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<document id="CE871B7BBDBEFE8F49DB9C99E962DE08" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.10793341" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10793341" ID-ZooBank="401927DA-66D9-47A1-AE68-965210824713" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1709733394474" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Paulsen, M. J." docDate="2024" docId="FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2024.1033.1-11.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2024 (33)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.4:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Lichnanthe bruneri Paulsen, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="0714FFA5FFF3FFF5C445FF9EFFF6FFA0" masterDocTitle="Two new species of bumblebee scarabs (Coleoptera: Glaphyridae: Lichnanthe Burmeister) from the central United States; a new discovery in Wyoming resolves a century-old puzzle from the Nebraska Sand Hills" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1709812037878" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
<mods:mods id="FFA35BFB649BECF38D82B29C6FFF41F1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="527664D2A20FE2DE793FA5E500A98D36">
<mods:title id="D131696CF0D8D4AB749A72EE785EB326">Two new species of bumblebee scarabs (Coleoptera: Glaphyridae: Lichnanthe Burmeister) from the central United States; a new discovery in Wyoming resolves a century-old puzzle from the Nebraska Sand Hills</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F023A804EF5946577C4F198B2B29BDBE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CF3DF60E966CDD12AB49E83E11205883">
<mods:roleTerm id="0DF120F1D75A4E435ACCA226D1794A3A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0F9F11035E0458AB1A31F54FE7FB6AD2">Paulsen, M. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5525864004959F8EA8D7F453B53341F7">Systematic Research Collections, University of Nebraska State Museum, 307 Morrill Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 - 0338</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="DE4D17471E4793110F29EB86261CC231">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5AFE92614E4BE5FE1CAF358F6B5677D9">
<mods:title id="7356679122BBA90DBCB14C7B962052E6">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FA695BDF9E52513CF33A40232FD2C611">
<mods:date id="A7759F9180C0513C9E7645241C5240A1">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1C29E2AE6FBF3A8F75704DD135481B63" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="474A8DD9446EDBD230668F9E4E92F64F">2024-03-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="264DAF40855D3A95884222EBF0B495FE" type="volume">
<mods:number id="80D9677EB5068914165D2CA5DC48BE01">2024</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="D780838C84E01B925FE8B67B15985C4A" type="issue">
<mods:number id="E526BA172D3E6C26A2A777A12BDBD952">33</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="E43E9FD9218DD62754344FA2311CFD2A">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="186B957610F0606E3B47E430586A969F">11</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="925F70018E3907C78C32ADEAE3AD8736">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="552C200E0ADBA5DA91542DECC4509AB9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.10793341</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="473FA89C462AAE4D1C07370C5E684212" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="45E21F199548BAA9E51A6ACA46B4983C" type="Zenodo-Dep">10793341</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E8800E9ADB7FF1158CB4939FF0D2CD2F" type="ZooBank">401927DA-66D9-47A1-AE68-965210824713</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10793243" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFFAFFFCC485FCB5FD97FCCA" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFFAFFFCC485FCB5FD37FCE8" blockId="9.[192,705,811,874]" box="[192,705,811,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="287381A7FFFAFFFCC485FCB5FD37FCE8" box="[192,705,811,840]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="2">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC485FCB5FD37FCE8" bold="true" box="[192,705,811,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC485FCB5FDD6FCE8" authority="Paulsen" authorityName="Paulsen" box="[192,544,811,840]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC485FCB5FE45FCE8" bold="true" box="[192,435,811,840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichnanthe bruneri</emphasis>
Paulsen
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AC357A2FFFAFFFCC669FCB2FD37FCE8" box="[556,705,811,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFFAFFFCC485FCCEFD97FCCA" blockId="9.[192,705,811,874]" box="[192,609,848,874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Bruner’s bee scarab;
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC5E1FCCEFDABFCCA" box="[420,605,848,874]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8, 10, 12–13</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFFAFFFCC485FCE4FB0CFC79" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFFAFFFCC485FCE4FB0CFC79" blockId="9.[192,1440,890,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC485FCE4FE9FFC34" bold="true" box="[192,361,890,916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C3EC3C96FFFAFFFCC535FCE4FC68FC79" determinerName="Det. Dawson" location="State Museum" municipality="Dismal River" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Nebraska" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="AC3F8869FFFAFFFCC535FCE4FE2EFC34" box="[368,472,890,916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC666FCE4FD84FC34" box="[547,626,890,916]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) labeled (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC69AFCE4FCD9FC34" box="[735,815,890,916]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
): a) “
<collectingMunicipality id="935FACB1FFFAFFFCC72FFCE4FC08FC34" box="[874,1022,890,916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Dismal River</collectingMunicipality>
/ Neb. July”; b) handwritten “
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC108FCE4FF0DFC16" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Amphicoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC108FCE4FF0DFC16" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Amphicoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC554FC02FE93FC16" authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1827" box="[273,357,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Amphicoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpina">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC554FC02FE93FC16" box="[273,357,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Hentz /
<specimenCount id="6582FD42FFFAFFFCC591FC00FE1FFC1A" box="[468,489,926,954]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<determinerName id="86E7DA0FFFFAFFFCC5AAFC03FD74FC16" box="[495,642,924,951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Det. Dawson</determinerName>
”; c) on orange paper, “
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC73BFC02FC0FFC16" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1844" box="[894,1017,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC73BFC02FC0FFC16" box="[894,1017,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichnanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC04BFC02FB96FC16" box="[1038,1120,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC04BFC02FB96FC16" box="[1038,1120,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">bruneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<specimenCount id="6582FD42FFFAFFFCC022FC00FB8AFC1A" box="[1127,1148,926,954]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
/ Paulsen /
<typeStatus id="AC3F8869FFFAFFFCC0BBFC02FA65FC16" box="[1278,1427,924,950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
”; c) “U of
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFFAFFFCC55BFC20FE71FC78" box="[286,391,958,984]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
/
<location id="765B6010FFFAFFFCC5D8FC21FDCAFC79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46:765B6010FFFAFFFCC5D8FC21FDCAFC79" box="[413,572,959,985]" municipality="Dismal River" name="State Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" stateProvince="Nebraska">State Museum</location>
/ entomology / UNSMe / 9455”
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="C3EC3C96FFFAFFFCC7EDFC20FB00FC79" box="[936,1270,958,985]" collectionCode="UNSM" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="AC3F8869FFFAFFFCC7EDFC20FBE6FC78" box="[936,1040,958,984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
deposited at
<collectionCode id="1595AE0EFFFAFFFCC0E1FC21FB00FC79" box="[1188,1270,959,985]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">UNSM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFFAFFFCC485FC76FAE6F8B7" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFFAFFFCC485FC76FAE6F8B7" blockId="9.[191,1441,1000,1816]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC485FC76FEA4FBA2" bold="true" box="[192,338,1000,1026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Description.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="AC3F8869FFFAFFFCC51CFC77FE37FBA3" box="[345,449,1001,1027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC64AFC77FD96FBA3" box="[527,608,1001,1027]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC633FC77FD26FBA3" bold="true" box="[630,720,1001,1027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Length:</emphasis>
15.0 mm.
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC70FFC76FC6AFBA2" bold="true" box="[842,924,1000,1026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Width:</emphasis>
<quantity id="B47C9B2EFFFAFFFCC7E6FC77FC0CFBA3" box="[931,1018,1001,1028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
at elytral humeri.
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC089FC76FAEEFBA2" bold="true" box="[1228,1304,1000,1026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Color:</emphasis>
Integument of head and thorax piceous, nearly black, body densely clothed with long, fine, pale yellowish white setae. Pronotum, clypeus and scutellum with bronze metallic reflection. Antennal clubs and 3 distal abdominal segments orange-brown, remainder of abdomen and legs brown to light reddish brown. Antennal funicle (antennomeres 2–7) light brown ventrally, gradually becoming dark brown dorsally; elytral surface testaceous, macroscopically appearing unicolorous, setose; setae mostly testaceous but with some dark brown setae at base and on disc; setae fine, sparse, never forming spots or clumps. Elytral humeri lacking dark humeral spot.
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC0CCFB29FB39FB71" bold="true" box="[1161,1231,1207,1233]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Head:</emphasis>
Mandibles square, strongly angulate externally and truncate apically from above (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC7D1FB47FC2FFB53" box="[916,985,1241,1267]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Labrum deeply emarginate anteriorly, punctate, setose; setae moderate to long. Maxilla with terminal palpomere subparallel, width less than 1/2 length, apical sensory area wider than base of same palpomere. Clypeus widest at middle, longer than wide, lateral margins elevated anteriorly; clypeal surface rugose, densely punctate and setose; setae long. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct but with raised bump medially. Frons with long, hair-like setae (&gt;1/2 length of antennal club); setae recumbent. Ocular canthi punctate, setose; setae shorter than on frons. Antennal club elongate, distinctly 2× longer than scape (antennomere 1).
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC610FA39FD46FA61" bold="true" box="[597,688,1447,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Thorax:</emphasis>
Pronotum convex but impressed in apical half along midline; marginal bead entire, including near scutellum; pronotal disc densely punctate, densely setose with long, fine setae; posterolateral angles with small, smooth impunctate areas. Scutellum densely setose, punctate. Elytra contiguous along median suture for about 1/2 distance from scutellum to elytral apices, elytra gradually but distinctly dehiscent apically, sutural angle not produced, simply rounded, elytral apices broad.
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC06EF9AEFB91F9EA" bold="true" box="[1067,1127,1584,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Legs:</emphasis>
Secondary tooth of protibia large, strongly developed. First protarsomere subequal in length to next 2 collectively. Tarsal claws on all legs lacking basal tooth. Terminal oblique carina on mesotibia almost obsolete, corbels indistinct. Apex of meso- and metatibiae as in preceding species; metatibial spurs more or less equal; dorsal channel for tarsi strongly developed.
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC546F926FE88F972" bold="true" box="[259,382,1720,1746]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Genitalia not demonstrably distinct from those of other species studied, however the parameral suture is straight in this species and the parameres nearly contiguous (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC78FF945FBEFF955" box="[970,1049,1755,1781]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
), while in all males of
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC156F942FA99F955" box="[1299,1391,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brusti">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC156F942FA99F955" box="[1299,1391,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">L. brusti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dissected the parameres are sinuous along the suture and distinctly separated near the apices (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC0F6F963FAF4F8B7" box="[1203,1282,1789,1815]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFFAFFFFC485F8B6FE90FEC5" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFFAFFFFC485F8B6FE90FEC5" blockId="9.[192,1440,1831,1927]" lastBlockId="10.[192,1441,230,357]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC485F8B6FED9F8E2" bold="true" box="[192,303,1832,1858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC603F8B6FD57F8E1" box="[582,673,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brusti">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC603F8B6FD57F8E1" box="[582,673,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">L. brusti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in overall coloration and the presence of square mandibles, a character unique to these two taxa within
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC60EF8D4FD30F8C4" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1844" box="[587,710,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC60EF8D4FD30F8C4" box="[587,710,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichnanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the remaining taxa have oval, externally rounded mandibles as in
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFFAFFFCC499F8F3FEA5F826" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[220,339,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rathvoni">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFFAFFFCC499F8F3FEA5F826" box="[220,339,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">L. rathvoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFFAFFFCC51AF8F2FE68F826" box="[351,414,1900,1926]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). However, I do not consider these two taxa to be conspecific due to the differences discussed in the descriptions. The most striking difference is the long, dense, hair-like setae of the head of
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC0B2FF79FA90FEA0" box="[1271,1382,230,256]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC0B2FF79FA90FEA0" box="[1271,1382,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">L. bruneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFF9FFFFC130FF78FF39FE81" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), given that over 100 examples of
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC60EFE96FD51FE81" box="[587,679,263,289]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brusti">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC60EFE96FD51FE81" box="[587,679,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">L. brusti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all had shorter, spikier, and much less dense setae (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFF9FFFFC0A0FE99FAD1FE81" box="[1253,1319,263,289]" captionStart="Figures 7–13" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-78@7.[219,1413,229,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 7–13. Comparative images of Lichnanthe spp. 7–9) Heads of Lichnanthe spp. 7) Lichnanthe brustiPaulsen, new species. 8) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species. 9) L. rathvoni (LeConte), showing oval mandibles. 10) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, habitus. 11–12) Paramera of male genitalia, distal view. 11) L. brusti. 12) L. bruneri. 13) L. bruneri Paulsen, new species, holotype male, labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793347/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). This species has uniformly testaceous elytra, whereas the elytra in
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC715FEB4FC5BFEE3" box="[848,941,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brusti">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC715FEB4FC5BFEE3" box="[848,941,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">L. brusti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear longitudinally striped and have dark humeral spots.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFF9FFFFC485FEEAFC34FE53" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC485FEEAFC34FE53" blockId="10.[192,1441,372,499]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC485FEEAFEB2FE2E" bold="true" box="[192,324,372,398]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Etymology.</emphasis>
Bruner’s bee scarab is named for Lawrence Bruner, University of
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC074FEEAFB6CFE2E" box="[1073,1178,372,398]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
professor considered a pioneer of
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC57CFE08FE54FE10" box="[313,418,406,432]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
entomology, and collector of the single known specimen in 1889. Although
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC0A9FE08FA90FE10" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1844" box="[1260,1382,406,432]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC0A9FE08FA90FE10" box="[1260,1382,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lichnanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been called bumblebee scarabs, most appear to be mimicking halictids, anthophorines, and andrenids (D.C. Hawks, pers. comm.), so the common name ‘bee scarab’ is suggested.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFF9FFFFC485FD9CFA98FDBD" box="[192,1390,514,541]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC485FD9CFA98FDBD" blockId="10.[192,1390,514,541]" box="[192,1390,514,541]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC485FD9CFEADFDBC" bold="true" box="[192,347,514,540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</emphasis>
The species is known only from Thomas County,
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC7C0FD9CFC18FDBC" box="[901,1006,514,540]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
near the Dismal River (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFF9FFFFC0B2FD9CFAC0FDBD" box="[1271,1334,514,541]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[192,261,1004,1028]" captionTargetBox="[201,1431,232,980]" captionTargetId="figure-195@4.[192,1440,229,980]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Location of Plummer Ford, Thomas County, Nebraska. Map modified from Rydberg (1895) to indicate the locality (arrow) and county (highlighting)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793343/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFF9FFFFC106FD9DFA97FDBD" box="[1347,1377,515,541]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="11.[194,263,1100,1124]" captionTargetBox="[194,1442,229,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[194,1442,229,1070]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 19. Map of Lichnanthe species in selected states. Red indicates Thomas County, Nebraska, with a black dot for L. bruneri. Crosshatching indicates Nebraska counties where blowout penstemon occurs that are possible sampling areas for L. bruneri. Yellow indicates Carbon County, Wyoming, with white dots representing the two localities for L. brusti. Blue indicates counties of Colorado, Idaho, and Utah where members of the L. rathvoni complex are present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793353/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B9E6540FFF9FFFFC485FDB2FBD6FB46" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC485FDB2FA57FD6D" blockId="10.[192,1442,556,1255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC485FDB2FEB1FDE6" bold="true" box="[192,327,556,582]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Discussion.</emphasis>
Unfortunately, the species has eluded rediscovery for 134 years and may possibly be extinct, especially if it is in fact tied to the presence of open sand dunes.
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC717FDD0FC4DFDC8" box="[850,955,590,616]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
has the largest dune field in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC482FDF1FE2DFD29" author="Muhs DR &amp; Budahn JR" box="[199,475,623,649]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="188 - 212" refId="ref6436" refString="Muhs DR, Budahn JR. 2019. New geochemical evidence for the origin of North America's largest dune field, the Nebraska Sand Hills, central Great Plains, USA. Geomorphology 332: 188 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2019.02.023" type="journal article" year="2019">Muhs and Budahn 2019</bibRefCitation>
), and although the sand is currently grass-stabilized, the dunes were largely active 700 years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC572FD0FFDF6FD0B" author="Mason JA &amp; Swinehart JB &amp; Goble RJ &amp; Loope DB" box="[311,512,657,683]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref6322" refString="Mason JA, Swinehart JB, Goble RJ, Loope DB. 2004. Late Holocene dune activity linked to hydrological drought, Nebraska Sand Hills, USA. The Holocene 14: 209 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1191 / 0959683604 hl 677 rp" type="journal article" year="2004">Mason et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC64EFD0FFD33FD0B" author="Miao XD &amp; Mason JA &amp; Swinehart JB &amp; Loope DB &amp; Hanson PR &amp; Goble RJ &amp; Liu XD" box="[523,709,657,683]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="119 - 122" refId="ref6372" refString="Miao XD, Mason JA, Swinehart JB, Loope DB, Hanson PR, Goble RJ, Liu XD. 2007. A 10,000 year record of dune activity, dust storms, and severe drought in the central Great Plains. Geology 35: 119 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / g 23133 a. 1" type="journal article" year="2007">Miao et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
;). Some were mobile during the last 250 years (
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC097FD0FFEDAFD6D" author="Stokes S &amp; Swinehart JB" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref6748" refString="Stokes S, Swinehart JB. 1997. Middle- and late-Holocene dune reactivation in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA. The Holocene 7: 263 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1177 / 095968369700700302" type="journal article" year="1997">Stokes and Swinehart 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and possibly into the mid-nineteenth century based on historical accounts (
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC038FD2CFA62FD6D" author="Muhs DR &amp; Holliday VT" box="[1149,1428,690,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="198 - 208" refId="ref6489" refString="Muhs DR, Holliday VT. 1995. Evidence of active dune sand on the Great Plains in the 19 th century from accounts of early explorers. Quaternary Research 43: 198 - 208." type="journal article" year="1995">Muhs and Holliday 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC4BAFD4BFCA2FCD4" blockId="10.[192,1442,556,1255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
Yet, after more than a century of confusion prolonged at least partially by my reluctance to entertain that a member of this mainly coastal group could occur in the middle of the continent,
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC018FD68FB30FCB0" box="[1117,1222,758,784]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
boasts a native glaphyrid, and only its second endemic scarabaeoid. Although the state is approaching 300 species of scarabaeoid beetles, only one other species, the aphodiine
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC6F8FCA7FC00FCF3" authority="(Ratcliffe)" baseAuthorityName="Ratcliffe" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[701,1014,825,851]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Flaviellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gordoni">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC6F8FCA7FC89FCF3" box="[701,895,825,851]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Flaviellus gordoni</emphasis>
(Ratcliffe)
</taxonomicName>
, is endemic to
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC0DEFCA7FAF2FCF3" box="[1179,1284,825,851]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC154FCA7FEAEFCD5" author="Ratcliffe BC &amp; Paulsen MJ" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref6585" refString="Ratcliffe BC, Paulsen MJ. 2008. The scarabaeoid beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 22: 1 - 569." type="journal article" year="2008">Ratcliffe and Paulsen 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Both species are restricted to the Sand Hills.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC545FCE3FC20FB9E" blockId="10.[192,1442,556,1255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
My previous attempts to locate the species in Thomas County were unsuccessful, but the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC1CEFCE3FEE4FC18" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC1CEFCE3FEE4FC18" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">L. bruneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be studied further and its conservation needs assessed. The blowouts near Plummer Ford could be seen in aerial photographs from the 1960s from the Thomas County soil survey (
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC027FC21FAC4FC7A" author="Sherfey LE &amp; Fox CE &amp; Nishimura JY" box="[1122,1330,959,986]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" refId="ref6709" refString="Sherfey LE, Fox CE, Nishimura JY. 1965. Soil survey, Thomas County, Nebraska [Series 1961, No. 29]. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 44 p." type="book" year="1965">Sherfey et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
), but they are now entirely vegetated. New sampling should focus on the extensive blowout systems in the Sand Hills near the Dismal River to the west. If the habits of the similar
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC775FB9CFC68FBBC" box="[816,926,1026,1052]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
species are any indication, adults may only be active during a short period in July, and then only during the morning.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="733B36CBFFF9FFFFC545FBD8FBD6FB46" blockId="10.[192,1442,556,1255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
Both of these
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC5E3FBD8FD8FFBC0" box="[422,633,1094,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC5E3FBD8FDD7FBC0" box="[422,545,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lichnanthe</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are distributed in the same areas as the endangered plant
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC16CFBD9FEE8FB21" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Penstemon haydenii</emphasis>
Wats. (blowout penstemon) in
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC6CCFBF9FD01FB21" box="[649,759,1127,1153]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="17154B3AFFF9FFFFC74DFBF9FC63FB22" author="Heidel B." box="[776,917,1127,1154]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" refId="ref6124" refString="Heidel B. 2005. Survey of Penstemon haydenii (Blowout Penstemon) in Wyoming - 2004. Prepared for the Casper and Rawlins field offices of Bureau of Land Management. Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 36 p. Available at https: // wyndd-reports. s 3. us-west- 2. amazonaws. com / U 05 HEI 03 WYUS. pdf. (Last accessed 7 December 2023.)" type="book" year="2005">Heidel 2005</bibRefCitation>
) and in
<collectingRegion id="B140F829FFF9FFFFC7B2FBF9FB95FB21" box="[1015,1123,1127,1153]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
. Perhaps the best chance to find extant populations of
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC5B4FB14FD94FB03" box="[497,610,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC5B4FB14FD94FB03" box="[497,610,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">L. bruneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is where blowout penstemon currently survives (
<figureCitation id="EBBF2A4EFFF9FFFFC0DCFB17FB1AFB03" box="[1177,1260,1161,1187]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="11.[194,263,1100,1124]" captionTargetBox="[194,1442,229,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[194,1442,229,1070]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 19. Map of Lichnanthe species in selected states. Red indicates Thomas County, Nebraska, with a black dot for L. bruneri. Crosshatching indicates Nebraska counties where blowout penstemon occurs that are possible sampling areas for L. bruneri. Yellow indicates Carbon County, Wyoming, with white dots representing the two localities for L. brusti. Blue indicates counties of Colorado, Idaho, and Utah where members of the L. rathvoni complex are present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10793353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10793353/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Because some
<taxonomicName id="B4844D48FFF9FFFFC485FB34FECDFB64" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1844" box="[192,315,1194,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Lichnanthe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0EAD9FFF9FFFFC485FB34FECDFB64" box="[192,315,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lichnanthe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae feed at least partially on roots there may be undiscovered links between these beetles and the blowout penstemon beyond sharing a small and very limited relictual habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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