2796F6F7EA6157F8038772FCBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be regarded as another junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="98AD254B4B9BAC2303A0F419A55308E3" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="85173485781022098DEFB9FF98BBF6D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It would make no sense to apply it to
<taxonomicName id="ECFF858AEA0C6CDD43344B648C72CC69" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="4A2FE5A9EBB37BA8A75E0363F0F65246" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because several important organs (the penis, the spine of the penial accessory gland, the radula) are missing in the holotype and because
<normalizedToken id="0D66EC3E2AC31D1CC1D97AFB6ADD724D" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description is problematic and incomplete.
</paragraph>
<caption id="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" ID-Table-UUID="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 6" startId="T6">
<paragraph id="699E77C4DDB81A7F1BDCEF449B45F232" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="FB7CA090DE87AE881B3FB6DEA35BE7CE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 6.</emphasis>
Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of
<taxonomicName id="DA3628BADB9965EC933EFF161BB604F3" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FEC0159833C53566419F96BC4BF163B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="59822AC9380F1B4EEAF38D407C07E910" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table id="6C154DBFF50AE11DBEE0A9E986EE06DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr id="096543B9517C7BA179AD2E98132353F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th id="FD886B7022EFD51D0F669FD9C9450F23" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Unit</th>
<th id="476497EC4D845234C28510A25AE3F211" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Current distribution</th>
<th id="040444D70D33A821C3CA2AB442573FA8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Names available</th>
<th id="FBBE472BEB3402E0E2AF02705939EA6C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Type locality</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9CCC7C2CF56ADDC82194D5C5B6985AC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="F418ADDFDEDDC67AB635573698871B3A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="9">
#
<emphasis id="A8F7FF9990E5EF56C544274987AF389F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="16C82E7F54CC31D8624A6BC347E452F1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="9">Singapore to eastern Australia, New Caledonia &amp; Japan</td>
<td id="3DCFD31C25F0048C9F342984D4D83371" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="229D1D565B985D67027C81D674A42642" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="6AB99A51ECD6F380C12522E39E7C3B62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lesson, 1831a
</td>
<td id="AE1F8FB0A9B075514D94BD6A44CA26BB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">West Papua, Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="43A66060B74E5686B1B02285C734C44E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="4D21B9774C3AB043C25E39FC61CFC967" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="6E3780BC8BBD6995D5B25D4AB98BB063" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium branchiferum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="branchiferum">
<emphasis id="B3D2E699610B8D46CDEF0DA70ACC81B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium branchiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Plate, 1893
</td>
<td id="110C550187974662FDA87A2489D0009D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Luzon, Philippines</td>
</tr>
<tr id="33C20E1DD3EEE7C0C97C12F89EA03B32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="FF8ABC3BDD3FAFE41168AF49932DE23C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E4839B0071C392B8B6549198EC45FF50" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium elberti" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="4716FB66D605C4AA34FE4CE602D2FAB1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Simroth, 1920
</td>
<td id="857B4BA7A6AA6AEA36C6F54A76999D78" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Sulawesi, Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBFA7D704E014EAC59A7B479B450BFD9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="F3F5CAB30E269C87936B55CAFD5DCE03" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="88C07C859D1F30C9BF56E76904D5A20B" baseAuthorityName="Labbe" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium astridae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="astridae">
<emphasis id="D0C92AF636E46C7470D8C600D5DCD257" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium astridae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="7D0C51C2FE5979610761D4D104DE602C" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934b
</td>
<td id="B281EC3629A5D089F926D8A5E3FEDFFB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">West Papua, Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4E1CF8A989BF47F75149A7F24BE89F33" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="D2644056A0934BCBBA3594E7C321FAD0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E6AF5124B99D98467BB4673135784D0E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia gaimardi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="5B4D90E13D500C4BA624E27DE301416B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="45F203EE73CC18E8AE03663386298596" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="49C62AF4F0A163DD0974DCCA66CF0045" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Vanikoro, Solomon Islands</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7864562997D86C3422EF31DA15067288" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="1ACE697E73D95BB8CF70748D0E3AF768" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3C3B3937BD0F5ED239E94BA4227AADC0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis viridis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="281E71C192CA7BC55348640BD04BEB21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D21E21BC1A42D4285D44BC3371B707D9" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="8818234B8EC9EBBC8DFF1D41E7C294E4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Torres Strait, Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6680FE9139F891BCB8EB4B9C75CB34DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="AFD46E86F552E769502FA3677B643D81" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5A9038384542ACE1FD94E353CCB95B1B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis carbonaria" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
<emphasis id="A95566316B91D4C3BB2AB3EA44C84F8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis carbonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="3D363BCDD132B7B98F59398E9DEB82DD" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="AF94270B0DEACE48C89F9EEA0F06C5B6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">New Caledonia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2BFD45F4ACE47B34124D500F29D807A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="15096E67D23DBA683B760247E3E4B408" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7DC0739DDC187FFE535BEF79A4A6B969" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="9B13E710AB448DCAD36D0AD45987AA0B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="51E487149047FB4F3F9140F6E912A0F3" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="C9BD6A48F7036BC4F49838DF8E8B8ADD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Vietnam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E65255AB34F8F15BEBA4040E629D678E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="26BEE33465B52C20CA885E804B2DA100" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="386B1DB57FECE465CD5C032727B6BE28" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="92950A12838D8879F8B65BFC99AF01CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="54B80405D1E87888AC3DD4E2FDA64F79" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="76445DF4172C561BEA113D381A36E92A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Vietnam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="42F2A593324029D478D95149A1D14A04" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="976C13F3EDAAB7D1B40502220B4B21F7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
#
<emphasis id="66D2CEF8D580F3515DCC52BA063E3A82" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="2719E1ADEE8E6809A8AE33414E8C30A1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Sumatra &amp; Andaman Islands</td>
<td id="526E87CBC0D926F50119C42222492DFD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="B990B7A7B8D5D7C0F6E15FB6DF6EAA10" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B95CFC89F0775F66FAE944839978C4A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="AC1B1CDDC16C37FE0F9F76DE8B75EA08" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
#
<emphasis id="BD4658C899FC68D8FD329648A7243922" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="9CD147016E8609591497EFEF262391DA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Peninsular Malaysia &amp; Singapore</td>
<td id="6D297708C98B5C320ECF0D0FEE504AB2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="AD850915ECAEDBF620055931CEE64AC3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D0305D54AD2B051EE86A418617F0AD0B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="A2DDD553B6A644F786F55BC4D20E2100" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="2">
#
<emphasis id="AD4363B2A75B3818B459B85EE8C5F3C8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="30874F6F09014E5976F080F8EDBF0C94" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="2">Persian Gulf, Pakistan &amp; western India</td>
<td id="802D217181F7FD65B2576953B7B52DE3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4D667E465A5DB60B8022533F6DA9A66C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia gondwanae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="03992C26BA89E6559006464103F37CC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="EF1B87AA8BBC7F72E4B6D5E634CE22E5" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="4661B8547500F03AC57CB14309E93C65" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Mumbai, western India</td>
</tr>
<tr id="697DCF66BD345C7B56286D4356131C2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="C671C14080BFBA0AEA94DA191CCC2FED" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="844E0C23736B6D1CF50D472CDF88EA39" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia persiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="9FFCB8A646E363D7D606EEBEAC688F2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="C36DBB8879D0C5E883B967FBA0524B38" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al., 2020a</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="F374765D87CD6CD1E1D509A2AF20F223" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Persian Gulf, Iran</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8A38F144A8A192790EA519AB16E62670" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="705D81CA01DF3FCD2860198A50FD6A0A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="5">
#
<emphasis id="EE32BE45589D9D9967464CFA8C15C66E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="3B272E6CEBDA1F365ABAE546D3E97CCA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Mozambique &amp; Madagascar</td>
<td id="893BA2CB8A2D1C8A66BD30D6C3E1B2F9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E7F406C1CC7472ACF2D63DBE6C4F2978" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="43DB21563B15224BEF7E09111013A8F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="9B0F252DF8AEF9EC8E756DC741C28402" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="D8B0C7A6EE45FD838DA9C68745A2D0F9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Mayotte</td>
</tr>
<tr id="29B4C43684794E5D1AAC2BD639C9F0C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="A04A0C6379BF669F5CAEEAEC12980B83" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="4">Red Sea</td>
<td id="6BEB0492BEB9B24766A8D81F12A43050" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2ED25909439F89CC744A27D00261F7B2" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="3BFD8B72E266735BFC382624FA4F9461" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cuvier, 1830
</td>
<td id="F9EB13CFB2BD5F7303876F849F358421" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Red Sea</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6F0B99AB7F7619648E9473BD6305D066" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="C00BC49F08775B07975B618059D87B10" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2A6952C29E79644F11D1E7E8049A059D" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="F7354507AFA465AA84AC0988A4F5D4B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="86B4EFB398460A5A064402C93504EF5E" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869
</td>
<td id="2CC791E815304B58ADF59DA09ADACC48" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Red Sea</td>
</tr>
<tr id="06EF94E0893B55832B160169919EF57C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="E8A9D65FB0853EB8BF644CF9ADFEFDAB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E00DE948B778C002825CAAB4BDF15F59" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia anomala" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="B32ACE25EB1BC710644638A9AAE3D705" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="04EF6DABAF7BB549C50643F092B1E745" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="38A81E128667502D2B8435A9C513F0D0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Red Sea</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FFD08DDA8460CD31619494BC9B906439" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="933BCA597B19C87EC9B15ED2C67072E1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5719EBAEEEBA6D91D6472D934033AB20" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="BF24A5D63AC97870BBD05EEF27DE587E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="46915FDE4735B0FDB9A27C27AB4437C1" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a
</td>
<td id="367210D180C35F9A3843E103573AD50F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Red Sea</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8DA1E58D8245503A69C4609A376A9E97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FB2B67D6A35C4F5475383752832BEF39" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="D34FFB6B505F69E5AD9A3A0FD807DFE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described originally based on types from Mayotte, Zanzibar, and Djibouti. The application of
<taxonomicName id="88E3B216A1E6C643610067CCB9B4EB45" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="838747EB9BF6DCD9C61226C08D2D6232" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now based on the lectotype from Mayotte (MNHN-IM-2000-33695), with intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EB386C5176CEBC012EF4DE250B5DF359" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F87" captionText="Figure 85. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (unit 5). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Scaphis gravieri, Mayotte (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33695) B Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1611) C Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1610). Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 4 mm (B), 5 mm (C). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85A</figureCitation>
). Our data do not include fresh material from Mayotte, but Mayotte is located between Madagascar and Mozambique where
<taxonomicName id="7D4C118B91E2631AA72F81B9353FE35E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0C3B7859B0F02455804B1EB00F7A0BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5) is present. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="0F79EE18CA08B46ED9713CBEA7DA8679" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="FEAC19ED5752B517602C56707712022A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="9F278D002E2D31B1E539162A4617B3F2" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ED44C181A8EB5A77268EE42A5B776165" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="5F72F1BB80323BE8E30FF3DFA0C6D5C9" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="3EA51343D0DB12EDF754C9E620C2125A" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="D8C8E56FD73236A46461FC76E5F01F61" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). Note that
<taxonomicName id="46BE66D3E8C95291F8E729B1E5E609C4" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="788641D3CF986647157DAF49021B578D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a distinct species with intestinal loops of type V, also is expected to be present in Mayotte, even though it has not been recorded there so far (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B9D0DAB3794042F0A5C0590D55DF50F7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The presence of
<taxonomicName id="01A2CD0174202942FBBA2D83DB6D401C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7793CD2C3B0E527621C8E81C8742B7B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Zanzibar (locality of some paralectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="2B19322BF6680070D205522FFFBE308E" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="AAFECCF168AE709F89BE3B2EE27768AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is possible but needs to be confirmed with fresh material. Additional, non-type specimens from Zanzibar were examined (MNHN-IM-2014-7989, MNHN-IM-2014-7990): their intestinal loops are of type I with a transitional loop at 5
<normalizedToken id="45DEAFE31D2428F81BFC5F98228FD373" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
. Therefore, those specimens cannot belong to
<taxonomicName id="0953A0C2A53CBF991BE7B0B559FE7D37" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="896EEAACFA3886478416E8C25B06603C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(intestinal loops of type V) or
<taxonomicName id="5B036190AFAF9041805C63D1705E5BD9" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="3E79BCE03DA91100593C25BCA008353D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(intestinal loops of type I with a transitional loop oriented between 12 and 3
<normalizedToken id="846A72CF3BB91F081723F39C94D8DF4E" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
), and thus likely belong to
<taxonomicName id="F65E48DE6C616E480B05AED7EA2A16C4" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="159DF6A726098FE3AD9F7040B2DD979F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="2519AF572A5ABD4B06466A2D5BBF4EE2" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A001C7475BF0BDB6018F0EED2EE1C32D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is expected to be present in Djibouti (locality of some paralectotypes of
<taxonomicName id="2971DFD7D2D3DB138E6B34C4F37A0ABB" lsidName="S. gravieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="E3390ECEFF222816CA26B51A521D1F5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but that still needs to be demonstrated with fresh material from the northwestern Indian Ocean (Somalia, Yemen, Oman) as well as from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C267A4EDC0E2EFE5DC7EA9387AC1288" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 105" startId="F107">
<paragraph id="1107E7AD991FA3A5A325CC0946F98C0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="AEF70EF17E995EBBBC430CBD8A8101B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 105.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="481B0550C0AF1D2F19D5E12A2EEBDB5D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3DEAE5EC5F8F31F98E8374E555B7E584" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #2), Indonesia, Sumatra
<emphasis id="E0F002A96A5D300C6DCBA1AFFE1E261D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, E</emphasis>
[1797] (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="DDD967BAEE7D47D690EEB94C6E30F879" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, F</emphasis>
[1795] (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="C3571A4E92DD0E14296D62B14124326A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, G</emphasis>
[1796] (UMIZ 00180)
<emphasis id="3EFAFCDC5DA0F2D23D9FA9E997008B28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
[1746] (UMIZ 00178). Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="7988EE39F64B16608B0B070896437A7C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="C9269E4F4676F32CE0F85233BBD9E8D0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="55D976EFD6CCE0CA107FEDCBDD0D6EF7" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="B119E41F02A1A83EBD7588DFB8773B52" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-G</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6337A8F4A04173A1EE239399ACD5D939" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure106" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458406" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 106" startId="F108">
<paragraph id="4607E8B2E57AF89CFBBCFE55264F15A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A362DD2E745B215184F6602E9A4DFF2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 106.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="DE822B77FF8C61D5E89007D14A9DAE27" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="05E60279FB387CB53C9ED1285E966977" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #3)
<emphasis id="6A46B02C5BF3025BC2B2627E5D3CE3D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C, E-I, K, L</emphasis>
Peninsular Malaysia
<emphasis id="834575A565C7DF388166EC5FE04E781F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, J</emphasis>
Singapore
<emphasis id="7FCBB6BF3746C5B8BFD6ABFDD22D84E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
[975] (USMMC 00064)
<emphasis id="CD798500FC52CE91DECBCDABD5D10443" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
[976] (USMMC 00051)
<emphasis id="23F74795C6A8975062EB0384ACA38198" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
[977] (USMMC 00064)
<emphasis id="426319717FCFAD526B91C61C0A3F2A9A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
[989] (ZRC.MOL.16070)
<emphasis id="BF514A55AFBC290BFDB301030450E8B2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
[2546] (USMMC 00065)
<emphasis id="8AB71DD4FE249B5E340E9DC513DBD4E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
[2547] (USMMC 00065)
<emphasis id="A7356CAC44E739DD705A3D60514397C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="0E813E17C2102A29BB59B57F90E02E9C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="AB02C7DD784CE7D39BDC93D749FB1CF8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="CEC8855314E50368CF3EFF77BE754B02" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="96773E9AC28AE49A77CBCCFBAD80AE46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="34DCEAB2288ACCA9881E7FD6F8256321" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="3A2D5040763E11736C7D4044027D0BC9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="88422A2BC2C16CE535A7827948DF2135" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="CB375E553948479FD2A0393494616171" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="FC48861882A9190A397CF2C07675AE2E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="AAE5A1659CDC5240B92B2D0D37807D8D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="86384E92D995CC6F10BD826F30A67675" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
. Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="0EB7D1F1A28AB9005C22D82543303EA3" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="E7AE4A360D475EA852B90E1F9D3EF104" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-F</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="7A7F7990FBE350A217AF2AD87080EFEC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="ED354BB4101212410D6C8CA44CA1DAD7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G-L</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="083C8C4492896828AB4849A54139EE42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Pieces of possibly up to three syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="F19B8E9B1AAB644287553D3D3876FBD7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis tonkinensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="C4B7679FF04444EA80C4E1E1361842B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were located at the MNHN (MNHN-IM-2000-33700) but they are useless, poorly preserved, unidentifiable pieces of tissues. Determining the status of
<taxonomicName id="76024B78F42CA1F31AF222B6051DE8AB" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="224831A3E9060477686FCA3CB5B6D85A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus relies entirely on
<normalizedToken id="A4F6C9D24EEC1B764AD0B3246A5C9440" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description. Given that
<taxonomicName id="B5EF8EF7D2A99D67CA2FAF95E7B07BF7" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FE77F98808BADE543184F0C5A2A3F2E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) is the only species known in Vietnam, and that several characters provided by
<bibRefCitation id="414D9B251F3A21CF8A79E097A21BD25D" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="695AA060A769ECD5772E6E7FFA6CC1DC" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213) match its anatomy (muscular sac 12 mm long, intestinal loops of type I),
<taxonomicName id="2527B09E798D18D0E85D0451A122627B" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="5C370510B5B3229773B338FE61C71AAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="BAC15E79D99A7AA214A9FC1B3107CB43" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3C3D7C223527AAF4C1066C6BAAC83A05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="99B0BE8F83BBA192E87DE8E609957C4F" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="FC8F30EC4B9B554FD261628A730E1A9D" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="DC2FEAF947E1CAF37D2812475219AD04" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B703A22996810C29623FBC9CFB301AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
No type material could be located for
<taxonomicName id="92745F4ADBC98E6F9BBE9CE2634FEC24" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis lata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="79504155229104510813FD42EF43FAAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Determining the status of
<taxonomicName id="69F7104A512AA9A2F667B9036BDD84D4" lsidName="S. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="7AAE27A8C5CBE20799530B5552CA3BF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus relies entirely on
<normalizedToken id="CDCF6DB0C6A5EF709DA1E33FDA2421C3" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description.
<normalizedToken id="92370E364FF71ADF7CA0B4B9D4FAC1E9" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
original description to determine its status. Given that
<taxonomicName id="6F51EBE323621EFA7A8F02DDA5B3E613" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BAEF1B8DEA1B35AA7E321033CDB45856" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) is the only species known in Vietnam, and that several characters provided by
<bibRefCitation id="408F7B709B559E7C26FAD167F9D6CA4E" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="E2B303BB2B0E8D967A4F32899F7512D8" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 213) match its anatomy (muscular sac 8 mm long, intestinal loops of type I),
<taxonomicName id="457343AEFB5CC4C3A19B52179F89D0BB" lsidName="S. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="EF66A223C1812E68131ADEF27AA62DB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="7D219B79CEEF01AD8C5A508B8D6BF18E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="22CBE70BA9DBB022F6C169C8285AC31F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="244AD0324B529D39D6D71FFCF5A05753" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
mentioned the presence of dorsal gills and so at least some of the syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="40188E6609F9DAEC3603AB65AD2E9094" lsidName="S. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="61C86369D2D6620EDA2F5C69A432D123" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were
<taxonomicName id="FB09B3A5EF77F6C06F393729F8E654F0" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="815A1AB2E4BD322FDB27B5DA60428D38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs. The fact that he also described intestinal loops of type II (which is absent in
<taxonomicName id="D933C5DBC490060BA4A4A9977141CB69" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FB921BBFE3A0C9EB291B116C77905939" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) means that he either made a mistake (all loops were of type I) or that some syntypes were not
<taxonomicName id="090E18AE0281890B58580F9DC3734F13" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="304AC1C21A5D15DD8530C8128ED4D3CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44F15E64692A6E4EE10B09922B207FCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A7495494410BA221312BF7E0DE3C5A2A" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="A692563CBF8E942025915612632D9959" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from the Red Sea, is regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="FB4DFD9F60FBDB0F60C6215BF7223E9D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A61F9B82D63940E7E4B7C7B35F93E2DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because, contrary to what was indicated in the original description,
<taxonomicName id="B58E5734CBC3734ED5B8497A4F39FD15" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="5264816F8187CA1EAA61A13F583AEC08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by dorsal gills and intestinal loops of type I. It is presumed here that there is only one species of
<taxonomicName id="CEA6648F9217211D46D40E2E6018388F" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FFF14614C468896F777DEA77E71C2A2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with intestinal loops of type I in the Red Sea.
<normalizedToken id="608344AAE3E6026AF5DED5D9AF7ED3D2" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
frequently confused types of intestinal loops; there are no well-documented cases of
<taxonomicName id="CBF6C413B9E62B30B3CDC894976837DD" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="19394936EB2DBF1FBF5B703B54A835C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs with intestinal loops of type II.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F2EA29A2B72C369828CB633DCB7B1072" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1CC9F5F55E771250F48B9D3DB1F44D57" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia persiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="8BCF26382E827F6E3D0FFEDB5E6FC09E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from the Persian Gulf, is regarded as a new junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8B642E8A6A4FF93BBC062A812AB2C62C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ADDAA762D6C85A94075E8896C14C67AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because its mitochondrial DNA sequences, represented by the GenBank &quot;voucher LaFM7S&quot; in our analyses, all cluster together within the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="B5E8863CBCB34FC6B2473BD32F2033BB" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FFE90104793025D9542704D6C2DFA855" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="937ABAD306A487678DE1636FCBD6613E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). An older name,
<taxonomicName id="DC30C6BED0441269E8F68FF1FB3C63D0" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="7B21FD70D849D61BD6B35402D5B97CBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="116C09856DB485600ECC0046DD9B0D9D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
, 1934a), already refers to the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="1F2FE8BEB7925649100AA58DBFF1D3BA" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1F05D3D9F06AF4A32AAEE0346E6B89CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="D83894D8077950EC55396FE0F403FEFF" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C34084DAC8C404ACDE6EAC72C3FF46F6" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). So, even in the hypothetical event that unit #4 would later need to be named as a distinct taxon (of subspecific or specific rank),
<taxonomicName id="3EB474C4136D617F3D9824CA2E6F54E8" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="5F903C7ED24EB1A76770BE738C2DF58F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would still remain invalid because
<taxonomicName id="3A17C7347EC1679D0A59346C78407C8B" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="D3E3A27951136B3ED4635990CB15CA35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would always take priority over it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39700456C24F8F3846340AE903477987" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The description of
<taxonomicName id="F5E3078ED803C86DBEFAF4A5CBE0D7A3" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="AA99701AB5C1924165E74AF24038609C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3DC652C6450F0DCDE966A1D5D456A556" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
is an example of the common but regrettable practice that consists in creating new species names without a comprehensive revision, which almost inevitably leads to increasing the number of unnecessary synonyms (
<bibRefCitation id="6D09165F0C330E6C917D9A5DE567305E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="407 - 415" refId="B48" refString="Dayrat, B, 2005. Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 407 - 415, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x" title="Towards integrative taxonomy." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x" volume="85" year="2005">Dayrat 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Here are a few of the major methodological issues in the study by
<bibRefCitation id="F61624DF24870A86B4E9590BD7DA8048" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
. First,
<bibRefCitation id="68582D8F26B18C6D74BDD2AD20315EF3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
ignored the existence of many available
<taxonomicName id="51A0660437C16D4AA71E18CC5DB50CD9" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42ECE1A705847129F247EC0C60041E3E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species names, which is especially problematic in the case of names with type localities near the Persian Gulf (Table
<tableCitation id="63DD2982B7834C7A771AE7FAD494338B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
), such as
<taxonomicName id="1E07E3456BEB88B76CE77CD0B740860D" authorityName="Labbe" authorityYear="1934" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium durum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="durum">
<emphasis id="88589F63703AB571D1A38EC52F415665" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium durum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="99D5E90B3933FFF0AAEE096ED57EEF29" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia jousseaumei" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jousseaumei">
<emphasis id="019B34F663A54A9A54A1BF1C72DD05BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraperonia jousseaumei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a type locality in the Red Sea, and
<taxonomicName id="AF63F4BB55B2EAA9EFFC97CC7659F71A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis gravieri" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gravieri">
<emphasis id="B6CA9CC8D9A3C92025D804DB05A2F352" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis gravieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a type locality in Mayotte. Second,
<bibRefCitation id="7CC2E2C60E8CC0AD87AFA22DB28CC4A9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
decided to create a new name before the nomenclatural status of the other
<taxonomicName id="070CD44FD60EE34826DD48529D1AC752" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A478F90D46912FA762A7C284C9D5715" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
names was addressed. For instance,
<bibRefCitation id="F668F981994723C3E7C2605D7BF739FC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table S1) compared
<taxonomicName id="68311F419A58B46C953B6CDCB18F0FC1" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="DED9ECF46D916C4500846FDA3B6E8E23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="CE91E58DC8D35C993E288E71409B0D3A" lsidName="P. branchifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="branchifera">
<emphasis id="BAB3BDDB57F1472131AD004532B629AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. branchifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E7BB1F769CA7F1C8331C65A6E01A44D7" lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="3E36B91B332EC247DB8002D52C9C1AF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="CA89931E21A7120059787218B65BBBCF" lsidName="P. gaimardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="DF0B58CB831CF878C7AF8DFBCBF199CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F0EA781B38E4017EFE69FDA8F5CB8E3C" lsidName="P. lata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="D3A14C963C116B68796AF7231BA613DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as if they were all valid names, but these names all refer to the unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="3AA0F0134E4025DE03CC44B419B1B2E9" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C7B7211BE0382BAC67FF55B0EF3BA963" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="F9D69C42ADE13D9C32790AF76433B6B4" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="7902D4563F015E48260C435163D66C1A" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). Third,
<bibRefCitation id="429B5576307F8863CA3031A98A078D23" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
only examined specimens of
<taxonomicName id="41D74E9D5ED6BB464C48CF360485EAB2" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="288A958CDF693E95F44B12F369019654" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Persian Gulf, which means that, for comparison, they relied exclusively on the literature which, as the present work shows, is plagued with taxonomic and anatomical errors. For instance,
<bibRefCitation id="3317156F629AEF6D4444DC893FD2A966" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table S1) assumed that the intestinal loops of
<taxonomicName id="D6A301F21D1D038249F168850BD97E32" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8066D9B8F8A83352A2DCC3920A0F6A65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were of types I and II, but it is positively demonstrated here that the intestinal loops of
<taxonomicName id="B85174A8C50FBDCEDC2F82E6C732421B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F7806B7D2E06C4ECBC4E090C43058183" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all of type I and that there are no loops of type II in
<taxonomicName id="EA0D9499E1BBE26DE74459E026230D1D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0BFAEE88D10D78B3CEFD5C8217685FF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fourth, apart from
<taxonomicName id="EFFD6F82D699569E5231379F2F746474" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="69553CCD7B03ACA7D8272E5C1D9DA67E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only
<taxonomicName id="B690377C6A99B8E687BFF6E13B1373EC" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2A8284E22EE76C8B5E62D68B6208A1DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="50111B49955F5BF57EA984895A50DE2F" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="5A78F77A369893017E0ECABF374C9738" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are represented in the phylogenetic trees by
<bibRefCitation id="14A97B9E2C1E132824C520350A9FE737" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: figs 11, 12), exclusively based on sequences obtained from GenBank (many of which were misidentified). Most specimens in their phylogenetic trees are not even identified at the species level. Using DNA sequences to create a new species name while most species are not being included in phylogenetic analyses is highly problematic.
</paragraph>
<caption id="14D3A895481C5F471EB8447969970787" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458407" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 107" startId="F109">
<paragraph id="EFBE7FD7F1F4AB4B0EC2089AA6C74F6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4CAB2E50EF41A54A0D42BE2CD18D4DE3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 107.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="5A33938BF569CB6A4D4B1DD15E1B4EB0" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8D71337E651829EDC610CA2F248AAD92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4), Pakistan
<emphasis id="A353A18C1AD699B67ECDB6AC0015CD5A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
[6164] (MNHN-IM-2019-
<emphasis id="9CEE3C974728E0BEFA9D0BA02D62C98B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1384</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="87056BE7BD324C6653C08DB74CF9A3AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, D</emphasis>
[6166] (MNHN-IM-2019-
<emphasis id="13F4A49E75DBD240052AB2C458655F64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1386</emphasis>
). Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="D0575F728533352E9605198A5BD3DFA4" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="393D62920364030F918CD02522FEEA43" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="DF377D2E91D14B38A1EDC4CF23931547" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="AED13C58AA48138C68C4852A1D9B2C80" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37334612EF4DCE5F80B9AB4F4CC8A97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="0209F4CF9ED60D0C8AC10551E756288F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
used the same mitochondrial COI sequences as in
<bibRefCitation id="D9CBFCD4DBA3DA4DBBF96444F6E7CEEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
to compare metabolites between the
<taxonomicName id="752E1EB983F0BC17D0843198A38CF070" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="79A207B0F7DED0D75B246D38A122889A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs they called
<taxonomicName id="CC90D45CAA4FC84A5F1C1F37421C45F8" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="2386442062567A3EE5346FA0238BC028" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and one
<taxonomicName id="B7B25B5179A027271DA4BD3271EDE350" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7E2AD2F04435D3D4A53C4E76E9ED3D51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individual from Bangka Island, near Sumatra, Indonesia. That specimen from Bangka Island, identified as
<taxonomicName id="98E4188279003AC7254A5263008EAD87" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BD62784FD81897EA364CD2809AE0AAE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 7 by
<bibRefCitation id="4E0BE9E81563F42B0E493D6E29786F4E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
and as
<taxonomicName id="31977BEE9191CF49D93ABD20709C79FE" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="00CC4BADABB0836D04381E0A6FA156B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="101DDBFBDEA0036FC3FB97EDC3086FF0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
, belongs to the unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="7692F52C10575193DECC0816F55D63D2" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A51D144476ED04A891E5A038F424154B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: its COI (MK993397) and 16S (MK993396) sequences cluster within unit #1. Note that the GenBank accession numbers for COI and 16S are switched in
<bibRefCitation id="C88975A81A56C4FD688A21C555456FAA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al.'s (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
Table
<tableCitation id="F07109896B4E4821EAA7EFCC73ED4040" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. DNA extraction numbers and GenBank accession numbers for all the specimens included in the present study. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates the holotype. Sequences marked with an asterisk (*) are from our former publications (Dayrat et al. 2011, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 a, b, c, d; Dayrat and Goulding 2017; Goulding et al. 2018 a, b, c). In addition, 11 COI sequences also marked with an asterisk (*) were obtained from GenBank (GB) and BOLD: four sequences from China (Sun et al. 2014), two from Singapore (Chang et al. 2018), two from Japan (Takagi et al. 2019), one from the Persian Gulf (unpublished), one from Gujarat, western India (unpublished), and one from Iran (Maniei et al. 2020 a). Abbreviations: Australian Museum, Sydney (AM); Bombay Natural History Society, India (BNHS); Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (BPBM); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (CASIZ); Institute of Tropical Biology, Zoology Collection, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (ITBZC); Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (MTQ); Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHMUK); KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (NMSA); National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan (NSMT); Museum and Art Gallery Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (NTM); National Museum of the Philippines, Manila (PNM); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (UF); Universitas Malikussaleh, North Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia (UMIZ); Universiti Sains Malaysia Mollusc Collection, Penang, Malaysia (USMMC); Zoological Reference Collection, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore (ZRC)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70290882E0F7C1276B7A084277B5A0F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="F5E694C8F6C6D41D9EF39BD92225DBCA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
summarized their rationale for creating the name
<taxonomicName id="596D358D1CFD9FFFDB37180DA7878733" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="8B681365965EB1D3032DA62C4E635849" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows: &quot;The ABGD test revealed that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C0C0CEDCD9EFA5182967C810A960CD57" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="E303B70E40FA01D2B1F75ED06B564B93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a separate clade (clade 2). Thus, the specimens from two localities of the Persian Gulf (Iran), i.e. Bandar Lengeh and Lavan Island, were considered as a distinct new species.&quot; Mitochondrial loci alone are not sufficient evidence to delineate species: molecular delimitation analyses can over-split species based on population structure, particularly when these are based on a single locus (
<bibRefCitation id="7EA68C932E907B6BE59BBDD36BA02E7B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12875" author="Sukumaran, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1607 - 1612" refId="B176" refString="Sukumaran, J, Knowles, LL, 2017. Multispecies coalescent delimits structure, not species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: 1607 - 1612, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12875" title="Multispecies coalescent delimits structure, not species." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12875" volume="114" year="2017">Sukumaran and Knowles 2017</bibRefCitation>
). More importantly, very high intra-specific mitochondrial divergence has been repeatedly documented in several onchidiid genera (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="731ACAC9B692694BE128BB82C20766B9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17094" author="Goulding, TC" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="803 - 826" refId="B83" refString="Goulding, TC, Tan, SH, Tan, SK, Apte, D, Bhave, V, Narayana, S, Salunkhe, R, Dayrat, B, 2018c. A revision of Peronina Plate, 1893 (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, morphology, and natural history. Invertebrate Systematics 32: 803 - 826, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17094" title="A revision of Peronina Plate, 1893 (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, morphology, and natural history." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17094" volume="32" year="2018 c">Goulding et al. 2018c</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="82A01190DB7C6B6F61E35F8910911487" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.500" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 77" refId="B55" refString="Dayrat, B, Goulding, TC, Khalil, M, Apte, D, Bourke, AJ, Comendador, J, Tan, SH, 2019a. A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 500: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.500" title="A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.500" volume="500" year="2019 a">Dayrat et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5756A75596665905AB43A2077508760" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="C4D9435EA60D0C7F7EB94ECCA59976C1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
argue that research on metabolites requires sound taxonomic knowledge. That certainly is a commendable goal: indeed, any comparative work in any biological field should be based on correct taxonomy. Unfortunately,
<taxonomicName id="48EBC175E53B02443EEF5F4A5527081E" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="9E2628B04B84E761BB1A987B40DB8E51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of both
<taxonomicName id="815578D9F77CE9FC9A670148E3C0281E" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="DD0B914B6AE9E2EBAF2AEA7AF47C1A8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D29C81766BD73FE97B1382C10F63FEE4" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2DECAB12E6B905368032225FC4393ED2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables
<tableCitation id="D06CA393E815B730C0A21B66EA89DA1B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Alphabetic list of the 51 existing species-group names of which the nomenclatural status is addressed in the present work. Details can be found in the text: comments on the four valid Peronia species names, their synonyms, and the junior homonym are in the species remarks; comments on the fifteen nomina dubia and the ten names that must be classified in other genera are in the general discussion." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0EDB18E2E41A7D8B1806BBE53F2616C">1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="E80659BD468B4806D25DE4533CFD8705" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Available species names that apply to the five mitochondrial units of Peronia verruculata as well as populations in the Red Sea (not represented by DNA sequences in the present study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="CCE10C833A614B2DB78EF0D45B3FCB3A">6</tableCitation>
). So, the metabolites compared between &quot;
<taxonomicName id="F265BAD3D1B6E6DC44EC761034272166" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="2E35FD9740CA3291DAE4187796EC4A67" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; and &quot;
<taxonomicName id="CB6E7BE065C0007DD2A7A2CADB4FC1A1" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6F6B29723D069EC45B5D570CA99D7453" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; merely are intra-specific differences (within
<taxonomicName id="1308974D54227459634D7C6E5312E10F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3C109202DFE0D656252AFA697897AE53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) due to the long geographic distance (between the Persian Gulf and Bangka Island) as well as, most likely, different diets: in fact,
<bibRefCitation id="C0343375D39A84AE53A11869C50054E9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
acknowledged in their introduction that numerous biotic and abiotic factors influence the chemical composition. To conclude anything about specific differences in metabolites among
<taxonomicName id="9831AF7DF3F930AFA54EF07E71943E5B" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D9BAD7AD0B655F02C9A319283F38173F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from only two regions, one of which being represented by a single individual is, to say the least, premature. In order to demonstrate that distinct metabolites are found in distinct species, one needs to study actually distinct species, i.e., species that were reliably identified, and one also needs specimens of the same species from different habitats and from different locations. It is our hope that the present, comprehensive, taxonomic revision will help physiologists, biochemists, ecologists, etc., to identify
<taxonomicName id="155D87DBB12CD5CA4769A26B17F122DE" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE0F73026CEF545027E41D833A830A70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs correctly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E057BC70FE888499702DD4C0F433D1E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure108" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458408" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 108" startId="F110">
<paragraph id="622542226488C1CD28FF127FEE53A76A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="AF5FD1158F3D836EFDBB3AA916086704" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 108.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="7E39A29DF83844F30852338201CCF653" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FFB909E16C578A1485D002F0B63039C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5)
<emphasis id="55D0B9CB7C865CBF1CBB3F3066C3A4FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Madagascar [3231] (MNHN-IM-2019-1610)
<emphasis id="9DD6800187D7ABCD2607CCA2939E267F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Madagascar [3144] (MNHN-IM-2019-1611)
<emphasis id="A3AF52FAE33F279D81722493CA050D6F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Mozambique [5510] (MNHN-IM-2013-62398)
<emphasis id="3A96732B7593905B0697A44038BCC617" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="D77768107559C0EF0CE5D25EE21F30CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="13CA9404154F615E386241B04105DC83" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="270FFEC221844E7887B3B102BE226F3E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="3ED5EB5EC9D14831C99E310AEDBE3AE1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
same as
<emphasis id="DBA4CFD2DEC37B608255EDD8DA07F343" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
. Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="CC61702D1F706089D0A0A0C6A95B5FF2" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="1F3A2D7D9651A6C6333876E832691A44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="1A573582F5840C8D97EC69D72710B391" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="46E69B2A85DDEE7EE9EE05F71498FD9E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="63070A79DF6EEC54F5F05225484D1183" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Some comments are also needed regarding the original anatomical description of
<taxonomicName id="32689CF88DE4226CF8D82D2E7C0C56BB" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="BAE3F3CA28132E98A5F6F21C32DB0A4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="B0D4EEA93A4553CBD53CAABF2902F951" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
. According to
<bibRefCitation id="C273F654D6FC4C2C23E50341BFC342C5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: 510, fig. 6, table S1), the intestinal loops of
<taxonomicName id="C20718379CC8871753D28716A3F1477F" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="4887933C813053CAD6BB71505A420DE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of type II, but they are without doubt of type I: the transitional loop is oriented at ~ 5
<normalizedToken id="DF09CEFB486CDC675EA4752CF29D9BDA" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
, as in intestinal loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E7A113753F391767CEF14E84671C8A8B" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Intestinal types found in Peronia species. A clockwise intestinal loop is colored in blue, a counterclockwise intestinal loop is colored in yellow, and a transitional loop between them is colored in green. The big red arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop (A-F) or counterclockwise loop (G-I), and the small black arrows indicates the direction of the intestinal transport A type I, with a transitional loop oriented at 3 o'clock, P. sydneyensis, Australia, New South Wales, [1517] (AM C. 468915.001) B type I, with a transitional loop oriented at 6 o'clock, P. verruculata, lectotype of P. anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C type I, with a transitional loop oriented between 4 and 5 o'clock, P. verruculata, lectotype, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) D type I, with a transitional loop oriented at 3 o'clock, P. peronii, paralectotype of Onchidium peronii, Timor (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22938) E type I, with a transitional loop oriented at 1 o'clock, P. peronii, lectotype of Paraperonia fidjiensis, Fiji (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33692) F type I, with a transitional loop oriented between 1 and 2 o'clock, P. okinawensis, holotype, Japan, Okinawa, [696 - 4 H] (UF 352288) G type V, with a counterclockwise loop oriented between 10 and 11 o'clock, P. madagascariensis, Madagascar, [5501] (MNHN-IM- 2009 - 16392) H type V, with a counterclockwise loop oriented at 10 o'clock, P. platei, lectotype, French Polynesia (SMNH-Type- 7537) I type V, with a counterclockwise loop oriented at 11 o'clock, P. griffithsi, holotype, Mauritius, [3157 H] (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35265). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 5 mm (C-G), 3 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458299" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
). The radular formulae provided by
<bibRefCitation id="D4C423575A8B422F4E19B96FA0195D9A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: 509) fit well with what was observed here for the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="D9836367978C349518E0699011AA6628" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="66C220AEA29A8AD8EFF909D45ECDF494" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table
<tableCitation id="B8FC3E1E3DFED6C42FB0C0B8EE7602D4" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Radular formulae in Peronia species. Each formula follows the same format: number of rows x number of lateral teeth per left half row - 1 (rachidian tooth) - number of lateral teeth per right half row. Each DNA extraction number corresponds to one individual. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates a holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F6A603768F442AB5CA201CDCEC46CA6A">5</tableCitation>
), acknowledging individual variation: from 49
<normalizedToken id="F34E16EB41C3F240EA6C5D5A5E52AD5B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
47.1.47 (in a live specimen 22 mm long) up to 71
<normalizedToken id="106F40EFB211730CDD9EA4FC4E1177B5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
87.1.87 (in a live specimen 65 mm long). The length of the spine of the accessory penial gland (&quot;around 1.3 mm&quot;) reported by
<bibRefCitation id="24EFE3E149A0DDA928C39DB4648C81BB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: 513) is shorter than what was observed here (from 2.2 to 2.8 mm) but this trait is known to vary between individuals (Table
<tableCitation id="BD5EDAB00D5F3A1B4045E1265D46E0FC" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="1C744D2B1A09837513BA93AFC9C20279" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: table S1) compared the shape of the tip of the spine of the accessory penial gland between species, but that trait varies greatly intra-specifically and is useless to distinguish species. Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="E86792BAC86DA59D61CFE7D3ED62032D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a</bibRefCitation>
: 513, fig. 8B) reported some
<normalizedToken id="F741EE5697798598DD818B657A023D9F" originalValue="“fork-shaped”">&quot;fork-shaped&quot;</normalizedToken>
penial hooks, which were also observed here in the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="43B6E20A3B225BDB3C58194E553CE1C1" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D48BFDF6AE98ECFE6CC1BEEC454859E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="532A8D28EA8B7F1E587662BD75E7EFC9" captionStart="Figure 100" captionStartId="F102" captionText="Figure 100. Penial hooks, Peronia verruculata (unit 4), Pakistan A-C [6164] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1384) D [6165] (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1385). Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 10 μm (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure100" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">100C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3296CA4E8BC4C02EE8E46D6C2C080004" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9A06D2D7A3C305171E8FF56F2F50DBAB" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material (historical museum collections).</emphasis>
A specimen from Tanimbar, Indonesia (WAM S26630) is identified as
<taxonomicName id="A8FA2BBD7ECDCAD684682775BD1F0B8A" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2A09B2E43DE42C03E0208CE565304C16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its accessory gland spine (1.5 mm long), its intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop at 3
<normalizedToken id="100037782292C49D0643092DD3E45BBE" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
), and its muscular sac (10 mm). Seven specimens from Zanzibar (MNHN-IM-2014-7989 and MNHN-IM-2014-7990) are also identified as
<taxonomicName id="4F23B28D0CB9317EFC10D5AA88B84D78" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="8F91EB2026F87E40F18733999755FEED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because their internal anatomy is only compatible with that species (Table
<tableCitation id="7F1975F3B498472705D768BD4FA54C9E" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Finally, specimens from the Persian Gulf (NHMD 635301) with intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop at 6
<normalizedToken id="22A64525CFAFFFD83AB36C7FD8350663" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
) demonstrate that there is more than one
<taxonomicName id="F3127239FEED08FF18EE12505BA73383" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E49761C4F9CBEB2917CAA11221BDC460" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Persian Gulf (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D9A89633899E4FF94C8AA81EFB448774" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Indeed, based on our DNA sequences,
<taxonomicName id="B65A6A022F67B76DD3D8A93479768A27" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="F7254B14F9DD1C955F7568F47CBF2D4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with intestinal loops of type V) is present in the Persian Gulf, and individuals with intestinal loops of type I must belong to a different species. Given that
<taxonomicName id="8B2B9A35F70E1B6B3EF7334C9F885340" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="42E63BB1253981AC38F8234F9FE459BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from Pakistan and western India (unit #4), eastern Africa (unit #5), and the Red Sea, it most likely lives in the Persian Gulf too. The fresh material recently described as
<taxonomicName id="5E25AB2E6F0DB26FDC2AF539C3E45333" lsidName="P. persiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="persiae">
<emphasis id="3B41DE323E61D3E8BF6B025933DC52CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. persiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3CEAD16248E8ADC1D336DEF375D2C91D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
confirms with molecular data the presence of the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="BB3E56D7548B9BCD1055B805FFC088C4" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="531E4880FAFAF25066914AB263AF1101" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Persian Gulf (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BE648E0F18E80CEBDDEE8B3C0261EA96" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). In addition, several historical specimens preserved at various institutions were examined for the present study. They are discussed below in the secondary literature section because they were studied by previous authors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DEF7456069F40AC30DE704EC8592D9CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F75D6501952505E094BB3BFEC738C14C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Secondary literature.</emphasis>
JE
<bibRefCitation id="E7020A2BA278D0D3EB09D3E529F6160E" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray (1850</bibRefCitation>
: 117) and Adams and Adams (1855: 235) did not mention
<taxonomicName id="839B9621D33B0ACF860CF839BFB2D79E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="1F1AC845D675F9AA4ACA3BB162752066" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their list of
<taxonomicName id="E2F3C1935C035A077A4BBBDB8EA302ED" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="65AF193D097DF900AAFEA645680458C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species names. That might seem surprising because they transferred to
<taxonomicName id="BA720CEF4C98EC7E49C87250757A5FA9" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="56A03AF9C648AD4D7FFECACCE475F6D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all slugs with &quot;radiating processes&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="87D6026396B5FCDED34E45E68F4DB783" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 117) or &quot;arbusculiform tufts&quot; (Adams and Adams 1855: 234) on the dorsal notum. And, clearly,
<taxonomicName id="065B1D4607C6CE00B35CC7236F1CBA12" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="BBAC814B553BEE7E0BF22C58BBAC52F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to a species of slugs with such appendages. However, there is an explanation.
<taxonomicName id="C01CA8D296CA2D71977C60B8D6B3E9A8" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="1DAD389ED25FB68C6D9FD3142BC1CC2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was created by
<bibRefCitation id="5E30A9DE2433047EA7A3D89A85314BEC" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" refId="B45" refString="Cuvier, G, 1830. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" title="Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" year="1830">Cuvier (1830</bibRefCitation>
: 281) in reference to
<bibRefCitation id="01A6E71C2F7EEDB375172FAB84F8CE55" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="CF2C8D29849C530EB3DC1CEEB2DDBA84" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, figs 3.1-3.8) illustrations (of slugs from the Red Sea) for which the figure captions by
<bibRefCitation id="A3A819B499DBCB8734D28001600ABB3B" author="Audouin, V" editor="Audouin, V" journalOrPublisher="Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="7 - 56" publicationUrl="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" refId="B9" refString="Audouin, V, 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Audouin, V, Ed., Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Histoire naturelle. Volume 1, partie 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris: 7 - 56, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" title="Explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny." url="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/jomard1809bd5_1_1/0548" volumeTitle="Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise." year="1826">Audouin (1826</bibRefCitation>
: 18-20) used
<bibRefCitation id="56DFFB00A6847088D9BEDF8BC941AE13" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 51" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" refId="B43" refString="Cuvier, G, 1804. Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii. Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 5: 37 - 51, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" title="Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" volume="5" year="1804">
<normalizedToken id="C7E0C83F10FFBAFB586367F90F768146" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
(1804)
</bibRefCitation>
older name
<taxonomicName id="86A812045923BE88BEF17E31040A94CC" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="5C0CD5FF582F190D0CF09F6EB5290C91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from Mauritius. JE
<bibRefCitation id="349D8B15FADA22491428DFAECCB515B3" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray (1850</bibRefCitation>
: 117) mentioned
<normalizedToken id="4DE81669C2D33FD1D09149762BDDAF02" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="D54995794BB516AC951C7A45F8870EEB" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="1412441A74B4D382F93D1A130ADBB213" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his list of
<taxonomicName id="8A5E1DC7D95528D23CC159C894B572BB" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8988BF5D63957E3504903AA99A86C0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species names and ME Gray reproduced some of
<normalizedToken id="637C1D51F7A97E18DF49F4BBDBE25DF4" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
drawings: ME
<bibRefCitation id="AA96DBBAE10FBEC178B76866DC5B0698" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">
<normalizedToken id="418C75EA3EEE2077340FA6EAD4B60D4B" originalValue="Gray’s">Gray's</normalizedToken>
(1850
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 183, figs 4, 4a, 5) illustrations are exact copies of
<bibRefCitation id="D634B493EF171F92281721DA376A6F03" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="C9035428D7F55A602357A424697FF31A" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. II, figs 3.1-3.3) illustrations. Note that
<bibRefCitation id="1BA2BB28CEEEB7ED0DE437FE7FD58888" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">Savigny (1817</bibRefCitation>
: pl. II, figs 3.1-3.3) illustrated two individuals which may or may not belong to the same species (see above, remarks on the type material of
<taxonomicName id="04B7F900FF8BEFD7C246C5BE78BA543E" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="4FF5E9D0838FB456D8591016C90A54C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Also, note that one of
<bibRefCitation id="FB310B2ADFD97C840E97FBAE46EA8D4F" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="72477DEEC2B5DFEBC75341D7732EA060" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, fig. 3.5) drawings beautifully illustrates dorsal gills, which JE Gray was certainly aware of. So, long story short, JE
<bibRefCitation id="34885FE289C3F3A01BF7A2B85AA0A9B5" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray (1850)</bibRefCitation>
knew the existence of
<bibRefCitation id="5CFC27141437E4052D68730FB4F0DD4B" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="3C18E646FB5A46839CB74AD72AB6B379" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, figs 3.1-3.8) illustrations of slugs with dorsal gills from the Red Sea but decided to refer to them using
<bibRefCitation id="12A2AEB1F09D7709DD998E0EFE8688CF" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 51" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" refId="B43" refString="Cuvier, G, 1804. Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii. Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 5: 37 - 51, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" title="Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" volume="5" year="1804">
<normalizedToken id="416E0B45A8ECC550F8FB2753B12CD472" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
(1804)
</bibRefCitation>
older name
<taxonomicName id="5DF2FBA1A39020DFBCACF17155714004" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="031D107E06161A633C4F855FBF1799BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Mauritius) and ignore
<bibRefCitation id="C8F66619A42AF8EAC9947B6C3365090D" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" refId="B45" refString="Cuvier, G, 1830. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" title="Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation (Vol. 3). Deterville, Paris, xvi + 504 pp. [pls I-XX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33372853" year="1830">
<normalizedToken id="4C0CE62CFFAA7F950A12B7BB3D6D5E1C" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
(1830)
</bibRefCitation>
newer name
<taxonomicName id="19EDF3A431C332361CAC398E7F9DC4C3" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="67F2BC3AC545A2AFC0458F01A0A0F826" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(specifically created for those slugs from the Red Sea). Similarly, Adams and Adams (1855: 235) mentioned
<taxonomicName id="DC9F05107897289FC6DA1701C73696CC" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="3CDC3E80AABE6F29EA03133465DFD255" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a reference to
<bibRefCitation id="539F893A3377DB0D3FEC05435052D253" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="EFBED6A857E2DE5669B6BF396B53E5DF" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817)
</bibRefCitation>
plate, not to
<bibRefCitation id="FB62170327CCE7FCD55D503F03C33E2F" author="Cuvier, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 51" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" refId="B43" refString="Cuvier, G, 1804. Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii. Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 5: 37 - 51, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" title="Memoire sur l'Oncidie, genre de mollusques nuds, voisin des limaces, et sur une espece nouvelle, Onchidium peronii." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48531138" volume="5" year="1804">
<normalizedToken id="789C734382600205B0960F5BF48E4B93" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
(1804)
</bibRefCitation>
original description of
<taxonomicName id="CAEBB369E5025FB8F6BDA6AEBC2A4C8E" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="F01CB72EB97163F8A794330A8567E138" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which means that, exactly like JE
<bibRefCitation id="1DF3C31E482CFC423E40CC3DC22F1970" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Gray, JE, 1850. Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." title="Explanation of plates and list of genera. In: Gray ME (Ed.) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students (Vol. 4). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, iv + 124 pp." year="1850">Gray (1850)</bibRefCitation>
, Adams and Adams (1855: 235) decided to ignore
<normalizedToken id="3CC29268B3BE0013E02563F22FB219F2" originalValue="Cuvier’s">Cuvier's</normalizedToken>
newer name
<taxonomicName id="17E9A67036177E6B696BFC642ACAB928" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="EC8E69DAD4552AF256AC30F0ED99330E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
created for the slugs on
<normalizedToken id="B044309078307390EBDE03620E11C768" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3AEA29CE691CE31A53C09DEC0C514245" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="439B64162FABFFB1EB4E1D9B0F11B5C7" author="Keferstein, WM" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 93" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" refId="B103" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865b. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.). Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 86 - 93, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" volume="15" year="1865 b">Keferstein (1865b)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName id="2A36887521E8817D8A9C9544BFE47E0C" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="421FB0EA95FE0FE70CF1F7276643328A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
three slugs from Nagasaki, Japan.
<bibRefCitation id="D6EBB04616F58F8A3644209E8FFEE625" author="Keferstein, WM" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 93" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" refId="B103" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865b. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.). Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 86 - 93, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" volume="15" year="1865 b">
<normalizedToken id="F06411710192E34C2513C4D7F569D64C" originalValue="Keferstein’s">Keferstein's</normalizedToken>
(1865b
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. VI, fig. 16) drawing of the internal anatomy unmistakably illustrates intestinal loops of type V, which means that he examined
<taxonomicName id="A40986D3F8551AB16961DF276C791B89" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="77FB9C7F45789DAFC23006F5AD9DE351" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead of
<taxonomicName id="551EBBEA35849D850C2E2BD29AFED48C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="293A7D177F49C7A3A1191DDC5E22BD1F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="CA955344AA42CDE6F7E1CC0343D6974A" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="ACFBE44C3B1D74873857A107786E398A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It is unclear whether
<bibRefCitation id="332C35C192B9F00DA5EAFDC58EC3C4BB" author="Keferstein, WM" editor="Bronn, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bd. 3 (2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1160 - 1306" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" refId="B102" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865a. Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata. In: Bronn, HG, Ed., Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild. Bd. 3(2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg: 1160 - 1306, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" title="Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" volumeTitle="Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild." year="1865 a">
<normalizedToken id="59421B48C9DBA31BCEC7131FBE88EAC8" originalValue="Keferstein’s">Keferstein's</normalizedToken>
(1865a
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. CII, figs 20*, 20**, pl. CV, figs 1, 2) drawings illustrate the same Nagasaki individual as the one with intestinal loops of type V (
<bibRefCitation id="1B5498F72A36AD8C91EEED7A1971F78D" author="Keferstein, WM" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 93" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" refId="B103" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865b. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.). Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 86 - 93, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" volume="15" year="1865 b">Keferstein 1865b</bibRefCitation>
: pl. VI, fig. 16). It cannot be excluded that Keferstein examined several of the species found in Japan (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4095990DC4D9A055522733B6AB7C5D08" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="ACA642D4B739FA88DCE62BF9BC911D89" author="Keferstein, WM" editor="Bronn, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bd. 3 (2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1160 - 1306" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" refId="B102" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865a. Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata. In: Bronn, HG, Ed., Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild. Bd. 3(2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg: 1160 - 1306, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" title="Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" volumeTitle="Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild." year="1865 a">Keferstein (1865a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. CIV, figs 9-12) also reproduced four of
<bibRefCitation id="52685E45DE7B169514B546DEE660FBB8" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">
<normalizedToken id="1F9874A0F431212AA915E020565EAC04" originalValue="Savigny’s">Savigny's</normalizedToken>
(1817
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, figs 3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7) original drawings used as a reference by Cuvier for the name
<taxonomicName id="13CF2135A1D7E0E22DAA5084D11B8767" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="12C20A752A659AEECF89D004F44D24B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. And note, again, that the two individuals illustrated by Savigny may or may not both belong to
<taxonomicName id="DAB7A1AA2E36CBE164ADFB0174C15E12" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="35CC4467E30E63B048D176FFFFEB78D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one specimen belongs to
<taxonomicName id="87D1654253DABF2ED8DAF2195A572CBA" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="70E6E585C272D40984EC9FCA48BC5483" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the other may belong to
<taxonomicName id="474F63FC0F1D3946153922DDCB942C13" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="EF0CE674B0AF4330FF2A7D482B18C83A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above, remarks on the type material of
<taxonomicName id="3D5A91180BE0E5EE6E8D7E40B4296F1A" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="99C3E69BA48D9CC36528B85323308A1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). At any rate, to our knowledge, it is in
<bibRefCitation id="C21EEE01094E67348DF135397DFCB913" author="Keferstein, WM" editor="Bronn, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bd. 3 (2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1160 - 1306" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" refId="B102" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865a. Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata. In: Bronn, HG, Ed., Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild. Bd. 3(2). Winter, Leipzig &amp; Heidelberg: 1160 - 1306, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" title="Lungenschnecken: Pulmonata." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35742549" volumeTitle="Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort &amp; Bild." year="1865 a">
<normalizedToken id="D6335E280F48038CD61E4224FB34AD56" originalValue="Keferstein’s">Keferstein's</normalizedToken>
(1865a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8D4D3E36339D47E6FCB833D0BEF33D63" author="Keferstein, WM" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 93" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" refId="B103" refString="Keferstein, WM, 1865b. Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.). Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 86 - 93, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Geschlechtsorgane von Peronia verruculata Cuv, (Onchidium Peronii Auct.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45003821" volume="15" year="1865 b">b</bibRefCitation>
) work that
<taxonomicName id="7DE3C9848C4C86FD81D2F2EE6D12F85D" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F4B68973476925CF7C0867530AA88D5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first transferred to
<taxonomicName id="2C1B8FB4BE6B7AAFEA6230A8F8B276E1" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5A544A48B02B61D9B2372148F5747A01" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEED1C5DC95BAE7BAE08C80458B7B9A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Both H.
<bibRefCitation id="95DD85883738B8BDC4B8BF0725CD5ECD" author="Nevill, H" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" refId="B134" refString="Nevill, H, 1870. Note on Onchidiumverruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal [1870]: 304-305. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" title="Note on Onchidiumverruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal [1870]: 304 - 305." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777804" year="1870">Nevill (1870</bibRefCitation>
: 304-305) and G.
<bibRefCitation id="E4FE402263327A91A7528B92803B3931" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" author="Nevill, G" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B135" refString="Nevill, G, 1878. Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, xv + 338 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" title="Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, xv + 338 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" year="1878">Nevill (1878</bibRefCitation>
: 1) mentioned the presence of
<taxonomicName id="82AD6A5F6AF378567300D5510E14203E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="C22054231729F136EED35CF43BF299A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Ceylon. It most likely refers to
<taxonomicName id="81FDCB8851D7204F923AD28C73D432F8" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="36000DFD2DA41084078E8918DC136486" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although there possibly is more than one mitochondrial unit in southern India.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F5E9752B26461BEE372C61A52A41369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="741E16CDE18EC3E43AF3682BC9A971A0" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="3D349B70DBC9156E1493A173D3EDAB7D" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1872a
</bibRefCitation>
: 28;
<bibRefCitation id="356D20E84737C275870284E8B7B1687D" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">1872b</bibRefCitation>
: 325) mentioned
<taxonomicName id="11C3EAC2DDD4EAFA0FECA8008D2F11C8" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BF665F7B2CB1B3FA2340BCA47D21D09F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as spelling mistake
<taxonomicName id="234F8482019D260341C6F09DBCA6F530" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="vermiculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vermiculata">
<emphasis id="4AEC61E1BF0D2D7DF6AE4F215195C6C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vermiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 1872b) from Pulo Milu [Pulo Milo, Little Nicobar] and Nancouri [Nancowry, Nicobar Islands], where he says it is common. Those specimens, re-examined for the present study (NHMD 613753), are a record of
<taxonomicName id="2B7CBC025147FD7414B4412693F531BB" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="B4CDB8150E3B5F15ADE987DDFFCAC158" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="418C815F23D9B501006051046B385F7E" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="CE567B4D03667DB16AAFC563DE3C0479" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22BFF7597CF65C995F1A943D60C3DFFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Specimens collected during the Galathea Expedition from a bay in Sambelong, Great Nicobar, were examined and the largest individual (35/28 mm) was dissected (NHMD 635300). Those specimens are important historically because they were mentioned by several authors (see below). Given their size (35/28 to 20/15 mm), their digestive system (type I with a transitional loop oriented at 6
<normalizedToken id="B75EFEB281E0C695EE3CF1FBAB962140" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
, in the largest individual), and the size of their accessory gland spine (1 mm in the largest individual), those specimens belong to
<taxonomicName id="7B604B462346057112B951BF37E76EEF" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C29B40AB2661F669FFE72EF0DCBE20BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but could potentially belong to more than one mitochondrial unit (Table
<tableCitation id="6EEF33679835FF3FAC7DCC37A4008BA8" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="6B2B09BFFA4F2D99CBE0FBD826A4BAA5" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="47E754F63142EB16232E71FBEFA095EB" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1872a
</bibRefCitation>
: 28;
<bibRefCitation id="3C1041F0069334D4C4DF74DC37F85931" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">1872b</bibRefCitation>
: 325) first mentioned them as
<taxonomicName id="D05E427E59F28F8E1B40CF80CB45EBAF" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="9B2C71B8B004DED4BE5D17CF6D0DC255" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Semper (1880: 255) identified them as
<taxonomicName id="02075FDB7011AE051F15ADFC85535E59" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="19373A857E70413E5F6DADF6A4936D16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="223356CE20C140F57CD5C545379BF01F" author="Bergh, R" journalOrPublisher="Kreidel, Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" refId="B16" refString="Bergh, R, 1884a. Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C.W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" title="Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C. W." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" year="1884 a">Bergh (1884a)</bibRefCitation>
described one of them in detail (see below).
<bibRefCitation id="811EB5063677C91C238AE9AAC8219D07" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44, 73) also listed them in his material examined for
<taxonomicName id="8A1984CC92526B40D90D118AA0772FCC" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="5B8FA41F022DF3AA9F0E6959FF5F6FC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="230E0A582B1AF0BB704836E0FC13964E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 109" startId="F111">
<paragraph id="65F03E76F6A9071C1BA24501C686ABCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6467CE10FF8702C65D3C63821228FC24" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 109.</emphasis>
Accessory penial gland spine,
<taxonomicName id="7C104F99E41C38568EE565D952367318" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6A34AD8D0533080F283038D776F264FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Red Sea
<emphasis id="8DB80370F89450550AC4C6499D19FA64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, E</emphasis>
spm #1 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="82860A6165995023048FD5CCB669DFFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, F</emphasis>
spm #2 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="30A0997EABCCD012F013AD01878D6D64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, G</emphasis>
spm #3 (ZMH 27472/4)
<emphasis id="B714920FCDF4F5EDF82BDCD28B70457D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, H</emphasis>
spm #4 (ZMH 27472/4). Scale bars: 300
<normalizedToken id="099D81317F307C6F4C7BCBE9AB8C0F7E" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="52362661B074AB65978124463CA842B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C, D</emphasis>
), 400
<normalizedToken id="A6530E35F662586E6B90471720EBC193" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="0A99D2984E752491A52A53CB93E41B50" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), 10
<normalizedToken id="73E7E09534CC5D8ADD9BE7C5C6ED694A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="64B89AF70E70B7160AB2506760B3DC10" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
), 20
<normalizedToken id="824FFAC5A3B2CFA0F49AFCA2F0ECC5BB" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="776265BFBB26D6B86BF9147B00E66DFD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F-H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="958D2FFA7663372EF387C91E8EF8FC62" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="0643ADD7931966636833B84A7C2B5666" author="Schmeltz, JDE" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" refId="B158" refString="Schmeltz, JDE, 1874. Museum Godeffroy Catalog V. Nebst einer Beilage enthaltend topographische und zoologische Notizen. L. Friederichsen, Hamburg, xxxvi + 213 pp. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" title="Museum Godeffroy Catalog V. Nebst einer Beilage enthaltend topographische und zoologische Notizen. L. Friederichsen, Hamburg, xxxvi + 213 pp." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55285096" year="1874">Schmeltz (1874</bibRefCitation>
: 96) listed
<taxonomicName id="587CCBB13922AB2AC0518E32AD74F8D3" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1BADA05FA49CAD9FAB3EE54AAF535779" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Samoa in a catalog of the Museum Godeffroy. This possibly is a record of
<taxonomicName id="5B9D76BA36A6C5A138CFEB02CE538866" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="012179EFF68B23059E6DBFDA84E38780" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although
<taxonomicName id="F0152D7933EF1F9846B9D6897BBA519F" lsidName="P. platei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platei">
<emphasis id="B754EA5C688E7389381DE7227E218BAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could also live there (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A46857F9FF1B8FFC72B97DC47645336D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66CFC4B8B70F8C8F72A30CF2D04C5373" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="750B2D4F7FB236CE952842534DE75C5A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13168" author="Ihering, H von" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B95" refString="Ihering, H von, 1877. Vergleichende Anatomie des Nervensystemes und Phylogenie der Mollusken. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, x + 290 pp. [8 pls] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13168" title="Vergleichende Anatomie des Nervensystemes und Phylogenie der Mollusken. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, x + 290 pp. [8 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13168" year="1877">Ihering (1877</bibRefCitation>
: 230-237, pl. IV, fig. 3) described the nervous system of
<taxonomicName id="88A012C793DFC26B67980FB2BB32237B" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6D2A7BA65B115BF9195E4FB982B93C2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but did not provide any information on the specimens he examined. It is impossible to determine what
<taxonomicName id="5DA6AF98FBD20FC7A05F44E942AA6807" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77599A85C9B2B32F17ADCF962417C9A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species he actually studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9666288B698C8DF739FE12FED92D2BC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fischer and Crosse (1878: 689-690, pl. XXXI, figs 13-15) briefly described the radula of specimens they identified as
<taxonomicName id="1E0D7974D10701FE04E150FF93FECA52" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium (Peronia) verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum" subGenus="Peronia">Onchidium (Peronia) verruculatum</taxonomicName>
from New Caledonia. There are three
<taxonomicName id="1A45F020FCFA4A840D18B8B57DBD8DC4" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1C58467957F66F93B0DE004CBBA5485C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in New Caledonia, and it is not possible to determine what species they examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC674EFE9EDDD82ECE0437D76AABABE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Semper (1880: 255-257, pl. 22, figs 3, 4; 1882: pl. 21, fig. 1) re-described
<taxonomicName id="EB7A6F64AD2FED3C4053A20150F2A790" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F20DCC3A1108FD1D4F90FB263895FAC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from a variety of localities (Red Sea, East Coast of Africa, Nicobar, Ambon, eastern Australia, Philippines). His written description mostly focuses on traits that are not informative for species identification (e.g., number of dorsal papillae, number of dorsal eyes, radular teeth). Some of
<normalizedToken id="148877284E79A33549FE9CEF17AB43C8" originalValue="Semper’s">Semper's</normalizedToken>
records of
<taxonomicName id="3E3BD0F741B523E647CFAC781747A6A3" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="08C8FFD1BC383835AC0AA203A993746A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most likely are correct, given the geographic origin of the material (Fig.
<figureCitation id="81E783A9B9CB6A4994A42EA05C9DA021" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
): Ambon, Philippines, and Cape York (Queensland, Australia). Some other material could be a mix of more than one species:
<taxonomicName id="722DFE1DFBD9E5EE3828E13370ED1D22" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="3B073731A601C9E14E7C542F4EC11621" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D94ED820CC1133FDF6D6D2F0D2844318" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7C4EE4D26A3DA072A4E4AAA5716D4769" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Red Sea and eastern Africa;
<taxonomicName id="9CAA61A836739AF3455A9AF3F3E68B1B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ECB42B20805AFB670190CC763194DF6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6A16D25E14E44EB94308AF9B5D827331" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="EE526CFAEA230AC29A67BC19B6EFD0E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in MacKay, Queensland.
<normalizedToken id="B44CF4CE9D2928B3B8F907C8C530434A" originalValue="Semper’s">Semper's</normalizedToken>
material from Brisbane (27°S) most likely was part of
<taxonomicName id="D999DBF3A89C474C62772394CE1C005A" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="4AF6B6F9D85041679712219A5CD343B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="6D686C86BA9458C15C5B6F52716BE924" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Finally,
<normalizedToken id="4EF2B510BF979438D0D9AA466F7952E9" originalValue="Semper’s">Semper's</normalizedToken>
specimen from Nicobar was part of some material collected during the Galathea Expedition and first reported by
<bibRefCitation id="CCE82076DA814FA1FF20E7D0EE41921B" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="8FDA9157669A09FC7A23CF7122765F27" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1872a
</bibRefCitation>
: 28;
<bibRefCitation id="A550CAD75B02BB4F0FC4C3334CE3D1F6" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">1872b</bibRefCitation>
: 325) as
<taxonomicName id="63AB89F6C0B271703094EBA475E23D2E" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="F36CF9F413DE9E9197FD8A868C29F4DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHMD 635300). Those specimens, re-examined for the present study, belong to
<taxonomicName id="2A40FBA24C90D0F0B8F51FB55F9A34C8" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="0C7FCEA50F23B6548D1DF0E5D0533D3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5CA8E7A2558D61D215813E3FD0851FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="C0658A03D547BC43CFFE2B255A5ED930" author="Bergh, R" journalOrPublisher="Kreidel, Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" refId="B16" refString="Bergh, R, 1884a. Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C.W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" title="Report on Nudibranchiata. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology, Band 10, Theil 26. C. W." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49395587" year="1884 a">Bergh (1884a</bibRefCitation>
: 148-151, pl. VII, figs 7-12, pl. VIII, fig. 14) described in detail the anatomy of an individual of
<taxonomicName id="9D754DD4F5A6F737B502E13D9DE8C45D" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="31D03B2A33D3F6C57ED97B000851320A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Nicobar. The animal size (33/23 mm) and the size of the accessory penial gland spine (1.76 mm) match well the anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="12E0C7E9906468262A2C8D0FEED8A83D" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="CE144DC793D2096FC21B643980206762" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1). This specimen was part of a group of specimens collected during the Galathea Expedition in Sambelong, Great Nicobar, which were examined for the present study (NHMD 635300). Their size (35/28 to 20/15 mm), their digestive system (type I with a transitional loop oriented at 6
<normalizedToken id="FB3CC1AA00D52A5D7B35A247B5F41875" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
, in the largest individual), and the length of their accessory gland spine (1 mm in the largest individual) are also compatible with
<taxonomicName id="7223DE5195C50F8AD0DA630508411DDB" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6CE18787629F376B7C73BB9D3364466D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, those specimens could potentially belong to more than one mitochondrial unit (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77BF7A1A75D3CEC73CFC293C35A78011" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C48F256DA5B4346CB641BDFD27121102" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="9D00153C2926EA5DB4FE9830373A7B19" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">
<normalizedToken id="225625E610E8940A83AF3744707EC340" originalValue="Plate’s">Plate's</normalizedToken>
(1893
</bibRefCitation>
: 168-170, pl. 7, figs 11, 12, 15, pl. 8, figs 26, 33, pl. 9, figs 36-40, pl. 10, figs 50a, 55, pl. 11, fig. 56, pl. 12, figs 83, 88, 90, 98) re-description of
<taxonomicName id="BA76B004E8F304F4CF228D40085A547E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="E8072DE9CC7E8CC9333C42E39ACE6567" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on specimens from Ambon, Ceylon, and Nicobar. Given the size (at most 50 mm long), it seems likely that Plate examined
<taxonomicName id="0A91CAF9E5B9EDAF984169E95640CEB8" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="58CE083ADAD73E6C96EB8B7A8381D641" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, without precise measurements of the spine of the accessory penial gland, it is not possible to ascertain that Plate examined
<taxonomicName id="D7DCD738FD6F2EE86E50D2844FE88D1E" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2AB6BC4EB7C72B3FBAB8C819F36F734E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="25EB53E1933BF1B3677A5F69291996F7" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="9B6ECE5158C6038F94DC821F24B093D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also present in Nicobar). According to Plate, the only anatomical difference between
<taxonomicName id="6E957054D774902A22C4A6F13747BEFB" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="D174F35AC511608287EAAB38BD56D1A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ED81FE86D3F1805D09B1BB73310412DC" lsidName="O. savignyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="8156BA8C71BB23BEDA2F7E159A9A7977" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Semper, 1880, is that dorsal gills are &quot;much longer and tubular&quot; in
<taxonomicName id="D49A9A61095FFC380ADF2E3C0E74D7D3" lsidName="O. savignyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="5BF7CB2D0EBDF415861444291D11E838" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a weak character, to say the least. At any rate,
<taxonomicName id="E99F86171D92E66F4DAD178A0AB99426" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignyi">
<emphasis id="C5CD37BE450B572CE385806175E1553B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Semper, 1880) is deemed to be identical to
<taxonomicName id="0C9ABB821AD26C6A5EDBA386466FA5B5" authorityName="Recluz" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia savignii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="savignii">
<emphasis id="5724661AE5A3E82BAA4BFEDC74EA8998" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia savignii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="E145D44818EC244E3155CB4F8789C327" originalValue="Récluz">Recluz</normalizedToken>
, 1869 (
<bibRefCitation id="A5650C8909A12B5FCD7449AB5804046C" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="ICZN, 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 58) and, as junior secondary homonym, is subjectively invalid (
<bibRefCitation id="2768B27BC036E52A562CA43F8B14E582" author="ICZN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="ICZN, 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 306 pp." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 57.3) (see remarks on synonymies above).
<bibRefCitation id="9BD068D5FD0A5C79A397A5581940D517" author="Plate, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 234" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" refId="B146" refString="Plate, L, 1893. Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere 7: 93 - 234, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiiden." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11175213" volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893)</bibRefCitation>
did not compare
<taxonomicName id="D54FC3E3A3527EECAFB302851B250C29" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="49B305E958842D135752797FBF41DAFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to any other species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A23DA48611EB1FB8A48AD2B6C142DAEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Von
<bibRefCitation id="7641AEA20043A87130C3A183C99E2CDD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" author="Martens, E von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 332" refId="B125" refString="Martens, E von, 1897. Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien 4: 1 - 332, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" title="Suess- und brackwasser-mollusken des Indischen Archipels." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46994" volume="4" year="1897">Martens (1897</bibRefCitation>
: 126) mentioned
<taxonomicName id="69CFC25CC8941195F5C10700DC5BD39B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="9914D392E096BF87BE2A186F1D52EBCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from both Ambon and Timor with no description. Our molecular data indicate that
<taxonomicName id="66E668E4194BF27C06C24103A57B535D" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1E55428B2290CB6C0622D544F76C41D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does live in Ambon and Timor. However,
<taxonomicName id="24F50ECD7E1EA406664C2FDD44AC2298" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="B6327C78B24A877CFD19E08661588751" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lives in Timor and likely lives in Ambon too.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF3DCD76DE9B8177B165865F67C55900" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="B0194A720EBD63547B0799289BC3E035" author="Farran, GP" journalOrPublisher="Bailliere, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Farran, GP, 1905. Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329-364. [pls I-VI]" title="Report on the opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Part 3, Suppl. Report XXI: 329 - 364. [pls I-VI]" year="1905">Farran (1905</bibRefCitation>
: 358-359, pl. VI, figs 13-22) described a
<taxonomicName id="159650612578C1F41D17A912C6B682FA" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EED3E3F69C4CE7AE95C71D290D35E21B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slug he identified as
<taxonomicName id="BAE28C0C83D43EB7685A62F77C5816AE" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="C910D7A6F5CC11626A3A7D067DABF5E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of Mannar based on one preserved specimen. Given the specimen size (31/34 mm) and the length of the spine of the penial accessory gland (2.8 mm), it is likely a record of
<taxonomicName id="6466D447EB6A26D81CB9CA976B4A0845" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4205624F1072502D3EADB05A75171DEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is unclear whether it is the unit #2 (known from the Andaman Islands) or unit #4 (known from Mumbai, western India). It could also be a record of a small, immature individual of
<taxonomicName id="27A23C7E0B18EBF6AD82378E04991D7F" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="E44AA603BEED7CE2288F1C03CC3795F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which has not been recorded from southern India but could possibly be found there). Our present study does not include any specimen from Sri Lanka or the Gulf of Mannar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F1D62A0662307085652211555657EBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="AD7793753533BF819427B0EE4DB9704E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="5ADB7A3E729B83A0A0BD4F6C22564A1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the eight onchidiid species mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="5C5D9BA5BC375C7D93F8B0471C052B0C" author="Hedley, C" journalOrPublisher="Report of the Australian Association for the advancement of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="329 - 371" refId="B91" refString="Hedley, C, 1909. The marine fauna of Queensland. Report of the Australian Association for the advancement of Science 12: 329 - 371" title="The marine fauna of Queensland." volume="12" year="1909">Hedley (1909</bibRefCitation>
: 369) from Queensland, Australia, without any reference to any material. It is impossible to know what species Hedley refers to. Our data show that there are two
<taxonomicName id="ED257001913D9D1AE569E378469F87C3" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5F841F87A46962BE357BDC7A8079A0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in Queensland which overlap geographically (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A97D9F3D108A2AAE816CEC367590EF70" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E09A507907A97407FE5D6FC13C23407F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The references listed by
<bibRefCitation id="7D0812F5B4FC88C2C613E898B183F5CC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall (1919</bibRefCitation>
: 310) for
<taxonomicName id="9E9900D1FB5D313F3E20C9C9EF368EAC" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="C61A896D640596EAB40CE36DE2193C78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all commented on above already. Let us say a few words about the specimens he examined himself.
<bibRefCitation id="0E8C0702AB4AA3A6BE374905B6EDDFEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">
<normalizedToken id="A19432DE317CCF4CBFEC31BE92BC423E" originalValue="Bretnall’s">Bretnall's</normalizedToken>
(1919
</bibRefCitation>
: 310) records of
<taxonomicName id="F078AF6DDD85B61754BD114940FBE607" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="601EBB4F11748890B10849827681CB6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Broken Bay, New South Wales (33°30'S) are likely records of
<taxonomicName id="1755B51F0B600D0015EF686F94B65F59" authorityName="Dayrat &amp; Goulding" authorityYear="2020" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia sydneyensis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="6C843F9AE764E1BC432AF055783683B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only
<taxonomicName id="8D180A7FBB76FAD2AC6D5859A5A1C56F" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5757E06AD963470408BFD71A1347CDE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species known in New South Wales (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E4967615CC79A42E7A93EF14175494F0" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="2D3233232419593C2352FF0CACC662BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">
<normalizedToken id="A89D44C6B692CE18AE430D31F21D17AB" originalValue="Bretnall’s">Bretnall's</normalizedToken>
(1919
</bibRefCitation>
: 310) records of
<taxonomicName id="9E9BE14BDBBF3EFFE1AF6D0EE34B8618" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="CF41FEE4B499C535F94B98131C837332" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Port Curtis, Queensland (ca. 23°30'S) could be records of
<taxonomicName id="117A4C4514FA13EA31FE4CF7EC5E75F3" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="420D04EB42015BEB78C648AB4C94D5C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but they could also include
<taxonomicName id="3D5DD028DFD0D50257531C4C26FEAD22" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="64B73E8E3656D37E38A4E8EE15B9A7D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the known southernmost locality of the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="6D21C699C2646967889FF60FE62A7E98" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4EBB1E42DFC77CE8A795AE1CC7AD99E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at ca. 21S (see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="DA1C1F9D655AB607CD2097AB75245DBB" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="F6189D0D6D1A1A41BD96C1A98639E77E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE9185A443BFB064FD55E3F1AE6259A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The record of
<taxonomicName id="84F3B2D2FB51C1DB6EF9CF20C9BC3519" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="21A535F5DA2C3A870804E0E830DE1FF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Katsepy (
<normalizedToken id="D016022DB0520427943D667909D41572" originalValue="Catsèpe">Catsepe</normalizedToken>
), northwestern Madagascar, by
<bibRefCitation id="A391D87A727D6B2F7D0CD8ED4271CB27" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" author="Odhner, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 52" refId="B136" refString="Odhner, NJ, 1919. Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Arkiv foer Zoologi 12: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" title="Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.789" volume="12" year="1919">Odhner (1919</bibRefCitation>
: 23) is within the geographical range of both
<taxonomicName id="A72FB73F0FC70C20F030BF827D59C436" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="97CFFB62614A3931A6EC210B881143C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5) and
<taxonomicName id="1E85AD25748999F082056854ED55B411" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="55C6B9AEB84D5BADF8B5939CADA07E16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="53E5D3E5B55A7CA95F393A0C5E1E8AA4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The voucher specimen, re-examined here (SMNH 180724), clearly belongs to
<taxonomicName id="43401C63C959A41D4AA06649FE05DC28" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F6EAF54AE681BBDBE596943EA6D4B551" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its intestinal loops of type I (with a transitional loop at 6
<normalizedToken id="977657656B2DF2C68E5B602A86401CEB" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30219AA8D7F51220530D4A82711F4CF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="A5BC8049A03A1A7F27F3EE84A6B866AD" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 72) listed many references for
<taxonomicName id="9E9670F272E11E5720529EF35277F553" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="279453B30AE11E31CCD737BE9EE81D97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all of which (but one) are commented upon elsewhere already: comments on the references for
<taxonomicName id="0A4E1D1826665D0DA4A4D3121283AB96" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium peronii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="87DC553C212089E062FD3894E8343142" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3100D3FD602CEF9E91ED91D24E477EEB" lsidName="O. punctatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="punctatum">
<emphasis id="B0666371FFE81DD44725DA3243CFE0F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. punctatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="5253ED5D4CABCCB219507FFD4767F09E" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia mauritiana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="1CBBE398DAECD85A96C46690A8456169" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in our remarks on
<taxonomicName id="FD834B7A2C8F63E542A0E88FC403197F" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="C2F46DDD44980FACF8EE2AD14FD86048" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; comments on the references for
<taxonomicName id="CF2A72B3BD4A4FF0844773ED2E6314AB" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ferrugineum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
<emphasis id="233A33AA9E5FF0E5E3FCA93F9BF14790" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium ferrugineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="37FB761F52A665D6F423042475AD9757" lsidName="O. elberti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="elberti">
<emphasis id="40489B041A14BBE15C2B5040998E0E2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. elberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found above, in our remarks on synonymies;
<taxonomicName id="CC883928215AA10B916C36202F97359A" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia alderi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alderi">
<emphasis id="00F28EE5CC363C30AB413653A6BA1589" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia alderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a
<emphasis id="7AA104924F43FEF7912E5B0DB8FC9405" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nomen dubium</emphasis>
and is commented on in the general discussion.
<bibRefCitation id="9E0386243A986CA0279107E47B16D435" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" refId="B130" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872a. Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9-35. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" title="Synopsis Molluscorum a cl. J. Reinhardt lectorum in circumnavigatione orbis terrarum Danicae navis Galatheae dictae. Oversigt over de af Prof. J. Reinhardt paa Corvetten Galatheas Reise omkring Jorden indsamlede Bloeddyr. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjoebenhavn [1872]: 9 - 35." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35774183" year="1872 a">
<normalizedToken id="655A6BE398E4E90C9DA44792D6292284" originalValue="Mörch’s">Moerch's</normalizedToken>
(1872a
</bibRefCitation>
: 28;
<bibRefCitation id="197F8C239084EACCC3126ACF12635605" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 327" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" refId="B131" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1872b. Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale. Journal de Conchyliologie 20: 303 - 327, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" title="Catalogue de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des anciennes colonies danoises du golfe du Bengale." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15684513" volume="20" year="1872 b">1872b</bibRefCitation>
: 326) record of
<taxonomicName id="8DFC9BE80DFA1054AB0C5031B6C5A3E6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia (Onchidiella) marmorata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmorata" subGenus="Onchidiella">Peronia (Onchidiella) marmorata</taxonomicName>
from Nicobar Islands, which
<bibRefCitation id="CAE13E6B6A313D0C12960C6EBBA35B20" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 72) included in his list of correct references for
<taxonomicName id="FF34C47F9C50D134E9A750B488171E90" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F5B611099B07B70EE2E514F8C5F6533A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is commented on here: it is not possible to know to what species
<normalizedToken id="54A3C4BCA294C5DF93B26AC0C19DBD2D" originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
refers;
<bibRefCitation id="67755C0DE29FC9E67110C577E92A9E9E" author="Godwin-Austen, HH" journalOrPublisher="Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30983429" refId="B78" refString="Godwin-Austen, HH, 1895. List and Distribution of the Land-Mollusca of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with Descriptions of some supposed new Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London [1895]: 438-456. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30983429" title="List and Distribution of the Land-Mollusca of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with Descriptions of some supposed new Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London [1895]: 438 - 456." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30983429" year="1895">Godwin-Austen (1895</bibRefCitation>
: 443) listed
<normalizedToken id="7CBE09157C242B02B08C459AE0F4E4E3" originalValue="Mörch’s">Moerch's</normalizedToken>
record as
<taxonomicName id="BD3E3E91DBBF16DA018F8751BC0A9D46" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium (Onchidiella) marmorata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmorata" subGenus="Onchidiella">Onchidium (Onchidiella) marmorata</taxonomicName>
in a faunistic inventory of Nicobar and Andaman, without clarifying to what species that name was referring. At any rate,
<normalizedToken id="52EAE00F41A133416A2E1D39F396AB45" originalValue="Lesson’s">Lesson's</normalizedToken>
(1831b)
<taxonomicName id="624483D6FAF533EEEC83B10EC1018D1C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium marmoratum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmoratum">
<emphasis id="0564542C21C46385DF052C4F72D7E0D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium marmoratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to
<taxonomicName id="D44466B730FBA20DD26353F012FD5CBF" authorityName="Dayrat &amp; Goulding" authorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Marmaronchis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmaronchis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C654C448BE8E50C780DCEF9625263332" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Marmaronchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F5B5107BB7665640B6A6F67EBC27634A" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="814 - 837" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" refId="B54" refString="Dayrat, B, Goulding, TC, Khalil, M, Lozouet, P, Tan, SH, 2018. Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 814 - 837, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" title="Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2018/01/66rbz814-837.pdf" volume="66" year="2018">Dayrat et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CEA356449333FCB906BD086FA0A8AB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
More importantly,
<bibRefCitation id="FEC98923209C5A87E1EFB7EC46D643BA" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44) examined specimens from the collections in Stockholm and Copenhagen which he identified as
<taxonomicName id="BC6351AF760F310FC32C9312D906D65B" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="0FB179198B9431C6E1372397653AEB67" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most of those specimens could be re-examined for the present study and are commented on here. Several specimens are confirmed here to belong to
<taxonomicName id="BB9C05F82A0CD8E2C9CF18B884181A90" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A1E81F8C958CD12140EFF415154EA2CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on diagnostic anatomical traits (Table
<tableCitation id="3F774AE5EE467B17DD27E1633CDBBBA7" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
): the material from Karachi (SMNH 180721) belongs to the unit #4 of
<taxonomicName id="09961D5A27C7077E13422B9939FC5116" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="71F6992ACE477468BB6E5D9FAD4EFE99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the material from Hong Kong (SMNH 180707) and Queensland (SMNH 180712, 180713, 180714) belongs to the widespread unit #1; the material from Singapore (SMNH 180716) and the Java Sea (SMNH 180719, 180720, 180722) could belong to any of the three units (#1, #2, #3) present in the region. However, several specimens listed by
<bibRefCitation id="84B219E66BDDA211E4673DCB33869A8B" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44, 72) clearly do not belong to
<taxonomicName id="6CC933B55373CFC8CBA0AC52AE2C9B29" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="CF44132AA9E083E648835DF4C8D5A54A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks on each corresponding species): the specimen from Port Natal, South Africa (SMNH 180711) belongs to
<taxonomicName id="8A00573135674FFE6F4BD8935D260E5B" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="89F66A81B1DDD29514F7049D0C5D2F08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the specimen from Sagami Bay, Japan (SMNH 180725) belongs to
<taxonomicName id="7F76E0244AF31A26A89DD9D861DDD2DE" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="797AFFB37942A0BA03A46C7590CFC2AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the specimen from Port Darwin, Northern Australia (SMNH 180715) belongs to
<taxonomicName id="20355B2370402BCA09D7D939686D8316" lsidName="P. willani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="willani">
<emphasis id="8F15F2CF477A5142D4445B6909B2CB72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. willani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C44AE43F9B68DC013C2A3CAA4285B35E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The Red Sea specimens from the Copenhagen collections listed as &quot;Savigny leg., Mus. Marsil&quot; belong to
<taxonomicName id="40A9C756C50E2457F932B8A297E71648" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="7599788B95FC70AD41F280E5863F441D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of their intestinal loops of type I (NHMD 90791). The label in the jar says that they were obtained by the Copenhagen Museum in 1860 (journal entry) from Savigny and the museum of Marseille (erroneously spelled
<normalizedToken id="BAF72C3D5A9AB51BFF39E42A414AE3AC" originalValue="“Marsielle”">&quot;Marsielle&quot;</normalizedToken>
). Given that the type material of
<taxonomicName id="CA5A1E64D9A086A9AE68B6B9BADE97EF" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="1557775A1C2C1A3990BEFAA53003E9C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="A07B0507FDFEF3E5F406B350109CE7A6" author="Savigny, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" refId="B157" refString="Savigny, JC, 1817. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1-3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" title="Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par ordre du Gouvernement. Histoire Naturelle, Planches, Tome Deuxieme. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [105 pls; gastropods on pls 1 - 3]" url="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300300m" year="1817">Savigny (1817)</bibRefCitation>
, it is worth making it clear here that those specimens are not the type material of
<taxonomicName id="735268678B2E67A45941E1B3F76AE49D" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="BF7F4B7D59447173A88079C1A814F0BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hoffmann did not say they were). The type material of
<taxonomicName id="2E43C8CA27D01A7DA9F3F7BC08AF2C17" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="2E948FAA5ACF48D1B33BE0D70BE98839" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in Paris (MNHN-IM-2000-22941).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C19B0E3FE03B8E5E14C0941823D6C8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The other specimens mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="2FCD4154C3D25A8727CBB21DB58502EC" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44, 73) could not be re-examined for the present study: the specimens from the Red Sea could potentially belong to
<taxonomicName id="A21A700424B033DE942F1A2A13450514" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1AFC168140931562830BCCA1C9597118" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="5D7DD43A19C2AC57AE921DD353582FB3" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="E20EB98BF39F076C9A477E6BE66C5F14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the specimens from Tharangambadi (Tranquebar), southeastern India, most likely belong to
<taxonomicName id="66F63CA38D7A0D9EB5BE063736E75383" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5B7E63EE8BAD67B1E6940177400EE670" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the specimens from New Caledonia could potentially belong to any of the three species present there; the specimens from Hawaii clearly belong to
<taxonomicName id="06CFE2776E3604374729F38E87F14093" lsidName="P. platei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platei">
<emphasis id="2DF5167C13ECCF30A1BA7B49B2AF174C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A2964C9E2261D4C280C45B415FE0F9A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
All the references mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="85B65861543BD19636302D75C34569FE" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="0D079CD8D0B9286270C5939A089DF639" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 192-193) for
<taxonomicName id="AAF30560D86C469F7111CF5F7E230CC9" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="4FA5A4FF3CD7D1B23D7CD92013AD2DBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are already commented on above.
<bibRefCitation id="41E1A86090AE33A456A4CD27B053A8DC" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="DB3C887A004B2DD36D3794F6F16EA5FA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 193) blindly accepted the distribution provided by
<bibRefCitation id="034D468C765FED0E4E67DDEF1D038B2B" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
: 44, 73), which was not accurate because, for instance,
<taxonomicName id="9876E26A6AA5C6C87FE0344604DDD0CA" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="627CAD51C3242EC12E75938916C7BB23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not present in Hawaii (see above).
<bibRefCitation id="F61F58E79BA2EC4222CA9930E11CC871" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="DA0067AD11D6ED6292A80BEBD28B11F8" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 193) mentioned intestinal loops of type II in one individual from the Red Sea, even though he did not list any material examined from the Red Sea. At any rate, those intestinal loops were most likely of type I as aforementioned
<normalizedToken id="A33BE39B1E0A8C47F783D211C71AC268" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
often made that kind of mistake. For instance,
<bibRefCitation id="8BBFEABB84796B08CA0175B4BE6445F7" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="173 - 246" refId="B108" refString="Labbe, A, 1934a. Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 14: 173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes Labbe du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934 a">
<normalizedToken id="0C7E77AE7D262062F9424E9D86F1AB54" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
(1934a
</bibRefCitation>
: 196) described as
<taxonomicName id="070A673A8C6EA6E8259B528BB2AA9B7D" lsidName="P. anomala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="26B511EAEE0543B65864CBC25DA98988" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a species with supposedly anomalous intestinal loops of type II, but the type material, re-examined here, clearly is characterized by loops of type I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="81831BF9F738523CC1423F8D4F424EBC" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 86. Digestive system, dorsal view, Peronia verruculata (Red Sea). The arrow indicates the orientation of the transitional loop A lectotype, Onchidium verruculatum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 22941) B lectotype, Peronia anomala, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33678) C lectotype, Onchidium durum, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33698) D paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, Red Sea (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33684) E paralectotype, Paraperonia gondwanae, locality unknown (MNHN-IM- 2000 - 33688) F Red Sea, spm 1 (ZMH 27472 / 4). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D), 4 mm (B, E), 3 mm (C, F). Abbreviations: ddg dorsal digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior digestive gland, st stomach." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458386" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">86B</figureCitation>
). The specimens examined by
<normalizedToken id="6B3A115FF89D948A090701A99B3D7893" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
from the Philippines likely belong to
<taxonomicName id="85A96E70D9B306C3EEFA8CD8086ECD73" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="FFE7D59370A7A347046972673F505E0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the individuals from New Caledonia or New Guinea could belong to several
<taxonomicName id="3BDF9E886706CDA5A21B21101885A471" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C29A5FC0FD06177CA56A0D306D2176FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Finally, so far, only
<taxonomicName id="906C489887FD0EBE57B158C64745777F" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="FD84C9D1CD73503AD7CE8A4DAB1FD895" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4EFBB327A4EA0D2E34180264E82FDC72" lsidName="P. griffithsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="griffithsi">
<emphasis id="A1497B75FB16A20CCB7B2C3E478DBDF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are positively known from Mauritius and his record of
<taxonomicName id="F2BFC805E76DE5CD6DE20F97E00F18FD" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5C0E7F27C823154F1DAFC9BFDA57423D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there (as Ile de France) must not be taken for granted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48AB3D7F6E815527236234B3E9BE90F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The record of
<taxonomicName id="52868FB1B7B8CD5B9C5FC43ABC41AE0F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium (Peronia) verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum" subGenus="Peronia">Onchidium (Peronia) verruculatum</taxonomicName>
from Natal, South Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="E3FB01EEB7E02A497D8C0D6D2FC3CEEC" author="Connolly, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" refId="B38" refString="Connolly, M, 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1-660. [pls I-XIX] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" title="A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: i-iii, 1 - 660. [pls I-XIX]" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40865351" year="1939">Connolly 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 454) likely is a record of
<taxonomicName id="4890AD2786589F79F5D938859212446C" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="491C3A11E5A391DD7768971ED8471F3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only
<taxonomicName id="03B094481F152C5C86CD58A63034AAB0" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2B34EA41574AF67678801A152A6E673A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species so far known from South Africa. However,
<taxonomicName id="69158C5DFC969128B00517A657D69C64" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="56F040854881E0DEF01C8548BE7DB2FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5) could also be found in northeastern South Africa because its southernmost known locality is in Maputo (ca. 26°S), very close to South Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9CA118D3BC79A504348FE55D35D3D73C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="1ECB4AC05DA6DFEF736DEEC5CF9D3CFA" author="Allan, J" journalOrPublisher="Australian Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 157" refId="B7" refString="Allan, J, Bell, PJ, 1947. Onchidium associated with dead coral. Australian Naturalist 11: 149 - 157" title="Onchidium associated with dead coral." volume="11" year="1947">Allan and Bell (1947</bibRefCitation>
: 152) and
<bibRefCitation id="58B69657DB1499F7E7365F005E67C858" author="Allan, J" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B6" refString="Allan, J, 1950. Australian Shells. Georgian House, Melbourne, xix + 470 pp. [44 pls]" title="Australian Shells. Georgian House, Melbourne, xix + 470 pp. [44 pls]" year="1950">Allan (1950</bibRefCitation>
: 368) reported onchidiid slugs living in dead coral which they identified as
<taxonomicName id="B4654552E8F67E586617B5D2B49A6D72" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="5B341CDC8A65F5008CE4EA1C39449A51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Moreton Bay, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Given its latitude (ca. 27°S), Brisbane is clearly in the range of
<taxonomicName id="14CD8F4E544FD163F694A5D20BA00FA0" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="8C2B51D507BB4DCA06855FA9EAEF8840" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possibly of
<taxonomicName id="5B54647703AC94DAFB5E78A758FD765C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="481BA9E1FCB867D550C9FC4C85B95ABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) as well. Indeed, it is still unclear how far south
<taxonomicName id="67DC5931D7554C833EE913BA9789F854" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="A429B80864F8BCB73CC7AEC0C4B99D35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in southeastern Australia, although we did not find it in Sydney, ca. 33S (see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="6132DFF1780AC124CB69118CCF4D96DC" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="0E6F5796B49F8852D65586A35E019A60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5398F34E66AF27DDD696F2B9FD3368B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
For the record of
<taxonomicName id="86A8C2E8CBA92FFCAA24D3474DB9E5F5" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="2292B59B554DF56A6E6F59AD66F11777" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from New South Wales by
<bibRefCitation id="922782D534BAD7D3B58E3DB71634AA61" author="Dakin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B46" refString="Dakin, WJ, 1947. The true sea-slug -Onchidium. Australian Museum Magazine [April 30]: 141-147." title="The true sea-slug - Onchidium. Australian Museum Magazine [April 30]: 141 - 147." year="1947">Dakin (1947</bibRefCitation>
: 144), see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="31DA956EEE970DD3332E58A54F54BA10" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="4F5A028FB59F1C43EDF3F3FD01E4D1C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D11131FB9BEB1E9E495C94678E20FED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="BD3A0D6860B660CF049077C1C9C135BE" author="Awati, PR" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 53" refId="B11" refString="Awati, PR, Karandikar, KR, 1948. Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics). Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay 1: 1 - 53" title="Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics)." volume="1" year="1948">Awati and Karandikar (1948)</bibRefCitation>
published a detailed anatomical study of a species they identified as
<taxonomicName id="B1527C9011E8529D613C830745A39FEB" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="9B458093FA71E111422FF81152CF83C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on material from the western coast of India. They mention four localities: Vengurla (ca. 15°50'S), Malvan (ca. 16°06'S), Mumbai (ca. 19°S), and Kathiawar (ca. 21°S). The illustration of the intestinal loops provided by
<bibRefCitation id="DD5662D7A89ACD46A1BC1ACEDEB7369F" author="Awati, PR" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 53" refId="B11" refString="Awati, PR, Karandikar, KR, 1948. Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics). Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay 1: 1 - 53" title="Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics)." volume="1" year="1948">Awati and Karandikar (1948</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6) leaves no doubt about the fact that they examined individuals of
<taxonomicName id="B44B197E7E1EF9CE4B8CF00527A85F84" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="2C7D2766413AFA4D20ACE4841EB20979" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species with intestinal loops of type V distributed from South Africa all the way to (at least) Mumbai. Whether a type V was observed by the authors in all the specimens, including those from the southernmost localities (Vengurla and Malvan), is unclear. The presence of intestinal loops of type V in all the specimens examined by
<bibRefCitation id="F90A7C2AEB7EFD92823CBF4D0D0CBB48" author="Awati, PR" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 53" refId="B11" refString="Awati, PR, Karandikar, KR, 1948. Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics). Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay 1: 1 - 53" title="Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics)." volume="1" year="1948">Awati and Karandikar (1948)</bibRefCitation>
would mean that
<taxonomicName id="0C40EDAEBC48B2FD16DC8DC30C7BF4B8" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="1186A9DC989EF5BD8CC861A82BE74E50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found much farther south than Mumbai. If the authors did not notice that some intestinal loops were of type I, then they described two species under the name
<taxonomicName id="3E4E5ACB3E2322A382A3FDF3E60FA44A" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="B9BD3CC074CA9D44594D91525C826532" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="F69924BED21B3DD7E2B5A716F90CB375" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="9793AB98B84C90230F7EFAD7879C4777" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DC30983E7AC60EF1C9CCF168EB2B2E7F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5EEF7D6FD16027168AFD3EB4DC0EAA54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="B9C14182E665A0FC1B8E4C460018EAB3" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27C04D23B96B4B3D2B69875F2C60F8DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EF73CECC9C6EB8067A81769F8D01BBEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" author="Baba, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Baba, K, 1958. Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls] https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" title="Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" year="1958">Baba (1958</bibRefCitation>
: 144) reported that some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="FDC33EDCF6752D0294F9310769174FFA" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="369B37B337201A1286D8A20090803D81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tokara Islands (ca. 30°N), just south of Kyushu, were very large (up to 120 mm long), suggesting that they were
<taxonomicName id="EB3CF8F1AAED51CEF7EE0CC574337BD9" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="8C3C2AB5595721CAFD88CF1309ADE8BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead (see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="F4BE09385A0A31A733E3AADDC014870D" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="7BDA1CF7C4382B918C115CD34B3D1FB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The smaller specimens, however, could be
<taxonomicName id="8FEECDC1BA712BA081F9407647934B33" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9676C9CE9D79A50645750588249BCD64" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) and possibly
<taxonomicName id="0F406CD5C7C759C5D8DDCFBBBD6A598C" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="2F9960E8B3149F7A53F52D38C1155B6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="84BEAD8D58436C40F9AAB013A8E91EC6" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="F1D68DA5789957E013ABC4A0E8458EC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The two species which
<bibRefCitation id="DC503370157BFBAD2635312F5F8B7135" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" author="Baba, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Baba, K, 1958. Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls] https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" title="Seashore life of Japan [in Japanese]. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 148 pp. [5 pls]" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2520262" year="1958">Baba (1958</bibRefCitation>
: 21) seems to distinguish (as
<taxonomicName id="585F7B5E18A0019EE99BD1863AC4D829" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC82569E33D618595CCBB5EC3A7B3CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E7D43AF0F8C19B7C0DE0A02A1834DB8B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="29365F1904662ACDFF4FB9FCEC79C7D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from Misaki (ca. 34°N), near Osaka, could be
<taxonomicName id="2E337D47EA24D1AD4997D8F661C9ADBD" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="9D4CED32C38FB6856A7CF9C57848969D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) and
<taxonomicName id="20D2D0CA23906067289BC8602CFE6EB3" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="C0686564160A1D5F89A3D5E6D44830FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which, based on our DNA sequences, are sympatric near the Seto Marine Laboratory, which is close to Osaka (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7EF38ACC56154418CCB27A549F56575B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13FDF0A7B69C74EB0C697A6939781422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="00A4E39AC0640B27B52EC0A5B7D3A074" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 359" refId="B169" refString="Solem, A, 1959. Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zoology 4: 1 - 359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" title="Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2888" volume="4" year="1959">Solem (1959</bibRefCitation>
: 39) recorded
<taxonomicName id="B47221555872EB826242DA96CC48E194" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="7508D294A9F018E83EF8F34F908EBDD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Vanuatu (Esperitu Santo) which hosts at least two species:
<taxonomicName id="1EFF681260B26377A13637C249657698" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="6BA28EC53E497BD853302A566AB851A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) and
<taxonomicName id="3BD2C898A68BFABCEB602B7348D2D0E9" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="CBBBF81CC8EF575B47F63369B9CC3A36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D1EF9073081D4D7BE7022A2E6EEE9875" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The references that he mentioned (
<bibRefCitation id="8CC13B56EC2AABEF8922B7C6AA08102A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" author="Bretnall, W" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 328" refId="B26" refString="Bretnall, W, 1919. Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 12: 303 - 328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" title="Onchidiidae from Australia and the South-Western Pacific Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1919.888" volume="12" year="1919">Bretnall 1919</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0B35A7AAE450484787925D849EFDD913" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 118" refId="B92" refString="Hoffmann, H, 1928. Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher 55: 29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E93238D4F051AA708BCEF1C7A8FE69FD" author="Awati, PR" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 53" refId="B11" refString="Awati, PR, Karandikar, KR, 1948. Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics). Zoological Memoirs, University of Bombay 1: 1 - 53" title="Onchidium verraculatum (Anatomy, Embryology and Bionomics)." volume="1" year="1948">Awati and Karandikar 1948</bibRefCitation>
) are already commented on above. His proposed distribution (&quot;Esperitu Santo, Africa to Japan, New Guinea, Australia and New Caledonia. Also common in Hawaii, but not known from Polynesia&quot;) is inaccurate (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FD815B8D1566CED685BEFB103250591E" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). For instance, the only
<taxonomicName id="D75B61D7DECA0B2BFC32C493DC380FEA" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C6BEE0F1A582876FFE0EDC50044597A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in Hawaii is
<taxonomicName id="695F509E30A25A48568B301FD1FAF9D9" lsidName="P. platei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platei">
<emphasis id="819B642A6DCDB63E08A5DFF99A67A108" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. platei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for comments on
<normalizedToken id="174F2CBD72A8587316193E3FAAAA0DB9" originalValue="Solem’s">Solem's</normalizedToken>
comparison between
<taxonomicName id="3F5E1B7C9F04121AEE7500AD3D4270FF" lsidName="O. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="7F92D62A6AD4016B3FAAC209E41C266C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="481804EE8FE05E0630C075DE0D54649A" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="8A2B2D9FAC8C26A11B950057ABFCF72F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="8A136FF19B7F0C95D0193AF834F17BFB" lsidName="P. peronii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="F1D5FAEBF4AD875D3C681BA0286E2C2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. peronii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59F4BBD9F2A37FFC58C0C70D64E1097E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="4E7E817FCF8AA6A6F88A2C9E81DABDD1" author="Menon, PKB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="475 - 494" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" refId="B126" refString="Menon, PKB, Datta Gupta, AK, Das, Gupta D, 1961. On the Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Kutch. Part II-Gastropods. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 58: 475 - 494, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" title="On the Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Kutch. Part II-Gastropods." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540588" volume="58" year="1961">Menon et al. (1961</bibRefCitation>
: 493, pl. 10, fig. 84) mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A31B16E9BFD4826AA44F1B1976667492" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="143046A17B05928C7933950BD7C9EE3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Gulf of Kutch, northwestern India, which is within the distribution range of both
<taxonomicName id="47497B453F3F7A3261FEC6CECB8B00E1" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="7A134932DD9B9F662BE40747A17780C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C5FCBF5DF18C5F61EFDA5CF3C5143D4C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="AD77D2451FEA279F5F94EEA9B4C7C81D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="4460AA7112D772B08010E3A7AA646AAF" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). Our data suggest that
<taxonomicName id="B413EEC9F0FBC68BCA3EC5D022BB224F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="ED4411BF6AB4D29FCF7788330450294D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mitochondrial unit #4) is found from Pakistan (north of the Gulf of Kutch) to Mumbai (south of the Gulf of Khambhat). Also, a paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="C63BF93DAE2AFB4FAD65EE0998C3AAFC" lsidName="P. gondwanae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gondwanae">
<emphasis id="350525669DDF82E00C8079581B679A88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gondwanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mumbai (MNHN-IM-2000-33682) with intestinal loops of type V suggests that
<taxonomicName id="0F593763FF8A39CC19E85A62FE27B720" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="ABF3E794273E47D6B7D6E0C9625753D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives south of the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D9D2AABE6D6B9579BB32D012CDE6936" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="BE9F47BD7A75F521E75C1726FF1405B1" author="Marcus, Ev" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 223" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" refId="B123" refString="Marcus, Ev, Marcus, Er, 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico. Malacologia 10: 181 - 223, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" title="Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" volume="10" year="1970">Marcus and Marcus (1970</bibRefCitation>
: 213) recorded
<taxonomicName id="DDBA800CDA9C931C7DECB4AF9F976EF7" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="04B0BC1525F61F0E60B4906A93B66FFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Madagascar based on one specimen (45/20 mm) for which they reported intestinal loops of type II. Most likely, they confused types of intestinal loops (there are no documented intestinal loops of type II in
<taxonomicName id="8F3ECD1EB60668F1C99D599384D3261F" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F43560C768FB154038F0CD31E21A8863" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs). The specimen they examined likely belongs to
<taxonomicName id="9262B03B717ED349701CF2B573B5C146" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F7A9C24F02C58064B8196DE2656D6314" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #5), characterized by intestinal loops of type I, but it could also belong to
<taxonomicName id="47F1D06BB49A5D9115A3F7F031B34D88" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="06DC2A123B83E32C9169996951F9B9CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is characterized by intestinal loops of type V. Both species were recorded in Madagascar and both are characterized by a retractor muscle inserting at the end of the visceral cavity, a trait reported by
<bibRefCitation id="2E954A51D1A268D1937722E9F3B5945B" author="Marcus, Ev" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 223" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" refId="B123" refString="Marcus, Ev, Marcus, Er, 1970. Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico. Malacologia 10: 181 - 223, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" title="Some gastropods from Madagascar and west Mexico." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13147904" volume="10" year="1970">Marcus and Marcus (1970</bibRefCitation>
: 213).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60DECD24D655D4E50641C8F5EC267452" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
For the record of
<taxonomicName id="14BB836FA52569681DB880DA41169585" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="A92B8A3B9780D7F695437CD1AD3945F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the central coast of New South Wales by
<bibRefCitation id="38DBCB6B188817B5006A3E80E2DD540A" author="Smith, BJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian National University Press, Canberra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B167" refString="Smith, BJ, Kershaw, RC, 1979. Field Guide to the non-Marine Molluscs of Southeastern Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra" title="Field Guide to the non-Marine Molluscs of Southeastern Australia." year="1979">Smith and Kershaw (1979</bibRefCitation>
: 92), see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="550E2192414C75135263D528FCD059A2" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="5935707AD0F9F4E33B937ACA1BB44702" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B5FB836FD9D908D3C61435392EAC0E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Gopinadha Pillai and Appukuttan (1980: 34) listed
<taxonomicName id="64FECC8100B726F33F21ECA9759C3D1C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="0F815926509CA35264DEF6683C5E4009" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Gulf of Mannar, with no description or material. It likely refers to
<taxonomicName id="C7E22571F76B14FBC009B1ED21F5E03C" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="496ADD908DFBAC072F1B7916F4DEBB2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D04948FE1DBD5BF16D78098D24EC5A83" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="1C8372C5F6A3D6B93BA9E823060D1CDA" author="Hutchings, PA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 121" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" refId="B93" refString="Hutchings, PA, Recher, HF, 1982. The fauna of Australian mangroves. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 106: 83 - 121, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" title="The fauna of Australian mangroves." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34947634" volume="106" year="1982">Hutchings and Recher (1982</bibRefCitation>
: 119) listed
<taxonomicName id="E4D547F5631950433217BF23CA34E96F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="D4DE049A5C32B22EE8604BDD488E0824" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales, Australia. Based on our data,
<taxonomicName id="CF2B52368D10564CB3886A73E2064B72" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="132204E27FF4DDAAED11C4B0C9D13D3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) is only present in Queensland, but it cannot be excluded that it also is present in northern New South Wales (see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="0000D0E120A57DCA6E8BD17E090089D5" lsidName="P. sydneyensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
<emphasis id="30BEBF1C7D2E714C0A8D8E3107DCEF91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sydneyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Northern Territory and New South Wales host other species than
<taxonomicName id="AB7A677D6F6E1E1EEDF1E23BEFD24342" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3E47F7F0F79DC42399D564BADB77731B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="3269DFE57686981C074007D1D45599E3" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7B2739FBF56DB9BB0BE0062FF2C752B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="A4C020A1B91E06FB239A968B25CF6898" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" author="Britton, KM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B27" refString="Britton, KM, 1984. The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera. Journal of Molluscan Studies 50: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" title="The Onchidiacea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) of Hong Kong with a worldwide review of the genera." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065863" volume="50" year="1984">Britton (1984</bibRefCitation>
: 183-184, fig. 2) described
<taxonomicName id="10AFDFFBDE45092C6359F66379C52BCB" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="DA0131DA6D9FDF5B54051B549C3C9784" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hong Kong. Some of the specimens he examined clearly are
<taxonomicName id="9940BB411AE0597D0CC5CFFACC650B53" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CC9EA0470B1D327F2915DBD7C9D2DD17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slugs because he mentioned dorsal gills, and they most likely belong to
<taxonomicName id="2D7EE4F84FB6BBAA7452E3BF1D4C3E9C" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="2E7C122EFA33A924D52AD9E4A66864A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1), the only species known from the coast of China (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F224A3AF34343B7C25FB1050FAD77A52" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). However, his specimen with intestinal loops of type II (NHMUK 1982284) was misidentified because there are no intestinal loops of type II in
<taxonomicName id="3680EE9A3F893372F2ED2FD9AB645A32" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AA07DD92A25E8DC9D435595AADD8B101" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CCB7D1B81B053157855F5C077E0145E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CEFFCD7C186B87FBD6646ABEF4C59E06" author="Katagiri, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Katagiri, N, Katagiri, Y, 2007. Is Onchidiumverruculatum (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) a complex of two species? Chiribotan 38: 37-42." title="Is Onchidiumverruculatum (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) a complex of two species? Chiribotan 38: 37 - 42." year="2007">Katagiri and Katagiri (2007)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished two species (both as
<taxonomicName id="B878831E86C72985C4850387CEB40A20" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verruculatum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="26656394D31B43DCCA5C095EB4CCD4CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the waters of the Boso Peninsula (ca. 35N, near Sagami Bay, Honshu) based on external appearance and development. Most likely, those two species correspond to
<taxonomicName id="8B2027981F25CB767B5982B2148A31EE" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="958583BF3EB7E463274AB9D42FD9B826" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #1) and
<taxonomicName id="B25CAB8EB208E3E4599EBC895D06D37C" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="FA7B6B8C464543A04E11C549F8203ABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are the only two
<taxonomicName id="AC1D73A25D787991C4C5BBFCD6D8A3E2" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E40A541CB9C6A05AD970A0C5C1B3BB6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found north of 30N (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3064236F92F4D91B41C47AC3C1C49AC7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
; see remarks on
<taxonomicName id="D15B472AC035B1E57EA64B051932AA5D" lsidName="P. setoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="67E407D676E220AF136D968661CFA13F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. setoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A68AC029B7D864367364F3A5891E822" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The name
<taxonomicName id="385A6C9E02519CCC6D51D7466C8FC16E" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia verruculata" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="C416F30F2C86205FB1A2A92471BCDC52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned in ecological studies in Japan (
<bibRefCitation id="065361A3AC0A12FCB5C406D9137F8660" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" author="Nakaoka, M" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 435" refId="B133" refString="Nakaoka, M, Ito, N, Yamamoto, T, Okuda, T, Noda, T, 2006. Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance. Ecological Research 21: 425 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" title="Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0138-6" volume="21" year="2006">Nakaoka et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EC1DBA4A5E2B4BF8AC97597CEE7664D6" author="Wardiatno, Y" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Life Sciences Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="53 - 65" refId="B191" refString="Wardiatno, Y, Mardiansyah, , Prartono, T, Tsuchiya, M, 2015. Possible Food Sources of Macrozoobenthos in the Manko Mangrove Ecosystem, Okinawa (Japan): A Stable Isotope Analysis Approach. Tropical Life Sciences Research 26: 53 - 65" title="Possible Food Sources of Macrozoobenthos in the Manko Mangrove Ecosystem, Okinawa (Japan): A Stable Isotope Analysis Approach." volume="26" year="2015">Wardiatno et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) can potentially refer to any of the four
<taxonomicName id="63D42DE15A4A552E08F53EB8A1FD796D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55A08088F64A5866D05409FDBDE269E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found in Japan (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0F4D84BE58BF90CFCD1CF669867FE952" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="D0B2D8FBE689B6CF32027814B07B0D90" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="93FC9A23FA45E436AA79F83B80FBA0D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned from Mumbai and the Gulf of Khambhat, northwestern India (
<bibRefCitation id="77830CB4F61F88F256325D1C9E5F0390" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" author="Mandal, S" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Monitoring and Assessment" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="653 - 672" refId="B119" refString="Mandal, S, Harkantra, SN, 2013. Changes in the soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure from the ports of Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185: 653 - 672, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" title="Changes in the soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure from the ports of Mumbai, India." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2582-4" volume="185" year="2013">Mandal and Harkantra 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C6A6F58C7A846190BDC90EF967AC6AD4" author="Solanki, D" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Zoology Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="24 - 28" publicationUrl="https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" refId="B168" refString="Solanki, D, Kanejiya, J, Gohil, B, 2017. Studies on ecological status, nutritive values and exploitation of Peronia verruculata, Cuvier, 1830 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) from Gulf of Khambhat, India. The Journal of Zoology Studies 4: 24 - 28, https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" title="Studies on ecological status, nutritive values and exploitation of Peronia verruculata, Cuvier, 1830 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) from Gulf of Khambhat, India." url="https://www.journalofzoology.com/archives/volume4/issue3/PartA/6.1.pdf" volume="4" year="2017">Solanki et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), could refer to both
<taxonomicName id="54051EAFE1B7023300D86E669B9BF38F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BE04DED9E876EDAA2E50CE7E955B793F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unit #4) and
<taxonomicName id="99423B85456B9E8E44701DC64063AD06" lsidName="P. madagascariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="707BA688A5AC591DE47BDD37E974066A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="F859BE9110205C905AACBCB3E8031147" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="76F5F5993B6DE4799E81B2D1FC73542A" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="10D89F0DC39B1488F9CCFEED8A198497" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned from the coast of mainland China (
<bibRefCitation id="0DF6E4EC1CC18CFE493BA294135C5820" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 70" refId="B177" refString="Sun, B, Chen, C, Shen, H, Zhang, K, Zhou, N, Qian, J, 2014. Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data. Molluscan Research 34: 62 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="66C484F94622BB80D67246F94313BAA6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.1003916" author="Sun, BN" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3075 - 3077" refId="B178" refString="Sun, BN, Wei, LL, Shen, HD, Wu, HX, Wang, DF, 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of euthyneuran gastropods from sea to land mainly based on comparative mitogenomic of four species of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Mitochondrial DNA 27 (5): 3075 - 3077, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.1003916" title="Phylogenetic analysis of euthyneuran gastropods from sea to land mainly based on comparative mitogenomic of four species of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)." url="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.1003916" volume="27" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EAE1B7EF039EEEF78863DB344109153C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" author="Liu, C" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="753 - 754" refId="B117" refString="Liu, C, Wei, L, Shen, HD, Zhu, HC, Zhou, N, 2015. Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae). Mitochondrial DNA 26: 753 - 754, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" title="Complete mitochondrial genome of Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.850679" volume="26" year="2015">Liu et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7AEE0EE11295CF798C0D094B43997960" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" author="Xu, G" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B197" refString="Xu, G, Yang, T, Wang, D, Li, J, Liu, X, Wu, X, Shen, H, 2018. A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0196252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" title="A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e 0196252." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196252" year="2018">Xu et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
) refers to the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="D692C88CD55F98C737DDAB8B66FD198D" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="5FC9A52861C7EA955D9414305C6E3806" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="4EC0953E681E6160B399B2AE2E6F8F80" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="6ACD0673CEF523124C6C26EB8D415A3B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="AE6EF441DCC6CFC6F805F0733ED35BCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned from the Andaman Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="45E2BF675B7EE6C5AD7A8505127811C2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" author="Santhosh Kumar, C" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="433 - 441" refId="B156" refString="Santhosh Kumar, C, Mishra, JK, Pravin Kumar, N, 2016. Diversity and distribution of tide pool ornamental fishes along the Andaman coast (Andaman Sea), India. Marine Biodiversity 46: 433 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" title="Diversity and distribution of tide pool ornamental fishes along the Andaman coast (Andaman Sea), India." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0385-x" volume="46" year="2016">Santhosh Kumar et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) could refer to more than one mitochondrial unit of
<taxonomicName id="A98006B71F20C42D8CCB82E2BD6DBC4B" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="BDC2874563C6F09AF83C57EB0D4F08D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="91A048D68525A554188CE161534FE9D0" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="7BFA58C4BEBAC8662B1F07D439161FC7" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8F3ED3A45D8872A13A2451ECDFED3556" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. mentioned from Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation id="7A91CAAAA4D4BE6CB1EB424005F2102E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" author="Zvonareva, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 437" refId="B198" refString="Zvonareva, S, Kantor, Y, 2016. Checklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 4162: 401 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" title="Checklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1" volume="4162" year="2016">Zvonareva and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 432, fig. 9D) most likely refers to the mitochondrial unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="C4E28B34119E1DEF20364DB982DAF812" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="73331892D354C76A7C84CEF80A1EBB82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C48BABBBAC4F5DA2DFB76EE1AC37BAB8" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the Peronia species A distribution of all Peronia species except for P. peronii B distribution of P. peronii. The colors are the same as those used in Figs 2 - 5. Colored areas correspond to hypothetical geographical ranges based on confirmed records only. Distinct colors are used for each unit of P. verruculata. The distribution of P. verruculata in the Indo-West Pacific is actually continuous. However, because it is unclear which units are present in regions from where we have no fresh material of P. verruculata (red areas), no unit of P. verruculata is shown there. For P. peronii, black dots correspond to material identified based on anatomical characters and blue dots correspond to material with DNA sequences. Details on species distribution can be found in each species description." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5E8779A994F00F6C3F3BE765DBD0253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="64BAAEB8BF8F71B2F0A63C2C7D991782" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
reported two
<taxonomicName id="E592CBB0BA187DAFC60E2531F60EC9A1" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0882094349CD3F9B59807949EEA459EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
least-inclusive units in Singapore based on COI sequences, which correspond to our mitochondrial units #1 (their &quot;
<taxonomicName id="874E63FCBBF3A1B93BEE82495FE64077" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="32A8F3BA0B9DF90336FC06591B8CE872" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2 clade&quot;) and #3 (their &quot;Singapore clade&quot;): two of their COI sequences were included in our mitochondrial analyses (Table
<tableCitation id="CBCEA5534C4BA951DE3A38D74763D639" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. DNA extraction numbers and GenBank accession numbers for all the specimens included in the present study. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates the holotype. Sequences marked with an asterisk (*) are from our former publications (Dayrat et al. 2011, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 a, b, c, d; Dayrat and Goulding 2017; Goulding et al. 2018 a, b, c). In addition, 11 COI sequences also marked with an asterisk (*) were obtained from GenBank (GB) and BOLD: four sequences from China (Sun et al. 2014), two from Singapore (Chang et al. 2018), two from Japan (Takagi et al. 2019), one from the Persian Gulf (unpublished), one from Gujarat, western India (unpublished), and one from Iran (Maniei et al. 2020 a). Abbreviations: Australian Museum, Sydney (AM); Bombay Natural History Society, India (BNHS); Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (BPBM); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (CASIZ); Institute of Tropical Biology, Zoology Collection, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (ITBZC); Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (MTQ); Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHMUK); KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (NMSA); National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan (NSMT); Museum and Art Gallery Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (NTM); National Museum of the Philippines, Manila (PNM); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (UF); Universitas Malikussaleh, North Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia (UMIZ); Universiti Sains Malaysia Mollusc Collection, Penang, Malaysia (USMMC); Zoological Reference Collection, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore (ZRC)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9">2</tableCitation>
and Fig.
<figureCitation id="5CF9DCBDC3A8B21296D0EC4345D40625" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="E746C3133C45C198DC9D9FD2A893D949" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" author="Chang, JJM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Chang, JJM, Tay, YC, Ang, HP, Tun, KPP, Chou, LM, Meier, R, Huang, D, 2018. Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex. Contributions to Zoology 87: 149 - 165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" title="Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002" volume="87" year="2018">Chang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
also reported some anatomical differences between those two units, mostly because they only examined individuals from Singapore. The variation in the number of dorsal eyes per dorsal papilla is not different between both units: for instance, up to eight dorsal eyes per papilla are present in our individual [2987] from Lombok. The diameter measurements of the conical base of the spine of the accessory penial gland overlap: they reported 113-181
<normalizedToken id="C3BC7FA1BCD8B2A4E172EF684A4174C6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #1 and 187-267
<normalizedToken id="AB6BCEF5B1420C15315FD5249396A9B8" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #3, but ranges of 100-270
<normalizedToken id="5DEBC547FD70ADA120D9E23475CEA267" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #1 and 200-270
<normalizedToken id="AE976D5A8B1AE808EF03D49C89BC8E05" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #3 were observed here (Table
<tableCitation id="FCABDC0F59A998CE37E5085613249C40" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
). Finally, the ranges in diameter at the tip of the spine also overlap between both units: 35-50
<normalizedToken id="B732C2E9B5CE50EEB7AE1C3F2FC2085E" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #1 and 40-80
<normalizedToken id="40E466DE8522742EE4297692FF63993C" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in unit #3 (Table
<tableCitation id="F8D90E3BB6C9A2F1DF8F8EC1C5A6B701" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Summary of traits that can help identify Peronia species, based exclusively on specimens examined for the present revision. Species are arranged in a phylogenetic order (Figs 2 - 4). Traits are described in detail in species descriptions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="8BDBED7FCCE9A8E1C67A716B088DDD7D">4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19CF8A97A06E085F0D8910645D8F8A47" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Two specimens from Mozambique ([730] NHMUK 20080190, and [733] NHMUK 20060257), tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="B220A5F5BA3C12D952DC28E136BAB06E" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B79B5D94E84A4C0FE1830C233A5A8841" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 4 and sp. 5 respectively by
<bibRefCitation id="36D8104A74BC2D8792EE806D9CABAC47" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. (2011</bibRefCitation>
: 428), belong to the unit #5 of
<taxonomicName id="7F11DE5487D54481E52D2D2FC39D4E57" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="178DD1DC3C98EE961385053AA7F91F2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="623793331B694F6DC4573A0B42FAEE8F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). The specimens [731] (NHMUK 20050628) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, and [712] (UF 368518) from Cebu, Philippines, referred to as
<taxonomicName id="7D6071B7BDBBDE3040C52F12F0EC4938" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BA0AC348F8DF3D59BC9C7483CFABB04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 6 and
<taxonomicName id="8E202B0F143A23AD79F5D9BD4848F17E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3462C63842B62CCCD5F5CB97A5D0376" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scaphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. respectively by
<bibRefCitation id="A3BA45F865D514397F9C53AD630C71C2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" author="Dayrat, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="425 - 437" refId="B50" refString="Dayrat, B, Conrad, M, Balayan, S, White, TR, Albrecht, C, Golding, R, Gomes, S, Harasewych, MG, Frias Martins, AM de, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425 - 437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" title="Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014" volume="59" year="2011">Dayrat et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, belong to the unit #1 of
<taxonomicName id="9F159BAC7748A1124B699C22D1405CD5" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="14C6D7567C119D05A79859D87A4C1238" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E5DDE9AEA7A981B51C73B49B8CCF8E43" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships between Peronia species based on concatenated mitochondrial COI and 16 S DNA sequences. Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (maximum likelihood analysis) and the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis). Only the values&gt; 50 % (ML) and&gt; 0.9 (Bayesian) are indicated. Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 2. The color used for each species or mitochondrial unit is the same as the color used in Figs 3 - 6." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.972.52853.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/458300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="763809F8B2868DA5CF7684830ECA5F2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A few COI sequences available in GenBank are not included in our analyses because they do not add any information regarding the species distribution.
<bibRefCitation id="A0C4E68DF11FDB8E4B6C56E7FCBBEC69" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105504" author="Ran, K" journalOrPublisher="Published by the author, Palermo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B150" refString="Ran, K, Li, Q, Qi, L, Li, W, Kong, L, 2020. DNA barcoding for identification of marine gastropod species from Hainan island, China. Fisheries Research 225: 105504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105504" title="DNA barcoding for identification of marine gastropod species from Hainan island, China. Fisheries Research 225: 105504." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105504" year="2020">Ran et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
published four COI
<taxonomicName id="8A8E965D156B0FEA0FB98818BB7E6EE8" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B3C0BE0C2F6469F93D43A4A3A547047A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequences from Hainan, China (MN389204 to MN389207), which all cluster within
<taxonomicName id="0BA62760BA9D41D8EA1692C5B2BEC0EB" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="D1AE87E86DCEA315F9C9F2B1BB0A5112" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unit #1. Two unpublished sequences (MN690327 and MN690328) from Singapore (uploaded in November 2019 by Ip and colleagues) cluster within
<taxonomicName id="D3624EA3EC2091E8CD607AB46B3FE81F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="1777D03147278B27C74705D49B3EDF4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
units #1 and #3. A COI sequence (MK993397) from Bangka, Indonesia, identified as
<taxonomicName id="AF44B90DFEE4719A289D07015741BB16" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F54E2F79773999F8F3D9CE43CECD335E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 7 by
<bibRefCitation id="7BA50C85A55D14D63CDE1CA88D898ED1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al. (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
and as
<taxonomicName id="C8BA31336CD67EBB2C56E93E290FE26F" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F9468E21E0DFB01F99409178748BE894" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="249CFCF0A6CEC745156FF4340EDBD88A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="Maniei, F, Moghaddam, JA, Cruesemann, M, Beemelmanns, C, Koenig, GM, Waegele, H, 2020b. From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" title="From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Scientific Reports 10: 13048." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8" year="2020 b">Maniei et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
, cluster within
<taxonomicName id="BCB88072F0EAEC9D7024EBFDE3B35C31" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="3CD0A060562C87568CC7AEF507358CF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unit #1. Note that the GenBank accession numbers for COI and 16S of that Bangka Island individual are switched in
<bibRefCitation id="F3B69CEDF9B370A20F809BA9F7F79B19" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" author="Maniei, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="501 - 531" refId="B120" refString="Maniei, F, Espeland, M, Movahedi, M, Waegele, H, 2020a. Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501 - 531, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" title="Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5" volume="4758" year="2020 a">Maniei et al.'s (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
Table
<tableCitation id="C95C58E8369729C5C5E90BFEFD9AE2C4" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. DNA extraction numbers and GenBank accession numbers for all the specimens included in the present study. The letter H next to an extraction number indicates the holotype. Sequences marked with an asterisk (*) are from our former publications (Dayrat et al. 2011, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 a, b, c, d; Dayrat and Goulding 2017; Goulding et al. 2018 a, b, c). In addition, 11 COI sequences also marked with an asterisk (*) were obtained from GenBank (GB) and BOLD: four sequences from China (Sun et al. 2014), two from Singapore (Chang et al. 2018), two from Japan (Takagi et al. 2019), one from the Persian Gulf (unpublished), one from Gujarat, western India (unpublished), and one from Iran (Maniei et al. 2020 a). Abbreviations: Australian Museum, Sydney (AM); Bombay Natural History Society, India (BNHS); Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (BPBM); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (CASIZ); Institute of Tropical Biology, Zoology Collection, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (ITBZC); Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (MTQ); Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHMUK); KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (NMSA); National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan (NSMT); Museum and Art Gallery Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (NTM); National Museum of the Philippines, Manila (PNM); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (UF); Universitas Malikussaleh, North Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia (UMIZ); Universiti Sains Malaysia Mollusc Collection, Penang, Malaysia (USMMC); Zoological Reference Collection, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore (ZRC)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="7A3AB6C73A783A7724A00DDFB86590A9">2</tableCitation>
. Finally, a sequence (EF489391) from Queensland, Australia, identified as
<taxonomicName id="26974BB733139F764C2C58F368C0FD63" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium verrucosum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verrucosum">
<emphasis id="7C99F833268B96691F886B4F3927737D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Onchidium verrucosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a spelling mistake for
<taxonomicName id="E7C86E2BBBBF9B17B3071C5554AC4C9D" lsidName="O. verruculatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculatum">
<emphasis id="F85DFE775493847F3FFBD6ED8B1215EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. verruculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="5551C40C1035D900A238716E76631D2E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-57" author="Klussmann-Kolb, A" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 57" refId="B105" refString="Klussmann-Kolb, A, Dinapoli, A, Kuhn, K, Streit, B, Albrecht, C, 2008. From sea to land and beyond--new insights into the evolution of euthyneuran Gastropoda (Mollusca). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 1 - 57, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-57" title="From sea to land and beyond- - new insights into the evolution of euthyneuran Gastropoda (Mollusca)." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-57" volume="8" year="2008">Klussmann-Kolb et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, cluster within
<taxonomicName id="CBB25FA73B525DA8FB27059000994802" lsidName="P. verruculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verruculata">
<emphasis id="F4EE98EEEA8555378D07F471014004D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verruculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unit #1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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