246 lines
23 KiB
XML
246 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9E75734EB42F73D78BA90442A0E7DF01">Tadpoles of three western African frog genera: Astylosternus Werner, 1898, Nyctibates Boulenger, 1904, and Scotobleps Boulenger, 1900 (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="401E738F4CC94CA08AE2B0EAEEC3086A">Griesbaum, Frederic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE2FE7235C13F8C93F6599908D774B15">Hirschfeld, Mareike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA97A708A0B40E81F7516A751E2F5F8F">F. Barej, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2921A7175DB04043CABA85F4F979B16">Schmitz, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CDECE11B9CB20F274AD328A6A7E5C92">Rohrmoser, Mariam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C8EA78621D5624AC901F018AD7747E90">Dahmen, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AF06EAF25C6121AB4CA2A33A1D714E3D">Muehlberger, Fabian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="219D70A8DF670DDE8705F3A6D974875D">Christoph Liedtke, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2F5C191645FC87FE1E9B92F12F24D549">L. Gonwouo, Nono</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="066F70BB5A4A51EFE9839844327558E5">Doumbia, Joseph</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8AA2652ED9A00163A0501B6CA4AB39D">Roedel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0C11D1A1DCF5DB074DC61338C14175C">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="93B3ABEBC29AF440CCD87715DC987350">
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<mods:date id="9A64ED7763A5C5646F936A1D75EC6D1B">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="25ECEF63A8076FCDCC105DA268C99D6E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="38766C2083EF0635388E466B1075DB8B">95</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="EE484B8505ACBFBA5B090F2069C249F8" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="6BB725F47B8434144E81E93AF1A009D5">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AFCECA8CCB9EB3A895B7E5B940E41704">133</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DAE892CFAE5C47626DA1D05C91E410FD">160</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="E121ECC47FD28DDABB38667D2F91F485">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F542E8E533A5C1FAD8627C0E1E4DBF13">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D73EB05312CF8BCBD4A9E094C32D8E23" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.32793</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="497E19268B6473CD3CDC4F48A9D1D47D" type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-1-133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="993D81CD9D2A5CACC0A8D8DDD747EFE4" type="ZooBank">3447C0590FE0482F81D09F91BC1ED7EC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156108980" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3FDA5F886DDE674117C422C266C2204" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
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<subSubSection id="56BC427EEAB87FFEC6132CDEB8B720BD" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5D5B0DAF987B43818846C7DD5E16737E" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="90C54F276C241010B71215E1547C9F26" ID-CoL="J64D" authority="Amiet, 1978" authorityName="Amiet" authorityYear="1978" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astylosternus rheophilus" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheophilus">
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<pageBreakToken id="4706E5FE5E590028524A32799DFE7D93" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" start="start">Astylosternus</pageBreakToken>
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rheophilus Amiet, 1978
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F88B4C285DA65F4978FF4629FCA86524" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="ACC7AF77936EACA080FA362D34581AAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">Material examined.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="FEBABC26487330A14314C647ED667A93" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
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||
ZMB 82885 (GenBank MK318875), Gosner stage 25, ZMB 82886 (GenBank MK318876), Gosner stage 39 and ZMB 82886A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2114 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="7A94BE91515DEDC2CB4861F0911BD2B6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0143833">5°0'51.78"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="77B2EBB567A9DFC94DEE1C45E9A7AB71" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.8234">9°49'24.24"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 8 November 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82887 (GenBank MK318877) and ZMB 82887A, Gosner stage 36, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1719 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="19761DCFEC32EA8008E124C53E1B2F0D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.057767">5°3'27.96"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="141007FEDC05BB40D755FAE2FC338779" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="9.8275">9°49'39"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 2 December 2010, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82888 (GenBank MK318878), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2088 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="8A82B067E5023BBBF50291CA1F594459" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0354443">5°2'7.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="8259602ABC815A45E4B08C8D153DCF8F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.846333">9°50'46.8"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 3 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82889 (GenBank MK318879) and ZMB 82889A, Gosner stage 26, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou,
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<geoCoordinate id="0551CDEA9E12B0DE5D2E013E2B085507" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="5.0369444">5°2'13"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="31DE2BCF436943FE9DAB8C18F43876C8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.856806">9°51'24.5"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 4 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82890 (GenBank MK318880), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2100 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="BB96020FE669D22CCA73BBAF5C1A6649" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.017945">5°1'4.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="9C7EFF011E506D50330F1F1852F23C07" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.865251">9°51'54.9"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 5 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82891 (GenBank MK318881), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Caldera, 1889 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="F84225A7A91356D1A2CD7F2647BDA665" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0406113">5°2'26.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="724803C871CD57721CA60B99DF9A48CC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="9.808333">9°48'30"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 6 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82892 (GenBank MK318882), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1788 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="77AAD88B65640BF5A38C855F9BDD640C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0573893">5°3'26.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3E1BD491E640DF80F01BAECF5FBCA10A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.836166">9°50'10.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 2 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82893 (GenBank MK318883), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1719 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="78A3DC97F038ACCC34B18AF406AA16A7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.05775">5°3'27.9"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="034C779D3D923F0E50E034CB7C4AE3F6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="9.8275">9°49'39"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 6 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82894 (GenBank MK318884), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Nkikok, 1328 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="06A8D190FE362BAD155357960715F7AC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.092917">5°5'34.5"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="5443FB77F1F8BDB679099128B697DDDA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.817722">9°49'3.8"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 8 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82895 (GenBank MK318885) and ZMB 82895A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba,
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<normalizedToken id="B6BBB1DB405DC59503E414CE0D2F0005" originalValue="M’Bouroukou">M'Bouroukou</normalizedToken>
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, 1518 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="FCF8D222F712EC1CE100473A2657ACEC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0633893">5°3'48.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="622334635DB693AFDB36B8C1065F6AE7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.866694">9°52'0.1"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 22 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82896 (GenBank MK318886), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2042 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="42BF71C791CF6DE4EE1F544D1A6D83EE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.040639">5°2'26.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="85651AD3EBDE7D5A5D6F9C63A0C42B08" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.85525">9°51'18.9"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 23 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82897 (GenBank MK318887) and ZMB 82897A, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 1992 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="C0309BC3BA00E924055222E751A1BE34" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="5.0369444">5°2'13"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="BF814AD6D2157FD8AD07647C685586B2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.856806">9°51'24.5"E</geoCoordinate>
|
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, 24 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82898 (GenBank MK318888), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2088 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="8CACD30F3E0D5B6271DA8CF967066E9A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0354443">5°2'7.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="B589248BD3555E9B2B836DD0860C84B7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.846333">9°50'46.8"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 25 September 20011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82899 (GenBank MK318889), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2135 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="D5E3534CC67185A0EAF32F85FFFD679F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0098333">5°0'35.4"N</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A3D20D938BAC41F6F4758728AB51F118" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.85689">9°51'24.8"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 28 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82900 (GenBank MK318890), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Nkack, 1466 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="FFF592B895FD5B69D63F78CB92B6BAB9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0381665">5°2'17.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="CA915387C5010EB27C61F0077CFE54D7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.77425">9°46'27.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 13 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82901 (GenBank MK318891), Gosner stage 27, ZMB 82901A, Gosner stage 26, ZMB 82901B, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Caldera, 1889 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="7E94A51F931F62E6631FB77D95B448AC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0406113">5°2'26.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D37E2F6054D4EE9E48A2985CA75C3ECA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="9.808333">9°48'30"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 17 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82902 (GenBank MK318892), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, Pola, 1788 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="E729FFCB1A1B85F0FF1CAAF0984CE2D3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0573893">5°3'26.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B07969F403018A21404621301B2D5D6C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.836166">9°50'10.2"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 20 October 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 82828 (GenBank MK318893), Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near Abdou, 2012 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BBF11E761855D421A3451451C4287D7C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="5.04">5°2'24"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="73282162F98372CC15F41E5DF3A6E9AD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.860917">9°51'39.3"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 26 September 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld; ZMB 79241, Gosner stage 25, Cameroon, Mt Manengouba, near summit, 2042 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="70248940F08FB5E87A92C8D247CAF330" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.040639">5°2'26.3"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9D9A2F853D343EEF4ACF193D8576E2C7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.85525">9°51'18.9"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 August 2011, leg. M. Hirschfeld.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D4961D3161F7127E7544E0A92C8EACE" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">All tadpoles were collected from streams in gallery forest and very degraded forest fragments. The description is mainly based on ZMB 82892 and ZMB 82901. The genotyped tadpoles have been compared with an adult from the Tchabal Mbabo, Cameroon (ZFMK 75632; GenBank MK318894). The uncorrected pairwise p-difference between tadpoles and between tadpoles and the adult ranged from 0-0.2% (0-1 bp).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="29CECA184743DEB4573F8040C5D8F44D" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="31F75FC4B4D714F04C6AE3C47CE31C6A" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE6D63BAAD9ADE5471DAE5FAF35CCDC6" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Long robust tadpole with almost parallel flanks and long, muscular tail (Fig. 15); body bullet-shaped in dorsal view, oval but slightly flattened in lateral view; back with a longitudinal medial depression; snout rounded in dorsal view, more narrowly rounded in lateral view; body length 32.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="07B7C338A6E869942CB6496BE40AEEEF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.7% of total length; body height 42.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E31681965AD8F985582C5667E137ABCE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.5% of body length; body width 55.3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6EF2E52F0C65CACCCE22A6242AF97F85" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.5% of body length; eyes positioned dorsolaterally, eye diameter 10.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4BE2BEF1C16A23F0616757765080787" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.0% of body length; nostrils positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; inter-nostril distance 82.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="40C279180CD7774F5E2084B1738CEEC0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.5% of interorbital distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal and ventral fin originating from tail base; ventral fin height 79.9
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6A424A4A91348D90FE6BF53BC6CF17E0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
6.8% of dorsal fin height; highest part of tail approximately in the middle of the tail; body height 98.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2A807002B1C8460DC40A1745409A33EB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
9.6% of maximum tail height; tail axis width 46.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="43AD72A79DC42156D438306E64305E10" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
6.9% of body width; tail axis height 71.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B8B28D1AF6A4AB59B8F98476C1F495BE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
9.9% of maximum tail height; tail tip narrow and pointed; vent tube dextral; body with large lateral sacs, extending from spiracle to end of body; short spiracle, sinistral; mouth ventral, near snout, in almost terminal position, narrower than interorbital distance; keratodont formula 1:2+2/2+2:1; anterior lip with large rostral gap, short, round papillae restricted to corner of mouth; posterior lip with 2 or 3 rows of about 20-30 uniform, slender, triangular papillae; massive, black and serrated jaws, upper jaw arched with a big medial fang, lower jaw narrowly V-shaped, without visible notch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9B94C8E34F29F5316FFABBC49FEA1470" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="0439EC977292AB6CD81B040E7CEA6FDA" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Figure 15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="562A85971D052CF1325E6D62B594541A" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astylosternus rheophilus" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheophilus">Astylosternus rheophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tadpoles; a ZMB 82901A, Gosner stage 26 and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="52AEEF229C7F2779D5A66CF29E6C992E" originalValue="b–d">b-d</normalizedToken>
|
||
ZMB 82892, Gosner stage 25;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7DF18FBE102B185F2A1DDE41F24FFB0" originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
|
||
lateral, and c dorsal view; d oral disc; e sketch of keratodont arrangement; black bars = 1 cm, white bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="438D04E9675A98B87FD798DA6CA79D8F" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">The largest specimen at Gosner stage 25, as well as the largest specimen at Gosner stage 36, were the two largest tadpoles in our samples, both reaching about 80 mm total length.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4E689E41B930AD3A7C00D02F596180C6" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" type="coloration in preservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="36D73C9AAA99A5B0948ADFD025C5EC98" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">Coloration in preservation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9487E3BDCE41A739020A7FFB782F4FBF" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">Body light to dark brown, lateral sacs and ventral surfaces lighter, more grayish; fine brown speckling on tail axis, fading from dorsal to ventral parts; fins largely beige transparent, with tiny brown dots along the margin of the last third of dorsal and ventral fin.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B1863E27FD8A3CA6C15C80379D075AE" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="13" pageNumber="146" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="E1D2C0C2D9E076C8AE4430068CF705EE" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E37C02A08A99D6328A0A6A560F8D3C0" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="13" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Except the large size range of tadpoles all in Gosner stage 25, tadpoles were very uniform in color
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="B283891A8B6B03C13C6CC3C114BA96FE" pageId="14" pageNumber="147" start="start">ation</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, body and mouth part proportions and characteristics. The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1087C5D34879FDCD657613558ECE74B" lsidName="A. rheophilus" pageId="14" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="rheophilus">A. rheophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was already described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26499279BE4A605BE3F9D04BE197CD04" author="Channing, A" journalOrPublisher="Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt / M." pageId="20" pageNumber="153" title="Tadpoles of Africa - The biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa." year="2012">Channing et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These authors give an additional keratodont formula as 1:2+2/1:1+1:1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |