220 lines
27 KiB
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220 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.758.24477" ID-GBIF-Dataset="649429d6-e7f3-4ac1-bcfd-1011595a5235" ID-PMC="PMC5964089" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970--115" ID-PubMed="29844714" ID-ZBK="14A079AB9BA244279DEA7BDAB37A6777" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970--115" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys " ModsDocTitle="Larva and pupa of Ctesias(s. str.)serra (Fabricius, 1792) with remarks on biology and economic importance, and larval comparison of co-occurring genera (Coleoptera, Dermestidae)" checkinTime="1555317207007" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kadej, Marcin" docDate="2018" docId="EBFD7891B433CAC1C5C29B6F2F481984" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 758: 115-135" docOrigin="ZooKeys 758" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.758.24477" docTitle="Ctesias serra Fabricius 1792" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="A17CFFD4D750FFD3245A3F72EC5EC23D" masterDocTitle="Larva and pupa of Ctesias (s. str.) serra (Fabricius, 1792) with remarks on biology and economic importance, and larval comparison of co-occurring genera (Coleoptera, Dermestidae)" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1668165785164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Larva and pupa of Ctesias (s. str.) serra (Fabricius, 1792) with remarks on biology and economic importance, and larval comparison of co-occurring genera (Coleoptera, Dermestidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kadej, Marcin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>758</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>115</mods:start>
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<mods:end>135</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.758.24477</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.758.24477</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970--115</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">14A079AB9BA244279DEA7BDAB37A6777</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">14A079AB9BA244279DEA7BDAB37A6777</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="156200113" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EBFD7891B433CAC1C5C29B6F2F481984" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EBFD7891B433CAC1C5C29B6F2F481984" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<taxonomicName authority="Fabricius, 1792" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Ctesias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctesias serra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="(s. str.)" species="serra">Ctesias (s. str.) serra (Fabricius, 1792)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1-4, 5-6, 7-15, 16-21
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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(2 larvae) Polonia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Brzóza">Brzoza</normalizedToken>
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distr. Kozienice 7.VII.1956, w
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<normalizedToken originalValue="próchnie">prochnie</normalizedToken>
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pnia lipy [inside the mould of the trunk of linden
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tilia" order="Malvales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tilia</taxonomicName>
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spp.], leg. B. Burakowski, det. M. Mroczkowski 1956; (2 larvae) Polonia, Maciejowice distr. Kozienice 6.VII.1956, w
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<normalizedToken originalValue="próchnie">prochnie</normalizedToken>
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(bielu)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="dębu">debu</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="koło">kolo</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="chodników">chodnikow</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName family="Anobiidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="family">Anobiidae</taxonomicName>
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[inside the mould of the oak
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
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spp. next to corridors of
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<taxonomicName family="Anobiidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="family">Anobiidae</taxonomicName>
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], leg. B. Burakowski, det. M. Mroczkowski 1956; (1 larva) Polonia, Maciejowice distr. Kozienice 6.VII.1956, pod
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<normalizedToken originalValue="korą">kora</normalizedToken>
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olchy [under the bark of alder
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alnus</taxonomicName>
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spp.], leg. B. Burakowski, det. M. Mroczkowski 1956; (7 larvae) Puszcza Kampinoska,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sieraków">Sierakow</normalizedToken>
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, 31.X.1952, pod kora
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<normalizedToken originalValue="dębu">debu</normalizedToken>
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[under the bark of the oak
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
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spp., leg. M. Mroczkowski]; (1 exuvia, 1 pupa) Warszawa, Saska
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kępa">Kepa</normalizedToken>
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pod
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<normalizedToken originalValue="korą">kora</normalizedToken>
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wierzby [under the bark of willow
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<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
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spp.] 10.V.1955, leg. M. Mroczkowski; (1 exuvia, 4 larvae) Polonia, Dojlidy ad.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Białystok">Bialystok</normalizedToken>
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19.III.1959 leg. R. Bielawski, det. M. Mroczkowski 1959; (1 larva) Germania: Brandenburg, Berlin, Schorfheide, 1.IV.1994. leg. A. Herrmann, coll. A. Herrmann. All materials (except for the last larva) are deposited in the Department of Invertebrate Biology, Evolution and Conservation, University of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Wrocław">Wroclaw</normalizedToken>
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, Przybyszewskiego 65,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="PL–51–">PL-51-</normalizedToken>
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148
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Wrocław">Wroclaw</normalizedToken>
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, Poland.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Larva, last instar. Length 5.0-7.0 mm. Body fusiform, relatively long, rather flattened, not hunchbacked. Integument of head, nota and terga yellowish brown to brown; tergal plates sclerotised (Fig. 1), sterna only partially hyaline (= sterna
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–VIII">I-VIII</normalizedToken>
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with central median line with strongly sclerotised and shiny strip (Fig. 2)), femora and tibiae light yellowish (Figs 1-2). On thoracic terga (= nota
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–III">I-III</normalizedToken>
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) there are darker spots or patches present. Setae (spicisetae and hastisetae) on tegra brown (Fig. 1). On sterna only brown scaly-like spicesetae present (Fig. 2). Head protracted and hypognathous. Six stemmata present on the head (four + two other below). Frons triangular, without frontal, median tubercle (Fig. 8). On the frons two kinds of spicisetae present: lanceolate (= nudiseta) and scale-like. Lanceolate setae situated along anterior margin and on the central area, while scaly spicisetae along lateral margins and in the posterior part of the plate; several also present on the central area among lanceolate setae. Antennae orientated anterolaterally; composed of three antennomeres (Fig. 7). Terminal antennomere 4.0 times as long as wide, with one small sensory sensillum (appendage) on apex and two campaniform sensillae (upper one small, lower one bigger). Ratio of length of terminal antennomere to length of penultimate and antepenultimate antennomeres combined nearly 1.0:5.0. Sensorium in ventral position not extending above apex of segment 2. One campaniform sensillum present on antennomere 2 under sensorium. Antennomere 1 with 6-7 long setae (Fig. 7). Gula separate from postmentum; epicranial stem present. Median endocarina absent. Labro-epipharyngeal margin with 8 to 11 setae in the outer series. Mesal labro-epipharyngeal setae (mp) spatulate (broad) while second pair (p2) stout (narrow). On ventral side of epipharynx basal transverse row (br) of placoid sensillae present (13 to 18 sensory cups in the proximal transverse series (br)). Epipharyngeal rods (er) present and diverging proximally. Four sensory cups in the subproximal epipharyngeal sensilla (sbp), two large and two small ones. Distal epipharyngeal sensillae (dst) arranged in one group of six (in two longitudinal series of three sensillae, Fig. 11). Lateral setae on epipharynx absent (Fig. 11). Dorsal surface of labro-epipharynx with many setae. Mandible brown with dark brown (almost black) apex; apical teeth and ventral accessory process absent. Apical half of mandible heavily sclerotised and sharply delineated from basal half (Figs 9, 10). Mandibular mola and pseudomola absent. Hyaline lobe at ventral base of mandible absent. Prostheca perhaps absent, brush of setae absent mesally near mandibular base. Placoid sensillae (pls) present in approximately one-third of the basal dorso-lateral length of mandible (Fig. 10). Maxillary palp composed of three palpomeres with terminal palpomere longest. Ratio length of terminal palpomere to length of the two proceeding palpomeres combined 1.0:1.5. First palpomere with variable combination of setae and campaniform sensilla:, two setae (one campaniform sensillum) or four setae (one campaniform sensillum). Second palpomere with 2-3 setae and 1-4 campaniform sensillae. Third palpomere with one campaniform sensillum, one short seta subapical and group of small sensillae situated in the apical area. Lacinia with one heavily sclerotised lacinial tooth, straight at apex. Lacinia sclerotisation separated from stipes. Seven straight thick to slender setae present in a dorsomesal row on lacinia (dmr) (Fig. 12). Mesal row of setae on lacinia (msr) composed of a basally thickened seta (Fig. 13). Galea arising from stipes, ending close to the apex of lacinia. The apical area of galea covered densely with setae. Stipes with 18-20 long setae placed mainly near the antero-lateral margin, one to two setae present near the inner margin (under the first palpomere) (Fig. 13). Hypopharynx hyaline. Bridge sclerite (central part of the distal element of the hypopharyngeal sclerome) appearing jointed medially. Anterior arms of bridge sclerite and distal lateral sclerites of hypopharynx absent. Ligula with approximately 21 lanceolate setae (Fig. 14). Labial palp with 2 palpomeres. First segment wider than second segment; 2.0 times as wide as long, with four setae on the disc (sometimes setae absent - they can be lost during dissection - then resembling campaniform sensillae). Terminal labial palpomere with group of small sensillae in the apical area, one campaniform sensillum (cs) close to external margin and three setae on inner margin (Fig. 15).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Figures 1-4. Mature larva of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Ctesias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctesias serra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="(s. str.)" species="serra">Ctesias (s. str.) serra</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius, 1792). 1 Dorsal view 2 Ventral view 3 Head (apex) of hastiseta 4 Spiciseta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Figures 5-6. Pupa of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Ctesias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctesias serra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="(s. str.)" species="serra">Ctesias (s. str.) serra</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius, 1792). 5 Dorsal view 6 Ventral view Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Figures 7-15. Mature larva of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Ctesias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctesias serra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="(s. str.)" species="serra">Ctesias (s. str.) serra</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius, 1792). 7 Antenna (dorso-fronto-lateral) 8 Frons (dorsal; large circles with rings represent points of insertion of large scaly-like spicisetae, small circles represent points of insertion of nudisetae (= lanceolate spicisetae)) 9 Mandible (dorsal) 10 Mandible (lateroventral) 11 Epipharynx (ventral) 12 Apex of lacinia (dorsal) 13 Maxilla (ventral) 14 Labium (ventral) 15 Labial palpi (ventral). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Antecostal suture on notum I absent, but distinct on nota
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–III">II-III</normalizedToken>
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and abdominal terga
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
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(Figs 18 and 19); abdominal segment VIII without suture or only remnant remaining (Fig. 20). Acrotergites of notum I without setae, while acrotergites of nota
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–III">II-III</normalizedToken>
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and abdominal terga
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–VIII">I-VIII</normalizedToken>
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with short setae (Figs 18-20). Notum I with long, stout, large spicisetae along anterior (here directed anteriorly under the head), lateral and posterior margin (here directed latero-posteriorly and vertically - upright). Setae on posterior margin situated near the latero-posterior angle, some additionally near suture, some also present on central area of disc of notum I (Fig. 16). Nota II, III with median row of large spicisetae, and along lateral margins of terga. Abdominal terga
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
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with posterior rather than median row of large spicisetae, and along lateral margins of terga (Figs 18-19). These mainly directed latero-posteriorly and vertically (upright). Hastisetae are present both on nota as well as abdominal terga (Figs 16, 18-20). Hastisetae of abdominal terga
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VII">IV-VII</normalizedToken>
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forming dense lateral brushes (longest and thickest on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="V–VII">V-VII</normalizedToken>
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). Setal patterns of abdominal tergum I with numerous large spicisetae in posterior row; lateral margin bearing also spicisetae; hastisetae on posterior half of tergite more numerous than spicisetae (Fig. 18). Abdominal tergum VII with short, stout setae along anterior margin; large spicisetae in posterior row above the membranous area bearing densely situated hastisetae (Fig. 19). Abdominal tergum VIII without pair of abdominal pits (oval apertures); setal patterns as illustrated (Fig. 20) - short, stout setae along anterior margin; large spicisetae in posterior part. Abdominal tergum IX reduced with numerous long scaly-like spicisetae (Fig. 21). Legs (tibia, femur and trochanter) covered with many lanceolate setae as illustrated on Fig. 17. Claws dark brown. Ratio tibial to femoral length 4.0:5.0. Pretarsus with two narrow lanceolate setae inserted at base. Length of posterior pretarsal seta subequal to length of anterior pretarsal seta (Fig. 17), anterior pretarsal seta perhaps slightly longer.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Figures 16-21. Mature larva of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Ctesias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctesias serra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="(s. str.)" species="serra">Ctesias (s. str.) serra</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius, 1792). 16 Pronotum (dorsal, left half, denuded; large circles represent points of insertion of large spicisetae, small circles along the suture represent points of insertion of hastisetae) 17 Right protosternal leg (dorsal) 18 Abdominal tergum I (dorsal, left half, denuded; large circles represent points of insertion of large spicisetae, small circles represent points of insertion of hastisetae) 19 Abdominal tergum VII (dorsal, right half, denuded; large circles represent points of insertion of large spicisetae, small circles along the suture represent points of insertion of short setae, small circles below large circles represents points of insertions of hastisetae) 20 Abdominal tergum VIII (dorsal, right half, denuded; large circles represent points of insertion of large spicisetae, small circles along the suture represent points of insertion of short setae) 21 Abdominal tergum IX (dorsal, denuded; circles represent points of insertion of large spicisetae). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Pupa (Figs 5-6): length 4.0-5.0 mm. Integument yellowish brown with erect, brown coloured spicisetae distributed rather uniformly on head, dorsum and wings. Head directed downwards (not visible from above). Antennae long, reaching lateral margin of pronotum. Antenna with 11 antennomeres (the boundaries of individual segments not sharply delimited); antennal club with 3 antennomeres (Fig. 6). Antennal club serrated, shorter than flagellum. Eyes clearly visible, convex, oval; situated just behind upper margins of antennae. Pronotum transverse, widest near mesonotum (between posterior angles), with the anterior part narrowed; posterior border of pronotum distinctly elongated in the middle; posterior angles slightly rounded. Mesonotum half as long as metanotum. Mesonotum and metanotum slightly convex. Mesonotum with distinct tubercula in the central part of the disc. Hind wings shorter than fore wings, reaching posterior margin of abdominal segment IV (Fig. 5). The width of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
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gradually broadened, while V-VIII narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 5). Abdominal segment IX with two black processes (Figs 5-6) (from lateral view these processes slightly curved upward). Abdominal segment IX emarginated in the middle. Legs visible, well developed. Gin traps absent (Fig. 5). Pupa remains within the last exuvium (= larval skin) which is interrupted from head to last abdominal terga (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Donisthorpe 1897</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" pagination="206 - 209" title="Tiresiasserra F. and its larva." volume="56" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
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). Probably pupa anchored by two clusters of long fine setae inserted on each side of the abdominal tergum VIII.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
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Knowledge of the biology of the species is limited, with only a small amount of published information (
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" pagination="206 - 209" title="Tiresiasserra F. and its larva." volume="56" year="1920">Donisthorpe 1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Mroczkowski, M" journalOrPublisher="Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologii, Warszawa" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" title="Dermestidae, Skornikowate (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna Polski. Tom 4." year="1975">Mroczkowski 1975</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Peacock, ER" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British Insects" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 144" title="Adults and larvae of hide, larder and carpet beetles and their relatives (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of derodontid beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)." volume="5" year="1993">Peacock 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). There is probably only one generation a year. In Poland, adults occur from May to July and sometimes August. Beetles have been recorded from under bark, from tree cavities, by sap flows, and on flowers (where they usually copulate). The eggs are laid under the bark of trees and usually number ca. 20-40. The larvae hatch after 2-3 weeks, passing through usually five instars. Pupation takes place in Autumn or Spring (in April). Since both larvae of the last instar and pupae have been observed under bark throughout the winter, it appears that the species can overwinter as either a pupa or larva. It is known that larvae live under the bark of the mature trees (of different species such as: oak, poplar, elm, sycamore, hawthorn, fir, beech, horse and sweet chestnut, maple, redwood, cherry and willow), close to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="spiders’">spiders'</normalizedToken>
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webs, where they feed on dead insects (Rees 1946,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Burakowski et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Peacock, ER" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British Insects" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 144" title="Adults and larvae of hide, larder and carpet beetles and their relatives (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of derodontid beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)." volume="5" year="1993">Peacock 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kadej, M" journalOrPublisher="Wiadomosci entomologiczne" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" pagination="21 - 31" title="Dane o wystepowaniu przedstawicieli Dermestidae (Coleoptera) w Polsce." volume="24" year="2005">Kadej 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). They also feed on clutches of butterflies eggs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mroczkowski, M" journalOrPublisher="Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologii, Warszawa" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" title="Dermestidae, Skornikowate (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna Polski. Tom 4." year="1975">Mroczkowski 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peacock, ER" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British Insects" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 144" title="Adults and larvae of hide, larder and carpet beetles and their relatives (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of derodontid beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)." volume="5" year="1993">Peacock 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally, larvae have been observed in the nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName infraorder="Aculeata" lsidName="Aculeata" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" rank="infraorder">Aculeata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where they feed on the larval exuviae. They have also been found in insect galleries (e.g. cerambycid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Nothorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothorhina punctata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">Nothorhina punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1798)), in old fungus, and in rotting trees and stumps of mainly deciduous trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haemaelaeinen, M" journalOrPublisher="Notulae Entomologicae" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" pagination="167 - 184" title="Occurrence and distribution of dermestids (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) in Finland." volume="64" year="1984">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hämäläinen">Haemaelaeinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Mannerkoski 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peacock, ER" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British Insects" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 144" title="Adults and larvae of hide, larder and carpet beetles and their relatives (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of derodontid beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)." volume="5" year="1993">Peacock 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to a secretive life they are usually observed as immature stages. The larvae, when disturbed by predators, can erect and vibrate the abdominal brushes of hastisetae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Donisthorpe 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Joy 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Rees 1946). This specific way of defence is facilitated by a well-developed supra-anal organ on the last abdominal segment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mroczkowski, M" journalOrPublisher="Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologii, Warszawa" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" title="Dermestidae, Skornikowate (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna Polski. Tom 4." year="1975">Mroczkowski 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peacock, ER" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British Insects" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 144" title="Adults and larvae of hide, larder and carpet beetles and their relatives (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of derodontid beetles (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)." volume="5" year="1993">Peacock 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="economic importance">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Economic importance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Probably because of its rarity, this species has no serious economic importance. However, it is likely that in its natural habitat it can play a positive role in reducing the number of eggs of butterflies classified as pest of forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mroczkowski, M" journalOrPublisher="Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologii, Warszawa" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" title="Dermestidae, Skornikowate (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna Polski. Tom 4." year="1975">Mroczkowski 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harding, PT" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" title="Pasture woodland in lowland Britain. A review of their importance for wildlife conservation." year="1986">Harding (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified the species as an old forest indicator.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Widely distributed in Europe (from the Mediterranean region to the UK and the southern province of Fennoscandia). It has been also recorded from Algeria, Caucasus and Russia (Stavropol) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hava, J" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden / Boston" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" title="World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 13 - Dermestidae (Coleoptera)." year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Háva">Hava</normalizedToken>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |