353 lines
42 KiB
XML
353 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="A9657A177D65F94C7EAE037703787E2C" ID-CLB-Dataset="35130" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.258.4260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9333c35b-70a4-41cc-8196-ce1defde02e7" ID-PMC="PMC3591753" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-258-1" ID-PubMed="23653496" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-258-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 258" ModsDocTitle="Ovicides paralithodis (Nemertea, Carcinonemertidae), a new species of symbiotic egg predator of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda, Anomura)" checkinTime="1451247784216" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kajihara, Hiroshi & Kuris, Armand M." docDate="2013" docId="F4B889E7ABFF99CC5B65500AD37A260C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 258: 1-15" docOrigin="ZooKeys 258" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.258.4260" docTitle="Ovicides paralithodis Kajihara & Kuris, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFF2FC48CE6B2404FFEEFFECFFB6F414" masterDocTitle="Ovicides paralithodis (Nemertea, Carcinonemertidae), a new species of symbiotic egg predator of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda, Anomura)" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1732887068699" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="33438E8EEFF095C2712D9C5453B492B1">Ovicides paralithodis (Nemertea, Carcinonemertidae), a new species of symbiotic egg predator of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda, Anomura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89F9F0E8D17357D8D5313D48303D1DD8">Kajihara, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="918B02923BA0C8B8F9824AD853BBC10E">Kuris, Armand M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DDA4417E54F20AFD729E22CF28F74965">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5EDB038B168B4376DFFCA61E8D8A135F">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2EA60E493F68457BBDB23524381ECA72">
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<mods:date id="EBD9EE2B79D516BFF904CBB089F9B2A6">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="62F35FA31BC8A57E0D9FB07A4C179AD5">258</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="05C7E16D8D601D2EC7A71889CD540B3B">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.258.4260</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F757A2B4008C6478EEF163A0F92A7B68">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E24A5D9EB36775788BCA4514B98DB654" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.258.4260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BC9DA0F88FB1075405FD93B3C6C96D82" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-258-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F4B889E7ABFF99CC5B65500AD37A260C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039643" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1E52DC7A-C52F-4502-AEAC-7A3EB0244F4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4B889E7ABFF99CC5B65500AD37A260C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" scope_family="Carcinonemertidae" scope_phylum="Nemertea">
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<subSubSection id="72DE60C7341CA4F47C89EE1B9C392DBE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EAE3389F0F0E074A6B4B469D4414B196" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="BED33134E3919E38C579A4D08E6A70E4" ID-CoL="4B9SV" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1E52DC7A-C52F-4502-AEAC-7A3EB0244F4D" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D4263B2A9E454B3FF9F500F3084E73FC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1-5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="09E26C0FB091FC6F143F7DB135ED3DDC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="72785C441F8B50E1D1B50EFBB52656D8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="A28702149216187D17EB9043380461D4" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Carcinonemertidae</taxonomicName>
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Form 4:
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<bibRefCitation id="1F243EB9D981C87CA13FB2CAAFDC36FC" author="Wickham, DE" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="23 - 30" title="Diversity among nemertean egg predators of decapod crustaceans." url="10.1007/BF00027974" volume="156" year="1988">Wickham and Kuris (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EE4BA92F72E7ACB469856041F4951F78" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="6D0EF7E075965102E2EC42B70360B7C3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4069662013564FC3680F6EE399DF458C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Holotype: female, ZIHU 4271, serial transverse sections (8
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<normalizedToken id="BEB8C15A8CFB26CBFAB40BBCAFE54DA2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick) of anterior body fragment, stained with
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<normalizedToken id="72135BF82169250EB466AD6D7CD6E7E0" originalValue="Mallory’s">Mallory's</normalizedToken>
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trichrome method, 5 slides. Allotype: male, ZIHU 4272, serial transverse sections (8
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<normalizedToken id="32096903090F7B0E13ABDE2DECA27503" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick) of anterior body fragment, stained with
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<normalizedToken id="93B41C8B277CB009BFEC86811333ABD2" originalValue="Mallory’s">Mallory's</normalizedToken>
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trichrome method, 3 slides. The other specimen obtained (female) was destroyed and lost during preparation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="75D7B27C0FB7F261A0486DBE32C78E2E" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="289992E2D34550F8CB252273A8F47ABC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="40A7BB95FFBADE052820499F05EF16A0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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An
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<taxonomicName id="2062D600AA188B38EF868EEC40E9B5CF" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Ovicides</taxonomicName>
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without eyes; vacuolated, basophilic glandular lobes extending pre- and post-cerebrally; acidophilic submuscular glands scattered among basophilic lobes, not arranged in row; sexes separate; female and male about 1 cm and 5 mm in length, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55F204519FC8F44B918D75F9F32C4F92" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type host">
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<paragraph id="A55CCEF15B993CF830A5939646FD5AE3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type host.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004798CE8FC68EFD8BF9D45FA5F2B957" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="407EF77269E26538CF28CD9AEBC17DA8" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
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(Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda, Anomura).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BA1B8BFCF5C010D1FC2D5578227C9ACB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FA6B39DF444B257FE47DDFA00D47C89B" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="488BD87A3B53B9DBE65A5B14067B2B17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">External features. In life, holotype (female) about 1 cm long, 0.9 mm wide; pale orange in colour (largely due to alimentary canal), except whitish tip of head (Fig. 1A). Allotype (male) about 5 mm in length, 0.3 mm in width; cream white in colour (Fig. 1B). Living in thin, transparent mucous tube.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BCB3BC8C3351A8CEE35C8E68F646893A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Proboscis apparatus. Rhynchodaeum opening to dorsal wall of oesophagus (Fig. 2A). Anterior proboscis chamber 136
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<normalizedToken id="48CF66629E08C75A6B77A905100E8995" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(unknown in allotype) long by 100
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<normalizedToken id="1209A1DBED1FC4ACFE0B65EC71835CB7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(82
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<normalizedToken id="2F10DC493A81E03FBF9E1BD0E738EDF1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) diameter; central stylet basis 48
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<normalizedToken id="21490F61E16D9844F84FA2D9093C9510" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(56
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<normalizedToken id="D644EC6BB1CE0C47BA93DF3A3887464E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) long by 20
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<normalizedToken id="8EE01545834E4FB4CC9427FFDDE5E53A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(20
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<normalizedToken id="1821E03A0166A06BE5C13F2C8C676A3B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) diameter (Figs 2B, 3); central stylet 16
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<normalizedToken id="2AC003B5D55FAE6BB597D83CCC39A7A5" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(12
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<normalizedToken id="0666C6BD934761916896E9E392F2BB5C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) in length (all measured from transverse sections); stylet to basis ratio 0.21-0.33; two accessory stylet pouches each containing two accessory stylets (Fig. 2C). Middle proboscis chamber 80
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<normalizedToken id="E7A1076BFD662B06148B440AA697611F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(54
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<normalizedToken id="2C66E24F098C451F4F4B4CDFDCEDDBD1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) in diameter. Posterior proboscis chamber 240
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<normalizedToken id="60FE6A07BE1659F63E2DD1D7EBC8E978" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(unknown in allotype) long by 130
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<normalizedToken id="E8342733ECA88991889DDF358D5A70E9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(94
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<normalizedToken id="4D0B137875727DE6E32E35218DA1CE9D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) wide. Proboscis almost same length as rhynchocoel, extending posteriorly behind pylorus-intestine junction; musculature of rhynchocoel wall uncertain in light microscopy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0331B66CC817410C25242F4A66BA2062" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Alimentary canal. Oesophagus opening ventrally at tip of head. Stomach wall containing circular muscle fibres (Fig. 2D).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2026622481800FA425543264FA4B6147" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Glandular system. Vacuolated, basophilic glandular lobes filling much space of precerebral region between body-wall musculature and oesophagus (Fig. 2A), extending post-cerebrally in intestinal region, but gradually less distinct posteriorly (Fig. 4A). Acidophilic submuscular glands scattered among basophilic lobes (Fig. 2A), not arranged in row beneath body-wall musculature.</paragraph>
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<caption id="C8E6E6573907B2AB6DA9108DC9CD2392" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph id="28197EFD615EE0F00557FE526EDC1CFB" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="218D70F994EF13CF208E52CDBFBBA904" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., photographs taken in life. A holotype, female, ZIHU 4271 B allotype, male, ZIHU 4272.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="6AB343761057800E073F9AD781A82E43" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph id="0CE05C27FDD24AD86808158A96A3AE43" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName id="26345B4FB6A127C28C5F97186BAB4CF8" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., photomicrographs of transverse sections. A precerebral region, showing rhynchodaeum just after branched off from oesophagus B anterior proboscis chamber showing stylet basis and one of the two accessory stylet pouches C accessory stylet D stomach, showing circular muscle fibres (indicated by arrowheads). A, C, D, allotype, male, ZIHU 4272; B, holotype, female, ZIHU 4271.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="FE3AD4A35F57CCEB22E70EF3AC6BDCC6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph id="C3404202842BEA2E95042E52815EBC1C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName id="855D4CF99A3090691C9CEBFDDD6791A6" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., photomicrograph of transverse section through brain ring, allotype, male, ZIHU 4272.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="442CCC228A8735D40F09E2789FDCB411" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Excretory system. Flame cells, nephridioducts, and nephridiopores not found.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="243F1155AC87C46E1248C57E90054A5F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Nervous system. Dorsal and ventral brain commissures 13
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<normalizedToken id="CBEE97CF94CA8F2BD402D4B98CE16A68" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(9
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<normalizedToken id="BF89F7A41BC9CE309D654080979461BE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) and 10
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<normalizedToken id="466705CB38D0A1D0439AED18D8CD9390" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(7
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<normalizedToken id="B6314049B506E47AE2E09F5DEC119ABD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in allotype) in thickness, respectively (Fig. 3).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="214265AED3D25F8531576BCB771071D6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<pageBreakToken id="D1D4D0635767CD4504C52A47DD78F680" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Vascular</pageBreakToken>
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system. Pair of cephalic vessels meeting above rhynchodaeum, posteriorly passing through cerebral ring (Fig. 3), extending further backward as lateral vessel on each side, situated near lateral nerve cord (Fig. 4A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="12128572369EB16564787D7430DD6B3D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<pageBreakToken id="A9D89922C12405E557AC3E40575BAE6D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Sensory</pageBreakToken>
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system. No eyes. No cerebral organs. No frontal organ.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="43B5D55A66DE7EDF381BDF1EF547282A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Reproductive system. Ovaries more or less regularly interspersed with intestinal lateral diverticula, arranged in row on each side of body; single oviduct from each ovary extending dorsally (Fig. 4B). Single egg string found in the same crab egg mass about 1 cm in length, containing pink eggs (Fig. 5A, B).
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<normalizedToken id="B1B1AFF2CBCBAECBCAA2B4C4939F8415" originalValue="Takakura’s">Takakura's</normalizedToken>
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duct present in male, about 40
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<normalizedToken id="F67F28D8011B3C3512E89318D8334CEE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter (Fig. 4A).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="4996CDC594C9C66C3D656E7DEA674F17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="7C1E8FD3C3CCBDA1E5A15B8ECB9F40C8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName id="59B88B871E7E2F98F02C3A5E5E107AB4" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., photomicrographs of transverse sections through intestinal region. A testes and
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<normalizedToken id="3766C8909BE896CCA0F5BC8CD7357756" originalValue="Takakura’s">Takakura's</normalizedToken>
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duct, allotype, male, ZIHU 4272 B gonopore opening dorsally, holotype, female, ZIHU 4271.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="AA5D921F62DAA396DFA4044358AC00C7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="C50A0789E4F33B3F381D91A3F13A7E7B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName id="63EEA3B3D793C9E1EE854A09F9D62F92" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A egg strand laid by holotype B magnification of A.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1C4A60AA3FCE91CDBE3F478D93DB9D5C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="behaviour">
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||
<paragraph id="CF037290388E54D359F26A97BD4D7D90" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<pageBreakToken id="A6EE66626B0FA4BBAC8C1AF03DAA3FBD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Behaviour</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="79CAC49AE151A0EA9F75B329B7381653" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0F0D49A977D8E091AFED355E1C68833" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs in vitro, piercing the egg membrane with its stylet and consuming the contents of the ruptured eggs. In vivo feeding confirmed by frequent observations of gut contents containing crab egg yolk and eye placodes. Juvenile worms were recovered from two of 30 male and non-ovigerous female crabs collected at Juneau and Seward, Alaska. The presence of juvenile worms on hosts lacking eggs suggests that the life cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EBA5DF7713EF4C935F9181833DBD7DE" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be more similar to carcinonemertids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2598848B781034B9C993F30C7F62CD37" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes errans" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="errans">Carcinonemertes errans</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wickham, 1978 where worms can transfer from males to females, and from premoult to postmoult cuticles of non-ovigerous crabs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55DE1C66877EB830DE54A17546C1AED5" author="Wickham, DE" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="331 - 338" title="Transfer of nemertean egg predators during host molting and copulation." url="10.2307/1541280" volume="167" year="1984">Wickham et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47441290CC5B364AA75E7E4DCF6E77EA" author="Kuris, AM" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 14" title="Life cycles of nemerteans that are symbiotic egg predators of decapod Crustacea: adaptations to host life histories." url="10.1007/BF00013355" volume="266" year="1993">Kuris 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="331BC79ABBE8AFFA00D72CA336EA97BF" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes regicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="regicides">Carcinonemertes regicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the red king crab for which transmission only occurs among brooding female crabs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D435790967F41531A68E574E0F41C7C6" author="Kuris, AM" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" title="Infestation by brood symbionts and their impact on egg mortality of the red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in Alaska: geographic and temporal variation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 559 - 568." url="10.1139/f91-071" year="1991">Kuris et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A life cycle involving non-ovigerous hosts may be common among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D17F169254EEBF1497D102F347EFC53A" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Ovicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4856202D36E42C505D77AF5F6843FB5B" author="Shields, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Crustacean Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="681 - 692" title="New nemertean worms (Carcinonemertidae) on bythograeid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) from Pacific hydrothermal vent sites." url="10.1651/S-2794.1" volume="27" year="2007">Shields and Segonzac (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the other known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB8769F73A84AC77271DC53960316B38" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Ovicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
from non-ovigerous crabs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6C09E2EBBF07E777F49D0D0174995E0C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="A06ABB70A60F6E2440AC2C6B0C02AF37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1FEE88BD9E80C0D6E1BD670560CABAC3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The proportion of infested crabs exceeded 50 percent at 13 localities in Alaska, reaching 100 percent at five localities. At six localities the intensity of infestations exceeded 1,000 worms per pleopod (red king crabs have six egg-bearing pleopods), with the highest reported intensity at Terror Bay, Kodiak Island,>24,000 worms per pleopod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="066542040F49791B160B1F3A5DCB3D7F" author="Kuris, AM" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" title="Infestation by brood symbionts and their impact on egg mortality of the red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in Alaska: geographic and temporal variation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 559 - 568." url="10.1139/f91-071" year="1991">Kuris et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (voucher specimens are deposited in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, CA, USA). At most locations sampled in Alaska it co-occurred with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5B03487871E837DEFDAD4A12A6FB3B1" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes regicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="regicides">Carcinonemertes regicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it was usually less abundant than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A014B6DD62D965A96F29CA82B3E0358" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes regicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="regicides">Carcinonemertes regicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It was the only symbiotic egg predator nemertean present on red king crabs along the Alaska Peninsula and it was rare at Cook Inlet where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35CB487236C452D31445528C7BDA7F04" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes regicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="regicides">Carcinonemertes regicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
caused up to 95% brood mortality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5A63CA7329E5BCD09CCDFBA827768E44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="725C3EC1ECD9F71290A41D1AA4BE88A3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2901A4CACAE705FA343FFB45A2B903C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The specific name, paralithodis, is a noun in the genitive case, derived from the generic name of the host crustacean,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6E4F7ACDCADEEBEE2021F512FDC78E6" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CFB976EE54C425CE8DC3426873D408E9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A517FC401CE4C523FCD5F70895AF2053" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6487AA6D0A502BC8FA0B721C7ED493DB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0EA5363193E42DCA56080E018C0FC856" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In addition to the type locality, the Sea of Okhotsk, off Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9636F57824D98D79FB8E57D6DA75BC7" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from Adak, Dutch Harbor, Morshovoi Bay, Pavlof Bay, Kodiak Island, Resurrection Bay, Seward, Cook Inlet and Southeastern Alaska (Barlow Cove,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="987DCF4DA96AF712D0124519C46740CC" originalValue="Deadman’s">Deadman's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Reach, Gambier Cove, and Pybus Cove, Juneau) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C039CB8613864F9390747FD72E368FB" author="Kuris, AM" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" title="Infestation by brood symbionts and their impact on egg mortality of the red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in Alaska: geographic and temporal variation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 559 - 568." url="10.1139/f91-071" year="1991">Kuris et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as Form 4. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89C00808D672BE593CC7042B060732BF" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, may generally overlap the native range of its host,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B034567043FF5526EAC8C5DD5DC443A7" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
although it is apparently absent over some large areas such as Bristol Bay and Norton Sound, Alaska. The red king crab was intentionally introduced into the Barents Sea, northern Europe, from the northern Pacific in 1961-1969 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E678B0A5A21A07F8F28044EA9194F6B" author="Orlov, TI" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="373 - 375" title="On the introduction of the Kamchatka king crab Paralithodes camtschatica (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) into the Barents Sea." url="10.1007/BF00391642" volume="48" year="1978">Orlov and Ivanov 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and its distribution now extends westward beyond the Kola Peninsula to the Norwegian coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5998D0277E56017A19D53DB73AAC62D6" author="Falk-Petersen, J" journalOrPublisher="ICES Journal of Marine Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="479 - 488" title="Establishment and ecosystem effects on the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea-a review." url="10.1093/icesjms/fsq192" volume="68" year="2011">Falk-Petersen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and north to the Svalbard archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4BC646C2C4BF342DB437D3278952F47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kirby 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Surveys of the introduced Atlantic population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FAD48C2B5BEB5411B5567F5959E7ED0" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
for epifauna and parasites
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="030F8C1D065D1C637F804EE158F31DD9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">have</pageBreakToken>
|
||
not recovered any symbiotic egg predator nemerteans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FDE55212508C786B75180169794FC766" author="Dvoretsky, AG" journalOrPublisher="ICES Journal of Marine Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="204 - 214" title="Epifauna associated with an introduced crab in the Barents Sea: a 5 - year study." url="10.1093/icesjms/fsp243" volume="67" year="2010">Dvoretsky and Dvoretsky 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="79E1F145C82CBA6014D85EBF5092E0EB" author="Falk-Petersen, J" journalOrPublisher="ICES Journal of Marine Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="479 - 488" title="Establishment and ecosystem effects on the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea-a review." url="10.1093/icesjms/fsq192" volume="68" year="2011">Falk-Petersen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Apparently the introduced crabs were not infested with these important natural enemies. This lack of infectious natural enemies may contribute to their rapid population growth and geographic expansion in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB64C6ACD04D4904349FE26BECD412AD" author="Torchin, ME" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="628 - 631" title="Introduced species and their missing parasites." url="10.1038/nature01346" volume="421" year="2003">Torchin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02309A9F40D9306F9C59A920C3E509C8" author="Falk-Petersen, J" journalOrPublisher="ICES Journal of Marine Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="479 - 488" title="Establishment and ecosystem effects on the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea-a review." url="10.1093/icesjms/fsq192" volume="68" year="2011">Falk-Petersen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4FD2B4C8A93399AE9328AAF48E46F0B4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="taxonomic remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="18BFFBD6B4C3B77D39B327E50E976B73" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C522BE171681951866B683B3CA722442" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Of the four currently recognised congeners in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A663FFD9A06A741EFABE0E14F9BE35E5" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Ovicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="865D6CA16BF0A680E01C742D317D008C" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B54B483B385B11912C0BD8748EFE3642" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides julieae" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="julieae">Ovicides julieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB6AFC99641DC7221608CDD268942BF5" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides davidi" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="davidi">Ovicides davidi</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the absence of eyes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="934A218A261D61B4BA67B327C8B5BC14" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides jasoni" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="jasoni">Ovicides jasoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51DB1B3FEBF210BDDD0C2C1A389347C0" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides jonesi" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="jonesi">Ovicides jonesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are eye-less as is the new species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E123ACAA021782022169B4419F26A38B" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides jasoni" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="jasoni">Ovicides jasoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12B41AB1EB0E15056CA6899D39ADFCD2" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having densely arranged submuscular glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0ECFBD2E0A7C058766FC6B66F2A104AD" author="Shields, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Crustacean Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="681 - 692" title="New nemertean worms (Carcinonemertidae) on bythograeid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) from Pacific hydrothermal vent sites." url="10.1651/S-2794.1" volume="27" year="2007">Shields and Segonzac 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3E).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25391ACC89347A1F514EEA309C1BED67" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides jonesi" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="jonesi">Ovicides jonesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the new species in that it lacks vacuolated glandular lobes in the precerebral region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4CBECB39736A3E1A3E74661D2B00799" author="Shields, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Crustacean Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="681 - 692" title="New nemertean worms (Carcinonemertidae) on bythograeid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) from Pacific hydrothermal vent sites." url="10.1651/S-2794.1" volume="27" year="2007">Shields and Segonzac 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BE8D7A0E6B31667C27422DED8217B2B1" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEB2A70570AD5C1F2B7C19FC8DC10BCD" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides julieae" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="julieae">Ovicides julieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
also in that the lateral vessels fuse above the oesophagus (seemingly postcerebrally, cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA616339CACEED3799564ABFA23D5DBC" author="Shields, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Crustacean Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="304 - 312" title="Ovicides julieae n. gen., n. sp. (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) on xanthid crabs from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia." url="10.1651/0278-0372(2001)021[0304:OJNGNS]2.0.CO;2" volume="21" year="2001">Shields 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1) in the latter, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF3B493E8DBBF37CBBB60198BCDBD61E" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a pair of precerebral cephalic vessels, which meet above the rhynchodaeum, posteriorly passing through the cerebral ring. The markedly different habitats of the hosts (hydrothermal vents and tropical coral reef for the previously described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78F0D47D0055832FD36AA46A98C1E00C" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Ovicides</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus boreal continental shelf waters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B8A91A6CAFD008EBB970F2677A6F6FB" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the very different types of hosts (brachyuran crabs versus an anomuran) add to the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8C373257765156F1D8BB89402068D244" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">distinctive</pageBreakToken>
|
||
nature of the present species. The dorsal position of the ovarian pore in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3BC13914ADA7C0703DA346BE90CCB46" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be unique in Carcinonemertidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9FA3940BB6A86C19E6E9F1B291404B19" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="271CD74F9DEC0C6C7F64F9E6F2494CD9" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only been confirmed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0891D2AF3B83A0B3BC21A659C962417C" genus="Paralithodes" lsidName="Paralithodes camtschaticus" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="camtschaticus">Paralithodes camtschaticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, a similar eyeless form with accessory stylet pouches is common on tanner crab,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4EFC10C766CC0916B4E26F2219AE246" class="Malacostraca" family="Oregoniidae" genus="Chionoecetes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chionoecetes bairdi" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bairdi">Chionoecetes bairdi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rathbun, 1924 and has also been found on the Dungeness crab,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA05A78D141FA37EDAA2293221ABECB" class="Malacostraca" family="Cancridae" genus="Cancer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cancer magister" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magister">Cancer magister</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dana, 1852 in Alaskan waters (AMK, unpublished observations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BA3D6CA358968F1163EF7ED645E69389" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="molecular phylogeny">
|
||
<paragraph id="BAF4B1203559F7844B6ECC1B4211B612" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Molecular phylogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C9DFE7EC81A1AC8BEE412E91F6523CA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In the maximum-likelihood tree (ln L = -9804.30) (Fig. 6),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3873137724C67D3D082FFA64C7C0040" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Ovicides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ovicides paralithodis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paralithodis">Ovicides paralithodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared as a sister taxon to the clade comprised of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81FC696D72803C51B221A9A3AD4F9012" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes carcinophila" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="carcinophila">Carcinonemertes carcinophila</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FA30D2BEBEF1DA1703B91162B655B699" originalValue="Kölliker">Koelliker</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1845) of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF6E7A83788746BAA0B57279ED3EFD67" author="Andrade, SCS" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="141 - 159" title="Disentangling ribbon worm relationships: multi-locus analysis supports traditional classification of the phylum Nemertea." url="10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00376.x" volume="28" year="2012">Andrade et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3567A981D696D078C7F0BABD98817304" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" genus="Carcinonemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcinonemertes" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">Carcinonemertes</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. carcinophila imminuta Humes, 1942 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B723175674521D2093156907C2185AEE" author="Thollesson, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="407 - 415" title="Ribbon worm relationships: a phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea." url="10.1098/rspb.2002.2254" volume="270" year="2003">Thollesson and Norenburg (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The clade comprised of these three species (family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38DB73E5E8DA4BBD200580493B29CD9E" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Carcinonemertidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Carcinonemertidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was supported by 100% bootstrap value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="ABD2D6EB60BA6739C97B4286A0D37ED3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="4406DBB834DF92C9FD829CCCC573B4EB" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree resulting from maximum likelihood analysis of combined 28S rRNA and COI (ln L = -9804.30). Numbers above/below nodes indicate bootstrap support values>50%.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |