293 lines
24 KiB
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293 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.21006" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db2b34dd-1fc5-475f-ab91-5dbf781c1bfd" ID-PMC="PMC5769718" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-725-97" ID-PubMed="29362542" ID-ZBK="E47535C121CF417CA212F6E819080565" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-725-97" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 725" ModsDocTitle="Three new species and the molecular phylogeny of Antipathozoanthus from the Indo-Pacific Ocean (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia)" checkinTime="1514573056097" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kise, Hiroki, Fujii, Takuma, Masucci, Giovanni Diego, Biondi, Piera & Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2017" docId="FCE60DDD471B3076F7A48EB530BF2A4C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 725: 97-122" docOrigin="ZooKeys 725" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.21006" docTitle="Antipathozoanthus obscurus Kise, Fujii, Masucci, Biondi & Reimer, 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="2CE5BEAD-1772-4CB6-A7DA-EEA2FB480F87" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="FF959179FFE5A302A453C312FF99FFA7" masterDocTitle="Three new species and the molecular phylogeny of Antipathozoanthus from the Indo-Pacific Ocean (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia)" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="97" pageNumber="99" updateTime="1668165260119" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Three new species and the molecular phylogeny of Antipathozoanthus from the Indo-Pacific Ocean (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kise, Hiroki</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Masucci, Giovanni Diego</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Biondi, Piera</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>725</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>97</mods:start>
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<mods:end>122</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.21006</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.21006</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-725-97</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">E47535C121CF417CA212F6E819080565</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E47535C121CF417CA212F6E819080565</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="139458201" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2CE5BEAD-1772-4CB6-A7DA-EEA2FB480F87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FCE60DDD471B3076F7A48EB530BF2A4C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="2" pageNumber="99">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/2CE5BEAD-1772-4CB6-A7DA-EEA2FB480F87" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="99">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Fig. 2a, b
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="99" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="99" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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sp. 3 sensu
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, J D" editor="Motokawa, M" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" title="Springer Japan, Tokyo" url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_14" year="2017">Reimer and Fujii 2017</bibRefCitation>
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, 394, fig. 14.4e.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="2" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="99">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="99">
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Holotype: NSMT-Co1602 (MISE-BISE1), collected from the wall of a shallow cave in a coral reef. Preserved polyps are approximately 3.0-4.5 mm in diameter, and approximately 3.0-8.0 mm in height from the coenenchyme. Approximately 15-20 polyps connected by a stolon form a mesh network, with additional solitary polyps close by (n = 6). Polyps and coenenchyme are heavily encrusted by various fine sand particles. External color light orange when alive, light beige when fixed. Collected from Cape Bise, Motobu, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.709557">26°42'34.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.88033">127°52'49.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 5 m by James Davis Reimer (JDR), 14 August 2014.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="2" pageNumber="99">
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Paratypes: RUMF-ZG-4390 (MISE-JDR190), collected from Al Wajh Shaybarah, Saudi Arabia, (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="25.35">25°21'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="36.9">36°54'E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by JDR, 3 October 2013; RUMF-ZG-4391 (MISE-JDR191), collected from Al Wajh Shaybarah, Saudi Arabia, (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="25.35">25°21'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="36.9">36°54'E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by JDR, 3 October 2013; RUMF-ZG-4392
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="100" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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MISE-JDR192), collected from Al Wajh Shaybarah, Saudi Arabia, (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="25.35">25°21'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="36.9">36°54'E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by JDR, 3 October 2013; RUMF-ZG-4393 (MISE-JDR279), collected from Shib Nazar, Saudi Arabia, (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.316668">22°19'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="38.85">38°51'E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by JDR, 3 October 2013; RUMF-ZG-4394 (MISE-KU1), collected from Kume-jima Island, Okinawa, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.320835">26°19'15.0"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="126.75592">126°45'21.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 15 m by Takuma Fujii (TF), 20 November 2009; RUMF-ZG-4395 (MISE-TF54), collected from Cape Zanpa, Yomitan, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.440693">26°26'26.5"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.712135">127°42'43.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by TF, 6 April 2009, divided into two pieces, one portion fixed in 99.5% ethanol, and other in 5-10% saltwater formalin; RUMF-ZG-4396 (MISE-TF78), collected from Cape Manza, Onna, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.505083">26°30'18.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.85064">127°51'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 5 m by TF, 2 October 2009, divided into two pieces, one portion fixed in 99.5% ethanol, and other in 5-10% saltwater formalin; RMNH.Coel.42320 (MISE-TF148), collected from Cape Manza, Onna, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.505083">26°30'18.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.85064">127°51'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 10 m by TF, 22 October 2012.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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Other materials examined: MISE-BISE3, collected from Cape Bise, Motobu, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.709557">26°42'34.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.88033">127°52'49.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 5 m by JDR, 14 August 2014.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="100" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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External morphology: Open oral disks are approximately 5-10 mm in diameter, and polyps approximately 5-10 mm in height when open (Fig. 2). Polyps of a single colony are usually connected by a stolon forming a mesh-like network.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. has approximately 26-32 bright brown and/or orange tentacles that are as long as or longer than oral disk diameter. Polyps and coenenchyme have a heavily encrusted ectoderm including numerous various sand particles (usually 1 to 8 mm in size). Capitular ridges (= number of complete mesenteries) are slightly visible on tops (= capitulum) of closed polyps.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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Figure 2. Polyp images of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. remengesaui" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="remengesaui">A. remengesaui</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cavernus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="cavernus">A. cavernus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in situ. a
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.. NSMT-Co1602 (MISE-BISE1), Collected from Cape Bise, Motobu, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.709557">26°42'34.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.88033">127°52'49.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 5 m by JDR, 14 August 2014. b
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., closed polyp with heavy encrustion by various fine sand particles. MISE-TF54, collected from Cape Zanpa, Yomitan, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.440693">26°26'26.5"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.712135">127°42'43.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 3 m by TF, 6 April 2009. c
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. remengesaui" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="remengesaui">A. remengesaui</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., colony connected by poorly developed coenenchyme with white polyps on
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathes" order="Antipatharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathes</taxonomicName>
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sp. NSMT-Co1603 (MISE-PALAU2) collected from Blue Hole, Palau (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.1415">7°8'29.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="134.22313">134°13'23.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 23 m by JDR, 15 September 2014 d
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cavernus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="cavernus">A. cavernus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., polyp connected by highly developed coenenchyme with orange ring around oral disk. RMNH.Coel.42322 (MISE-PALAU5) collected from Siaes Tunnel, Palau (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.3152223">7°18'54.8"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="134.22035">134°13'13.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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) at a depth of 39 m by JDR, 1 September 2014.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">Internal morphology: Azooxanthellate. Fine sand particles and silica heavily encrusted into ectoderm and mesoglea. We could not obtain cross-sections or images to observe internal morphology such as mesenterial arrangement, marginal muscle or siphonoglyph due to heavy sand and silica encrustation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">Cnidae: Holotrichs (large), basitrichs and microbasic p-mastigophores (usually difficult to distinguish), spirocysts (Fig. 3; Table 2).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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Figure 3. Cnidae in the tentacles, column, pharynx, and filament of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. remengesaui" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="remengesaui">A. remengesaui</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cavernus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="cavernus">A. cavernus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., respectively. Abbreviations: (HL) holotrich large, (HM) holotrich medium, (O) bastrichs or mastigophores, (S) spriocysts.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="7AE1F8A6666AF50F9EEF1062648E1547" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7AE1F8A6666AF50F9EEF1062648E1547" pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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Table 2. Cnidae types and sizes observed in three new
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species. Frequency: relative abundance of cnidae type in decreasing order; numerous, common, occasional, rare (n = number of cnidae).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<table pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<th colspan="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</th>
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<th colspan="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. remengesaui" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="remengesaui">A. remengesaui</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</th>
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<th colspan="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cavernus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="cavernus">A. cavernus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Length (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Width (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">n</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Length (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Width (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">n</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Length (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Width (min-max, average)</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">n</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="100" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">Habitat and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is found in low-light environments such as within crevasses of reef slopes and reef floors, and coral reef caves. Specimens were found from 3 to 15 m. This species has been found from the Red Sea and Okinawa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is easily distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species, including the two other new species in this study, which all have associations with antipatharians.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is not associated with antipatharians and instead is found on coral reef carbonate substrate within caves or cracks. Additionally, the cnidome of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is different from all other known
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species, including the other new species in this study, as there are no medium holotrichs in any tissue of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="3" pageNumber="100" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., and instead only large holotrichs are found in all tissues.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="101" start="start">Although</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is not associated with antipatharians, phylogenetic data indicate that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is very closely related to other
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Antipathozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species associated with antipatharians, with identical COI and 16S-rDNA sequences to those of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. macaronesicus" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species" species="macaronesicus">A. macaronesicus</taxonomicName>
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(EU591618).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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The samples of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in the present study contain two morphotypes; one with bright brown tentacles that are longer than the oral disk (MISE-TF54); and the other morphotype with orange tentacles that are only as long as the oral disk (MISE-BISE1, MISE-BISE3, MISE-JDR190, MISE-JDR191, MISE-JDR192, MISE-JDR279, MISE-KU1, MISE-TF78, MISE-TF148). However, the sequences of all specimens formed a monophyletic clade and therefore we have described
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in this study as containing two morphotypes. Genetic vari
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="102" start="start">ation</pageBreakToken>
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in all three genetic markers in the samples of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. was observed, and the possibility remains that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. may contain cryptic species. Thus, we have excluded specimen MISE-BISE3 from the type series, although it was tentatively identified as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. obscurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="obscurus">A. obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Further specimens and fine-scale genetic analyses are required to better understand if there is any cryptic diversity within this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="102" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Antipathozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antipathozoanthus obscurus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obscurus">Antipathozoanthus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is named from the Latin "obscura" meaning "dark", as this species can be found in dark environments.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="102" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Tsuno-nashi-sunaginchaku (new Japanese name).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |