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<mods:title id="0E1CFF1C410348732BD680FD2CE3EBE3">The phylogenetic relationships of the two-winged South American Leptophlebiidae genera revisited with first description of the male imago of Bessierus Thomas &amp; Orth (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="7A0D59344F75FFFCFF12F99FFDE2F975" blockId="2.[151,556,1647,1673]" box="[151,556,1647,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">
<heading id="2145EE584F75FFFCFF12F99FFDE2F975" bold="true" box="[151,556,1647,1673]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" reason="1">
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFF12F99FFDE2F975" bold="true" box="[151,556,1647,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F75FFFCFF6BF99FFDE2F975" ID-CoL="62GKC" authority="Thomas &amp; Orth" box="[238,556,1647,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFF6BF99FFEACF975" bold="true" box="[238,354,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Bessierus</emphasis>
Thomas &amp;Orth
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A0D59344F75FFFCFF12F95DFEFDF8FF" blockId="2.[151,1436,1709,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">
Thomas &amp; Orth, in
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F75FFFCFEDBF95DFD80F93A" author="Thomas, A. &amp; Horeau, V. &amp; Dominique, Y." box="[350,590,1709,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" pagination="49 - 57" refId="ref7218" refString="Thomas, A., Orth, K., Horeau, V. &amp; Dominique, Y. (2000) Les Ephemeres de la Guyane Francaise. 3. Bessierus doloris n. gen., n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Ephemera, 2, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">
Thomas
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFE33F95FFE2CF93A" box="[438,482,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">et al</emphasis>
., 2000: 49
</bibRefCitation>
(nymph). (Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F75FFFCFCD7F95FFB65F93A" authority="Thomas &amp; Orth" authorityName="Thomas &amp; Orth" box="[850,1195,1709,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doloris">
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFCD7F95FFBCCF93A" box="[850,1026,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Bessierus doloris</emphasis>
Thomas &amp; Orth
</taxonomicName>
, original designation).
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F75FFFCFF12F93DFCD2F919" author="Dominguez, E. &amp; Molineri, C. &amp; Pescador, M. L. &amp; Hubbard, M. D. &amp; Nieto, C." box="[151,796,1740,1765]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" pagination="1 - 646" refId="ref6743" refString="Dominguez, E., Molineri, C., Pescador, M. L., Hubbard, M. D. &amp; Nieto, C. (2006) Ephemeroptera of South America. In: Adis, J., Arias, J. R., Rueda-Delgado, G. &amp; Wantzen, K. M. (Eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity of Latin America. Vol. 2. Pensoft, Sofia Moscow, pp. 1 - 646." type="book chapter" year="2006">Domínguez, Molineri, Pescador, Hubbard &amp; Nieto, 2006: 356</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F75FFFCFCADF93DFBC5F919" author="Dominguez, E." box="[808,1035,1741,1765]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" pagination="63 - 71" refId="ref6701" refString="Dominguez, E. (2009) Overview and phylogenetic relationships of the two-winged genera of South American Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Aquatic Insects, 31, 63 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420802518077" type="journal article" year="2009">Domínguez, 2009: 70</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F75FFFCFB9DF93CFA52F919" author="Nascimento, J. M. C. &amp; Barcelos-Silva, P. &amp; Salles, F. F." box="[1048,1436,1740,1765]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" pagination="191 - 201" refId="ref7038" refString="Nascimento, J. M. C., Barcelos-Silva, P. &amp; Salles, F. F. (2011) Two-winged Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from Brazil: new species, records and stage descriptions. Aquatic Insects, 33, 191 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650424.2011.597408" type="journal article" year="2011">Nascimento, Barcelos-Silva &amp; Salles,</bibRefCitation>
<subSubSection id="32A80ABF4F75FFFCFF42F91BFEFDF8FF" box="[199,307,1771,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" type="description">2011: 191.</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="32A80ABF4F75FFFCFF12F8DBFC01F807" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F75FFFCFF12F8DBFC01F807" blockId="2.[151,1437,1835,2043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFF12F8DBFEC4F8BA" bold="true" box="[151,266,1835,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: The male imago of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F75FFFCFE6AF8DDFD94F8BA" box="[495,602,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F75FFFCFE6AF8DDFD94F8BA" box="[495,602,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Bessierus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from all other genera of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F75FFFCFBACF8DCFB11F8BA" box="[1065,1247,1836,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Leptophlebiidae</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: (1) fork of vein MA of forewing asymmetrical (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F75FFFCFC5BF8A0FBF7F896" box="[990,1081,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); (2) vein ICu1 attached to vein CuA by a cross vein, and vein ICu2 attached at base to vein ICu1 by a cross vein; (3) hind wings absent; (4) tarsal claws of a pair dissimilar, one apically hooked, the other blunt (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F75FFFCFCF1F868FC00F84E" box="[884,974,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
); (5) forceps sockets fused (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F75FFFCFA97F868FA95F84E" box="[1298,1371,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C-D); penes widely divided in apical 2/3, apex of each penis lobe with a laterally orientated broad projection (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F75FFFCFA90F84CFA95F82A" box="[1301,1371,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C-D); (7) forceps segment 1 smoothly roundly, broadened in basal 1/3 (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F75FFFCFCF5F810FC0CF807" box="[880,962,2016,2043]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="377">Fig.2C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32A80ABF4F74FFFAFF42FF68FBBDFDE7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="3" pageNumber="378" type="description">
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F74FFFDFF42FF68FEF9FF07" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,251]" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="48C685264F74FFFDFF42FF68FDE2FF4F" bold="true" box="[199,556,152,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">Description of the male imago</emphasis>
(in alcohol). Length of body 2.9 3.0 mm, forewing length 3.0-
<quantity id="BD4AF4D14F74FFFDFB7BFF69FA99FF4F" box="[1278,1367,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="378" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
. Head (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F74FFFDFF1AFF4CFF2BFF2B" box="[159,229,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1957,1982]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,272,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1393,272,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, head, d.v.; B, head, l.v.; C, habitus, d.v.; D, habitus, l.v. d.v.= dorsal view; l.v.=lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A-B): Eyes meet on meson of head (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F74FFFDFD04FF4CFD15FF2B" box="[641,731,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1957,1982]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,272,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1393,272,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, head, d.v.; B, head, l.v.; C, habitus, d.v.; D, habitus, l.v. d.v.= dorsal view; l.v.=lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
), lower portion of eyes approximately 4/5 length of upper portion (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F74FFFDFF57FF10FEE4FF07" box="[210,298,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1957,1982]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,272,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1393,272,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, head, d.v.; B, head, l.v.; C, habitus, d.v.; D, habitus, l.v. d.v.= dorsal view; l.v.=lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2ECD09BC4F74FFFDFF12F855FE8FF81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460232" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3460232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460232/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="378" startId="3.[151,250,1957,1982]" targetBox="[194,1393,272,1869]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F74FFFDFF12F855FE8FF81E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1957,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="48C685264F74FFFDFF12F855FEDEF842" bold="true" box="[151,272,1957,1982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F74FFFDFE9AF856FE1CF842" box="[287,466,1958,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doloris">
<emphasis id="48C685264F74FFFDFE9AF856FE1CF842" box="[287,466,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="378">Bessierus doloris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male imago. A, head, d.v.; B, head, l.v.; C, habitus, d.v.; D, habitus, l.v. d.v.= dorsal view; l.v.=lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F73FFFAFF42FF6AFC28FEBF" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFF42FF6AFEC5FF4F" box="[199,267,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Wings</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFE9BFF69FEB7FF4F" box="[286,377,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1247,1272]" captionTargetBox="[420,1168,673,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[416,1172,669,1223]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of distribution showing collecting sites in French Guiana and present distribution of Bessierus doloris. Round- ed sites were plotted according the indications of Thomas et al., 2000." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460228" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460228/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Maximum width of forewing is 1/3 of maximum length of forewing; vein Rs of forewing forked 1/5 of distance from base to margin; vein MA forked a little more 1/2 of distance from base to margin, fork asymmetrical, distal portion of vein MA not sagged posteriorly; vein MP forked 3/8 of distance from base to margin, fork symmetrical, distal portion of vein not sagged posteriorly; vein ICu1 attached to vein CuA by a cross vein, and vein ICu2 attached at base to vein ICu1 by a cross vein. Hind wings absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F73FFFAFF42FEBEFBBDFDE7" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFF42FEBEFF32FE9B" box="[199,252,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Legs</emphasis>
. Ratio of segments of male forelegs, 0.42:1.0 (
<quantity id="BD4AF4D14F73FFFAFC9FFEBDFC49FE9B" box="[794,903,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" unit="mm" value="0.96">0.96 mm</quantity>
): 0.06:0.23:0.19:0.08: 0.05. Claws on each leg dissimilar, with one apically hooked and one blunt, pad-like (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFCCAFE81FC67FE77" box="[847,937,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFC3BFE81FBAAFE77" box="[958,1124,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFBF6FE81FB75FE77" box="[1139,1211,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C-D): segment II of forceps subequal in length to segment III, segment II of forceps 1/6 length of segment I; forceps segment I smoothly roundly broadened in basal 1/3 (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFE78FE49FD9BFE2F" box="[509,597,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
); forceps sockets fused, forming a single cavity (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFBF7FE49FB05FE2F" box="[1138,1227,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
); length of styliger plate along median line 1/3 maximum width, posterolateral corners slightly developed; penes widely divided in apical 2/3, apex of each penis lobe with a laterally orientated broad projection (
<figureCitation id="E28945B14F73FFFAFC6EFDF1FBFCFDE7" box="[1003,1074,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1381,1406]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,309,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[197,1391,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bessierus doloris, male imago. A, fore wing; B, tarsal claws; C, genitalia, ventral view; D, genitalia, ventral view, forceps socket, detail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3460230/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C-D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32A80ABF4F73FFFAFF42FDD5FCE7FCC7" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7A0D59344F73FFFAFF42FDD5FCE7FCC7" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFF42FDD5FE87FDC3" bold="true" box="[199,329,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Comments.</emphasis>
Among the diagnostic characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFC93FDD6FC4FFDC3" box="[790,897,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFC93FDD6FC4FFDC3" box="[790,897,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Bessierus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(also shared with
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFBD4FDD5FAD0FDC3" authorityName="Savage" authorityYear="1983" box="[1105,1310,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Perissophlebiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFBD4FDD5FAD0FDC3" box="[1105,1310,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Perissophlebiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the fused forceps sockets are very unusual. Until recently this has been considered an exclusive characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFA98FDB9FE6CFD7B" authority="Ulmer. Mariano (2010)" authorityName="Ulmer. Mariano" authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Thraulodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFA98FDB9FA53FD9F" box="[1309,1437,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Thraulodes</emphasis>
Ulmer.
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F73FFFAFF6BFD9DFE6CFD7B" author="Mariano, R." box="[238,418,621,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" pagination="129 - 134" refId="ref6993" refString="Mariano, R. (2010) Two new species of Simothraulopsis Traver, 1947 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from northeastern Brazil. Aquatic Insects, 32, 129 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420903393842" type="journal article" year="2010">Mariano (2010)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
also described this character for two species of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFC53FD9DFAC8FD7B" authority="Demoulin" authorityName="Demoulin" authorityYear="1966" box="[982,1286,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Simothraulopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFC53FD9DFB42FD7B" box="[982,1164,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Simothraulopsis</emphasis>
Demoulin
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="02A519A44F73FFFAFAD4FD9DFA57FD7B" box="[1361,1433,621,647]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. More recently,
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F73FFFAFEC6FD61FD9BFD57" author="Nascimento, J. M. C. &amp; Barcelos-Silva, P. &amp; Salles, F. F." box="[323,597,657,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" pagination="191 - 201" refId="ref7038" refString="Nascimento, J. M. C., Barcelos-Silva, P. &amp; Salles, F. F. (2011) Two-winged Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from Brazil: new species, records and stage descriptions. Aquatic Insects, 33, 191 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650424.2011.597408" type="journal article" year="2011">
Nascimento
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFE54FD62FDC4FD57" box="[465,522,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
, in their revision of this genus, stated the fusion of the forceps socket as a diagnostic character. According to
<bibRefCitation id="1E2324C54F73FFFAFD9CFD45FD21FD33" author="Dominguez, E." box="[537,751,693,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" pagination="63 - 71" refId="ref6701" refString="Dominguez, E. (2009) Overview and phylogenetic relationships of the two-winged genera of South American Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Aquatic Insects, 31, 63 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420802518077" type="journal article" year="2009">Domínguez (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFD7CFD45FCB7FD33" authorityName="Ulmer. Mariano" authorityYear="2010" box="[761,889,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Thraulodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFD7CFD45FCB7FD33" box="[761,889,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Thraulodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not closely related neither to
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFB5CFD46FA8AFD33" box="[1241,1348,694,719]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFB5CFD46FA8AFD33" box="[1241,1348,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Bessierus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFAF0FD46FE89FD0F" authorityName="Savage" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Perissophlebiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFAF0FD46FE89FD0F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Perissophlebiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFED1FD29FDC4FD0F" authorityName="Demoulin" authorityYear="1966" box="[340,522,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Simothraulopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFED1FD29FDC4FD0F" box="[340,522,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Simothraulopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the other hand, together with
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFCFBFD29FB57FD0F" authority="Demoulin" authorityName="Demoulin" authorityYear="1955" box="[894,1177,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Homothraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFCFBFD29FBEEFD0F" box="[894,1056,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Homothraulus</emphasis>
Demoulin
</taxonomicName>
, was the sister group of
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFF12FD0DFE97FCEB" box="[151,345,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Perissophlebiode</emphasis>
s and
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFE1CFD0EFDCAFCEB" box="[409,516,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFE1CFD0EFDCAFCEB" box="[409,516,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Bessierus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In that analysis, the adult of
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFCCEFD0EFC78FCEB" box="[843,950,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Bessierus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFCCEFD0EFC78FCEB" box="[843,950,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Bessierus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BDB222B74F73FFFAFC6EFD0DFB76FCEB" authorityName="Savage" authorityYear="1983" box="[1003,1208,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Leptophlebiidae" genus="Perissophlebiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="48C685264F73FFFAFC6EFD0DFB76FCEB" box="[1003,1208,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="379">Perissophlebiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained unknown, hence it was impossible to know the state of this character.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>