treatments-xml/data/FA/FB/9B/FAFB9B1FC73C566E8E01451E48DD2231.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4cbda95a-5b4a-45e9-b53a-9b90db01ee17" ID-PMC="PMC8688410" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-187-23" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6AF5EAA0500558E5838FD916171188B8" ID-PubMed="35002365" ModsDocID="1314-2003-187-23" checkinTime="1639455686940" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Morales, Eduardo A., Wetzel, Carlos E. &amp; Ector, Luc" docDate="2021" docId="FAFB9B1FC73C566E8E01451E48DD2231" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 187: 23-70" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 187" docPubDate="2021-12-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338" docTitle="Pseudostaurosira vulpina E. Morales 2021, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6AF5EAA0500558E5838FD916171188B8" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="6AF5EAA0500558E5838FD916171188B8" masterDocTitle="New and poorly known &quot; araphid &quot; diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from regions near Lake Titicaca, South America and a discussion on the continued use of morphological characters in &quot; araphid &quot; diatom taxonomy" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1668140567392" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>New and poorly known &quot; araphid &quot; diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from regions near Lake Titicaca, South America and a discussion on the continued use of morphological characters in &quot; araphid &quot; diatom taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Morales, Eduardo A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-4831</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Water Laboratory, University of Evora, P. I. T. E. Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005 - 345 Evora, Portugal &amp; Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Evora, Rua Romao Ramalho n °. 59, 7000 - 671 Evora, Portugal</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">edu_mora123@outlook.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wetzel, Carlos E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5330-0494</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity (OCEB), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ector, Luc</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity (OCEB), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-12-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number>187</mods:number>
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<mods:start>23</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191535331" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FAFB9B1FC73C566E8E01451E48DD2231" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FAFB9B1FC73C566E8E01451E48DD2231" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName LSID="FAFB9B1F-C73C-566E-8E01-451E48DD2231" authority="(Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich) E. Morales" authorityName="E. Morales" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Staurosiraceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostaurosira vulpina" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="vulpina" status="stat. nov.">Pseudostaurosira vulpina (Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich) E. Morales</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="23">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Figs 6A-D (LM), 7A-F (SEM)</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="basionym">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Basionym.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.Lange-Bertalot &amp; Rumrich" authorityYear="2000" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Staurosira laucensis subsp. var. var. vulpina" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="variety" species="laucensis" subSpecies="var." variety="vulpina">Staurosira laucensis var. vulpina</taxonomicName>
Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Rumrich, U" journalOrPublisher="Iconographia Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 649" refId="B103" refString="Rumrich, U, Lange-Bertalot, H, Rumrich, M, 2000. Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego. Iconographia Diatomologica 9: 1 - 649" title="Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia / Tierra del Fuego." volume="9" year="2000">Rumrich et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
, Diatoms of the Andes from Venezuela to Patagonia/Tierra Del Fuego, Iconographia Diatomologica 9, p. 223-224, Plate 10, Figs 1-11.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Comment.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
This taxon was first described from the Chilean Altiplano and was found mixed with the nominate variety 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.A.Morales &amp; Vis" authorityYear="2007" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostaurosira laucensis" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="laucensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pseudostaurosira laucensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lange-Bertalot &amp; Rumrich) E. Morales &amp; Vis (in 
<bibRefCitation author="Rumrich, U" journalOrPublisher="Iconographia Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 649" refId="B103" refString="Rumrich, U, Lange-Bertalot, H, Rumrich, M, 2000. Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego. Iconographia Diatomologica 9: 1 - 649" title="Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia / Tierra del Fuego." volume="9" year="2000">Rumrich et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
, p. 222, figs 10-20, 22, 23; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[123:EDBFCF]2.0.CO;2" author="Morales, EA" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="B72" refString="Morales, EA, Vis, ML, 2007. Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from cloud forest and alpine streams in Bolivia, South America. Proceedings. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 156(1): 123-155. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[123:EDBFCF]2.0.CO;2" title="Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from cloud forest and alpine streams in Bolivia, South America. Proceedings. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 156 (1): 123 - 155." url="https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[123:EDBFCF]2.0.CO;2" year="2007">Morales and Vis 2007</bibRefCitation>
, p. 25). This was the probable reason why Lange-Bertalot and Rumrich (in 
<bibRefCitation author="Rumrich, U" journalOrPublisher="Iconographia Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 649" refId="B103" refString="Rumrich, U, Lange-Bertalot, H, Rumrich, M, 2000. Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego. Iconographia Diatomologica 9: 1 - 649" title="Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia / Tierra del Fuego." volume="9" year="2000">Rumrich et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
) decided to describe it as a variety. However, we found the 
<taxonomicName class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostaurosira laucensis subsp. var. var. vulpina" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="variety" species="laucensis" subSpecies="var." variety="vulpina">Pseudostaurosira laucensis var. vulpina</taxonomicName>
isolated from the nominate variety in the Desaguadero River sample. This population, like the one reported from Chile, exhibits a range of sizes which is probably showing that it is undergoing asexual reproduction and its size is most probably being re-established through sexual reproduction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
At the LM level, this taxon is distinguished by its typical triradiate shape (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6A-D</figureCitation>
). Between each of the arms there is also a central inflation that becomes more pronounced as the valve decreases in size (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6C, D</figureCitation>
). At the SEM level, the axial area is depressed in external view with respect to the virgae, while internally it is at the same level as the latter. Each of the arms has an apical pore field that lies within a shallow, irregular depression (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7A-C</figureCitation>
) and opens to the valve interior as a plain plate of pores (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7F</figureCitation>
). The transapically elongate areolae bear well-developed volae (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7A-E</figureCitation>
), which allow inorganic deposition of an inverted cone-like structure internally covering the areolae, sometimes filled with extra depositions in their hollow interior (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7F</figureCitation>
). The spines are conical, but also it is common to find them as incipient, shapeless spines that are generated from the virgae and the vimines (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7E</figureCitation>
). The girdle elements vary in number, lack perforations and all are open (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7E</figureCitation>
). The valvocopula is wider. At the open side, each element has its terminations superimposing each other (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-F SEM images of Pseudostaurosira vulpina sp. nov. A, B valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) C, D close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines E tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) F internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 µm (C, D); 5 µm (A, B, E, F)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">7E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A-V</emphasis>
LM images of little known and new 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“araphid”">&quot;araphid&quot;</normalizedToken>
diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A-D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Morales" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostaurosira vulpina" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="vulpina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pseudostaurosira vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">E-I</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frankenae" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="frankenae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">P. frankenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6E</figureCitation>
is the holotype) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">J-O</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. occulta" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="occulta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">P. occulta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6K</figureCitation>
corresponds to the holotype) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">P-V</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. oblonga" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">P. oblonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A-V LM images of little known and new &quot; araphid &quot; diatoms from the Bolivian Altiplano A-D Pseudostaurosira vulpina stat. nov. E-I P. frankenae sp. nov. (Fig. 6 E is the holotype) J-O P. occulta sp. nov. (Fig. 6 K corresponds to the holotype) P-V P. oblonga sp. nov. (Fig. 6 R corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622443" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">6R</figureCitation>
corresponds to the holotype). Scale bar: 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.187.73338.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/622444" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A-F</emphasis>
SEM images of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Morales" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; U. Rumrich" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostaurosira vulpina" order="Fragilariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="vulpina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pseudostaurosira vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A, B</emphasis>
valve views showing striation pattern, features of the axial area, spine position and presence of depressed apical pore fields (black arrows) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">C, D</emphasis>
close-ups with details of apical pore fields areolae and spines 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">E</emphasis>
tilted view of a frustule showing open girdle bands with overlapping extremes (white arrows) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">F</emphasis>
internal view showing apical pore fields and the internal disk-like areolar depositions. Scale bars: 2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">C, D</emphasis>
); 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">A, B, E, F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Dimensions (n&gt; 10): Length (from the extreme of one arm to the other) 4.8-13.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
; width (from one swollen central area to its opposite side) 4.1-5.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
; stria density (measured from arm to arm) 14-16 in 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
. The dimensions are given here for the first time since the original description in 
<bibRefCitation author="Rumrich, U" journalOrPublisher="Iconographia Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 649" refId="B103" refString="Rumrich, U, Lange-Bertalot, H, Rumrich, M, 2000. Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego. Iconographia Diatomologica 9: 1 - 649" title="Diatoms of the Andes. From Venezuela to Patagonia / Tierra del Fuego." volume="9" year="2000">Rumrich et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
did not include them. Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of P. vulpina stat. nov. with most similar triradiate species in Pseudostaurosira and Pseudostaurosiropsis that have LM and SEM information available. ND = not determined. Features in bold italic font are defining for each taxon." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D02812EF5C33F8DF1F08E5B4EF45A235" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="D02812EF5C33F8DF1F08E5B4EF45A235">3</tableCitation>
contains additional characteristics that are used below for comparative purposes in Discussion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>