729 lines
116 KiB
XML
729 lines
116 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1098/rsos.210664" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5a8f8839-a6dd-48ce-845d-97253564f5f5" ID-PMC="PMC8424305" ID-PubMed="34527273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501429" approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1631278894277" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Caron, J. - B. & Moysiuk, J." docDate="2021" docId="E95253443C22D54EFF4C95F5FB3CFC97" docLanguage="en" docName="rsos.210664.pdf" docOrigin="Royal Society Open Science 8 (9)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210664" docTitle="Titanokorys gainesi Caron & Moysiuk 2021, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="156B2B3C3C21D547FFD89567FFB0FFD0" masterDocTitle="A giant nektobenthic radiodont from the Burgess Shale and the significance of hurdiid carapace diversity" masterLastPageNumber="210664" masterPageNumber="210664" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668144133123" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A giant nektobenthic radiodont from the Burgess Shale and the significance of hurdiid carapace diversity</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Caron, J. - B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moysiuk, J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Royal Society Open Science</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-09-08</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>8</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>210664</mods:start>
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<mods:end>210664</mods:end>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210664</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1098/rsos.210664</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">5a8f8839-a6dd-48ce-845d-97253564f5f5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC8424305</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">34527273</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5500180" ID-GBIF-Taxon="187726596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5500180" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0EE750AC-FB83-4748-ADD9-013EB53459F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E95253443C22D54EFF4C95F5FB3CFC97" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection box="[148,509,146,168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,930,113,232]" box="[148,509,146,168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[148,337,146,168]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[148,337,146,168]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[345,509,146,167]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,930,113,232]" box="[148,928,178,200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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LSID
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<uri box="[210,928,178,200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid box="[452,928,178,200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">F07D43CF-9422-4148-B8E9-AF26E0BC895D</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,930,113,232]" box="[148,930,210,232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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LSID
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<uri box="[210,930,210,232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid box="[450,930,210,232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0EE750AC-FB83-4748-ADD9-013EB53459F1</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,316,278,307]" box="[148,316,278,307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading bold="true" box="[148,316,278,307]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,316,278,307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.1.1. Etymology</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1244,331,513]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Genus name from
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<emphasis box="[343,405,332,353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titans</emphasis>
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, a group of powerful Greek deities of great sizes, in reference to the large size of the central carapace element and from the Greek word
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<emphasis box="[771,827,364,385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Korys</emphasis>
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meaning helmet;
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[1031,1098,364,385]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi">
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<emphasis box="[1031,1098,364,385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">gainesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, after Robert R. Gaines, Professor of Geology at Pomona College, who first joined the ROM-led field expeditions in 2008 as a research collaborator. Robert Gaines was instrumental in the co-discovery of the Marble Canyon fossil deposit in 2012 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Caron J-B & Gaines RR & Aria C & Mangano MG & Streng M." box="[487,514,459,481]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="3210" part="5" refId="ref11381" refString="26. Caron J-B, Gaines RR, Aria C, Mangano MG, Streng M. 2014 A new phyllopod bed-like assemblage from the Burgess Shale of the Canadian Rockies. Nat. Commun. 5, 3210. (doi: 10.1038 / ncomms 4210)" title="A new phyllopod bed-like assemblage from the Burgess Shale of the Canadian Rockies" type="journal article" year="2014">26</bibRefCitation>
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] and several related Burgess Shale outcrops along Tokumm Creek [
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayers B & Aria C & Caron J-B." box="[155,183,491,513]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="19 - 50" part="62" refId="ref11335" refString="25. Mayers B, Aria C, Caron J-B. 2019 Three new naraoiid species from the Burgess Shale, with a morphometric and phylogenetic reinvestigation of Naraoiidae. Palaeontology 62, 19 - 50. (doi: 10.1111 / pala. 12383)" title="Three new naraoiid species from the Burgess Shale, with a morphometric and phylogenetic reinvestigation of Naraoiidae" type="journal article" year="2019">25</bibRefCitation>
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], including many fossils in this study.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,348,560,589]" box="[148,348,560,589]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading bold="true" box="[148,348,560,589]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,348,560,589]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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3.1.2.
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<typeStatus box="[213,258,560,589]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1244,613,827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258304" collectionCode="ROMIP" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="ROMIP 65415, ROMIP 65168" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[148,247,613,635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holotype</typeStatus>
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—
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<specimenCode box="[271,420,613,635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65415</specimenCode>
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, a probable moult assemblage consisting of an H-(central) element, a pair of lateral (P) elements, a pair of frontal appendages, oral cone and probable gill blades (
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<figureCitation box="[1140,1231,645,667]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">figure 3</figureCitation>
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).
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<typeStatus box="[148,250,678,699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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—
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<specimenCode box="[274,426,677,699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65168</specimenCode>
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, a complete H-element (
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<figureCitation box="[699,785,677,699]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">figure 1</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258308" collectionCode="ROMIP" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="ROMIP 65741" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode box="[810,962,677,699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65741</specimenCode>
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, an individual H-element with partial endites (
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<figureCitation box="[395,489,709,731]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">figure 2</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258306" collectionCode="ROMIP" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="ROMIP 65748, ROMIP 65749" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode box="[517,672,709,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65748</specimenCode>
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and
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<specimenCode box="[744,901,709,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65749</specimenCode>
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, two fragmentary H-elements (
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<figureCitation box="[155,243,741,763]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[148,206,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,116,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-118@7.[171,1231,113,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. H-elements of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. showing ornamentation. (a,b) Paratype ROMIP 65749; (a) overview, note associated ptychopariid trilobites; (b) close-up of boxed region from (a); (c,d) paratype ROMIP 65748; (c) overview photographed under low-angle light; (d) close-up of boxed region in (c) showing tuberculate margin. For abbreviations, figure 1. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501437/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">figure 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258305" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1">other materials: seven additional H-elements, one associated with a P-element and poorly preserved appendages, in various states of preservation and completeness (electronic supplementary material, table 2.1)</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,459,873,902]" box="[148,459,873,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[148,459,873,902]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,459,873,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.1.3. Locality and stratigraphy</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1244,927,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The upper part of the ‘Thick’ Stephen (Burgess Shale) Formation, Cambrian (Miaolingian Series, Wuliuan Stage),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Resser" authorityYear="1937" box="[226,334,959,980]" class="Trilobita" family="Alokistocaridae" genus="Ehmaniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ptychopariida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[226,334,959,980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ehmaniella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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biozone, from Marble Canyon [26,41] and Tokumm Creek [2,25] localities.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph blockId="3.[148,537,1027,1056]" box="[148,537,1027,1056]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[148,537,1027,1056]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,537,1027,1056]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.1.4. Diagnosis for genus and species</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1244,1080,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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H (central)-element ovoid, bearing a broad anterior sagittal spine (
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<emphasis box="[903,923,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
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7% the length of the entire carapace), flanked by a pair of rounded processes pointing forward. Ocular notches moderately incised and positioned at the posterior of the H-element, flanking a short (
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<emphasis box="[950,970,1145,1166]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
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10–15% the length of the entire carapace), subtrapezoidal and slightly bilobate axial projection separated by a shallow medial notch. Spinous posterolateral processes are very short, about half the length of the bilobate axial projection. Elongate (sub-equal in length to H-element) and ovoid P (lateral)-element with a very short neck bearing a stout downward-pointing spine. Frontal appendages with elongate spiniform distal endites on podomeres 8–10 and elongate secondary spines on more proximal endites on podomeres 2–6; distal endites and secondary spines at least four times longer than the width of endite 6.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="3.[148,422,1405,1434]" box="[148,422,1405,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[148,422,1405,1434]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,422,1405,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
3.1.5. Description:
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||
<typeStatus box="[337,422,1405,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1245,1458,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258301" box="[148,580,1458,1480]" collectionCode="ROMIP" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="ROMIP 65168" specimenCount="1">
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||
<specimenCode box="[148,293,1458,1480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROMIP 65168</specimenCode>
|
||
preserves a large (L:
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||
<quantity box="[516,580,1458,1479]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="27.0">27 cm</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258303" collectionCode="W" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1">
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||
W:
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<quantity box="[627,706,1458,1480]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="18.5">18.5 cm</quantity>
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) complete H-element in dorsal view and is the best example of this element for descriptive purposes (
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<figureCitation box="[680,764,1490,1512]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">figure 1</figureCitation>
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||
)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258302" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1">
|
||
The fact that it appears perfectly bilaterally symmetrical suggests that the carapace was buried and compacted with the dorsoventral axis perpendicular to bedding. The H-element is ovoid with the widest point about 60% from the front and width slightly decreasing along the posterolateral processes. Crescentic to linear compression artefacts, starting from the anterior along the midline and extending towards the lateral areas, suggests that the carapace was convex dorsally, curving down gently from the sagittal plane towards the margins. The front of the carapace yields a sagittal spine with a blunt tip (Sa in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1061,1177,1682,1704]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
figure 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1177,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258309" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1">
|
||
This spine is about 7% the total length of the carapace and is roughly the shape of an equilateral triangle. Apair of semicircular to somewhat angular bulges, or anterolateral processes, flank the sagittal spine (Ap in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[227,342,1778,1800]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
figure 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[310,342,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3345258307" country="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1">The base of each process is comparable in width to the base of the sagittal spine, but they protrude only a few millimetres forward</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[148,1245,1458,1960]" lastBlockId="4.[148,1244,1746,1960]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The posterior margin of the H-element projects into a pair of posterolateral processes and a trapezoidal axial projection, separated by ocular notches (On in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[879,1004,1874,1896]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[976,1004,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a,b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1071,1115,1874,1896]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1082,1115,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The axial projection is subtly bilobate with smooth rounded posterolateral margins separated by a shallow medial notch (Mn in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[387,509,1938,1960]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,509,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a,b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[571,615,1938,1960]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,615,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It represents
|
||
<emphasis box="[784,804,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
10–15% the length of the carapace and 60% of its maximal width anteriorly, becoming narrower towards the rear. This implies that the two ocular notches located on either side, are angled
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,754,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ca</emphasis>
|
||
20° anterolaterally from the midline. The posterolateral processes in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[434,547,1810,1831]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[434,547,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Titanokorys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very short, extending only half as far posteriorly as the axial projection (Lp in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[334,454,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[426,454,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a,b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[510,555,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,555,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each process has a smooth ventral margin and terminates in a large spine (Sl
|
||
<quantity box="[306,344,1874,1896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[354,464,1874,1896]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
figure 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[437,464,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d,e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Asecond shorter spine, about 25% the dimensions of the large spine, is located along the laterodistal margin of the ocular notch, near the base of the large spine (Sl
|
||
<quantity box="[1201,1244,1906,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,257,1938,1960]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
figure 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[230,257,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d,e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both spines are slightly curved such that they point posterolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" targetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[148,1245,1490,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,356,1490,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1. H-element of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[366,522,1490,1514]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,522,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[532,902,1490,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[532,674,1490,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, paratype ROMIP 65168. (
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,912,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,983,1490,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">) Part; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,993,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[993,1126,1490,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">) counterpart; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1126,1133,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[612,622,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[625,653,1522,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">), (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,661,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[752,762,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[767,777,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[777,890,1618,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">) = 20 mm; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[890,897,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,912,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
) = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" targetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[148,1246,1372,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,356,1372,1396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2. Assemblage of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[362,515,1372,1396]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[362,515,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[521,866,1372,1396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[521,653,1372,1396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, paratype ROMIP 65741. (
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[866,876,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[700,880,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moysiuk & Caron" authorityYear="2019" box="[700,806,1404,1428]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Cambroraster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cambroraster</taxonomicName>
|
||
falcatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[270,280,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[280,374,1436,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) detail of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[386,467,1436,1460]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[386,467,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[484,491,1436,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">(</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,498,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,929,1436,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,938,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,365,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[381,388,1468,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">(</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[387,396,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[620,705,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[719,1145,1500,1524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1239,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,549,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[554,564,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[564,677,1564,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">) = 20 mm; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[677,707,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c–e</emphasis>
|
||
) = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[148,1244,1682,1960]" lastBlockId="7.[148,1244,1714,1960]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The entire H-element is ornamented by a series of longitudinal ridges running more-or-less parallel to each other (Ri in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[335,453,1714,1736]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,453,1714,1735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a,c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[468,491,1714,1735]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis box="[480,491,1714,1735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[548,593,1714,1736]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[148,206,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,116,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-118@7.[171,1231,113,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. H-elements of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. showing ornamentation. (a,b) Paratype ROMIP 65749; (a) overview, note associated ptychopariid trilobites; (b) close-up of boxed region from (a); (c,d) paratype ROMIP 65748; (c) overview photographed under low-angle light; (d) close-up of boxed region in (c) showing tuberculate margin. For abbreviations, figure 1. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501437/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,593,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ridges occasionally converge, resulting in a reticulated pattern, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moysiuk & Caron" authorityYear="2019" box="[356,485,1746,1767]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Cambroraster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,485,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cambroraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moysiuk J & Caron J-B." box="[503,517,1745,1767]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. R. Soc. B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="20191079" part="286" refId="ref10285" refString="2. Moysiuk J, Caron J-B. 2019 A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191079. (doi: 10.1098 / rspb. 2019. 1079)" title="A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources" type="book" year="2019">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] but with particularly elongate and angular cells. The number of ridges probably ranges between 30 and
|
||
<quantity box="[590,644,1778,1800]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="40.0">40 in</quantity>
|
||
total across the entire width of the H-element as seen from the top. Each ridge consists of a reflective band dotted with chains of repeated structures, each about
|
||
<quantity box="[219,279,1842,1863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity box="[402,462,1842,1863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[537,645,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
figures 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,645,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[706,751,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[148,206,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,116,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-118@7.[171,1231,113,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. H-elements of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. showing ornamentation. (a,b) Paratype ROMIP 65749; (a) overview, note associated ptychopariid trilobites; (b) close-up of boxed region from (a); (c,d) paratype ROMIP 65748; (c) overview photographed under low-angle light; (d) close-up of boxed region in (c) showing tuberculate margin. For abbreviations, figure 1. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501437/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis box="[718,751,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubercles are present along the margins of the carapace, in particular anteriorly and along the outside margin of the lateral processes (Tu in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,253,1906,1928]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[241,253,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[268,292,1906,1927]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,292,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[307,329,1906,1927]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[319,329,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[389,433,1906,1928]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[148,206,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,116,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-118@7.[171,1231,113,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. H-elements of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. showing ornamentation. (a,b) Paratype ROMIP 65749; (a) overview, note associated ptychopariid trilobites; (b) close-up of boxed region from (a); (c,d) paratype ROMIP 65748; (c) overview photographed under low-angle light; (d) close-up of boxed region in (c) showing tuberculate margin. For abbreviations, figure 1. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501437/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis box="[400,433,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). By their comparable sizes and arrangements, these seem to represent the lateral expression of the dorsal repetitive spots suggesting that the carapace is covered by rows of small elongated tubercles. These tubercles increase in size towards the terminal spine of the posterolateral processes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[262,368,1746,1768]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
figures 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,368,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[425,446,1746,1767]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[436,446,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" targetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[148,1245,1530,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,364,1530,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3. Assemblage of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[372,528,1531,1555]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,528,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,901,1531,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[537,676,1531,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype ROMIP 65415. (
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,911,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hawle & Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[701,785,1563,1587]" class="Trilobita" family="Peronopsidae" genus="Peronopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agnostida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,785,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Peronopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,814,1563,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">cf.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[823,924,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">columbiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moysiuk J & Caron JB" box="[324,348,1595,1619]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. R. Soc. B" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="20182314" part="286" refId="ref11429" refString="27. Moysiuk J, Caron JB. 2019 Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problem. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20182314. (doi: 10.1098 / rspb. 2018.2314)" title="Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problem" type="journal article" year="2019">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; (
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,385,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,397,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,574,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[574,948,1627,1651]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) and hypothetical undeformed version (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[948,955,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[882,892,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[895,1173,1659,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) Close-up of P-element spine; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1172,1181,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[453,459,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[463,795,1691,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[796,806,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[811,821,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,778,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[782,787,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[790,933,1723,1747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) overall view (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,938,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[939,1090,1723,1747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) and close-up (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1095,1100,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) of the frontal appendage of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[286,469,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moysiuk & Caron" authorityYear="2019" box="[286,392,1755,1779]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Cambroraster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cambroraster</taxonomicName>
|
||
falcatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[553,562,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">k</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[561,990,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[1002,1082,1787,1811]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1002,1082,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1095,1142,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(from</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1164,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1179,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1179,1209,1787,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">); (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1209,1237,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">l–n</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[823,828,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">l</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,938,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">close-up of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[949,959,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,991,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">m</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1006,1101,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">close-up of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1111,1121,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hawle & Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[882,966,1851,1875]" class="Trilobita" family="Peronopsidae" genus="Peronopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agnostida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[882,966,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Peronopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[980,999,1851,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">cf.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1112,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">columbiensis</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,185,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,299,1915,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) = 50 mm; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[299,308,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,341,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g–i</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,378,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">k–n</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[378,492,1915,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">) = 10 mm; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,501,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[506,512,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,522,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
) = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501437/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[148,206,1504,1528]" targetBox="[173,1229,116,1481]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[148,1245,1504,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,359,1504,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 4. H-elements of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[367,522,1504,1528]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,522,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[531,892,1504,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[531,667,1504,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
showing ornamentation. (
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,902,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[906,916,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[916,1143,1504,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) Paratype ROMIP 65749; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1153,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) overview, note associated ptychopariid trilobites; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,515,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,832,1536,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) close-up of boxed region from (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[832,842,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[842,874,1536,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">); (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[873,880,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,896,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[898,1145,1536,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) paratype ROMIP 65748; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1145,1152,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) overview photographed under low-angle light; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,482,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[485,751,1568,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">) close-up of boxed region in (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[751,758,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
|
||
) showing tuberculate margin. For abbreviations, figure 1. Scale bars = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[148,1244,1714,1960]" lastBlockId="9.[148,1244,114,840]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The pair of ventrolateral (P-) elements are best preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[871,964,1778,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
ROMIP 65745 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1135,1230,1778,1800]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1220,1230,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The P-elements share the same overall dimensions (
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,780,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ca L</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[805,866,1810,1831]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[932,950,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[974,1024,1810,1831]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
) are almost perfect mirror images of each other and show only a few marginal compression artefacts suggesting they were buried more-or-less parallel to bedding. This is unlike the associated H-element, which by comparison with the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[394,487,1906,1927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ROMIP 65168 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[674,762,1906,1928]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is not bilaterally symmetrical, suggesting oblique burial. Retrodeformed longitudinally, the H-element, probably would have reached
|
||
<emphasis box="[1152,1172,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ca</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity box="[1183,1243,1938,1959]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="21.0">21 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,312,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">ca</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity box="[318,379,1746,1768]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||
in width (assuming a similar L/W ratio as ROMIP 65168), which is subequal to the length of the P-elements (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[435,533,1778,1800]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,533,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each P-element is drop-shaped with a more linear dorsal and truncated posterior margins. The posterodorsal corners of the P-elements are slightly indented, probably representing ocular notches (On in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[639,733,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[723,733,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The paired P-elements are connected to each other by a very short anterior neck section (Pn in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[701,795,1874,1896]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[785,795,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) which bears a single broad-based spine on its curved ventromedial surface (Ps in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[604,715,1906,1928]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[687,697,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[703,715,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This spine is about a quarter the height of the neck above it. The carapace surface, as in the H-element, bears longitudinal rows of tubercles. In the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[148,241,114,136]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[256,350,114,136]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,350,115,136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), the rows are more visible along the ventromedial surface and appear thinner and with smaller tubercles compared with the H-element in ROMIP 65168 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[932,1018,146,168]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[148,206,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[173,1229,115,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-124@4.[171,1230,113,1467]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. H-element of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65168. (a) Part; (b) counterpart; (c) close-up of ornamentation, photographed under low-angle light; (d), (e) close-ups of posterolateral margins. Ap, anterolateral processes; Bp bilobate axial posterior region; He, H-element; Lp, posterolateral processes; Mn, medial notch; On, ocular notch; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Sl1,2, terminal (Sl1) and medial (Sl2) spines of posterolateral processes; Tu, tubercles; Vm, the ventrolateral margin of H-element. Scale bars: (a,b) = 20 mm; (c,d) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501431/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on previous studies [1,2,4], the P-elements would wrap tightly laterally and ventrally along the body, with their anterior attachment point below the base of the H-element sagittal spine (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[936,1023,210,232]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[148,206,1555,1579]" captionTargetBox="[355,1030,116,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-129@8.[352,1033,113,1533]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Reconstruction of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view; (d) frontal view— white line represents the upper margin of the P-elements below the H-element. Reconstruction by Lars Fields (see electronic supplementary material, video file 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501439/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5501439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501439/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[148,206,1555,1579]" targetBox="[355,1030,116,1530]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[148,1244,1555,1644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,377,1555,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5. Reconstruction of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Caron & Moysiuk, 2021" authorityName="Caron & Moysiuk" authorityYear="2021" box="[383,536,1556,1580]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Hurdiidae" genus="Titanokorys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gainesi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[383,536,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Titanokorys gainesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,685,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[543,672,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,694,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">a</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,820,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">) Dorsal view; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,830,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[830,961,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">) ventral view; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,968,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">c</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[968,1094,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">) lateral view; (</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1094,1104,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">d</emphasis>
|
||
) frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1244,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">—</emphasis>
|
||
white line represents the upper margin of the P-elements below the H-element. Reconstruction by Lars Fields (see electronic supplementary material, video file 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[148,1244,114,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[235,328,242,264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
also includes a pair of frontal appendages and an oral cone (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1002,1099,242,264]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1099,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) as well as a number of indeterminate elements. Smooth plates of the oral cone are faintly visible below or on top of other fossil material (Oc in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[479,610,306,328]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure
|
||
<quantity box="[551,576,306,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="g" value="3.0">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[563,576,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">g</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,h,k
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and no fine details can be discerned. One appendage, in lateral view, can be distinguished more clearly using different low-angle light orientations (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure
|
||
<quantity box="[1196,1220,338,360]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="g" value="3.0">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1208,1220,339,360]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">g</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1226,1238,338,359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">h</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[148,183,370,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">k–n</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It preserves the peduncle (Pd) and all the podomeres (Po), with five long endites (numbered according to their respective podomeres, En2 to En6) bearing distally pointing, gradually tapering secondary (or auxiliary) spines (Se). About 35 secondary spines are visible beyond endite 6, but this number includes overlapping spines from more proximal endites as well, so the true number of spines per endite may be closer to 20–25. The secondary spines are also well preserved in ROMIP 65741 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[225,322,530,552]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,322,531,552]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each of these spines on that specimen or the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[849,942,530,552]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is nearly four times longer than the width of endite 6, a third longer compared with equivalent spines in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1118,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1136,1244,562,584]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figures 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1244,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[201,232,594,615]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<date box="[201,218,594,615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[213,218,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">i</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,j
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is unclear if the distal ends of the secondary spines were hooked like in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1130,1238,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
, although they appear to be curved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[548,655,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[148,206,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[173,1228,116,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-172@5.[171,1230,113,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., paratype ROMIP 65741. (a) Overview of slab, showing close association of H-element and partial appendage with an assemblage of Cambroraster falcatus consisting of an H-element and pair of appendages; (b) detail of T. gainesi; (c) close-up of endites from frontal appendage; (d) close-up of endites from frontal appendage of C. falcatus; (e) close-up of anterior margin of H-element, showing ornamentation. Ap, anterolateral processes; EnX, endite no. X; He, H-element; He-C, H-element of C. falcatus; Fa, frontal appendage; Fa-C, frontal appendage of C. falcatus; Ri, ridges associated with a reticulated pattern; Sa, sagittal spine; Se, secondary spines on endites; Sp, spiniform distal endites; Ts, Terminal spine; Tu, tubercles. Scale bars, (a,b) = 20 mm; (c–e) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501433/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figures 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[645,655,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[716,760,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[728,760,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">l–n</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[834,927,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
shows evidence of unpaired spines and spiniform endites on more distal podomeres (probably 8, 9 and 10) (Sp in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1076,1230,658,680]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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figure
|
||
<quantity box="[1147,1171,658,679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="g" value="3.0">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1158,1171,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">g</emphasis>
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||
</quantity>
|
||
,h,k–n
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition to sclerotized elements, the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[574,667,690,712]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
also preserves bands of lamellae, showing individual gill elements (Gb
|
||
<figureCitation box="[343,438,722,744]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,438,723,744]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Ig
|
||
<figureCitation box="[484,574,722,744]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,206,1530,1554]" captionTargetBox="[155,1236,116,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[158,1238,113,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Assemblage of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 65415. (a) Overview of slab, with boxed regions indicating close-ups in other panels, note associated agnostids (Peronopsis cf. columbiensis) possibly feeding on the remains or encrusting biofilms [27]; (b,c) original obliquely preserved H-element, with arrows showing the direction of deformation and dashes indicating sagittal axis of symmetry (b) and hypothetical undeformed version (c) using distort mode in Adobe Photoshop version 21.2.2 (based on the length-width proportions of ROMIP 65168). (d) Close-up of P-element spine; (e) closeup of P-element showing ridges; (f) close-up of bands of gill lamellae; (g,h) appendages and oral cone photographed using different low-angle light orientations to emphasize different details; (i,j) overall view (i) and close-up (j) of the frontal appendage of Cambroraster falcatus, ROMIP 65084, showing comparatively shorter spiniform distal endites and shorter secondary spines on more proximal endites. (k) Line drawing of appendages and oral cone of T. gainesi (from g,h); (l–n) close-ups of frontal appendages using different low-angle light orientations (l, close-up of g; m, close-up of h). Bu; burrow; Gb, gill blade; Ig, individual gill filament; In, Indeterminate; Oc, oral cone; Pc, Peronopsis cf. columbiensis; Pd, peduncle (podomere 1); Pe, P-element; PoX, podomere no. X; Ps, P-element spine; other abbreviations see figures 1 and 2. Scale bars: (a–c) = 50 mm; (e,g–i,k–n) = 10 mm; (d,f,j) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
figure 3
|
||
<emphasis box="[568,574,722,743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). These are similar to those of other hurdiids (e.g. [1,5]) and were probably associated with the trunk and lateral flaps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[148,1244,114,840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The reconstruction (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[396,479,786,808]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[148,206,1555,1579]" captionTargetBox="[355,1030,116,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-129@8.[352,1033,113,1533]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Reconstruction of Titanokorys gainesi gen. et sp. nov. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view; (d) frontal view— white line represents the upper margin of the P-elements below the H-element. Reconstruction by Lars Fields (see electronic supplementary material, video file 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5501439/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is based on all of the fossil material available. Details of the trunk, eyes and flaps are not preserved but have been hypothetically reconstructed based on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1019,1122,818,839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moysiuk J & Caron J-B." box="[1138,1153,817,839]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. R. Soc. B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="20191079" part="286" refId="ref10285" refString="2. Moysiuk J, Caron J-B. 2019 A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191079. (doi: 10.1098 / rspb. 2019. 1079)" title="A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources" type="book" year="2019">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |