355 lines
40 KiB
XML
355 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="5645A4DE19C6E9C4A8D3D4FD95EDD9D3" ID-CLB-Dataset="24911" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.17.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="65962ba7-eec1-40e7-aed6-cef94e99ca39" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3538362" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1573511149647" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Henderson, Andrew" docDate="2011" docId="FA4887FA2428BD7FFF37DF151EA4A3EE" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytotaxa.17.1.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 17" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0.3:Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph" docStyleId="F08184CE06D8A97EA3E6DE35D99648B0" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.monograph" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Geonoma cuneata Wendland ex Spruce 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="0671FF82241EBD47FFA0DE421B3FA301" masterDocTitle="A revision of Geonoma (Arecaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="271" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698765326825" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="54B94DCE0284089E242387C44150FEC6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="17B11431C16390CDF8620A7FEF4E4FC7">
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<mods:title id="43208F2CB10F65818A4E8599A4C15299">A revision of Geonoma (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="CC4B2742A5F9D43BCE0BE03EFEA3BD17" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="70E43FF94C6FD32BAED8797DACBE2FD3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A039C0C2ED3A99DD3FB123F998E69941">Henderson, Andrew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B70F1525F1D31C014D6983BF0E59F9AC">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F6C4972A15BA26270258713E5D5C8EE1">
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<mods:date id="5C479A528C0C4A1F1ADC183BFE0FF4A2">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="46D39297EF93B0272AE373C790A73562">2011-02-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BD11108D10EDF5850145B46096557EF2">17</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="707BC4F69AEE1F98A49DE5D9BC93C4C2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F20A1A190F6B10C0B0E32A1ABAE0C76C" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.17.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2459636753DD18B435690FB892B8250B" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FA4887FA2428BD7FFF37DF151EA4A3EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5608946" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160342486" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5608946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FA4887FA2428BD7FFF37DF151EA4A3EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA4887FA2428BD7FFF37DF151EA4A3EE" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="3AFB65672428BD71FF37DF151AD5A299" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="725E36EC2428BD71FF37DF151AD5A299" blockId="54.[151,1436,342,408]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FF37DF151B83A270" bold="true" box="[151,188,343,369]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">14.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FF64DF14180BA270" ID-CoL="3FQHW" authority="Wendland ex Spruce (1871: 104)" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityPageNumber="104" authorityYear="1871" box="[196,820,342,369]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FF64DF141A9EA270" bold="true" box="[196,417,342,369]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Geonoma cuneata</emphasis>
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Wendland ex
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<bibRefCitation id="16704B1D2428BD71FDECDF15180BA270" author="Spruce R." box="[588,820,343,369]" journalOrPublisher="Journal Linnaean Society, Botany" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="65 - 183" part="11" refId="ref124389" refString="Spruce R. (1871) Palmae Amazonicae. Journal Linnaean Society, Botany 11: 65 - 183." title="Palmae Amazonicae" type="journal article" year="1871">Spruce (1871: 104)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type:
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<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2428BD71FC2BDF151F04A270" box="[907,1083,343,369]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="B025F80E2428BD71FBE7DF151F96A270" box="[1095,1193,343,369]" country="Costa Rica" name="Heredia" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Heredia</collectingRegion>
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: Sarapiquí, 1857,
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FADFDF1B1A04A299" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H. Wendland s.n.</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus id="AD5A884E2428BD71FEEADF3C1A8DA299" box="[330,434,382,408]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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K!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3AFB65672428BD70FF37DF891FB5A6D4" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="725E36EC2428BD71FF37DF891F24A6F8" blockId="54.[151,1437,459,2032]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FF37DF891BDCA2E4" box="[151,227,459,485]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Plants</emphasis>
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1.4(0.3–2.5) m tall; stems 0.7(0.1–3.0) m tall, 1.5(0.4–3.4) cm in diameter, solitary or clustered, not cane-like or cane-like; internodes 0.9(0.2–2.2) cm long, yellowish and smooth, or, if short and congested, not scaly.
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FF46DC581A03A132" box="[230,316,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Leaves</emphasis>
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10(4–17) per stem, undivided or irregularly pinnate, not plicate, bases of blades running diagonally into the rachis; sheaths 20.0(9.0–51.0) cm long; petioles 30.7(0.2–113.5) cm long, drying orangebrown, reddish-brown, or green or yellowish; rachis 46.4(12.0–250.0) cm long, 4.1(1.3–9.0) mm in diameter; veins raised and rectangular in cross-section adaxially or not raised or slightly raised and triangular in crosssection adaxially; pinnae 3(1–35) per side of rachis; basal pinna 32.7(12.5–68.0) cm long, 5.8(0.3–21.5) cm wide, forming an angle of 31(3–95)° with the rachis; apical pinna 22.9(8.5–44.0) cm long, 10.7(1.5–37.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 31(10–50)° with the rachis.
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FC82DD4318F3A01A" box="[802,972,769,795]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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unbranched; prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; prophylls 16.5(4.0–38.0) cm long, not short and asymmetrically apiculate, the surfaces not ridged, without unequally wide ridges; peduncular bracts 32.6(16.5–67.0) cm long, welldeveloped, inserted 1.4(0.4–5.7) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 51.3(13.7–117.0) cm long, 3.0(1.1–8.2) mm in diameter; rachillae 1, 20.4(5.5–52.0) cm long, 5.4(1.9–10.5) mm in diameter, the surfaces without spiky, fibrous projections or ridges, drying brown or yellow-brown, without short, transverse ridges, not filiform and not narrowed between the flower pits; flower pits spirally arranged, glabrous internally; proximal lips pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, recurved after anthesis, not hood-shaped; proximal and distal lips drying the same color as the rachillae, not joined to form a raised cupule, the proximal lip margins overlapping the distal lip margins; distal lips well-developed; staminate and pistillate petals not emergent, not valvate throughout; staminate flowers persistent or deciduous after anthesis; stamens 6; thecae diverging at anthesis, inserted almost directly onto the filament apices, the connectives bifid but scarcely developed; anthers short and curled over at anthesis; non-fertilized pistillate flowers persistent or deciduous after anthesis; staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex, those of non-fertilized flowers not projecting and persistent after anthesis;
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FB91DB061F4DA65F" box="[1073,1138,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">fruits</emphasis>
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7.6(5.0–11.6) mm long, 5.4(4.4–6.5) mm in diameter, the bases without a prominent stipe, the apices not conical, the surfaces not splitting at maturity, without fibers emerging, ridged from the numerous, subepidermal, meridional, elongate fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices; locular epidermis without operculum, smooth or sculpted and then usually also with a raised, meridional ridge, without pores.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="725E36EC2428BD70FF66D844180FA3D9" blockId="54.[151,1437,459,2032]" lastBlockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FF66D8441AFEA521" bold="true" box="[198,449,1542,1568]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Taxonomic notes:—</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FE61D84419A5A521" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[449,666,1542,1568]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FE61D84419A5A521" box="[449,666,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Geonoma cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FC31D8441F2EA521" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[913,1041,1542,1568]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FC31D8441F2EA521" box="[913,1041,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade, along with
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FB52D8441A8DA546" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FB52D8441E4AA521" authorityName="Grayum" authorityYear="1998" box="[1266,1397,1542,1568]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brenesii">G. brenesii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FA23D8441A24A546" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1980" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epetiolata">G. epetiolata</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FE89D86F1A8DA546" authorityName="Grayum & de Nevers in de Nevers & Grayum" authorityYear="1998" box="[297,434,1581,1607]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hugonis">G. hugonis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FE5BD86F1984A546" authorityName="de Nevers in de Nevers & Grayum" authorityYear="1998" box="[507,699,1581,1607]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monospatha">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FE5BD86F1984A546" box="[507,699,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. monospatha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from which it differs in its crenulate or shallowly lobed staminodial tubes.
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FEDFD8111962A56F" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[383,605,1619,1646]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FEDFD8111962A56F" box="[383,605,1619,1646]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Geonoma cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is very variable; in fact it is the fourth most variable species in the genus.
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<bibRefCitation id="16704B1D2428BD71FF4FD8381ADCA595" author="Borchsenius, F." box="[239,483,1658,1684]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="131 - 139" part="83" refId="ref120924" refString="Borchsenius, F. (1999) Ecology and systematics of the Geonoma cuneata complex. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 83: 131 - 139." title="Ecology and systematics of the Geonoma cuneata complex" type="journal article" year="1999">Borchsenius (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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studied variation within
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FCBCD838189EA595" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[796,929,1658,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FCBCD838189EA595" box="[796,929,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in western
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<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2428BD71FB94D8381FA5A595" box="[1076,1178,1658,1684]" name="Ecuador" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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using morphometric methods and data taken from living plants. At a local scale he found that four different varieties (based on
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<bibRefCitation id="16704B1D2428BD71FF37D8851A98A5E0" author="Henderson, A. & Galeano, G. & Bernal, R." box="[151,423,1735,1762]" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref122861" refString="Henderson, A., Galeano, G. & Bernal, R. (1995) A field guide to the palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 1 - 352." title="A field guide to the palms of the Americas" type="book chapter" year="1995">
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Henderson
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FEBFD88B1A5DA5E0" box="[287,354,1735,1762]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al.,</emphasis>
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1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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) of
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FE78D8851968A5E3" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[472,599,1735,1762]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FE78D8851968A5E3" box="[472,599,1735,1762]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could be distinguished. However, when he included plants from other sites in western
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<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2428BD71FEF1D8AC1A8CA409" box="[337,435,1774,1800]" name="Ecuador" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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in the analysis, differences between the varieties broke down. Borchsenius concluded that the varietal classification of Henderson
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FD73D954182BA42E" box="[723,788,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
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was not applicable in western
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<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2428BD71FB04D9571E2FA42E" box="[1188,1296,1813,1839]" name="Ecuador" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, much less throughout the whole range of the species. Borchsenius’ study is of interest because of its quantitative approach. However, he used only quantitative variables and not qualitative traits. Of the four varieties recognized by Borchsenius—var.
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FD8FD9C819B1A4A2" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[559,654,1930,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FD8FD9C819B1A4A2" box="[559,654,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">cuneata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(here as
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FD5ED9CB185FA4A2" box="[766,864,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ecuador</emphasis>
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morphotype),
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FBB3D9CB1F9BA4A2" authorityName="Skov ex Govaerts & Dransfield" authorityYear="2005" baseAuthorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" box="[1043,1188,1929,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="cuneata" variety="gracilis">
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var.
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FBE8D9CB1F9BA4A2" box="[1096,1188,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(here as
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FAB4D9CB1EA2A4A2" box="[1300,1437,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">esmeraldas</emphasis>
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morphotype),
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FE9DD9ED1AC2A4C8" box="[317,509,1967,1993]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="cuneata" variety="procumbens">
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var.
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FECFD9ED1AC2A4C8" box="[367,509,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">procumbens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(here as
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FDC8D9ED19C3A4C8" box="[616,764,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">multipinnate</emphasis>
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morphotype), and
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<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FC7BD9ED1F60A4C8" box="[987,1119,1967,1993]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="cuneata" variety="sodiroi">
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var.
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<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FBADD9ED1F60A4C8" box="[1037,1119,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">sodiroi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2428BD71FB6AD9ED1E51A4C8" box="[1226,1390,1967,1993]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="sodiroi">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2428BD71FABCD9ED1E51A4C8" box="[1308,1390,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">sodiroi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) — one, the last, can be recognized as a subspecies based on both quantitative variables and qualitative traits. In the present study, quantitative variables and qualitative traits, as well as geographic distributions are used and allow for separation into subspecies, as explained below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DEA719A8A10F" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FF66DEA71AC9A3FE" bold="true" box="[198,502,229,255]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Subspecific variation:—</emphasis>
|
||
Eight traits vary within this species (stem branching, stem
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD5A884E2429BD70FB1DDEA71FCDA3FE" box="[1213,1266,229,255]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, leaf division, petiole color, adaxial veins, staminate flower persistence, pistillate flower persistence, locular epidermis sculpting). Excluding those traits with few data (stem branching, stem
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD5A884E2429BD70FC7CDF701F2DA24D" box="[988,1042,306,332]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, locular epidermis sculpting), the remaining five traits (leaf division, petiole color, adaxial veins, staminate flower persistence, pistillate flower persistence,) divide the specimens into seven subgroups. None of these are geographically separate.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FA8ADFC21BCAA2C0" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FA8ADFC21BCAA2C0" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Geonoma cuneata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a widespread and almost continuous distribution from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FC1BDFE41F0AA2C1" box="[955,1077,422,448]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
through Central America and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FF5CDF8F1A4EA2E6" box="[252,369,461,487]" name="Colombia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE5DDF8F195CA2E6" box="[509,611,461,487]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In some cases there are too few specimens for quantitative analysis, and each subgroup is considered separately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DC581BD5A183" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The first subgroup, with undivided leaves, petioles drying reddish-brown, and raised adaxial veins, is confined to a small area of the Pacific coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FD66DC031802A15A" box="[710,829,577,603]" name="Colombia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in Valle, and is recognized as a subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FAF0DC031BE5A183" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="rubra">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FF37DC2A1BE5A183" box="[151,218,616,642]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DCCC19C8A1F7" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The second subgroup, with undivided leaves, petioles drying orange-brown, and non-raised adaxial veins, is confined to a small area in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDDADCF7183CA1CE" box="[634,771,693,719]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, on the Cordilleras de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B025F80E2429BD70FBBFDCF71F93A1CE" box="[1055,1196,693,719]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Tilarán, and is recognized as a subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FE40DC9E19D9A1F7" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" box="[480,742,732,758]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="guanacastensis">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FD93DC9F19D9A1F7" box="[563,742,733,758]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">guanacastensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DD4019D6A06B" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The third subgroup, with pinnate leaves, petioles drying green, and raised adaxial veins, occurs in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FF37DD6B1A34A042" box="[151,267,809,835]" name="Colombia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FEE4DD6B1A99A042" box="[324,422,809,835]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and is reported to be a rheophyte, growing along the banks of fast-flowing rivers, and this is recognized as a subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FD8CDD1219E6A06B" box="[556,729,848,874]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="linearis">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FDDFDD1219E6A06B" box="[639,729,848,874]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">linearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DD341AECA72A" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The fourth subgroup, with pinnate leaves, petioles drying green, and non-raised adaxial veins, is widespread, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FECCDDDF1ADBA0B6" box="[364,484,925,951]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDAADDDF1951A0B6" box="[522,622,925,951]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This subgroup can be separated geographically and morphologically into specimens from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE52DD86196BA0DF" box="[498,596,964,990]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 5–7 pinnae per side of the rachis, and specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FABCDD861EA7A0DF" box="[1308,1432,964,990]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FF37DDA81A25A705" box="[151,282,1002,1028]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FEF8DDA81A8AA705" box="[344,437,1002,1028]" name="Panama" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 6–28 pinnae per side. These two are recognized as subspecies (subspp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAE3DDA81A1AA72A" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FAE3DDA81EA7A705" authorityName="Dammer ex Burret" authorityYear="1930" box="[1347,1432,1002,1028]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sodiroi">sodiroi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FF37DA531A1AA72A" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,293,1041,1067]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">procumbens</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DA7A1A9EA612" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The fifth subgroup, with undivided leaves, petioles drying green, and non-raised adaxial veins is also widespread. This subgroup can be separated based on morphology, and a lesser extent geography, into specimens from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE14DAC7192DA79E" box="[436,530,1157,1183]" name="Panama" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(El Copé, Coclecito Road, El Valle) with small leaves with the rachis 19.0– 29.0 cm long, and specimens from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FD31DAEE19D1A7C7" box="[657,750,1196,1222]" name="Panama" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Santa Fé to the western end of the Serranía de San Blás) with large leaves with the rachis 40.0–88.0 cm long. These two are recognized as subspecies (subspp. m
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAC7DA961BCBA612" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">inor, indivisa</emphasis>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DB621FCCA686" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The sixth subgroup, with both undivided and pinnate leaves, petioles drying green, and raised adaxial veins, is widespread from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE79DB04196AA661" box="[473,597,1350,1376]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDDDDB0419DBA661" box="[637,740,1350,1376]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It consists of numerous local morphotypes, as discussed below, and cannot be divided into subspecies. It is recognized as a subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FB92DB2F1FDDA689" box="[1074,1250,1389,1416]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="cuneata">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FB25DB2D1FDDA689" box="[1157,1250,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">cuneata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF66DBD61FB5A6D4" blockId="55.[151,1437,152,1493]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The seventh subgroup, with pinnate leaves and raised veins, also has persistent staminate and pistillate flowers. It occurs in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE4BDBF91972A6D4" box="[491,589,1467,1493]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and is recognized as a subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FC49DBF91F46A6D4" box="[1001,1145,1467,1493]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="irena">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FB9CDBFE1F46A6D4" box="[1084,1145,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">irena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3AFB65672429BD7FFF37D84C1EA4A3EE" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF37D84C197BA529" blockId="55.[151,580,1550,1576]" box="[151,580,1550,1576]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<heading id="291681802429BD70FF37D84C197BA529" bold="true" box="[151,580,1550,1576]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FF37D84C197BA529" bold="true" box="[151,580,1550,1576]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Key to the subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FE68D84C197BA529" ID-CoL="3FQHW" authorityName="Wendland ex Spruce" authorityYear="1871" box="[456,580,1550,1576]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FE68D84C197BA529" bold="true" box="[456,580,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">G. cuneata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<keyStep id="C9152E492429BD7FFF37D80A1EA4A3EE" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<key id="067061DD2429BD7FFF37D80A1EA4A3EE" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2429BD70FF37D80A1EA2A4DE" blockId="55.[151,1437,1608,2015]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<keyLead id="C91095D92429BD70FF37D80A1EA2A4DE" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
1 Staminate and non-fertilized pistillate flowers persistent after anthesis; western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FBBAD80A1F49A55E" box="[1050,1142,1608,1631]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.........................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FABFD80A1EA3A560" ID-CoL="5HFVQ" box="[1311,1436,1608,1633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="irena">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAC4D8081EA3A560" box="[1380,1436,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">irena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Staminate and non-fertilized pistillate flowers deciduous after anthesis; widespread including western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FAABD82A1E5CA57E" box="[1291,1379,1640,1663]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
..... 2 2 Petioles drying orange-brown or reddish-brown .......................................................................................................... 3 - Petioles drying green or yellowish................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Petioles drying reddish-brown;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDB9D88A19BDA5DE" box="[537,642,1736,1759]" name="Colombia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Valle) ......................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FAB5D88A1EA3A5DE" ID-CoL="7JSFR" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1301,1436,1736,1759]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="rubra">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAFFD88A1EA3A5DE" box="[1375,1436,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Petioles drying orange-brown;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDB3D8AA19B8A5FE" box="[531,647,1768,1791]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cordilleras de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B025F80E2429BD70FC94D8AA1890A5FE" box="[820,943,1768,1791]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Tilarán) ................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FB0FD8AA1EA3A400" ID-CoL="5HFVN" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1199,1436,1768,1793]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="guanacastensis">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FB59D8A81EA3A400" box="[1273,1436,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">guanacastensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
4 Leaves with the veins raised and rectangular in cross-section adaxially...................................................................... 5 - Leaves with the veins not raised or slightly raised and triangular in cross-section adaxially .................................... 6 5 Rheophytes; western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FE0ED90A1928A45E" box="[430,535,1864,1887]" name="Colombia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDEBD90A199BA45E" box="[587,676,1864,1887]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
..........................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FAA6D90A1EA4A45E" ID-CoL="5HFVR" box="[1286,1435,1864,1887]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="linearis">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAEAD90A1EA4A45E" box="[1354,1435,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">linearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Non-rheophytes; widespread ..................................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FB5ED92A1EA4A480" ID-CoL="5HFVM" box="[1278,1435,1896,1921]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="cuneata">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAE7D9281EA4A480" box="[1351,1435,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">cuneata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
6 Pinnae 6(5–7) per side of rachis; western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FD23D9CA19E3A49E" box="[643,732,1928,1951]" name="Ecuador" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
...................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FAADD9CA1EA3A49E" ID-CoL="5HFVV" box="[1293,1436,1928,1951]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="sodiroi">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FAF1D9CA1EA3A49E" box="[1361,1436,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">sodiroi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Leaves undivided or pinnate;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDA5D9EA194AA4BE" box="[517,629,1960,1983]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FD20D9EA19C8A4BE" box="[640,759,1960,1983]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FCA2D9EA1869A4BE" box="[770,854,1960,1983]" name="Panama" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.................................................................................... 7 7 Pinnae 12(1–28) per side of rachis;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FDE5D98A198AA4DE" box="[581,693,1992,2015]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FD60D98A1808A4DE" box="[704,823,1992,2015]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2429BD70FCE1D98A18A8A4DE" box="[833,919,1992,2015]" name="Panama" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
...............................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2429BD70FB76D98A1EA2A4DE" ID-CoL="5HFVT" box="[1238,1437,1992,2015]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="procumbens">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2429BD70FABBD98A1EA2A4DE" box="[1307,1437,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="725E36EC2426BD7FFF37DEDA1EA4A3EE" blockId="56.[151,1436,152,239]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<keyLead id="C91095D92426BD7FFF37DEDA1EA4A3EE" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
- Leaves undivided;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AF6767C2426BD7FFE33DEDA1AD8A3AE" box="[403,487,152,175]" name="Panama" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.......................................................................................................................................... 8 8 Rachis 22.6(19.0–29.0) cm long; El Copé, Coclecito Road, El Valle .......................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2426BD7FFAB2DEFA1EA3A3D1" ID-CoL="5HFVS" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1298,1436,184,208]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2426BD7FFAFCDEFB1EA3A3D1" box="[1372,1436,185,208]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Rachis 56.6(40.0–88.0) cm long; Santa Fé to the western end of the Serranía de San Blás ..................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E14D6F2426BD7FFB5EDE9A1EA4A3EE" ID-CoL="5HFVP" authorityName="Henderson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1278,1435,216,239]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="cuneata" subSpecies="indivisa">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="4095EAFE2426BD7FFAE7DE9A1EA4A3EE" box="[1351,1435,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">indivisa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |