treatments-xml/data/F7/2C/87/F72C87EBFF9EFFA7057EFBDC8E9337A2.xml

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<mods:title id="3534324783560377CFC86565F6567E51">Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C5D3AFFCA31AB5B924D5BDEE6672F0A">Radashevsky, Vasily I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B257801C8FE92E62F1442827AA4E9370">Lana, Paulo C.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9EFFA2057EFBDC8BBA36A2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2057EFBDC89173647" blockId="16.[264,821,1113,1174]" box="[264,821,1113,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="24728191FF9EFFA2057EFBDC89173647" bold="true" box="[264,821,1113,1139]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2057EFBDC89173647" ID-CoL="4L63W" authority="Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978" authorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" authorityYear="1978" box="[264,821,1113,1139]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFBDC89173647" bold="true" box="[264,821,1113,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFBDC8B573647" bold="true" box="[264,373,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205D4FBDC88273647" bold="true" box="[418,517,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">haswelli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9EFFA2067AFBDC89173647" author="Blake" box="[524,821,1113,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2057EFBF98BBA36A2" blockId="16.[264,821,1113,1174]" box="[264,408,1148,1174]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9EFFA20566FBF98B7B36A2" box="[272,345,1148,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 8</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9EFFA20509FBF98BAC36A2" box="[383,398,1148,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[264,367,1241,1265]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,841,1214]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[264,1323,841,1214]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, Paraná (MZSP 179). A, B, posterior ends in left lateral view. A, a common disc-like pygidium with numerous glandular cells. B, pygidium intermediate between disc-like and scoop-shaped pygidia, with few glandular cells. Scales: A, B = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174547/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9EFFA2057EFB4289F636E9" box="[264,980,1222,1246]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2057EFB4289F636E9" blockId="16.[264,1323,1222,1310]" box="[264,980,1222,1246]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2057EFB4288B636E9" authority="Blake &amp; Kudenov" authorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" box="[264,660,1222,1246]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFB428BE936EA" box="[264,459,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora haswelli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9EFFA205A4FB4388B636E9" author="Blake" box="[466,660,1222,1245]" pageId="16" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1978, pp. 259–260, Fig. 44).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9EFFA2057EFB628EE03729" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2057EFB628EE03729" blockId="16.[264,1323,1222,1310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2057EFB628BF236CA" ID-CoL="4L669" box="[264,464,1255,1278]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFB628BF236CA" box="[264,464,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9EFFA20595FB6389DD36C9" author="Bolivar" box="[483,1023,1254,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="33" refString="Bolivar, G. A. &amp; Lana, P. C. (1987) Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) do litoral do Estado do Parana. Neritica, Pontal do Sul, PR, 2, 107 - 148." type="journal article" year="1987">
Bolívar &amp; Lana (1987, pp. 115–116, 
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9EFFA207F3FB6389E836C9" box="[901,970,1254,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 8</figureCitation>
–20)
</bibRefCitation>
. — 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9EFFA2005FFB6388043729" author="Blankensteyn" pageId="16" pageNumber="33" refString="Blankensteyn, A. &amp; Moura, R. S. (2002) Lista preliminar das especies da macrofauna de fundos inconsolidados da Baia de Guaratuba, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 19, 715 - 721." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="p">Blankensteyn &amp; Moura (2002, p. 718, table 2)</bibRefCitation>
. Not 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20616FA8289AA3729" ID-CoL="4L669" authority="Hartman" authorityName="Hartman" box="[608,904,1286,1310]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20616FA828906372A" box="[608,804,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
Hartman
</taxonomicName>
in Loosanoff &amp; Engle, 1943.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9EFFA3057EFACA883231BA" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFACA8B4D375C" box="[264,367,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA3054EFAF2883231BA" blockId="16.[264,1323,1359,1905]" lastBlockId="17.[264,1323,284,910]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA2054EFAF28B8737A5" box="[312,421,1399,1425]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
, 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205C0FAF3885337A4" bold="true" box="[438,625,1398,1424]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Espírito Santo</emphasis>
: Espírito Santo Bay: 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA207F1FAF2899637A5" box="[903,948,1399,1425]" name="Iceland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ilha</collectingCountry>
do Frade, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA20033FAF28E8537A5" box="[1093,1191,1399,1425]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-20.283333">20°17´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA200CCFAF28F0437A5" box="[1210,1318,1399,1425]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-40.283333">40°17´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of the oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2069AFA1A898B378C" box="[748,937,1439,1464]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2069AFA1A898B378C" box="[748,937,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. R.C. Nalesso and V.I. Radashevsky, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA205C4FA42887537D5" box="[434,599,1479,1505]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2003-05-29">29 May 2003</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA20610FA42889137D5" box="[614,691,1479,1505]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
175 (12); 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA20741FA4289F137D5" box="[823,979,1479,1505]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2004-02-25">25 Feb 2004</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA20797FA428E0C37D5" box="[993,1070,1479,1505]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
310 (5). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA200D5FA438F0037D4" bold="true" box="[1187,1314,1478,1504]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">São Paulo</emphasis>
: Alcatrazes Is., 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA205B2FA6A880A343D" box="[452,552,1519,1545]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-24.1">24°06´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA2064CFA6A8884343D" box="[570,678,1519,1545]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-45.7">45°42´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9EFFA206CFFA6A892F343D" box="[697,781,1519,1545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 m</quantity>
, from live stony coral 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2004EFA6A8B963405" authority="Verrill, 1808" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1808" class="Anthozoa" family="Mussidae" genus="Mussismilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2004EFA6A8F08343C" box="[1080,1322,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mussismilia hispida</emphasis>
(Verrill, 1808)
</taxonomicName>
, coll. J.M.M. Nogueira, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA206ADF992894A3405" box="[731,872,1559,1585]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1996-12-04">4 Dec 1996</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA20700F99289E13405" box="[886,963,1559,1585]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
173 (2), 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA20045F9928EAA3405" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1075,1160,1559,1585]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">USNM</collectionCode>
1022188 (2). Praia Fazenda, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA205B3F9BA880A346D" box="[453,552,1599,1625]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-23.366667">23°22´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA2064FF9BA8899346D" box="[569,699,1599,1625]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="-44.838333">44°50.3´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, sandy beach, from shell of a gastropod inhabited by hermit crab 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20640F9E2892D34B4" box="[566,783,1639,1664]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Dardanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20640F9E2892D34B4" box="[566,783,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dardanus insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de Saussure, 1858), 0 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA20055F9E28E9434B5" box="[1059,1206,1639,1665]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-09">9 May 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA205C6F90A8BDE349D" box="[432,508,1679,1705]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
(1+). Praia São Francisco, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA20735F90A8984349D" box="[835,934,1679,1705]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-23.75">23°45´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA207C5F90A8E02349D" box="[947,1056,1679,1705]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-45.416668">45°25´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of living oysters and gastropods, and from gastropods inhabited by hermit crabs, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA200A0F9328B6734CD" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2003-04-16">16 Apr 2003</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA20608F95A88E934CD" box="[638,715,1759,1785]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
(1+). Praia Araçá, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA20024F95A8EF634CD" box="[1106,1236,1759,1785]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="-45.40333">45°24.2´W</geoCoordinate>
, sandy intertidal, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, from shell of oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20708F8828E0C3514" box="[894,1070,1799,1824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20708F8828E0C3514" box="[894,1070,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA2004AF8828EF03515" box="[1084,1234,1799,1825]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2003-04-17">17 Apr 2003</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9EFFA200A8F8828F093515" box="[1246,1323,1799,1825]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZSP</collectionCode>
(1+). São Sebastião Island, Praia do Curral, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA20752F8AA89BE357D" box="[804,924,1839,1865]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="-23.858334">23°51.5´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9EFFA207DAF8AA8E0D357D" box="[940,1071,1839,1865]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="-45.431667">45°25.9´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9EFFA20048F8AA8EAC357D" box="[1086,1166,1839,1865]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
, from empty shells of the gastropod 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20668F8D2891E3544" box="[542,828,1879,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20668F8D2891E3544" box="[542,828,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9EFFA200F2F8D28F053545" box="[1156,1319,1879,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2004-05-13">13 May 2004</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, (10+, notes on live material, not fixed). São Sebastião, Praia do Saco Grande, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA305C4FEC18809336A" box="[434,555,324,350]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="92" value="-23.828333">23°49.7´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA3064CFEC1889E336A" box="[570,700,324,350]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="92" value="-45.425">45°25.5´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9FFFA306BDFEC18938336A" box="[715,794,324,350]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 m</quantity>
, from shells of living saddle oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA300B9FEC1887033B2" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Anomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA300B9FEC18BA633B1" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anomia ephippium</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
and gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3075DFEE98E9C33B2" authority="Philippi, 1846" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1846" box="[811,1214,364,390]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinidae" genus="Astraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="olfersii">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3075DFEE989CB33B1" box="[811,1001,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astraea olfersii</emphasis>
(Philippi, 1846)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA300A5FEE98813339A" authority="Adams, 1845" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1845" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Morula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nodulosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA300A5FEE98B563399" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Morula nodulosa</emphasis>
(Adams, 1845)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA30648FE118983339A" authority="Link, 1807" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[574,929,404,430]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Pisania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="auritula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA30648FE1188DD3399" box="[574,767,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pisania auritula</emphasis>
(Link, 1807)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA307D8FE118F04339A" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[942,1318,404,430]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Pisania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA307D8FE118E723399" box="[942,1104,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pisania pusio</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3057EFE3988EC33E2" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[264,718,444,470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Siratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3057EFE398BDD33E1" box="[264,511,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Siratus senegalensis</emphasis>
(Gmelin, 1791)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA30694FE398E2433E1" box="[738,1030,444,469]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA30694FE398E2433E1" box="[738,1030,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3006BFE398EC833E1" box="[1053,1258,444,469]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Strombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pugilis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3006BFE398EC833E1" box="[1053,1258,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Strombus pugilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3057EFE618B9933C9" box="[264,443,484,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tegulidae" genus="Tegula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3057EFE618B9933C9" box="[264,443,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tegula viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3068EFE6189C233C9" box="[760,992,484,509]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Paguristes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortugae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3068EFE6189C233C9" box="[760,992,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paguristes tortugae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3006DFE618F0133C9" box="[1051,1315,484,509]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevidactylus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3006DFE618F0133C9" box="[1051,1315,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pagurus brevidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9FFFA3057EFD898BBD3012" box="[264,415,524,550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2004-06-30">30 Jun 2004</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA306BFFD8989343012" box="[713,790,524,550]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZSP</collectionCode>
179 (50). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA307EFFD8E89D63011" bold="true" box="[921,1012,523,549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paraná</emphasis>
: Paranaguá Bay: Ilha das Cobras, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA3051BFDB18BC4307A" box="[365,486,564,590]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="92" value="-25.481667">25°28.9´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA30580FDB18843307A" box="[502,609,564,590]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-48.433334">48°26´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from oyster shell, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9FFFA307BBFDB18E42307A" box="[973,1120,564,590]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1985-07-23">23 Jul 1985</date>
, coll. P.C. Lana, CEM/ 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA30539FDD98BBB3042" box="[335,409,604,630]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">UFPR</collectionCode>
38 (2). 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9FFFA30677FDD9887E3042" box="[513,604,604,630]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Brasilia</collectingCountry>
village of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9FFFA30693FDD989303042" box="[741,786,604,630]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ilha</collectingCountry>
do Mel, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA307FEFDD989C83042" box="[904,1002,604,630]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-25.55">25°33´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA3078DFDD98E443042" box="[1019,1126,604,630]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-48.316666">48°19´W</geoCoordinate>
, 0.5 m, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9FFFA300B9FDD98B6730AA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-08-25">25 Aug 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, from shell of the gastropod 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA307AFFD018F0730AA" authority="Say, 1822" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1822" box="[985,1317,644,670]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA307AFFD018EBC30A9" box="[985,1182,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Crepidula plana</emphasis>
Say, 1822
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA3057EFD298B7730F2" box="[264,341,684,710]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZSP</collectionCode>
178 (1); from shells of gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA30767FD2989E530F1" box="[785,967,684,709]" class="Gastropoda" family="Melongenidae" genus="Pugilina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA30767FD2989E530F1" box="[785,967,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pugilina morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3007FFD298F0830F1" box="[1033,1322,684,709]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3007FFD298F0830F1" box="[1033,1322,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crab 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3064CFD51890430D9" box="[570,806,724,749]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Clibanarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3064CFD51890430D9" box="[570,806,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Clibanarius vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA3074EFD5189A630DA" box="[824,900,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZSP</collectionCode>
176 (80). 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA30071FD518E4B30DA" box="[1031,1129,724,750]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-25.466667">25°28´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA3000EFD518EC630DA" box="[1144,1252,724,750]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-48.45">48°27´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9FFFA30085FD518F0430DA" box="[1267,1318,724,750]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
, from shells of the cultured oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA306D1FD79897E3121" box="[679,860,764,789]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA306D1FD79897E3121" box="[679,860,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9FFFA3071BFD798E2A3122" box="[877,1032,764,790]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-09-13">13 Sep 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA3057EFCA18B77310A" box="[264,341,804,830]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZSP</collectionCode>
174 (10). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA305A4FCA188B1310A" bold="true" box="[466,659,804,830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
, Florianópolis: Praia da Ponta de Sambaqui, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA300DAFCA18F07310A" box="[1196,1317,804,830]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="92" value="-27.475">27°28.5´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF9FFFA3057EFCC98BA83152" box="[264,394,844,870]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="92" value="-48.56167">48°33.7´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9FFFA305E3FCC98BE73152" box="[405,453,844,870]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, from shells of the cultured oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA3072DFCC9899E3151" box="[859,956,844,869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3072DFCC9899E3151" box="[859,956,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. Y.M.B. Neptune, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9FFFA300A2FCC98B6731BA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2003-08-15">15 Aug 2003</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF9FFFA30527FCF18BBC31BA" box="[337,414,884,910]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZSP</collectionCode>
177 (18).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF9FFFA3057EF9D68935352C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9FFFA3057EF9D68935352C" blockId="17.[264,1323,1619,1816]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA3057EF9D68BA8345F" bold="true" box="[264,394,1619,1643]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9FFFA305E4F9D6885A345E" box="[402,632,1619,1642]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA305E4F9D68BD7345E" box="[402,501,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Polydora</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9FFFA30669F9D6885A345E" box="[543,632,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B–D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9CFFA1057EFE998BA7350D" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0057EFE998BFF3301" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" box="[264,477,284,309]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9CFFA0057EFE998BFF3301" box="[264,477,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Adult morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFEC189F530F2" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Up to 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9CFFA005F6FEC18BF1336A" box="[384,467,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9CFFA00630FEC188A8336A" box="[582,650,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide at chaetiger 7 for 170 chaetigers. Body pale or light tan in life. Pigmentation on palps greatly variable: fine black lines or separate black bars present along longitudinal ciliated groove; occasionally pigmentation lacking. Pigment pattern and numbers of bars on palps not correlated with total number of chaetigers in an individual. Light yellow pigment often present along ciliated groove between black bars. Black pigment absent on body or black narrow strips present on either side of anterior part of prostomium, and indistinct paired patches present on dorsal side of peristomium and 1–3 anterior chaetigers. Small distinct yellow chromatophores present on dorso-lateral sides of posterior chaetigers in large individuals (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA00721FD0189BC30AA" box="[855,926,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
E). Yellow pigment on palps and posterior chaetigers absent in formaldehyde-fixed specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFD518B8831EA" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Prostomium incised anteriorly. Caruncle extending to end of chaetiger 3. Occipital antenna absent. Two pairs of black eyes usually present; occasionally one to three eyes present or eyes lacking. Palps as long as 10–20 chaetigers, with longitudinal groove lined with fine frontal cilia, latero-frontal motile compound cilia bordering groove, short lateral papillae with non-motile cirri arranged along either side of groove, and short compound non-motile cilia arising directly from palp surface and scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFC698E05361A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia and postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notochaetae absent. Posterior notopodia with only capillary chaetae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFBB989AE372A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Chaetiger 5 greatly modified, almost twice as large as chaetigers 4 or 6, with 3–5 dorsal superior winged capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA006D8FBE188D7364A" box="[686,757,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C), 5–8 major modified spines alternating with bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae and arranged in a slightly curved, diagonal row, and 5–8 winged ventral capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA0060AFB3188E136FA" box="[636,707,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B); postchaetal lamellae absent. Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries shorter and fewer than those on chaetigers 4 and 6. Major spines falcate, with lateral accessory flange of variable size (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA00757FA818947372A" box="[801,869,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFAA9887B375A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, bidentate, with constriction on shaft (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA00567FAD18B77375A" box="[273,341,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A), up to 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9CFFA005B0FAD18BD1375A" box="[454,499,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
a series.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFAF98EA4378A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Branchiae from chaetiger 7, full-sized from chaetigers 9–10, distributed to middle or usually almost end of body, becoming much smaller on posterior chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EFA498EF8346A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Pygidium cup-shaped to disc-like, with dorsal gap to narrow incision, white due to numerous glandular cells; small notch often present on ventral side of pygidium, usually positioned asymmetrically (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9CFFA00615F99988913402" box="[611,691,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1619,1643]" captionTargetBox="[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[274,1312,966,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174546/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
E). Small knobs with short non-motile, probably sensory, cilia arranged along edge of pygidium, mainly along its dorso-lateral edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EF9E98B98349A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Lateral ciliated organs as small pits between noto- and neuropodia on all chaetigers except 4 and 5.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EF9398BCC34CA" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Glandular pouches from chaetiger 7, large in chaetigers 7 to 9, then greatly diminishing in size.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA0054EF889896F3512" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" box="[312,845,1804,1830]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9CFFA1054EF8B18896336A" blockId="18.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="19.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Metanephridial segmental organs from chaetiger 7, opening to exterior laterally on anterior, sterile chaetigers and dorsally on gametogenic chaetigers; paired nephridia opening separately on all chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9DFFA1057EFE0C8B433396" blockId="19.[264,1323,393,782]" box="[264,353,393,418]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1057EFE0C8B433396" box="[264,353,393,418]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Habitat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9DFFA1054EFE3489FD313A" blockId="19.[264,1323,393,782]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
In 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9DFFA1052FFE348B8133FF" box="[345,419,433,459]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA105C7FE34887A33FE" box="[433,600,433,459]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA105C7FE348BE633FE" box="[433,452,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10581FE34887A33FE" box="[503,600,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found intertidally and in shallow water in shells of live oysters 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1051FFE5C885E33C6" box="[361,636,473,498]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brasiliana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1051FFE5C885E33C6" box="[361,636,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Crassostrea brasiliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA106E7FE5C88DB33C6" box="[657,761,473,498]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA106E7FE5C88DB33C6" box="[657,761,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10779FE5C89E433C6" box="[783,966,473,498]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10779FE5C89E433C6" box="[783,966,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1007AFE5C8ED333C6" box="[1036,1265,473,498]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Anomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1007AFE5C8ED333C6" box="[1036,1265,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anomia ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gastropod 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA105F0FD84886A302E" box="[390,584,513,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA105F0FD84886A302E" box="[390,584,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Crepidula plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and empty shells of the gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10071FD848EE2302E" box="[1031,1216,513,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinidae" genus="Astraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="olfersii">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10071FD848EE2302E" box="[1031,1216,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Astraea olfersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA100A7FD848B443076" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Pisania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="auritula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA100A7FD848B443076" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pisania auritula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1050CFDAC883D3076" box="[378,543,553,578]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Pisania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1050CFDAC883D3076" box="[378,543,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pisania pusio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10644FDAC88CB3076" box="[562,745,553,578]" class="Gastropoda" family="Melongenidae" genus="Pugilina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10644FDAC88CB3076" box="[562,745,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pugilina morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1068AFDAC89CD3076" box="[764,1007,553,578]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Siratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1068AFDAC89CD3076" box="[764,1007,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Siratus senegalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10074FDAC8F013076" box="[1026,1315,553,578]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10074FDAC8F013076" box="[1026,1315,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1057EFDD48BF0305E" box="[264,466,593,618]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Strombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pugilis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1057EFDD48BF0305E" box="[264,466,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Strombus pugilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10656FDD488FB305E" box="[544,729,593,618]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tegulidae" genus="Tegula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10656FDD488FB305E" box="[544,729,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tegula viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10045FDD48F01305E" box="[1075,1315,593,618]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Clibanarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10045FDD48F01305E" box="[1075,1315,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Clibanarius vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1057EFDFC8BD230A6" box="[264,496,633,658]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Paguristes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortugae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1057EFDFC8BD230A6" box="[264,496,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Paguristes tortugae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1065FFDFC891330A6" box="[553,817,633,658]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevidactylus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1065FFDFC891330A6" box="[553,817,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pagurus brevidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and also in live scleractinian corals. Up to 10 worms occurred per cm2 of shell surface. Worm burrows were U-shaped with walls lined with fine silt. The burrows of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA106C4FD49897B30D1" box="[690,857,716,742]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA106C4FD4988E730D1" box="[690,709,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10681FD49897B30D1" box="[759,857,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble those of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1004DFD498ECF30D1" box="[1083,1261,716,741]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1004DFD498ECF30D1" box="[1083,1261,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species occurred together in shells in various proportions.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF9DFFA1057EFB5C8B76376C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174547/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[264,1323,841,1214]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9DFFA1057EFB5C8B76376C" blockId="19.[264,1323,1241,1368]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1057EFB5C8BA936C5" bold="true" box="[264,395,1241,1265]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA105E5FB5F885836C5" box="[403,634,1241,1265]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA105E5FB5F8BD436C5" box="[403,502,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Polydora</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10657FB5F885836C5" box="[545,634,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology, Paraná (MZSP 179). A, B, posterior ends in left lateral view. A, a common disc-like pygidium with numerous glandular cells. B, pygidium intermediate between disc-like and scoop-shaped pygidia, with few glandular cells. Scales: A, B = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9DFFA1057EFA0A8B84379C" blockId="19.[264,1323,1423,1849]" box="[264,422,1423,1448]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1057EFA0A8B84379C" box="[264,422,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Reproduction</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9DFFA1054EFA328BA7350D" blockId="19.[264,1323,1423,1849]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA1054EFA32881C37E4" box="[312,574,1463,1489]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA1054EFA328B8737E4" box="[312,421,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Polydora</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA105ABFA32881C37E4" box="[477,574,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is gonochoristic. Spermatids were interconnected in tetrads. Spermatozoa were introsperm with an elongated straight head about 1 µm in diameter, head+middlepiece 12 µm long, acrosome 1.5 µm, nucleus 6 µm, middlepiece 4.5 µm, and flagellum 45 µm long. Females deposited eggs about 100 µm in diameter into capsules which were joined to each other in a string and attached to the inner wall of the burrow by two stalks. Larvae developed inside the capsules until the 3-chaetiger stage, when they hatched and continued development in the water column until the 16–18-chaetiger stage, feeding on the plankton. Morphology of the capsules and early, encapsulated larvae resembled those of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9DFFA10582F97288853524" box="[500,679,1783,1808]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9DFFA10582F97288853524" box="[500,679,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Larval development of the species will be described elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9AFFA7057EFE998E43372A" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9AFFA6057EFE998B4C3301" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,1870]" box="[264,366,284,309]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6057EFE998B4C3301" box="[264,366,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9AFFA6054EFEC18EBA3662" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Worms identified herein as 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA606DEFEC189413369" box="[680,867,324,350]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA606DEFEC188993369" box="[680,699,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA60777FEC189413369" box="[769,867,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA60787FEC18E8F3369" box="[1009,1197,324,349]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA60787FEC18E8F3369" box="[1009,1197,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many characteristic features. The two species occur together in shells, have similarly variable pigmentation on palps and anterior chaetigers, an incised prostomium, caruncle extending posteriorly to the end of chaetiger 3, spermatids joined in tetrads, similar dimensions of oocytes and spermatozoa, and morphology of early larvae. The extreme forms of each species can easily be distinguished by the shape of pygidium: those referred to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA60163FD898BBE3079" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA60163FD898BBE3079" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a large, scoop-shaped pygidium, while 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA607DAFDB18E6D3079" box="[940,1103,564,590]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA607DAFDB1899C3079" box="[940,958,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6079BFDB18E6D3079" box="[1005,1103,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals have a small, disc-like to cup-shaped pygidium. However, the morphology of the pygidium is variable in both species, including form intermediate between the cup- and scoop-shaped pygidia (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF9AFFA60504FD298B9830F2" box="[370,442,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[264,367,1241,1265]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,841,1214]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[264,1323,841,1214]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, Paraná (MZSP 179). A, B, posterior ends in left lateral view. A, a common disc-like pygidium with numerous glandular cells. B, pygidium intermediate between disc-like and scoop-shaped pygidia, with few glandular cells. Scales: A, B = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174547/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B). Other characteristics that might be diagnostic, such as the dentition of chaetiger 5 falcate spines (single lateral flange versus lateral tooth and small subterminal flange), and the presence of small yellow chromatophores on the posterior segments, are also variable, making delineation of the species ambiguous. Lateral additional structures on old falcate spines (situated in the anterior part of the row) were worn and indistinct, while on new spines (situated in the posterior part of the row) they appeared as one complete large flange or lateral tooth and small subterminal flange, depending on the view of observation and quality of the preparation. Yellow chromatophores were absent in some live worms with all the other characteristics corresponding to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA6005CFC698EFD3631" box="[1066,1247,1004,1030]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6005CFC698E1F3631" box="[1066,1085,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6000BFC698EFD3631" box="[1149,1247,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This variability raised a problem of conspecificity of worms with large, scoop-shaped and small, disc-like pygidia (see below doubts about identification as 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA6007EFBB98EA53661" box="[1032,1159,1084,1109]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6007EFBB98EA53661" box="[1032,1159,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9AFFA6054EFBE18B9437D2" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA605E1FBE188263649" box="[407,516,1124,1149]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA605E1FBE188263649" box="[407,516,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae caught in a creek entering Espírito Santo Bay in the state of Espírito Santo provided support for the idea of two sympatric species. Two kinds of larvae were found in the plankton and only 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA606C3FB31894736F9" box="[693,869,1204,1229]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA606C3FB31894736F9" box="[693,869,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA607EBFB318E6336F9" box="[925,1089,1204,1230]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA607EBFB31899236F9" box="[925,944,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA607A9FB318E6336F9" box="[991,1089,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were present on the bottom, boring in oyster shells. The larvae appeared very similar in most diagnostic characteristics but differed unambiguously in the shape and position of melanophores on the lateral peristomial lips. It is plausible that two 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA60711FAA989F63771" box="[871,980,1324,1349]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA60711FAA989F63771" box="[871,980,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species co-occur in the area and they are able to interbreed on occasion, resulting in individuals with intermediate shape of the pygidium. Further molecular investigations are certainly needed to clarify this issue. Meanwhile worms with scoop-shaped and disc-like pygidia are distinguished taxonomically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9AFFA7054EFA718BB43692" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="21.[264,1323,284,1310]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Another problem to solve was the identification of the two species under discussion. The diagnostic features and taxonomic status of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA6074AF99989CE3401" box="[828,1004,1564,1589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA6074AF99989CE3401" box="[828,1004,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are discussed above in this paper, while reasoning for 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA60610F9C1893E3469" box="[614,796,1604,1630]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA60610F9C1885B3469" box="[614,633,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA606CCF9C1893E3469" box="[698,796,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is provided here. Although both species demonstrate variable pigmentation (even absent in some individuals), they can be referred to a group of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA605C4F911883D3499" box="[434,543,1684,1709]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA605C4F911883D3499" box="[434,543,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species having characteristic black bars on palps. Those species were reviewed by 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9AFFA6059FF93989C234E2" author="Williams" box="[489,992,1724,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="37" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology and reproduction of a new Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky (1999: Table 1)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9AFFA60069F9398BEE34CA" author="Radashevsky" pageId="20" pageNumber="36" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Hsieh, H. L. (2000) Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) species from Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 39, 203 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2000">Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh (2000: Table 1)</bibRefCitation>
but the Brazilian worms fit none of them. Both reviews, however, overlooked 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA605E0F889886B3511" box="[406,585,1804,1829]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA605E0F889886B3511" box="[406,585,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9AFFA606F0F88989253511" box="[646,775,1804,1829]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9AFFA606F0F88989253511" box="[646,775,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The original description of the latter species referred ambiguously to “additional pigment on palps” (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9AFFA607D3F8B18F01357A" author="Blake" box="[933,1315,1844,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="p">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978: p. 259</bibRefCitation>
) but James A. Blake clarified that &quot;pigment spots occurred along the palps&quot; (e-mail of 
<date id="0B3B103DFF9BFFA7016AFE998BEB336A" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2003-11-03">3 November 2003</date>
to VIR). This clarification made 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA70728FEC18B6133B2" authority="Williams &amp; Radashevsky, 1999" authorityName="Williams &amp; Radashevsky" authorityYear="1999" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaeca">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA70728FEC189CE3369" box="[862,1004,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. neocaeca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA70780FEC18B6133B2" author="Williams" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology and reproduction of a new Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(originally described from Rhode Island, 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA70744FEE989A133B2" box="[818,899,364,390]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA707B1FEE98B61339A" authority="Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978" authorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" authorityYear="1978" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA707B1FEE98E6533B1" box="[967,1095,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. haswelli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA70038FEE98B61339A" author="Blake" pageId="21" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(originally described from New South 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA70755FE11894F339A" box="[803,877,404,430]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Wales</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA7070AFE1189CB339A" box="[892,1001,404,430]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
) similar to each other and raised a problem of their identity. Both species are shell-borers with almost identical main characteristic features, including body and palp pigmentation and the shape of the pygidium. They differ in the shape of additional structures on major falcate spines of chaetiger 5, with large accessory tooth and smaller vertical flange above the tooth present in 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA7055AFDD98B8D3041" box="[300,431,604,629]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA7055AFDD98B8D3041" box="[300,431,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA705B2FDD989B33042" author="Blake" box="[452,913,604,630]" pageId="21" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978: fig. 44C–E</bibRefCitation>
), and an obliquely curved flange present in 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA705F7FD01882E30A9" box="[385,524,644,669]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaeca">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA705F7FD01882E30A9" box="[385,524,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. neocaeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA7066CFD0189C830AA" author="Williams" box="[538,1002,644,670]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology and reproduction of a new Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky 1999: fig. 1D</bibRefCitation>
). These differences are not, however, unambiguous and should be studied more carefully since both kinds of spine lateral structures may vary. Sperm morphology might be informative for the species delineation and is used herein for a tentative identification of the Brazilian worms. 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA7057EFCA18BC93109" box="[264,491,804,829]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaeca">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA7057EFCA18BC93109" box="[264,491,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Polydora neocaeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has spermatids joined in octads (Williams 2000) and spermatozoa with acrosome 0.9 ± 0.1 µm, nucleus 4.8 ± 0.4 µm, middlepiece 4.2 ± 0.4 µm (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA700EBFCC98BD331BA" author="Williams" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology and reproduction of a new Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Williams 2000). 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA706AAFCF189C831B9" box="[732,1002,884,910]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA706AAFCF1896B31B9" box="[732,841,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Polydora</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA707FEFCF189C831B9" box="[904,1002,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA700EDFCF18EC131BA" box="[1179,1251,884,910]" name="Brazil" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brazil</collectingCountry>
have spermatids joined in tetrads, and the spermatozoa differ in measurements from those of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA70163FC198B5431E9" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaeca">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA70163FC198B5431E9" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. neocaeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The number of spermatids joined together by cytoplasmic bridges is species specific, 4 or 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF9BFFA705CDFC698BCC3632" box="[443,494,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
examined 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA7060DFC6988CA3631" box="[635,744,1004,1029]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA7060DFC6988CA3631" box="[635,744,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and has been used for distinguishing between sibling species (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF9BFFA7064DFB91899A361A" author="Radashevsky" box="[571,952,1044,1070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="36" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Pankova, V. V. (2006) The morphology of two sibling sympatric Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 245 - 252." type="book chapter" year="2006">Radashevsky &amp; Pankova 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Information about spermatid aggregation and sperm morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA706A6FBB9896C3661" box="[720,846,1084,1109]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA706A6FBB9896C3661" box="[720,846,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA707E3FBB98E233662" box="[917,1025,1084,1110]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
is lacking. Pending more details on morphology of the Australian material, we refer to the Brazilian specimens as 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA70163FBE18BAD3691" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA70163FBE18F0A3649" box="[1301,1320,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA7055BFB098BAD3691" box="[301,399,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9BFFA7054EFB318E43372A" blockId="21.[264,1323,284,1310]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Remarkably, 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA70597FB31884A36F9" box="[481,616,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. h a s w e l l i</emphasis>
has not been reported outside of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA70039FB318E9F36FA" box="[1103,1213,1204,1230]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9BFFA70163FB318BBE36C1" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA70163FB318BBE36C1" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded only from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA706ADFB59891D36C2" box="[731,831,1244,1270]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Further molecular investigations would clarify the identification of the Brazilian worms referred to these species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9BFFA7057EFAD18E9337A2" box="[264,1201,1364,1430]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9BFFA7057EFAD18BB53759" blockId="21.[264,1201,1364,1430]" box="[264,407,1364,1389]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9BFFA7057EFAD18BB53759" box="[264,407,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9BFFA7054EFAF98E9337A2" blockId="21.[264,1201,1364,1430]" box="[312,1201,1404,1430]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA7054EFAF98B8A37A2" box="[312,424,1404,1430]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
: New South 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA7064BFAF988AA37A2" box="[573,648,1404,1430]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Wales</collectingCountry>
; 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9BFFA706E5FAF988FD37A2" box="[659,735,1404,1430]" name="Brazil" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: Espírito Santo south to Santa Catarina.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>