145 lines
16 KiB
XML
145 lines
16 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C073035FA4A0C71EA6B26F012E6FC4BB">Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Laparocerus, with comments on colonisation and diversification in Macaronesia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="63E3D5496B8C56A418D9217C95A8C26F">Machado, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD58656AF1BF390E18939DC3DFC5DECC">Rodriguez-Exposito, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F917EDE77849223E0D41888B123A1DEC">Lopez, Mercedes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="00BA5E001DA0C54EA7F9FA22E5DC7431">Hernandez, Mariano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="AF079C1097716C3D4CABC28D6FB8C8EA">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="C70A02FD74F5A768B72D65B0076DFECD" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.651.10097</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="ED33749748D3119DD05D1817E13CDD44" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127879875" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CCD69019-A58D-4E32-9B25-469F275F9FDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED33749748D3119DD05D1817E13CDD44" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" scope_family="Curculionidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Entiminae">
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<subSubSection id="21A7B9561E3C07DC31463BD4DC818A30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6038EC588B4F16EE635A965D42295476" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="5C134B5C1CC7827AF2F53C1D6ADABC8C" ID-CoL="8KD9Q" LSID="http://zoobank.org/CCD69019-A58D-4E32-9B25-469F275F9FDD" authority="Machado" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Purpuranius)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Purpuranius">Purpuranius Machado</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF6A9A4F39E3FD390F83985806789C53" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">subg. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="93E9BE08AF6D8620A59ABD498EE12057" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="4361269F1C9E85EFD69EC136B3FF9302" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="378972276282EF094555C9BAA88F9644" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="C2EDA3ACF648DD89CD4025AD56726DBA" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus maxorata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxorata">Laparocerus maxorata</taxonomicName>
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Machado, 2011, by present designation (Fig. 12B).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2A69169CF751692B5679F8D2D9910561" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="38411587AEAB7C669D6D13C02D8ACADA" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="232C5FAB1622866F2ADAD9DC5A42BDB7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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The names derives from 'Insula
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<normalizedToken id="5851D7E20CA2FC088CB1426FAC9B2582" originalValue="Purpurariae’">Purpurariae'</normalizedToken>
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, the Latin ancient name given to the eastern Canaries where Romans and Phoenitians obtained the natural red dye
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<normalizedToken id="E59F6BECBB3326AE220385AA00CA981C" originalValue="‘purpura’">'purpura'</normalizedToken>
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from marine molluscs. Gender masculine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D71B5D162BD4B760095640F135839944" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="species assigned">
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<paragraph id="A3C6C5D71331E9E8E891A527B7BCD157" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<pageBreakToken id="AA96D668CDF0F86B28E4F8E94AB4E7FC" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
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assigned.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA11B73E56C4D37E20DDE8626E86CD08" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="DFD1288016D77AD125D821A5CDD78893" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus calvus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvus">Laparocerus calvus</taxonomicName>
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Machado, 2011;
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<taxonomicName id="C3CB714B0BAF2B4052B38282120F0F7D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus curvipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipes">Laparocerus curvipes</taxonomicName>
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Lindberg, 1950:
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<taxonomicName id="3D13AFFC09CEEE2D6282083302120769" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus fraterculus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraterculus">Laparocerus fraterculus</taxonomicName>
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Machado, 2011;
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<taxonomicName id="FF8107E6CDD5358140D7B82FBDB9CFC3" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus longipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">Laparocerus longipennis</taxonomicName>
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Machado, 2011, and
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<taxonomicName id="F9C02814359ABEFFB01727C18C575B0A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus maxorata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxorata">Laparocerus maxorata</taxonomicName>
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Machado, 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="90953EE48DF590E567882EE0B3B0E808" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="diagnostic remarks">
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<paragraph id="B6823A50A6721BA8EE0D74FC3BAE1FFF" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Diagnostic remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0547B6489F8991E1CC705A9B56CD47" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Medium sized
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<taxonomicName id="E403E43224B7515813BC5E12738F2A57" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Laparocerus</taxonomicName>
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species (5.0-8.5 mm) endemic to the eastern Canary Islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura) with the exception of the nominal subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="AD1C9536988045BA8081BE16C0779387" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus curvipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipes">Laparocerus curvipes</taxonomicName>
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present in Tenerife. Antennae capitate and male protibiae bent backwards at apical third (maximum in
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<taxonomicName id="70C6E65BF1CFFC7CC0324AF1AD4C24F7" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus curvipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipes">Laparocerus curvipes</taxonomicName>
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, least in
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<taxonomicName id="38F8C558BB4B35D390F8D64AA7B2A0F4" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus calvus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvus">Laparocerus calvus</taxonomicName>
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); tibial apex may be blunt, incurved or expanded to both sides. Body shape varied and integument either covered with scales and hairs, or totally bare. For instance,
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<taxonomicName id="ED18BC838AB118D1553E5D75C8C6F000" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus calvus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvus">Laparocerus calvus</taxonomicName>
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looks like a bald
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<taxonomicName id="594EC3E1AC4E14F18A5B1A01FB289325" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Aomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aomus</taxonomicName>
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and has a more robust scape than the other species, while the body of
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<taxonomicName id="F395CD23CA9C3CBF9CA53BBDB28A5FCD" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus longipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">Laparocerus longipennis</taxonomicName>
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is small and narrow, with normal vestiture of scales and erect setae, but setae on the apex of elytra are shortly bifid at their tip, which is unique within
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<taxonomicName id="618D147F0BF24C3D6F8AFEF104CC9EF8" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Laparocerus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="45D0EF3C5BE6B50EAB032BADD3CEBB0F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Penis with two parallel rows of denticles along the internal. Gonostyli long and tubular placed apically on the hemisternites. Female urosternite VIII varied: the apical lamina is transversal in
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<taxonomicName id="1BE910D77888B19807F2908804DCA84E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus curvipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipes">Laparocerus curvipes</taxonomicName>
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, liguliform in
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<taxonomicName id="03D1A2C2832510EC69678413C7B3B252" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus maxorata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxorata">Laparocerus maxorata</taxonomicName>
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, and in
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<taxonomicName id="AEB9D94801CEF4CF3004EB9ED454C762" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus calvus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvus">Laparocerus calvus</taxonomicName>
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spearheaded like in species of
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<taxonomicName id="96C45C63AA34D74E2E9D845E645DBE45" lsidName="(Canariotrox)" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Canariotrox">Canariotrox</taxonomicName>
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, showing a case of functional convergence presumably related to oviposition.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1239907BE0CCC988C2415CFC5C70E6A2" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Such remarkable morphological differences within this small monophyletic group can be related to long lasting individual anagenetic evolution or that they are a few extant species from a much richer and diverse group in the past.
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<taxonomicName id="36FF7FF7D43C57AD114298680B33B408" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus calvus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvus">Laparocerus calvus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="16863A59B5AC87F46728306A56DB5216" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laparocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laparocerus longipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
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<pageBreakToken id="227B51E2F6D703B630D463D82AA2ACFA" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">Laparocerus</pageBreakToken>
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longipennis
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</taxonomicName>
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shared a common ancestor ca. 4.9 Ma ago. This is the oldest Canarian group as noted in the previous section, and it may be in the final phase of its taxon cycle (cf.
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<bibRefCitation id="F103B690E71E3835C55452E4D7E18AB4" author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="The American Naturalist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="169 - 193" title="The nature of the taxon cycle in the Melanesian ant fauna." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282174" volume="95" year="1961">Wilson 1961</bibRefCitation>
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). Nonetheless, it would also be no surprise if some new
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<taxonomicName id="6CFE5789A25D921A137B012B71C84D08" lsidName="(Purpuranius)" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Purpuranius">Purpuranius</taxonomicName>
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are discovered in the future.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |