350 lines
38 KiB
XML
350 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="287679" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e13392ec-8851-40da-9403-4f2574646f10" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="FA572FD0C10C590EA2C32987D078F953" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis khwargi Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="8BFF5643-306F-435A-B074-668B41C43291" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1732668639335" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="CA1C0838904244A166CE6A0325CA7EFF">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77E08520348D2E734F22514034A4E8AF">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="22468A2E1B62D97162802320890F6DA9">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A412BE263F81DD977C6979CD86EBFA82" type="email">af.arteaga.navarro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FD7174CA4E1F22B01D969C6E99883C6B">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D5ECDFECBB0F35F3EC9A9CED0772352E">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E34A6B8FA69DB2816C5CE8BF1C2E733">Batista, Abel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1164DFDE139B6B654E4C243975687839" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-3373</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E367054B781F436A9169D0BD83445BFA">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E0EAA2BD723967B7EBD39941E1132DC5">Vieira, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4F9FE4910688E01F5666BB58B10BB2F3">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="531FB6668E68FF2A6F0A4DB0FD74D5CE">Meneses Pelayo, Elson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9D8F887FAD086D88A649ECC67A43AB35">Grupo de Estudios en Anfibios y Reptiles de Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EE83966F4DD031AE76B7EDDD40C5D142">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7BB9E720FCA0845A534F0BEFF9F9A0BC">Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3D2E258A73BB5BCEE4D7B2845F06A33D">Barrio Amoros, Cesar L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A069D93781E93FD3BFB7D6A102793B3">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5E416180E17D1288E368DB9434F586D0">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1448345314FD1CDDBA9E60527C16F88A" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-2816</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="994B60C095EC97F64AA5F1DA4F5C4A09">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="08D978D8BE134B52AD900FC389CBC0FA">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D1DAEFEF107A3578501BCEA7F445C2F4">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="46F4C8234DCA62B5F8A3F305225E2D44">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A633E4879684E9CBEDD8527969A1FB08">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD5C79F7D4E37685F1B9BEED226EA714">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AD71DEC1C2352DAF320726A9CC37B333">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D74E58D2AA0DA5B3437B8B09B503C1D3">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D337982C8A119197EA434FF25BDDDA9C">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="42F936E6ADCA6A647287459414847E4E">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EA9F5958D7F04CF2FA3B9711939F79D5">
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<mods:date id="F01036BA9CB5E5699F779E24F82E11A2">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DC18B6586823FE981209CABC9DA79CE5">8</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FC0DB43056EDCE68363325885B8E2621">1</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FA572FD0C10C590EA2C32987D078F953" ID-GBIF-Taxon="221225635" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8BFF5643-306F-435A-B074-668B41C43291" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA572FD0C10C590EA2C32987D078F953" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" scope_family="Viperidae">
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<subSubSection id="EA0403298AD3CC3FD81A55F55B3A47B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6615CC081212C673578BFA0340FE801F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="560E3FDD5F22523210016A52FA419CC8" LSID="https://zoobank.org/8BFF5643-306F-435A-B074-668B41C43291" authority="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris, 2024" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi" status="sp. nov.">Bothriechis khwargi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="E628E4260581F15C3735993B27145C81" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F9C3165B87A458FCE6EA68DD847AA4F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AD4488DEEC730543FCE59549E583F35C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<figureCitation id="1FA2EF4DDA9549528ABC9EB8A320D242" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Female holotype of Bothriechis khwargi sp. nov. UIS-R 4294 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Johan Cordon-Rangel." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981703" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 17</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="2F128B067C8D64C1AE57F2B2F86AE3B5" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis khwargi sp. nov. in life. a. UIS-R- 4921 female from Quebrada La Boquerona, vereda La Putana, municipio de Betulia, Santander department b. UIS-R 4294 female holotype from Finca La Esperanza, vereda Sogamoso, municipio de Betulia, Santander department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira and Elson Meneses Pelayo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981704" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 18</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6A1F17645AEB147DAF973CA40E8F8617" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="3D4055DB2408C1306AC9AA05D11A49F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6CA1FF5C28D641FB7C8C90C58852F766" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="E5A50BBD3D8993DBF5F35C4455F70597" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Holotype</emphasis>
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||
: UIS-R 4294 (Figs
|
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<figureCitation id="DA65D9D3925B874EB44E5E2B4A7BF52B" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Female holotype of Bothriechis khwargi sp. nov. UIS-R 4294 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Johan Cordon-Rangel." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981703" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">17</figureCitation>
|
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="D967E5FBA5BE755BC014CAAC1535653A" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis khwargi sp. nov. in life. a. UIS-R- 4921 female from Quebrada La Boquerona, vereda La Putana, municipio de Betulia, Santander department b. UIS-R 4294 female holotype from Finca La Esperanza, vereda Sogamoso, municipio de Betulia, Santander department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira and Elson Meneses Pelayo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981704" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">18b</figureCitation>
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), adult female collected by Elson Meneses-Pelayo on November 15, 2017 at Finca la Esperanza, vereda Sogamoso, municipio de Betulia, Santander department, Colombia (
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<geoCoordinate id="22BF195ACB6DAD9510C6C05BA14B46EC" degrees="7.00600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.006">7.00600</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EA49934D0D8467C8E8A3CFE990564D49" degrees="73.421608" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-73.42161">-73.421608</geoCoordinate>
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; 1195 m).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="41866496D53D27D46D511EE40316F7B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="10E65484BC3D1B16739F0776CBDCD970" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: All labeled
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<taxonomicName id="A7837CE989298BB65DEAA272AA52DE04" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
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<emphasis id="417AEB5B25A8BEAE14B19A58FC5C8D2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. in Suppl. material 1.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D2184B4E06E24E283C38EAD82F3B4720" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
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<paragraph id="7F845BCDD7BF7EFB930419922836A733" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0462F297A29073E204FF22539264E5BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<normalizedToken id="5192CFB3A211D8976375FD080FFF1F53" originalValue="Khwarg’s">Khwarg's</normalizedToken>
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Eyelash-Pitviper.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A73D87B7CA106040FDF76BDDD866618B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard spanish name">
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<paragraph id="0577800220CAF0E1C9B65F47A43C4381" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard Spanish name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF8049FCEC72834E0FB5220EC71CD474" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<normalizedToken id="7B30143DB74B68AEECEFD79A6D38FDE6" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
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||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D000963610BF8D58F55C4D0DF097C10E" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Khwarg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8B28244F36D2ABA71D3AFD9ED561AC5B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="593DCEF2806CC0B0ED356D0879C90351" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61FEB151990CB108A79666E9F76C6BE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48630EA2456A60E8D55CE5F3796F84C1" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA1E3120DAF6179F23E87EB90E28E577" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) two triangular and moderately raised supraciliary scales; (2) anterior dorsal head scales keeled; (3) gular scales much smaller than chinshields; (4) 7-14 interoculolabials; (5) 3-4 canthals, some of which with raised triangular projections; (6) loreal in contact with preocular in ~1/3 of specimens; (7) yellow morph absent; (8) dorsal bands absent, faint, or restricted to top of dorsum in juveniles; (9) opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks absent; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces absent; (12) ventral surfaces entirely white in most individuals; (13) iris pale green or straw yellow; (14) 21-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 144-153 ventrals in males, 145-154 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 219 mm, in females 610 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="32B70CB2881485901E797BE5253F5277" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="E2B8FD41E9F4F5A19CB4903FB94DAD55" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C8DC02B2C4A8D062664468BA6B050833" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A5BCFD06379ABDBB85E18E219F8533E" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="97170FE59E3B349E8D7263B6AF965DD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CD4018728845C1B8C47674858AF333" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="80BE4E609726D929E53227ED76C825A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DE3784198C8B12AFD99FC4E765004CB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="6C8A45852C2F2F7252330A5213C6F265" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from all of them by having two triangular and moderately raised supraciliary scales, anterior head scales keeled, gular scales much smaller than chinshields, entirely pale white belly in most individuals, and dorsal bands faint or absent.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="745C7D27B57E8E3F07EAEE4B2EB0C24E" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="48BE357229D0F306C2077A8CA1C5D227" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C415AB81227B059F9DD9F9F09A3FBB3C" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7F09CDAE325E1433A495C28A490BD9DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this other species does not occur along the slopes of the Cordillera Oriental and is characterized by having thin pink bands on the dorsum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F33EF1ABCE6558A295345DABB513D7E4" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis torvus in life. a. Adult and b. Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; c. TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; d. Adult and e. Juvenile from Uraba, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56CEE91178441AA20BBC393C0A926690" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="A3AB7C7F500E98BA4AD7D4ACB6A20BFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. occurs in sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="500B4EA4C62A7B6B72A29244A72DFFB9" lsidName="B. klebbai" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="klebbai">
|
||
<emphasis id="31412D5EA20BED74A0840E0D6AD4BFC2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. klebbai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. along the upper slopes of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="25071EADF6344D38C9B182DE94887561" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
De Los
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E7D312A6C612D54CE164154DC77DF81C" originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
|
||
, but it differs from this other species by being smaller in body size, having an entirely white belly, pale greenish iris, keeled anterior dorsal head scales, gulars much smaller than chinshields, and by lacking black speckling on dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="849A74E9AD5CA15FD85400153806FBED" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis khwargi sp. nov. in life. a. UIS-R- 4921 female from Quebrada La Boquerona, vereda La Putana, municipio de Betulia, Santander department b. UIS-R 4294 female holotype from Finca La Esperanza, vereda Sogamoso, municipio de Betulia, Santander department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira and Elson Meneses Pelayo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981704" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C12880F8BC7EBEA424F85D6871FB16F8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981703" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B39448BC84006C6652CAC86DCE322DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="A30DE42D69808E082B631A5946159B77" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Female holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E75C95E0ED9C2F711A497AACCBBA7E17" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AF9E86D4815B2DA21A326E338610F8A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. UIS-R 4294 in
|
||
<emphasis id="27D8CC17021D07E2BC20294210E80642" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="E8E34860AA50496E1CD0698F8F513634" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Photos by Johan
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5796F1B8BA7FF89C5AF63A4844AFFFE3" originalValue="Cordón-Rangel">Cordon-Rangel</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="555BF0DD927B2DA5B90B13E29C527529" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981704" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
|
||
<paragraph id="D9DB6F1B215B33FCB57C43DE04CC97CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="18FCD048D3C98030FAD8387FF70B200B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8ABE3E15F6EB29EA9EBB3693438F65" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA6D1B04BAF77B2AB663EE70E99C807D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="468D599C994D8BA8734EBA372E90E97F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
UIS-R-4921 female from Quebrada La Boquerona, vereda La Putana, municipio de Betulia, Santander department
|
||
<emphasis id="619D06B925EC45119C6813001BDD564E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
UIS-R 4294 female holotype from Finca La Esperanza, vereda Sogamoso, municipio de Betulia, Santander department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira and Elson Meneses Pelayo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4F3D2DA637286871D540BFEA096EA5D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F1A2F3FB35B42DC36605193BF99E054A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA888567A1BE0DAC3F6D11A4F0D8C8D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An adult female, SVL 511 mm, tail length 99 mm (19.4% SVL); head length 31.7 mm (6.2% SVL) from tip of snout to angle of jaw; head width 21.8 mm (68.8% head length) taken at broadest point; rostral broader than high (3.0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE2D18E85F4727015288AB3D7BFBA43B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.6 mm); nasal divided and not fused with first supralabial; loreal about same size of pit, contacting postnasal, 1 canthal, 1 prefoveal, supralacunal, lacunolabial, and preocular; prefoveals 4/4; subfoveals 3/3; postfoveals 0; prelacunal fused with second supralabial; sublacunals 1/1; supralacunal elongated and barely reaches orbit; preoculars 1/1 (2/2 if supralacunal is considered a preocular); suboculars 1/1; postoculars 1/1; loreal pit large, directed anteriorly, located slightly below line drawn from center of eye to naris; supralabials 9/8 (including lacunolabial); infralabials 11/12, first pair meet posteriorly; mental broader than long (4.0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="95D9345F7838982F594E900C6F848999" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.4 mm); 1 pair of chinshields; 5 pairs of gulars between chinshields and preventrals; preventrals 2; anterior internasals 2; canthals 3/3; supraciliary scales low and granular with the exception of a pair of low, but triangular and pointed scales; supraoculars bean-shaped, 2.3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DE9DC3D4B7A923698F16F28A520F0705" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; intersupraoculars 8; anterior dorsal head scales lightly keeled; posterior head scales strongly keeled; interrictals 25; dorsal scale rows 23/23/19; ventrals 154; cloacal plate entire; 54 undivided subcaudals; tail prehensile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4833BBE78DA205FAAD3CED85DE39C036" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA70081A14DCE0FEB0B50FC41A8F06C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="63E215E502706A73A942BFEC8FCDFA1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5390BD94F0B3DAC1D4A423DFAF6DAE0" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="021952AE69FA67E39C0CCA93EF8361FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen foothill forests. Vipers of this species have been seen at night or during the day, either at ground level or on low understory vegetation. EMP and CLBA found one individual at 1 m above the ground in a fern foraging at night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4C357B5EC8823A106EC86E2FC4BD320D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="FF6CAB33D97C67CF13B5CD46869B6B2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A87DA94188192DBA4DEFF79A5BC63E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">We know of no snakebites caused by this species in Colombia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6AB8EE0663CD0AD0EA7A94A81B1F2F1C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="18C7E6A40D419F32E974002FD578EA8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="165D9607027E096320B6C3E1FD93B724" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97AF6FD623F3D51145AE3193CC50771A" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2F6661766AA5FF6FF6F07CF43DD2311" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known from at least 19 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the western foothills of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0493F6C10D571F87212AF762DD4F71A9" originalValue="Colombia’s">Colombia's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cordillera Oriental. The species occurs over an area of approximately 14,697 km2 and has been recorded at elevations 167-1,800 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="695326142F5ED6B560D1963E45F7AA22" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 29% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF74446F92768E8B3931914A986A7CD1" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9071A66FDCB62C28FA43D42A450B17EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="681DF1EC7CE2207473DD039605C006E7" lsidName="B. klebbai" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="klebbai">
|
||
<emphasis id="04346AFD4245005C298A51E7383A16C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. klebbai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., and we found evidence of sympatry between the two species at elevations above 1,700 m on the western slopes of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7EB7EEC085D8B2463C4536384B8939BF" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de los
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7BDD27ADAB4328F7D17B10561C4EABC3" originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
|
||
. UIS-R 4447 is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ADCFA216994E408A0725C1BCB3F8A99" lsidName="B. klebbai" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="klebbai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3E8E2700BC0A2951E3E08730A549368" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. klebbai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and was found just 3.7 km airline distance from a photographic record of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85DF17760B0473F66F033EAE323D1869" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5EBAFCDD088C844D3F2BB89CA9D25CE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1791A9D246A33470FAC96651889F9307" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="37D9182DE57D94255826FE0B420A0700" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA998FBF19FAD63484F3D1669C329F56" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">This species is named in honor of Dr. Juewon Khwarg, in recognition of his support of the discovery and protection of new species of vipers in the Andes of Colombia. Khwarg is a conservationist with a special love for the lesser-known reptiles of the unexplored regions of the tropics.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0653A52CC8775BD8B61FB026EAE85D5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="839741B4C9E719502BE4BD9E3689D4D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ACC458FBDEAE7EE033D2E612769DA8FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A16FF6A194471C11F9A226960625E3EB" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis khwargi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="CB27E53AC6D10CD88EDDDD425DAAC939" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. to be included in the Vulnerable category following the IUCN criteria B1a, b (i, iii, iv) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D7AAA2B2A171DD671F692A8EC92FF5A" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69E35E5A17D3500BE824D25C5031F7DD" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="78E90F367A171C6E178D1E8847F35F1D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD4A8899DF59471BB7D5FD96146FBB1C" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB188B19BFF5D5ED22206289DA136677" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. occurs in one national park (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="615DD00673A242129942C2A693B898DB" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de los
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B63A15D566C8D22D3AF7FB6AE5EC533C" originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and a privately protected area (Reserva Natural Reinita Cielo Azul), most localities where the species has been recorded (Suppl. material 3) are in heavily human-modified areas. Based on the species distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9CB393BC67EE8E6DE221238BC0C8C9AB" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4413EE825349B5A198F64480B72B9655" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B47" refString="IDEAM (2014) Mapa de cobertura de la tierra adaptada para Colombia." year="2009">IDEAM 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that nearly 79% of the forest cover throughout the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BC2330FC216B890DB4F214BEA347CC1C" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
potential distribution area has been destroyed, mostly due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |