treatments-xml/data/F7/2C/87/F72C87EBFF88FFA2057EFE998EED3635.xml

<document id="630A5ECDF0E02FF4413F3D398E8A82CB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174538" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9a361dfb-2c95-48e9-925c-bbaf8fd9e1ef" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174538" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459784454064" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Radashevsky, Vasily I., Lana, Paulo C. &amp; Nalesso, Rosebel C." docDate="2006" docId="F72C87EBFF88FFA2057EFE998EED3635" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01353p037.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1353" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Polydora ecuadoriana Blake 1983" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="0B15FF93FF8EFFB20476FF858A223234" masterDocTitle="Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698218323842" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CB7793E391FCF5C3AC9884D2C834D72E">Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3CFFD89CDA74E40B8004A49E7688041C">Lana, Paulo C.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4057EFE99888E3301" blockId="6.[264,684,283,345]" box="[264,684,283,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="24728191FF88FFB4057EFE99888E3301" bold="true" box="[264,684,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF88FFB4057EFE99888E3301" ID-CoL="4L63G" authority="Blake, 1983" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1983" box="[264,684,283,310]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4057EFE99888E3301" bold="true" box="[264,684,283,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4057EFE9988363302" box="[264,532,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF88FFB4066DFE9E888E3301" author="Blake" box="[539,684,283,309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983">Blake, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4057EFEBA8BA3336D" blockId="6.[264,684,283,345]" box="[264,385,319,345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF88FFB40566FEBA8B5B336D" box="[272,377,319,345]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="6.[264,367,1505,1529]" captionStartId-1="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionStartId-2="9.[264,367,1573,1597]" captionStartId-3="10.[264,367,1470,1494]" captionStartId-4="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionStartId-5="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox-0="[267,1322,841,1480]" captionTargetBox-1="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetBox-2="[272,1315,316,1549]" captionTargetBox-3="[264,1322,314,1445]" captionTargetBox-4="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetBox-5="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[267,1326,841,1481]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[272,1315,316,1550]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[264,1323,314,1446]" captionTargetId-4="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40 - chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B – E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A – E, 100 µm." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, left lateral view, showing narrow, downwards-curved prostomium (pr), low caruncle (ca), and peristomium (pe). B, same, ventral view, showing narrow incision on anterior edge of prostomium. C, chaetigers 2 – 6, left lateral view, showing lateral ciliated organs (lo) on chaetigers 2, 3 and 6; enlarged chaetiger 5 with tuft of dorsal superior capillaries (ds), two kinds of modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in horizontal double row, and tuft of ventral capillaries (vc). D, chaetigers 6 – 8, left lateral view, showing ventral capillaries on chaetiger 6, vertical rows of hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. E, F, posterior ends in left lateral view, showing various pygidia. Scales: A, B, F, 100 µm. C, E, 50 µm. D, 30 µm." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/174540/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/174542/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/174543/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 2–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4057EFE0A895C3391" blockId="6.[264,894,398,422]" box="[264,894,398,422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF88FFB4057EFE0A881C3391" authority="Blake" authorityName="Blake" box="[264,574,398,422]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4057EFE0A8BDB3392" box="[264,505,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF88FFB40589FE0B881C3391" author="Blake" box="[511,574,398,421]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983">Blake</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1983, pp. 257–258, Fig. 26).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="379F6576FF88FFB4057EFE4A89C530BD" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4057EFE4A8B4D33DC" box="[264,367,463,488]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4054EFE7289C530BD" blockId="6.[264,1323,463,769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF88FFB4054EFE728BE53025" box="[312,455,503,529]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
, 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB405A2FE7388143024" bold="true" box="[468,566,502,528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Manabí</emphasis>
, Bahia de 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF88FFB406CCFE7289683025" box="[698,842,503,529]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Santa Elena</collectingCountry>
, 200 ms offshore, 1/ 
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NE of Punta Ballenita, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF88FFB405F4FD9A887B300D" box="[386,601,543,569]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ANTON BRUUN</collectionCode>
R/V, cruise 16, st. SE-6669, 
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°12.33´S, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB40027FD9A8EC0300D" box="[1105,1250,543,569]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="9" value="-80.8695">80°52.17´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF88FFB40086FD9A8B003055" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB40559FDC28BE13055" box="[303,451,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1966-05-08">8 May 1966</date>
, coll. S.A. Earle, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF88FFB406EFFDC288CC3055" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[665,750,583,609]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">USNM</collectionCode>
59920 (20 
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); st. SE-6670, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB400E9FDC28E9D3055" box="[1183,1215,583,609]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="9" value="-2.1911666">02</geoCoordinate>
°11.47´S, 
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, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF88FFB405D2FDEA8BD330BD" box="[420,497,623,649]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB4058BFDEA88AF30BD" box="[509,653,623,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1966-05-08">8 May 1966</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF88FFB406EFFDEA88CC30BD" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[665,750,623,649]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">USNM</collectionCode>
60549 (2 
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF88FFB40710FDEA89FE30BD" box="[870,988,623,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF88FFB5054EFD1288BB372A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4054EFD1289F83135" blockId="6.[264,1323,463,769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF88FFB4054EFD128B8D3085" box="[312,431,663,689]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
, Caribbean Sea: 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB40605FD1388C43084" bold="true" box="[627,742,662,688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Veracruz</emphasis>
, Tamiahua Lagoon, st. E-6, 
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°35´N, 
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, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF88FFB4016AFD128B0030ED" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, from oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF88FFB405C8FD3A886930EC" box="[446,587,703,728]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB405C8FD3A886930EC" box="[446,587,703,728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Crassostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB406F5FD3A893630ED" box="[643,788,703,729]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1993-01-10">10 Jan 1993</date>
, coll. V.H. Delgado-Blas, ECOSUR SPIO-75 (7); 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4054CFD638BC83134" bold="true" box="[314,490,742,768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Quintana Roo</emphasis>
, st. CP 32- 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB4061BFD6288993135" box="[621,699,743,769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1941-04-03">4 41-3</date>
, ECOSUR SPIO-76 (1).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF88FFB4057EFA648B983491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174540/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[267,1322,841,1480]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB4057EFA648B983491" blockId="6.[264,1323,1505,1701]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4057EFA648BAB37CD" bold="true" box="[264,393,1505,1529]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF88FFB405E6FA6488A337CC" box="[400,641,1505,1528]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB405E6FA6488A337CC" box="[400,641,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40-chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF88FFB5054EF95E88BB372A" blockId="6.[264,1323,1755,1901]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,283,1310]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF88FFB4054EF95E8B8734C1" box="[312,421,1755,1781]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
, 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB405C0F95E885334C1" bold="true" box="[438,625,1755,1781]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espírito Santo</emphasis>
: Espírito Santo Bay: 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF88FFB407F1F95E899634C1" box="[903,948,1755,1781]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ilha</collectingCountry>
do Frade, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB40033F95E8E8534C1" box="[1093,1191,1755,1781]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-20.3">20°18´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB400CCF95E8F0434C1" box="[1210,1318,1755,1781]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-40.283333">40°17´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of the oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF88FFB4069AF881898B3529" box="[748,937,1796,1821]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF88FFB4069AF881898B3529" box="[748,937,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. R.C. Nalesso and V.I. Radashevsky, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB405C7F8AE88713571" box="[433,595,1835,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2003-05-29">29 May 2003</date>
, MZSP 167 (9), 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB40769F8AE89913571" box="[799,947,1835,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2004-01-16">16 Jan 2004</date>
, MZSP 171 (24), 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB400FBF8AE8F043571" box="[1165,1318,1835,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2004-02-25">25 Feb 2004</date>
, MZSP 315 (6), MZSP 313 (23); Maria Ortiz, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB4075CF8D689AF3559" box="[810,909,1875,1901]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-20.25">20°15´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF88FFB407EDF8D68E253559" box="[923,1031,1875,1901]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-40.3">40°18´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF88FFB400F8F8D68F043559" box="[1166,1318,1875,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2004-02-20">20 Feb 2004</date>
, coll. K.M. Machado, MZSP 168 (16). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5069BFE9E894D3301" bold="true" box="[749,879,283,309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">São Paulo</emphasis>
: São Sebastião, Praia das Cigarras, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB5057EFEC18BA3336A" box="[264,385,324,350]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-23.728333">23°43.7´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB505E5FEC18BDC336A" box="[403,510,324,350]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-43.4">43°24´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of various gastropods inhabited by hermit crabs, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50521FEE98BD533B2" box="[343,503,364,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2004-03-24">24 Mar 2004</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky (10+, notes on live material, not fixed). São Sebastião, Praia do Saco Grande, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB506E3FE11892F339A" box="[661,781,404,430]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-23.828333">23°49.7´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB5076CFE1189BE339A" box="[794,924,404,430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-45.425">45°25.5´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB507DEFE1189D7339A" box="[936,1013,404,430]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 m</quantity>
, from shells of gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB5057EFE3988DB33E2" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[264,761,444,470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5057EFE39880733E1" box="[264,549,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1767)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50773FE398EBF33E2" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[773,1181,444,470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Strombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pugilis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50773FE3989E833E1" box="[773,970,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Strombus pugilis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB500AAFE39880133CA" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" class="Gastropoda" family="Tegulidae" genus="Tegula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB500AAFE398B4733C9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tegula viridula</emphasis>
(Gmelin, 1791)
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50717FE618EDA33CA" authority="Schmitt, 1933" authorityName="Schmitt" authorityYear="1933" box="[865,1272,484,510]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Paguristes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortugae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50717FE618E6833C9" box="[865,1098,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paguristes tortugae</emphasis>
Schmitt, 1933
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB5057EFD8988C43012" authority="Stimpson, 1859" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1859" box="[264,742,524,550]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevidactylus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5057EFD8988323011" box="[264,528,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pagurus brevidactylus</emphasis>
(Stimpson, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50684FD8989A43012" box="[754,902,524,550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2004-06-30">30 Jun 2004</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, (10+, notes on live material, not fixed). São Sebastião Island, Praia do Curral, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50068FDB18EB4307A" box="[1054,1174,564,590]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-23.858334">23°51.5´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB500D2FDB18F04307A" box="[1188,1318,564,590]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-45.431667">45°25.9´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB5057EFDD98B7A3042" box="[264,344,604,630]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
, from shells of the gastropod 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB506B1FDD9895E3041" box="[711,892,604,629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB506B1FDD9895E3041" box="[711,892,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB500BBFDD98B6430AA" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2004-05-13">13 May 2004</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, (10+, notes on live material, not fixed). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50032FD018EBD30AA" bold="true" box="[1092,1183,644,670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paraná</emphasis>
: Paranaguá Bay: Praia Grande of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF89FFB5066CFD29886A30F2" box="[538,584,684,710]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ilha</collectingCountry>
do Mel, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB506B6FD29891B30F2" box="[704,825,684,710]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-25.546667">25°32.8´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB5073CFD2989E930F2" box="[842,971,684,710]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-48.293335">48°17.6´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shell of the barnacle 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50500FD51883430D9" box="[374,534,724,749]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Megabalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50500FD51883430D9" box="[374,534,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Megabalanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50625FD5188D730DA" box="[595,757,724,750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1998-08-13">13 Aug 1998</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky and P.C. Lana, USNM 1022187 (9). Pontal do Sul, mouth of Perequê tidal creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50063FD798EAC3122" box="[1045,1166,764,790]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-25.563334">25°33.8´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB500D2FD798F043122" box="[1188,1318,764,790]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-48.356667">48°21.4´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of live gastropod 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB506ACFCA189A93109" box="[730,907,804,829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB506ACFCA189A93109" box="[730,907,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50065FCA18EE73109" box="[1043,1221,804,829]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50065FCA18EE73109" box="[1043,1221,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB500A5FCA18B673152" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1998-08-22">22 Aug 1998</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, USNM 1022185 (32), 1022186 (1). 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50079FCC98E533152" box="[1039,1137,844,870]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-25.466667">25°28´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50008FCC98ECB3152" box="[1150,1257,844,870]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-48.45">48°27´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB50083FCC98F043152" box="[1269,1318,844,870]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
, from shells of the cultured oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB506D1FCF1897E31B9" box="[679,860,884,909]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB506D1FCF1897E31B9" box="[679,860,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB5071BFCF18E2A31BA" box="[877,1032,884,910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2001-09-13">13 Sep 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, MZSP 166 (1). 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF89FFB505B0FC1988033182" box="[454,545,924,950]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brasilia</collectingCountry>
village of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF89FFB506D3FC1988F03182" box="[677,722,924,950]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ilha</collectingCountry>
do Mel, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50735FC1989843182" box="[835,934,924,950]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-25.55">25°33´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB507C2FC198E023182" box="[948,1056,924,950]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-48.316666">48°19´W</geoCoordinate>
, 0.5 m, from shells of gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB505E7FC41893B31EA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[401,793,964,990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Melongenidae" genus="Pugilina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB505E7FC41886731E9" box="[401,581,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pugilina morio</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50720FC418E2831E9" box="[854,1034,964,989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50720FC418E2831E9" box="[854,1034,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by the hermit crab 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB50532FC6988F73632" authority="Bosc, 1802" authorityName="Bosc" authorityYear="1802" box="[324,725,1004,1030]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Clibanarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50532FC6988123631" box="[324,560,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Clibanarius vittatus</emphasis>
(Bosc, 1802)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50695FC6989A03632" box="[739,898,1004,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2001-08-25">25 Aug 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, MZSP 172 (5). Guaratuba Bay, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50581FB918878361A" box="[503,602,1044,1070]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-25.883333">25°53´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50611FB9188F0361A" box="[615,722,1044,1070]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-48.566666">48°34´W</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, from shells of the oysters 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB500FCFB918F063619" box="[1162,1316,1044,1069]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Clibanarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliena">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB500FCFB918F063619" box="[1162,1316,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. brasiliena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB5057EFBB98B493661" box="[264,363,1084,1109]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5057EFBB98B493661" box="[264,363,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB505DBFBB988423661" box="[429,608,1084,1109]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB505DBFBB988423661" box="[429,608,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50619FBB988D43662" box="[623,758,1084,1110]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2002-06-03">3 Jun 2002</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, MZSP 169 (22). 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB50095FBB98B5A364A" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
, Florianópolis: North Bight of Ilha de Ratones Grande, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50078FBE18E53364A" box="[1038,1137,1124,1150]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-27.466667">27°28´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50008FBE18EC8364A" box="[1150,1258,1124,1150]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="-48.55">48°33´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB50080FBE18F04364A" box="[1270,1318,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, from shell of the cultured oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB506F1FB0988CA3691" box="[647,744,1164,1189]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB506F1FB0988CA3691" box="[647,744,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. Y.M.B. Neptune, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50789FB098EB13692" box="[1023,1171,1164,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1998-09-24">24 Sep 1998</date>
, SMF 13967 (3); Praia da Ponta de Sambaqui, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB506E9FB31893A36FA" box="[671,792,1204,1230]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-27.475">27°28.5´S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF89FFB50751FB31898B36FA" box="[807,937,1204,1230]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="92" value="-48.56167">48°33.7´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB507C1FB3189CB36FA" box="[951,1001,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, from shell of the cultured oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF89FFB5052CFB598B9C36C1" box="[346,446,1244,1269]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5052CFB598B9C36C1" box="[346,446,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. Y.M.B. Neptune, 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB50697FB59895F36C2" box="[737,893,1244,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2003-04-25">25 Apr 2003</date>
, SMF 14010 (100+), 
<date id="0B3B103DFF89FFB500F3FB598F0436C2" box="[1157,1318,1244,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2003-08-15">15 Aug 2003</date>
, MZSP 170 (55), SMF 13930 (45).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF89FFBE057EFAD18B433301" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF89FFB5057EFAD189753759" blockId="7.[264,1323,1364,1870]" box="[264,855,1364,1389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF89FFB5057EFAD189753759" box="[264,855,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Adult morphology (based on material from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF89FFB50770FAD1896D3759" box="[774,847,1364,1389]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF89FFB5054EFAF9898B357A" blockId="7.[264,1323,1364,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Up to 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF89FFB505F3FAF98BF837A2" box="[389,474,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
long and 1.2 mm wide at chaetiger 7 for 125 chaetigers. Body pale or light tan in life. Remains of larval black pigment often present on dorsal side of anterior chaetigers and on pygidium in individuals with less than 30 chaetigers; bigger individuals without pigmentation or fine black pigment scattered on ventral side of posterior chaetigers. Pigmentation on palps greatly variable, including fine black lines along longitudinal ciliated groove (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF89FFB50613F9C1888C346A" box="[613,686,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1505,1529]" captionTargetBox="[267,1322,841,1480]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[267,1326,841,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40 - chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A), up to 7 separate black bars (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF89FFB5004EF9C18EA2346A" box="[1080,1152,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A) or lacking. Presence of pigmentation and its pattern not strongly correlated with total number of chaetigers in an individual (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF89FFB5063AF91188B3349A" box="[588,657,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). Bars as paired gatherings of pigment on either side of groove, not extending all along palp periphery. Number of bars on left and right palps often different in same individual. Light yellow pigment present along ciliated groove between black bars on palps in some live individuals. Black pigment usually retained but yellow pigment absent in formaldehyde-fixed specimens.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF86FFBA057EF98388623524" blockId="8.[264,1323,1542,1808]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF86FFBA057EF9838BAC342A" bold="true" box="[264,398,1542,1566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF86FFBA05EDF98288B3342A" box="[411,657,1543,1566]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF86FFBA05EDF98288B3342A" box="[411,657,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs —absence of pigmentation on palp; line —black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2–7 —number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF87FFBB057EF9A0891E34F3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174542/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[272,1315,316,1549]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF87FFBB057EF9A0891E34F3" blockId="9.[264,1322,1573,1735]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF87FFBB057EF9A08BA93409" bold="true" box="[264,395,1573,1597]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF87FFBB05E2F9A388A43409" box="[404,646,1574,1597]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF87FFBB05E2F9A388A43409" box="[404,646,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B–E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A–E, 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF84FFB8057EFA3B8ED034E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174543/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[264,1322,314,1445]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF84FFB8057EFA3B8ED034E1" blockId="10.[264,1323,1470,1749]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF84FFB8057EFA3B8BA937E2" bold="true" box="[264,395,1470,1494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF84FFB805E2FA3B88A437E1" box="[404,646,1470,1493]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF84FFB805E2FA3B88A437E1" box="[404,646,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, left lateral view, showing narrow, downwards-curved prostomium (pr), low caruncle (ca), and peristomium (pe). B, same, ventral view, showing narrow incision on anterior edge of prostomium. C, chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing lateral ciliated organs (lo) on chaetigers 2, 3 and 6; enlarged chaetiger 5 with tuft of dorsal superior capillaries (ds), two kinds of modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in horizontal double row, and tuft of ventral capillaries (vc). D, chaetigers 6–8, left lateral view, showing ventral capillaries on chaetiger 6, vertical rows of hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. E, F, posterior ends in left lateral view, showing various pygidia. Scales: A, B, F, 100 µm. C, E, 50 µm. D, 30 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF84FFB9054EF8868B8833CA" blockId="10.[264,1323,1795,1901]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Prostomium anteriorly incised and in large individuals curved downwards (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF84FFB800B4F8868F2C3529" box="[1218,1294,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1573,1597]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,316,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[272,1315,316,1550]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B – E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A – E, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174542/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A, 5A), thus incision visible only in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF84FFB80738F8AE89BA3571" box="[846,920,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1470,1494]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,314,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,314,1446]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, left lateral view, showing narrow, downwards-curved prostomium (pr), low caruncle (ca), and peristomium (pe). B, same, ventral view, showing narrow incision on anterior edge of prostomium. C, chaetigers 2 – 6, left lateral view, showing lateral ciliated organs (lo) on chaetigers 2, 3 and 6; enlarged chaetiger 5 with tuft of dorsal superior capillaries (ds), two kinds of modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in horizontal double row, and tuft of ventral capillaries (vc). D, chaetigers 6 – 8, left lateral view, showing ventral capillaries on chaetiger 6, vertical rows of hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. E, F, posterior ends in left lateral view, showing various pygidia. Scales: A, B, F, 100 µm. C, E, 50 µm. D, 30 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174543/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B). Caruncle extending to end of chaetiger 3, shorter in small individuals (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF84FFB80682F8D6891E3559" box="[756,828,1875,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). Occipital antenna absent. One to four black eyes present or eyes absent; their number not correlated with total number of chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB905E4FEC18BF9336A" box="[402,475,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Palps as long as 10–20 chaetigers, with longitudinal groove lined with fine frontal cilia, latero-frontal motile compound cilia bordering groove, short lateral papillae with non-motile cirri arranged along either side of groove, and short compound non-motile cilia arising directly from palp surface and scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFD898E6E3042" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia and well developed cirriform postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notochaetae absent. Capillary chaetae in notopodia gradually becoming fewer, shorter and alimbate in posterior chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFD018BD33182" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Chaetiger 5 greatly enlarged, overlapping chaetiger 6 dorsally, with 3–5 dorsal superior winged capillaries, up to 8 major modified spines alternating with bilimbatetipped companion chaetae and arranged in slightly curved, diagonal row, and 5–8 winged ventral capillaries; postchaetal lamellae absent (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB9072FFD7989873122" box="[857,933,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1470,1494]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,314,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,314,1446]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, left lateral view, showing narrow, downwards-curved prostomium (pr), low caruncle (ca), and peristomium (pe). B, same, ventral view, showing narrow incision on anterior edge of prostomium. C, chaetigers 2 – 6, left lateral view, showing lateral ciliated organs (lo) on chaetigers 2, 3 and 6; enlarged chaetiger 5 with tuft of dorsal superior capillaries (ds), two kinds of modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in horizontal double row, and tuft of ventral capillaries (vc). D, chaetigers 6 – 8, left lateral view, showing ventral capillaries on chaetiger 6, vertical rows of hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. E, F, posterior ends in left lateral view, showing various pygidia. Scales: A, B, F, 100 µm. C, E, 50 µm. D, 30 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174543/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C). Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries shorter and fewer than those on chaetigers 4 and 6. Major spines falcate, with accessory lateral tooth or flange and thin subdistal longitudinal flange located laterally on main fang above lateral tooth (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB90602FCF1889E31BA" box="[628,700,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1505,1529]" captionTargetBox="[267,1322,841,1480]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[267,1326,841,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40 - chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174540/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D); subdistal flange often worn and absent on spines in large individuals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFC4188103632" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, bidentate, with constriction on shaft, up to 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF85FFB9008BFC418F0931EA" box="[1277,1323,964,990]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
a series (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB90518FC698B983632" box="[366,442,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1505,1529]" captionTargetBox="[267,1322,841,1480]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[267,1326,841,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40 - chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174540/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 2</figureCitation>
B, C, 5D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFB91884F364A" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Branchiae from chaetiger 7, full-sized from chaetigers 9–10, gradually diminishing in size along posterior half of body, distributed to almost end of body or absent on posterior one fourth to one half of body.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFB098B0B36C2" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Pygidium large, scoop-shaped in juveniles and adults, same color as body, with wide dorsal gap, dorsal anus, postanal ciliary band and very few secretory cells (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB90003FB318E9D36FA" box="[1141,1215,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1573,1597]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,316,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[272,1315,316,1550]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B – E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A – E, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174542/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 4</figureCitation>
B–E, 5E, F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFA8188413772" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Lateral ciliated organs as small pits between noto- and neuropodia on all chaetigers except 4 and 5 (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB905B7FAA9882E3772" box="[449,524,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1573,1597]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,316,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[272,1315,316,1550]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B – E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A – E, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174542/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A, 5C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFAD1885C37D2" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Glandular pouches from chaetiger 7, large in chaetigers 7 to 9–10, then gradually diminishing in size, single throughout. Large, flask-shaped secretory cells of pouches opening to exterior individually and appearing externally as small papillae below vertical rows of neurochaetae (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF85FFB90664FA49887A37D2" box="[530,600,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1470,1494]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,314,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,314,1446]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, left lateral view, showing narrow, downwards-curved prostomium (pr), low caruncle (ca), and peristomium (pe). B, same, ventral view, showing narrow incision on anterior edge of prostomium. C, chaetigers 2 – 6, left lateral view, showing lateral ciliated organs (lo) on chaetigers 2, 3 and 6; enlarged chaetiger 5 with tuft of dorsal superior capillaries (ds), two kinds of modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in horizontal double row, and tuft of ventral capillaries (vc). D, chaetigers 6 – 8, left lateral view, showing ventral capillaries on chaetiger 6, vertical rows of hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. E, F, posterior ends in left lateral view, showing various pygidia. Scales: A, B, F, 100 µm. C, E, 50 µm. D, 30 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174543/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EFA71896F343A" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" box="[312,845,1524,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF85FFB9054EF999891834CA" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Metanephridial segmental organs from chaetiger 7, opening to exterior laterally on anterior, sterile segments and dorsally on gametogenic segments; paired nephridia opening separately on all segments. Distal part of segmental organs in gametogenic segments in females inflated, whitish in life, in formaldehyde-fixed specimens usually absorb methyl green stain intensely. Middle part of segmental organs in gametogenic segments in males formed by large urn-shaped cells and expanded.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF82FFBE057EFE998B433301" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,993]" box="[264,353,284,309]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE057EFE998B433301" box="[264,353,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Habitat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF82FFBD054EFEC18E5436FA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF82FFBE054EFEC189C531D5" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,993]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE054EFEC188663369" box="[312,580,324,349]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE054EFEC188663369" box="[312,580,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a borer in various calcareous substrata. In 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF82FFBE0003FEC18EF5336A" box="[1141,1239,324,350]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
it was found in shallow water boring into coralline algae and mollusk shells (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF82FFBE001CFEE98ED833B2" author="Blake" box="[1130,1274,364,390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983">Blake 1983</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF82FFBE057EFE118B6D339A" box="[264,335,404,430]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
it occurred intertidally and in shallow water boring into shells of live oysters 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE057EFE39883E33E1" box="[264,540,444,469]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brasiliana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE057EFE39883E33E1" box="[264,540,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Crassostrea brasiliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0644FE3988B833E1" box="[562,666,444,469]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0644FE3988B833E1" box="[562,666,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE06C6FE39894B33E1" box="[688,873,444,469]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE06C6FE39894B33E1" box="[688,873,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the barnacle 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0054FE398EE033E1" box="[1058,1218,444,469]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Megabalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0054FE398EE033E1" box="[1058,1218,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megabalanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and empty shells of the gastropods 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0602FE61890433C9" box="[628,806,484,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Melongenidae" genus="Pugilina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0602FE61890433C9" box="[628,806,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pugilina morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0742FE618E7233C9" box="[820,1104,484,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Stramonita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haemastoma">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0742FE618E7233C9" box="[820,1104,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stramonita haemastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0029FE618F0033C9" box="[1119,1314,484,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Strombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pugilis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0029FE618F0033C9" box="[1119,1314,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Strombus pugilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE054BFD898BD63011" box="[317,500,524,549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tegulidae" genus="Tegula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE054BFD898BD63011" box="[317,500,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tegula viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by hermit crabs 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0749FD898E0E3011" box="[831,1068,524,549]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Clibanarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0749FD898E0E3011" box="[831,1068,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Clibanarius vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE0049FD898F083011" box="[1087,1322,524,549]" class="Malacostraca" family="Diogenidae" genus="Paguristes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortugae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE0049FD898F083011" box="[1087,1322,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paguristes tortugae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE054DFDB188613079" box="[315,579,564,589]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevidactylus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE054DFDB188613079" box="[315,579,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pagurus brevidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The worms resided in U-shaped burrows (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF82FFBE0031FDB18EAC307A" box="[1095,1166,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C) within the shell. Each burrow opened to the exterior via two joined apertures forming a characteristic 8-shaped opening (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF82FFBE0585FD01881D30AA" box="[499,575,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). Walls of the burrows were lined with fine silt and each aperture was extended by a smooth silty tube up to 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF82FFBE0711FD29899930F2" box="[871,955,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
high (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF82FFBE0071FD298E6C30F2" box="[1031,1102,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B). Paired palps of a worm can usually be seen protruding out of one of the tubes and collecting food particles suspended in the water and deposited on the surrounding surface (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF82FFBE005CFD798E503122" box="[1066,1138,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). The worms often caused the formation of dark blisters on the inner shell surface both in native and cultured oysters (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF82FFBE05AFFCC988003152" box="[473,546,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,1049,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C). Severely infested mollusks had up to 50% of the inner shell surface covered by blisters. Infestations were seasonal and their intensity varied substantially between locations. Up to 10 worms occurred per cm2 of shell surface and more than one hundred worms were found in one oyster valve.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF82FFBE057EF9F68B41356F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174544/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[264,1323,1049,1616]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF82FFBE057EF9F68B41356F" blockId="12.[264,1323,1651,1883]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE057EF9F68BAE34BF" bold="true" box="[264,396,1651,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE05E3F9F188AB34BF" box="[405,649,1652,1675]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE05E3F9F188AB34BF" box="[405,649,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE05B1F97A88F03522" box="[455,722,1791,1814]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE05B1F97A88F03522" box="[455,722,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Crassostrea rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infested by 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF82FFBE072BF97A8E723522" box="[861,1104,1791,1814]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF82FFBE072BF97A8E723522" box="[861,1104,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF057EFE998B843301" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" box="[264,422,284,309]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF83FFBF057EFE998B843301" box="[264,422,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Regeneration</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF054EFEC18EDF33E2" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Worms regenerating lost anterior and posterior parts were occasionally found in shells. To investigate the regeneration process, various number of segments were cut off of live complete individuals and the fragments were maintained in dishes with filtered sea water in the laboratory at room temperature. In total, 45 worms were used in the experiment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF054EFE61885C3632" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The epithelium healed the same day as the worms were cut, and regenerating buds on both the anterior and the posterior fragments developed in 1–2 days. In 2–4 days, the anterior blastema differentiated into head and body anlage. Palps began to develop immediately on the head anlage. The body anlage elongated gradually and in 4–5 days after the cut became segmented, probably simultaneously, into a definite number of segments. Chaetae, postchaetal lamellae and other chaetiger attributes only developed once segmentation was completed. No more chaetigers were added anteriorly in further growth. The number of chaetigers regenerated anteriorly depended on the number of lost chaetigers. The two numbers were equal if eight or less chaetigers were cut off. For example, if the head and five anterior chaetigers were cut off in the experiment, the head and five chaetigers were differentiated from the anterior blastema. If, however, nine or more chaetigers were cut off (30 worms cut in the experiment), only eight chaetigers regenerated anteriorly. All the anterior regenerates developed nototrochs from chaetiger 3 onwards apart from chaetiger 5.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF054EFB918929364A" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The posterior blastema differentiated into pygidium and the prepygidial growth zone in 3–5 days after a cut. New posterior segments developed successively one by one following the formation of the growth zone.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF057EFB2A8B8436FC" blockId="13.[264,1323,1199,1905]" box="[264,422,1199,1224]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF83FFBF057EFB2A8B8436FC" box="[264,422,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Reproduction</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF054EFB528877378D" blockId="13.[264,1323,1199,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF83FFBF054EFB52886636C4" box="[312,580,1239,1264]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF83FFBF054EFB52886636C4" box="[312,580,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is gonochoristic. Of 46 mature individuals, 28 were females and 18 were males. Gametes developed along segmental blood vessels in middle segments, from chaetigers 21–47 to 35–101. The position of the first gametogenic chaetiger varied equally (from chaetiger 21 to 29) in small and large males (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF83FFBF00CCFACA8F26375D" box="[1210,1284,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D), whereas fertile chaetiger started more posteriorly (from chaetigers 25–47) in large females than in small ones (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF83FFBF059AFA1A8813378D" box="[492,561,1439,1465]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1542,1566]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,337,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[281,1311,337,1494]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology and distribution of fertile (gametogenic) chaetigers, São Paulo and Paraná. A, relationships between number of eyes and total number of chaetigers in worm, and distribution of number of eyes in population. B, relationships between pigmentation of palps and total number of chaetigers in worm; abs — absence of pigmentation on palp; line — black line along longitudinal ciliated groove on palp; 2 – 7 — number of black bars on palp. C, relationships between length of caruncle and total number of chaetigers in worm. D, relationships between position of the first and last fertile chaetigers and total number of chaetigers in males. E, same in females." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174541/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF83FFBF054EFA4289C13545" blockId="13.[264,1323,1199,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
In males, the testis contained only spermatogonia; individual primary spermatocytes, diads of secondary spermatocytes, tetrads of spermatids, and individual spermatozoa floated freely together in the coelomic cavity. The smallest male with spermatozoa in the coelomic cavity was about 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF83FFBF063FF9BA88AC346D" box="[585,654,1599,1625]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long for 57 chaetigers. Spermatids were spherical, 3 µm in diameter. Spermatozoa were introsperm with an elongated straight head about 1 µm in diameter, head+middlepiece 12 µm long, acrosome 2 µm, nucleus 6 µm, middlepiece 4 µm, and flagellum 46 µm long. On one occasion in the laboratory, a male shed spermatophores through the nephridiopores on fertile segments. The spermatophores were fine, sinuous, 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF83FFBF05C0F88288353515" box="[438,535,1799,1825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3-5 mm</quantity>
long and 8 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF83FFBF07F3F88289F23515" box="[901,976,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). They were composed of regularly packed spermatozoa enveloped by a fine matrix. In seawater, spermatophores broke apart and spermatozoa started to move in a half an hour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF80FFBC054EFE9989CD31EA" blockId="14.[264,1323,284,990]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In females, the ovaries contained previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes of various diameters. Large oocytes occurred freely in the coelomic cavity. The smallest female with large oocytes in the coelomic cavity was about 
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF80FFBC072CFEE9899333B2" box="[858,945,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long for 64 chaetigers. Paired intraepithelial seminal receptacles were present on the dorsal side of the female gametogenic chaetigers, posterior to the nototrochs, medial to the base of the branchia. The receptacles were oval chambers, about 
<date id="0B3B103DFF80FFBC0766FE61897833CA" box="[784,858,484,510]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1925-10-20">20x25</date>
µm in diameter, filled up with clusters of inactive spermatozoa. Females deposited up to 2500 eggs into 20–50 capsules which were joined to each other in a string. Each egg capsule was attached by two thin stalks to the inner wall of the burrow and contained from 10 to 
<specimenCount id="6983FD74FF80FFBC07F5FDD989823042" box="[899,928,604,630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="egg">60</specimenCount>
eggs (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF80FFBC079BFDD98E113042" box="[1005,1075,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B, C). The eggs were spherical, 100–110 µm in diameter, filled with yolky globules. The majority of eggs in broods developed synchronously into larvae, but up to 10% of the eggs did not undergo cleavage and were consumed by developing larvae. Synchronous beating of nototrochs on the dorsal side of the female produced a constant water flow inside the burrow and provided oxygen for the developing larvae. When no yolky globules were left in the digestive tract, the 3-chaetiger larvae about 280 µm long hatched, escaped from the mother’s burrow and entered the plankton. Females brooding larvae in capsules had the next generation of vitellogenic oocytes up to 50 µm in diameter developing in the ovaries. Egg capsules in burrows occurred from February to September.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF80FFBC057EF9FE89003574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF80FFBC057EF9FE89003574" blockId="14.[264,1323,1659,1856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF80FFBC057EF9FE8BA834A7" bold="true" box="[264,394,1659,1683]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF80FFBC05E7F9F988A034A7" box="[401,642,1660,1683]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF80FFBC05E7F9F988A034A7" box="[401,642,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polydora ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3-chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16-chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF81FFBD057EFE998BAD3301" blockId="15.[264,1323,284,1230]" box="[264,399,284,309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD057EFE998BAD3301" box="[264,399,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Life history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF81FFBD054EFEC18E5436FA" blockId="15.[264,1323,284,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Males and females become mature when they have grown to about 55 and 65 chaetigers, respectively. Males produce spermatophores and pass them to females (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD008DFEE98B35339A" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). Females accumulate the sperm in seminal receptacles on the dorsal side of the gametogenic segments. The oocytes are steadily produced in ovaries and large oocytes are accumulated in the coelomic cavity within an extended period of reproduction. Females regularly lay broods which mostly contain eggs developing into larvae (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD00E7FD898EFC3012" box="[1169,1246,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B, C). Fertilization is thought to occur in the egg capsule. Larvae develop 3 chaetigers in the capsule, then are released and continue development in the seawater, feeding on the plankton (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD0508FD018BE130AA" box="[382,451,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D). They are able to settle when they have grown to 16–18 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD008DFD018B3530F2" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E). In the absence of suitable substrata, the larvae are able to postpone settlement and grow in the plankton until the 20–22-chaetiger stage. Settlement is accompanied by gradual metamorphosis and loss of provisional larval features. The switch to a new mode of feeding after settlement is enabled by rapid elongation of the palps, modification of the prostomium, enlargement of the ventral peristomial lip and transformation of the lateral peristomial lips into the dorso-lateral ciliary folds. Newly settled individuals first construct a small silty tube on the shell surface (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD06B1FC1989293182" box="[711,779,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
F) and then begin boring into the shell. Boring is due to a combination of glandular secretion and abrasion, by which process the Ushaped burrow is permanently elongated in its middle part (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF81FFBD079EFC698E103632" box="[1000,1074,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1046,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,1046,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16 - chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174545/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B). After settlement, larval pigmentation is totally reduced or retained only on 1–3 anterior chaetigers, and black and yellow pigments usually appear on palps in further development. The life span of the species is unknown but preliminary examination of the size structure of the population allows us to assume that adults are able to survive over 2 years in suitable conditions. Larval development of the species will be described elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF81FFA2057EFB7A8E6131BA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF81FFBD057EFB7A8B4C372C" blockId="15.[264,1323,1279,1905]" box="[264,366,1279,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD057EFB7A8B4C372C" box="[264,366,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF81FFBD054EFAA28ED33515" blockId="15.[264,1323,1279,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF81FFBD0675FAA288693775" box="[515,587,1319,1345]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
fit well the main characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF81FFBD078DFAA28E8D3774" box="[1019,1199,1319,1344]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD078DFAA28E8D3774" box="[1019,1199,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF81FFBD05D3FACA8862375D" author="Blake" box="[421,576,1359,1385]" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983">Blake (1983)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF81FFBD06FEFACA88CE375D" box="[648,748,1359,1385]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Black bars on palps, incised prostomium, major falcate spines of chaetiger 5 with lateral tooth and subdistal longitudinal flange, and large, scoop-shaped pygidium are the diagnostic features of the species. 
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF81FFBD005BFA1A8F08378D" author="Blake" box="[1069,1322,1439,1465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="p">Blake (1983: p. 258)</bibRefCitation>
reported the posterior chaetigers in the species “with 4–5 long, thin capillaries and 3–4 short pointed spines”; however, the 
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF81FFBD06CCFA6A8908343D" box="[698,810,1519,1545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF81FFBD0721FA6A8E28343C" box="[855,1034,1519,1544]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD0721FA6A8E28343C" box="[855,1034,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 59920, 60549) were examined and notopodial slender capillaries were found gradually transforming into spine-like capillaries in posterior notopodia, the same as in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF81FFBD00ADF9BA8F05346D" box="[1243,1319,1599,1625]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Such gradually modified capillaries differ from true heavy spines which appear abruptly in posterior notopodia in addition to capillaries in some 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF81FFBD07DEF90A8E37349C" box="[936,1045,1679,1704]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD07DEF90A8E37349C" box="[936,1045,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF81FFBD00FAF90A8F3C349D" author="Blake" box="[1164,1310,1679,1705]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="15" pageNumber="32" refString="Blake, J. A. (1979) Revision of some polydorids (Polychaeta: Spionidae) described and recorded from British Columbia by Edith and Cyril Berkeley. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 606 - 617." type="journal article" year="1979">Blake 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF81FFBD064BF93288A634E5" box="[573,644,1719,1745]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
were identical to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF81FFBD0720F9328E2534E4" box="[854,1031,1719,1744]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD0720F9328E2534E4" box="[854,1031,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and therefore referred to this species. The Brazilian worms exhibited significant variation in palp pigmentation; fine black lines and short prominent bars were present or pigmentation was totally absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF81FFA2054EF8AA893D339A" blockId="15.[264,1323,1279,1905]" lastBlockId="16.[264,1323,284,910]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Besides specimens with the typical scoop-shaped pygidium, there were worms in 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF81FFBD057EF8D28B6D3545" box="[264,335,1879,1905]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
which appeared surprisingly similar to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF81FFBD073EF8D289DD3544" box="[840,1023,1879,1904]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF81FFBD073EF8D289DD3544" box="[840,1023,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but had small disc-like pygidia. These worms are here referred to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20751FE9989F53301" box="[807,983,284,310]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20751FE9989183301" box="[807,826,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20700FE9989F53301" box="[886,983,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species occurred together in a shell in various proportions, thus one or another was usually more abundant in different areas. The differences between them are discussed below, in the 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA200B2FEE98F0933B1" box="[1220,1323,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks</emphasis>
section after the description of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20602FE11893A3399" box="[628,792,404,430]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20602FE1188A53399" box="[628,647,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA206C0FE11893A3399" box="[694,792,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2054EFE398F3530AA" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,910]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Some 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA205F3FE398BD033E1" box="[389,498,444,469]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205F3FE398BD033E1" box="[389,498,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens boring into oyster shells from the Gulf coast of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA200A7FE398F0933E2" box="[1233,1323,444,470]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
were also studied (ECOSUR SPIO-75, 76). They were anterior fragments lacking a pygidium, thus a definitive identification could not be made. However, other features, such as black bars on the palps, caruncle extending to the end of chaetiger 3, and major falcate spines of chaetiger 5 with lateral tooth and subdistal longitudinal flange, appeared similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA205FDFD01881E30A9" box="[395,572,644,669]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205FDFD01881E30A9" box="[395,572,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These specimens were tentatively referred to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20029FD018F3230A9" box="[1119,1296,644,669]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20029FD018F3230A9" box="[1119,1296,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2054EFD298E6131BA" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,910]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
With its boring mode of life and an unusual scoop-shaped pygidium, 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA20029FD298F3230F1" box="[1119,1296,684,709]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA20029FD298F3230F1" box="[1119,1296,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA205F4FD51898B30DA" authority="Blake &amp; Woodwick, 1972" authorityName="Blake &amp; Woodwick" authorityYear="1972" box="[386,937,724,750]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pygidialis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205F4FD51884930D9" box="[386,619,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polydora pygidialis</emphasis>
Blake &amp; Woodwick, 1972
</taxonomicName>
from California. The two differ, however, in that 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA205B8FD7988A23121" box="[462,640,764,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ecuadoriana">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA205B8FD7988A23121" box="[462,640,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ecuadoriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has black bars on palps, an incised prostomium, caruncle extending posteriorly to the end of chaetiger 3, and major falcate spines with lateral tooth and subdistal flange, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF9EFFA2061CFCC988D93151" box="[618,763,844,869]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pygidialis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2061CFCC988D93151" box="[618,763,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. pygidialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has plain palps, entire prostomium, caruncle to the end of chaetiger 2, and major spines with only a large lateral tooth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF9EFFA2057EFC3A8EED3635" box="[264,1231,959,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2057EFC3A8BB531EC" blockId="16.[264,1231,959,1025]" box="[264,407,959,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF9EFFA2057EFC3A8BB531EC" box="[264,407,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF9EFFA2054EFC628EED3635" blockId="16.[264,1231,959,1025]" box="[312,1231,999,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA2054EFC628BBF3635" box="[312,413,999,1025]" name="Ecuador" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
; Gulf coast of 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA2063FFC6288843635" box="[585,678,999,1025]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; 
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF9EFFA206C4FC6288DC3635" box="[690,766,999,1025]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: Espírito Santo south to Santa Catarina.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>