1013 lines
114 KiB
XML
1013 lines
114 KiB
XML
<document id="7ADD039B38203B4334F1BE01A9EAC343" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ef8d5717-31b6-4e69-a0ec-6e313588ecda" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="255301" ID-ZooBank="7A957617-C37C-41C8-9A8C-D7BB9178638C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477381219441" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vicente, Jan, Zea, Sven & Hill, Russell T." docDate="2016" docId="E622879FFFD8CC4015D9FDB2FAB80B16" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4178.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4178 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plakortis deweerdtaephila Vicente, Zea & Hill, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="215" masterDocId="1A1BFFE7FFDBCC46154EFFAFFFA90E42" masterDocTitle="Sponge epizoism in the Caribbean and the discovery of new Plakortis and Haliclona species, and polymorphism of Xestospongia deweerdtae (Porifera)" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="209" pageNumber="212" updateTime="1698390552369" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="E72F1E79821992F6A5C33ED0173F9549" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8BB15C2AFB2EFEB27C222C97759336E0">
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<mods:title id="7B4E68C3BA5AE8D7757579EEB4D5A3AD">Sponge epizoism in the Caribbean and the discovery of new Plakortis and Haliclona species, and polymorphism of Xestospongia deweerdtae (Porifera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0176ADF733073C34CE291D61AD93908D" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8ADA9F0C8FB1F02FE5FB4A45AB02E7C0">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADBE76DFCB83960CC6C03BE83C82B16B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F220BC9586B1984AB7A040EDFCF1E78B">Vicente, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="537D982F80F9210902C9402218B1BEAF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B2B1E04A8ED1829EB4C6CCA859CEF99B">Zea, Sven</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4F0D59BBF11A9E22950581EC7AD4375F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9CB35BD7E445DF657163945BBAF43AA7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5A47FC66E96FBB9976774830A110421B">Hill, Russell T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8D23414CA022E053D6ECDA35252FB625">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="90D52EBF6DA2CBA06B997D7D34ABCC92">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AE91C5FE0D056861F641CFFD9633C2FB">
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<mods:date id="7CEE74543F77CD7996D5CC6BA173DC68">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="659512561F96A67AFC416F5C69D7C547" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="617AD276C0F3A6008E876A7DA7902034">4178</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="0799EC9020104387D317CF6B9D1E9C6D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="2154C37739175A53AC971E2EA9EEB0EB">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="1445CA23FFE888B38FAB86A9D804CE29">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9AA157DB0EB45DA86CF7E90E61E5909B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E622879FFFD8CC4015D9FDB2FAB80B16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617740" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124557989" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617740" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD8CC4015D9FDB2FAB80B16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E622879FFFD8CC4015D9FDB2FAB80B16" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
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<subSubSection id="26916502FFD8CC4515D9FDB2FEE50C1A" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FDB2FD9D0C75" blockId="3.[151,564,541,600]" box="[151,564,541,567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
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<heading id="357C81E5FFD8CC4515D9FDB2FD9D0C75" bold="true" box="[151,564,541,567]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FDB2FD9D0C75" bold="true" box="[151,564,541,567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
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<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4515D9FDB2FE660C75" ID-CoL="4JJ2K" box="[151,463,541,567]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FDB2FE660C75" bold="true" box="[151,463,541,567]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD8CC451499FDB2FD9D0C75" box="[471,564,541,567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FD90FEE50C1A" blockId="3.[151,564,541,600]" box="[151,332,575,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4515D1FD90FF4C0C1A" box="[159,229,575,600]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="23090332FFD8CC4515BEFD90FEE80C1A" box="[240,321,575,600]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,260,283]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of Plakortis deweerdtaephila and Plakortis symbiotica. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD8CC4515D9FD27FB280CB8" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FD27FC840CDC" blockId="3.[151,1153,648,762]" box="[151,813,648,670]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4515D9FD27FE0F0CDC" box="[151,422,648,670]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FD27FE0F0CDC" box="[151,422,648,670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD8CC4514FDFD26FDE20CDC" author="Zea" box="[435,587,648,670]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. & Pawlik, J. (2009) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 2 nd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org / 2 ndEdition (Accessed 3 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451491FD26FDA50CDC" box="[479,524,648,670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(photographic guide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FD08FCB70CFE" blockId="3.[151,1153,648,762]" box="[151,798,678,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
Non:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC45159EFD09FDD00CFE" authority="Wilson 1902" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1902" box="[208,633,678,700]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45159EFD09FE760CFE" box="[208,479,678,700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD8CC4514A2FD09FDDB0CFE" author="Wilson" box="[492,626,678,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refString="Wilson, H. (1902) The sponges collected in Porto Rico in 1899 by the US Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 2, 375 - 411." type="journal article" year="1902">Wilson 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FD6AFD520C99" blockId="3.[151,1153,648,762]" box="[151,763,709,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4515D9FD6AFF5D0C99" box="[151,244,709,731]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FD6AFF5D0C99" box="[151,244,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD8CC451479FD6AFE5F0C99" author="Vicente" box="[311,502,709,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4514C5FD69FE1E0C99" box="[395,439,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ecology and symbiosis).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FD4BFB280CB8" blockId="3.[151,1153,648,762]" box="[151,1153,740,762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4515D9FD4BFF5D0CB8" box="[151,244,740,762]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FD4BFF5D0CB8" box="[151,244,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 1-“under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC451433FD4AFD290CB8" box="[381,640,740,762]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451433FD4AFD290CB8" box="[381,640,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated”; Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45167DFD4AFCF60CB8" box="[819,863,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014 (photographic guide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD8CC4515D9FC89FBFC0DB1" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC4515D9FC89FC780DC5" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD8CC4515D9FC89FCE20D21" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019931" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente & May" country="Panama" elevation="14" latitude="9.35076" location="Dolphin Rock" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.1863" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="USNM12" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FC89FEEC0D7D" bold="true" box="[151,325,806,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
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<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD8CC4515D9FC89FF7B0D7D" box="[151,210,806,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD8CC451402FC89FE1D0D7D" box="[332,436,806,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD8CC4514A5FC88FDB20D7D" box="[491,539,807,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD8CC4517CBFC88FD580D7D" box="[645,753,807,831]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
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<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD8CC4517CBFC88FD710D7D" box="[645,728,807,831]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
12
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||
</specimenCode>
|
||
54645,
|
||
<location id="6B546052FFD8CC451608FC89FC4E0D7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E622879FFFD8CC4015D9FDB2FAB80B16:6B546052FFD8CC451608FC89FC4E0D7D" box="[838,999,806,831]" country="Panama" latitude="9.35076" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.1863" name="Dolphin Rock" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Dolphin Rock</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC4516BDFC88FB360D7C" box="[1011,1183,806,831]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC4511E4FC88FAAA0D7C" box="[1194,1283,807,830]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC45105CFC89FA310D7C" box="[1298,1432,806,831]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="1" value="9.35076">9.35076° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC4515D0FCE5FE870D21" box="[158,302,842,867]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="-82.1863">82.1863° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC45140AFCE4FE290D20" box="[324,384,843,867]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="14.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD8CC45140AFCE4FE290D20" box="[324,384,843,867]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
depth, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC45175CFCE4FD330D21" box="[530,666,842,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="1A351049FFD8CC4517E9FCE4FCE20D21" box="[679,843,842,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" value="2015-05-20">
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC4517E9FCE4FD730D21" box="[679,730,843,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">May</collectorName>
|
||
20, 2015
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD8CC451617FCE4FC650DC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019926" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Jan Vicente & July" country="Bahamas" elevation="32" latitude="24.0406" location="San Salvador" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-74.5314" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="USNM1254647" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFD8CC451617FCE4FC160D21" box="[857,959,843,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="3E2D9EF2FFD8CC451682FCE5FB280D21" box="[972,1153,842,867]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD8CC451682FCE5FBB60D21" box="[972,1055,842,867]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1254647
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC4511C1FCE4FA810D21" box="[1167,1320,842,867]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45107BFCE5FA350D21" box="[1333,1436,842,867]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC4515D0FCC1FE820DC4" box="[158,299,878,903]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="24.0406">24.0406 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC451470FCC1FE620DC5" box="[318,459,878,903]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="-74.5314">74.5314° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC451491FCC0FDB10DC4" box="[479,536,879,903]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD8CC451491FCC0FDB10DC4" box="[479,536,879,903]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
depth, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC4517EDFCC0FC810DC5" box="[675,808,878,903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="1A351049FFD8CC45167DFCC1FC650DC5" box="[819,972,878,903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" value="2011-07-19">
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC45167DFCC1FCC80DC5" box="[819,865,878,903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">July</collectorName>
|
||
19, 2011
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC451589FC3DFBFC0DB1" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD8CC451589FC3DFB000D8D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019930" collectionCode="PHBH" collectorName="Specimens & Jan Vicente & July" country="Bahamas" elevation="32" latitude="24.0406" location="San Salvador" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-74.5314" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451589FC3DFD280DE9" bold="true" box="[199,641,914,939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC451589FC3DFEEC0DE9" box="[199,325,914,939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Specimens</collectorName>
|
||
examined for comparison
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(other than those described here).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC451143FC3DFA930DE9" box="[1037,1338,914,939]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451143FC3DFA930DE9" box="[1037,1338,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD8CC451004FC3CFA3E0DE8" box="[1354,1431,915,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">PHBH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC4515D9FC18FE840D8D" box="[151,301,950,975]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC451473FC19FE640D8C" box="[317,461,950,975]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="24.0406">24.0406 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC4514ACFC19FDD90D8D" box="[482,624,950,975]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="-74.5314">74.5314° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC4517C8FC19FD590D8D" box="[646,752,950,975]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD8CC4517B2FC18FC9E0D8C" box="[764,823,951,975]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC4517B2FC18FC9E0D8C" box="[764,823,951,975]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC451637FC18FBA90D8D" box="[889,1024,950,975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="1A351049FFD8CC451142FC19FB000D8D" box="[1036,1193,950,975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" value="2011-07-19">
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC451142FC19FB930D8D" box="[1036,1082,950,975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">July</collectorName>
|
||
19, 2011
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DEE33CD4FFD8CC4511F8FC18FBF80DB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324019920" collectionCode="PHPR" collectorName="La Parguera & Jan Vicente & June" country="Puerto Rico" elevation="32" latitude="17.8883" location="Puerto Rico" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-66.9981" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="089AAE4CFFD8CC4511F8FC18FB560D8C" box="[1206,1279,951,974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">PHPR</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC451042FC18FA310D8D" box="[1292,1432,951,975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">La Parguera</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC4515D9FC74FEB50DB1" box="[151,284,986,1011]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC451465FC74FE190DB0" box="[299,432,987,1011]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="17.8883">17.8883° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBF504EFFD8CC45148DFC75FDF90DB1" box="[451,592,986,1011]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" precision="5" value="-66.9981">66.9981° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC45172AFC74FD340DB0" box="[612,669,987,1011]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E5A6D1BAFFD8CC45172AFC74FD340DB0" box="[612,669,987,1011]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
depth coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC45166FFC74FC0C0DB1" box="[801,933,986,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Jan Vicente</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="1A351049FFD8CC4516FFFC74FBF80DB1" box="[945,1105,987,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" value="2012-06-12">
|
||
<collectorName id="C37E535FFFD8CC4516FFFC74FC4C0DB0" box="[945,997,987,1010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">June</collectorName>
|
||
12, 2012
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD8CC451589FC51FDEB0AAD" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC451589FC51FDEB0AAD" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451589FC51FEE80A55" bold="true" box="[199,321,1022,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Thinly and thickly encrusting to massive cushions with a soft surface and compressible body. Found always associated as basibiont of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4517C4FB8BFC980A79" box="[650,817,1058,1083]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4517C4FB8BFC980A79" box="[650,817,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter may partially cover (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC451188FB8DFA990A79" box="[1222,1328,1058,1083]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or may completely overgrow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4514C2FBE8FDCB0A1D" box="[396,610,1094,1119]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4514C2FBE8FDCB0A1D" box="[396,610,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD8CC451727FBE9FD6A0A1D" box="[617,707,1094,1119]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451727FBE9FD6A0A1D" bold="true" box="[617,707,1094,1119]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45179CFBE8FC980A1D" box="[722,817,1095,1119]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC45179CFBE8FC980A1D" box="[722,817,1095,1119]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Oscules can be large and slightly elevated (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC451064FBE9FA3D0A1D" box="[1322,1428,1094,1119]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or can be small and even with the surface when growing underneath
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4516D5FBC3FB190AC1" authority="(Panama)" baseAuthorityName="Panama" box="[923,1200,1130,1155]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4516D5FBC3FB930AC1" box="[923,1082,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC451107FBC4FB010AC1" box="[1097,1192,1131,1155]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC451107FBC4FB010AC1" box="[1097,1192,1131,1155]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Color is dark brown with occasional olive green patches
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451700FB20FD090AE4" box="[590,672,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
and exudes a light brown pigment when preserved in ethanol. Reticulated tangential ectosomal skeleton and a vaguely reticulated choanosomal skeleton with lacunae. Spicules are triods, diods and very small diods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFD8CC421589FB55FAC40A5C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC451589FB55FC820BA8" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451589FB55FEF00B51" bold="true" box="[199,345,1274,1299]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
External morphology is influenced by the growth progression of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC451104FB53FB420B51" box="[1098,1259,1274,1299]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451104FB53FB420B51" box="[1098,1259,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4515D9FAB1FE6F0B75" box="[151,454,1310,1335]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4515D9FAB1FE6F0B75" box="[151,454,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45149DFAB1FD9D0B75" bold="true" box="[467,564,1310,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD8CC45149DFAB1FD9D0B75" box="[467,564,1310,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
For example, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC451640FAB0FCCE0B74" box="[782,871,1311,1334]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC451640FAB0FCCE0B74" box="[782,871,1311,1334]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
it can be thinly encrusting (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC451184FAB1FABA0B75" box="[1226,1299,1310,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A) growing underneath a thick (
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC451437FAECFE180B19" box="[377,433,1347,1371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
) mat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC45175EFAEBFD060B19" box="[528,687,1346,1371]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45175EFAEBFD060B19" box="[528,687,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; very small oscules (
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC4516D1FAECFBA90B19" box="[927,1024,1347,1371]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45117CFAEDFB6F0B19" box="[1074,1222,1346,1371]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, sponge pairs form 3 ×
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC451586FAC8FEB90B3C" box="[200,272,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC45140FFAC8FE3F0B3C" box="[321,406,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.0">1–8 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick compressible cushions.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4517BDFAC8FC3C0B3D" box="[755,917,1382,1407]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4517BDFAC8FC3C0B3D" box="[755,917,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may overgrow the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC45118AFAC8FA320B3D" box="[1220,1435,1382,1407]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45118AFAC8FA320B3D" box="[1220,1435,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individual except around the elevated oscules, which are
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFD8CC451668FA24FC0D0BE0" box="[806,932,1419,1443]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.9 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC451171FA25FB2C0BE1" box="[1087,1157,1418,1443]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Oscules in preserved specimens are contracted. External color is dark brown and internal color is light brown. Surface is smooth, soft and irregular. Consistency is compressible, and easily torn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC451589FA59FEDE0949" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451589FA59FE9C084D" bold="true" box="[199,309,1526,1551]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Ectosome is composed of a disorganized tangential reticulation of diods and triods. Multispicular tracts are not well defined but form circular meshes, 114–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451661F9B4FCF00871" box="[815,857,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">205</emphasis>
|
||
–329 µm diameter (n=20;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4511C8F9B5FB620871" box="[1158,1227,1562,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Spicules never break the surface of the ectosome. When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4517DEF990FC9C0815" box="[656,821,1598,1623]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4517DEF990FC9C0815" box="[656,821,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms inner channels within the choanosome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFD8CC4510C9F990FEF90839" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4510C9F990FEF90839" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451416F9CDFE1A0839" bold="true" box="[344,435,1634,1659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFD8CC451416F9CDFE1A0839" box="[344,435,1634,1659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the ectosome forms a barrier between the two sponge species, as observed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFD8CC451064F9CDFF5708DD" author="Vicente" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4510C6F9CBFF1D08DD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, their
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC45140AF929FE2F08DD" box="[324,390,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1900,1922]" captionTargetBox="[263,1305,190,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[246,1322,173,1852]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia deweerdtae from Bocas del Toro Province in Panama, comparing free living (A, C, E, G, I) and associated (B, D, F, J) lifestyles. (A, B) In situ underwater images (A, USNM 1254644; B, USNM 1254645 completely overgrowing Plakortis deweerdtaephila; (C, D) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (E, F) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (G, H) close-up of a section through the choanosome (LM); (I, J) Strongyles (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255308/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The ectosome (30–50 µm thick) can be easily distinguished from the choanosome with an abundance of subectosomal lacunae and by having a denser aggregation of pigmented cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4511B8F905FAE90881" box="[1270,1344,1706,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The choanosome is dense with a confused reticulation of diods and triods that form circular meshes of varying diameters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC45145DF95DFEFF0949" box="[275,342,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFD8CC421589F8B9FDC80E97" blockId="3.[151,1437,806,2019]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451589F8B9FE99096D" bold="true" box="[199,304,1814,1839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
Diods can be very small to large. Large diods are slightly bent but mostly straight, slightly sinuous, with a thick center. Ends of large diods are sharp and sometimes bent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4516EAF895FC4F0911" box="[932,998,1850,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F–G): Small diods are rare, also thicker in the center and mostly straight. Small diods in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45178AF8F0FCB40934" box="[708,797,1887,1910]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC45178AF8F0FCB40934" box="[708,797,1887,1910]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC451663F8F1FCD80935" box="[813,881,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F) can be as small as 50 µm and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC451045F8F1FA350935" box="[1291,1436,1886,1911]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4515D1F82DFF4809D9" box="[159,225,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H) can be as small as 24 µm. Size (length × width) for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45160AF82CFC0909D8" box="[836,928,1923,1946]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC45160AF82CFC0909D8" box="[836,928,1923,1946]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 50–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC45169AF82CFBBA09D9" box="[980,1043,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">173.2</emphasis>
|
||
(±37.1)–234 µm × 4.3–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451051F82CFAEB09D9" box="[1311,1346,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">7.9</emphasis>
|
||
(±1.7)– 11.0 µm;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45144EF809FEC309FD" box="[256,362,1958,1983]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 24–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4514D0F809FE7409FD" box="[414,477,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">107.6</emphasis>
|
||
(±43.4)–172 µm x 2.4–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC4517ABF808FCA109FD" box="[741,776,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">3.7</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.7)–4.8 µm (
|
||
<tableCitation id="23090332FFD8CC4516F3F809FBB909FD" box="[957,1040,1958,1983]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,260,283]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of Plakortis deweerdtaephila and Plakortis symbiotica. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Triods are not abundant, being Yshaped, smooth, and with sharp endings that are sometimes bent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFD8CC4516CBF865FC6009A1" box="[901,969,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[223,1353,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM 1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by X. deweerdtae (pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="1A351049FFD8CC4516F4F864FC6009A1" box="[954,969,1995,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">2</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I) Size for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFD8CC45110BF864FB0809A0" box="[1093,1185,1995,2018]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFD8CC45110BF864FB0809A0" box="[1093,1185,1995,2018]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 40–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFD8CC451199F865FAA109A1" box="[1239,1288,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">64.2</emphasis>
|
||
(±15.8)–103 µm × 1.8–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42145FFF37FE9D0EF2" box="[273,308,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">5.9</emphasis>
|
||
(±2.2)–10.9 µm;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42174CFF38FDC50EF2" box="[514,620,151,176]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 26–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217EAFF37FD7C0EF2" box="[676,725,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">45.1</emphasis>
|
||
(±11.3)–67 µm × 2.4–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421691FF37FBAB0EF2" box="[991,1026,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">3.3</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.5)–4.8 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="23090332FFDFCC4211DAFF38FB430EF2" box="[1172,1258,151,176]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,260,283]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of Plakortis deweerdtaephila and Plakortis symbiotica. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Microrhabds, quasiamphiasters and spheres are absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF46601FFDFCC4215D9FEABFC350F19" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC4215D9FEABFC350F19" blockId="4.[151,1436,259,347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4215D9FEABFEA30F59" bold="true" box="[151,266,260,283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421074FEACFEE10F79" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421074FEACFEE10F79" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4214C2FE8CFDD90F79" box="[396,624,291,315]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214C2FE8CFDD90F79" box="[396,624,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214D6FEEBFE7B0F19" box="[408,466,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">mean</emphasis>
|
||
(±1 standard deviation)–maximum. N=30.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC4215D1FED9FAFC0FCE" blockId="4.[159,1410,374,644]" box="[159,1365,374,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Spicule Specimen Location* Length (µm) Width (µm)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC4215D1FE0FFADF0CC6" blockId="4.[159,1410,374,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Diod
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FE0FFDB10FF4" box="[269,536,416,438]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FE0FFDB10FF4" box="[269,536,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254645 (h) BDT,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42161EFE0EFC090FF4" box="[848,928,417,438]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC42161EFE0EFC090FF4" box="[848,928,417,438]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
50–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFE0FFB870FF4" box="[1013,1070,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">173.2</emphasis>
|
||
(±37.1)–234 4–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FE0FFABE0FF4" box="[1272,1303,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">7.9</emphasis>
|
||
(±1.7)–11
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FE66FDB10F9D" box="[269,536,457,479]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FE66FDB10F9D" box="[269,536,457,479]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254647 (p) SS,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421675FE66FC310F9D" box="[827,920,457,479]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
24–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFE66FB870F9D" box="[1013,1070,457,479]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">107.6</emphasis>
|
||
(±43.4)–172 2–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FE66FABE0F9D" box="[1272,1303,457,479]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">3.7</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.7)–5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FE5DFE770C4A" box="[269,478,498,520]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FE5DFE770C4A" box="[269,478,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254650 (h) LP,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421674FE5CFC1B0C4A" box="[826,946,498,520]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
72–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFE5DFB830C4A" box="[1013,1066,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">113.1</emphasis>
|
||
(±16.7)–142 2–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FE5DFABE0C4A" box="[1272,1303,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">3.6</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.8)–5 Triods
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FDB3FDB10C70" box="[269,536,540,562]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FDB3FDB10C70" box="[269,536,540,562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254645 (h) BDT,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42161EFDB2FC090C70" box="[848,928,541,562]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC42161EFDB2FC090C70" box="[848,928,541,562]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
40–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFDB3FB880C70" box="[1013,1057,540,562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">64.2</emphasis>
|
||
(±15.8)–103 1–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FDB3FABE0C70" box="[1272,1303,540,562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">5.9</emphasis>
|
||
(±2.2)–11 (actine)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FDEAFDB10C19" box="[269,536,581,603]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FDEAFDB10C19" box="[269,536,581,603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254647 (p) SS,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421675FDEAFC310C19" box="[827,920,581,603]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
26–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFDEAFB880C19" box="[1013,1057,581,603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">45.1</emphasis>
|
||
(±11.3)–68 2–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FDEAFABE0C19" box="[1272,1303,581,603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">3.3</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.5)–5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421443FDC1FE770CC6" box="[269,478,622,644]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421443FDC1FE770CC6" box="[269,478,622,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1254650 (h) LP,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421674FDC0FC1B0CC6" box="[826,946,622,644]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
20–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216BBFDC1FB880CC6" box="[1013,1057,622,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">40.4</emphasis>
|
||
(±12.8)–71 2–
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211B6FDC1FABE0CC6" box="[1272,1303,622,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">3.3</emphasis>
|
||
(±0.7)–5
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC4215D9FD0AFBC90CFE" blockId="4.[151,1120,677,700]" box="[151,1120,677,700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
*Location BDT refers to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC4214EAFD0AFDE10CFE" box="[420,584,677,700]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
, SS refers to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC42179BFD0AFCCA0CFE" box="[725,867,677,700]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42164AFD0AFCCA0CFE" box="[772,867,677,700]" name="El Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and LP to La Parguera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589FD4AFAC40A5C" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421589FD4AFE6A0CBC" bold="true" box="[199,451,741,766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Extensive surveys performed in the Caribbean suggest that this sponge is obligately associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421404FCA5FE400D60" box="[330,489,777,802]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421404FCA5FE400D60" box="[330,489,777,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as free-living forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4217BDFCA5FC610D60" box="[755,968,777,802]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217BDFCA5FC610D60" box="[755,968,777,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421681FCA6FB810D60" bold="true" box="[975,1064,777,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFDFCC421681FCA6FB810D60" box="[975,1064,777,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have not been observed in more than 25 surveys that spanned four countries in the Caribbean:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421601FC82FC010D04" box="[847,936,813,838]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421601FC82FC010D04" box="[847,936,813,838]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC4216FDFC82FBB40D04" box="[947,1053,813,838]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421167FC81FB070D04" box="[1065,1198,813,838]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC4211F2FC82FA3C0D04" author="Vicente" box="[1212,1429,813,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421055FC81FAE50D04" box="[1307,1356,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421588FCFDFEB60D2B" box="[198,287,850,873]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421588FCFDFEB60D2B" box="[198,287,850,873]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
in this study.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4214F6FCFDFD240D28" box="[440,653,849,874]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214F6FCFDFD240D28" box="[440,653,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4217DBFCFEFC840D28" box="[661,813,849,874]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217DBFCFEFC840D28" box="[661,813,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">X.deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sponge pairs have been documented from small sponge recruits to massive adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFDFCC42148CFCDAFDAA0DCC" box="[450,515,885,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,198,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[215,1371,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov. (A) holotype (USNM 1254650) (brown) being overgrown by Xestospongia deweerdtae (pink) with zoanthids (red) in situ; (B) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (C) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (D) close-up of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (E-F) diods (SEM); (G) triods (SEM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255304/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421710FCDAFC9F0DCC" author="Vicente" box="[606,822,885,910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217F4FCD9FD5B0DCC" box="[698,754,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These sponge pairs are found on the upper level (
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFDFCC42103EFCD9FF7B0DF0" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" unit="m" value="33.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="30.0">30– 36 m</quantity>
|
||
) of mesophotic reef habitats, on vertical walls, shaded sides of pinnacles, as well as cryptic habitats (roof of overhangs and reef caves) of the Caribbean. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42178CFC11FCB20D97" box="[706,795,958,981]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC42178CFC11FCB20D97" box="[706,795,958,981]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
the new species was found in a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFDFCC421049FC11FAEC0D97" box="[1287,1349,958,982]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
|
||
, on the shaded sides of spur and groove hard bottom habitats exposed to high wave energy; individuals are completely overgrown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421474FBA9FE700A5C" box="[314,473,1029,1054]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421474FBA9FE700A5C" box="[314,473,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the point where the new species is not visible unless the sponge pair is broken.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFDFCC421589FB86FF100AC8" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589FB86FF100AC8" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421589FB86FEC90A00" bold="true" box="[199,352,1065,1090]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421427FB86FE660A00" box="[361,463,1065,1090]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421769FB85FD160A00" box="[551,703,1065,1090]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC421714FB86FD160A00" box="[602,703,1065,1090]" name="El Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421782FB85FCCD0A00" box="[716,868,1065,1090]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC4217B1FB86FCCD0A00" box="[767,868,1065,1090]" name="El Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Acklins,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421696FB85FBF70A00" box="[984,1118,1066,1090]" country="Bahamas" name="Mayaguana" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Mayaguana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Mira Por Voz, Plana Keys, Hogsty Reef; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC4214DAFBE2FDC40A24" author="Vicente" box="[404,621,1101,1126]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214BFFBE1FD8A0A24" box="[497,547,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217E4FBE1FD750A24" box="[682,732,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC42162AFBE1FC140A27" box="[868,957,1102,1125]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC42162AFBE1FC140A27" box="[868,957,1102,1125]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Dolphin Rock,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDFCC421135FBE1FA8E0A24" box="[1147,1319,1101,1126]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B02A0CFFDFCC421071FBE2FAD60A24" box="[1343,1407,1101,1126]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1050,1072]" captionTargetBox="[160,1414,189,1013]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,173,1025]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Collection sites of Plakortis deweerdtaephila sp. nov., Plakortis symbiotica sp. nov., Haliclona plakophila and Xestospongia deweerdtae in the Caribbean. (A) Detailed map of sponge species and sponge pair locations for the Bahamas (Little San Salvador, San Salvador, Hogsty Reef, Acklins, Mayaguana, Mira Por Voz, Plana Cays, Little Inagua, Great Inagua) (B), Mexico (Cozumel, Banco Chinchorro) (C), Puerto Rico (Mona, Desecheo, La Parguera) (D), and Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) (E). A list of sponge species and their lifestyle are indicated in the legend on panel B. The Plakortis symbiotica and Haliclona plakophila pair has been found only on the south coast of Puerto Rico." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255302/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26916502FFDFCC401589FB3AFAB80B16" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589FB3AFD6D0A90" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421589FB3AFEE70AEC" bold="true" box="[199,334,1173,1198]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421498FB3AFD390AEC" box="[470,656,1173,1198]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421498FB3AFD390AEC" box="[470,656,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
denotes the close association with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42117CFB39FAFD0AEC" box="[1074,1364,1173,1198]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42117CFB39FAFD0AEC" box="[1074,1364,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4215D9FB16FF780A90" box="[151,209,1209,1234]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">phila</emphasis>
|
||
meaning “living or growing by preference”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589FB72FD880BB3" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421589FB72FE150AB4" bold="true" box="[199,444,1245,1270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
There are currently 12
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42178EFB72FC8F0AB4" box="[704,806,1245,1270]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42178EFB72FC8F0AB4" box="[704,806,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species known for the TWA of which seven occur in the Caribbean:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421455FAADFD370B58" authority="Carter 1883" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1883" box="[283,670,1281,1306]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421455FAADFE510B58" box="[283,504,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421747FAADFD3C0B58" author="Carter" box="[521,661,1282,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Carter, H. (1883) Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12, 308 - 329. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459636" type="journal article" year="1883">Carter 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4217E2FAADFBF90B58" authority="De Laubenfels 1934" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1934" box="[684,1104,1281,1306]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zyggompha">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217E2FAADFCE30B58" box="[684,842,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. zyggompha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421615FAADFBE10B58" author="De" box="[859,1096,1281,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellanous Collections, 91, 1 - 28 .." type="journal article" year="1934">De Laubenfels 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421110FAADFF730B7C" authority="Wilson 1902" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1902" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421110FAADFA930B58" box="[1118,1338,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421004FAAEFF7A0B7C" author="Wilson" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Wilson, H. (1902) The sponges collected in Porto Rico in 1899 by the US Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 2, 375 - 411." type="journal article" year="1902">Wilson 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4215A7FA89FDC20B7C" authority="Ereskovsky et al., 2014" authorityName="Ereskovsky et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[233,619,1317,1342]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="myrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4215A7FA89FEE20B7F" box="[233,331,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. myrae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421416FA8AFDC20B7C" author="Ereskovsky" box="[344,619,1317,1342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V., Lavrov, D. V. & Willenz, P. (2014) Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description of Plakina jamaicensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 285 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413000295" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ereskovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214AAFA89FD890B7C" box="[484,544,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421737FA89FD530B7F" box="[633,762,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e d w a rd s i</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421649FA8AFBB20B7C" author="Ereskovsky" box="[775,1051,1317,1342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V., Lavrov, D. V. & Willenz, P. (2014) Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description of Plakina jamaicensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 285 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413000295" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ereskovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216DAFA89FC660B7C" box="[916,975,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421112FA89FB690B7F" box="[1116,1216,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. da r i a e</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421183FA8AFF7A0B20" author="Ereskovsky" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V., Lavrov, D. V. & Willenz, P. (2014) Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description of Plakina jamaicensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 285 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413000295" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ereskovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421014FA89FA3C0B7C" box="[1370,1429,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421592FAE5FE180B20" box="[220,433,1353,1378]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421592FAE5FE180B20" box="[220,433,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214F6FAE6FDB80B20" bold="true" box="[440,529,1353,1378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFDFCC4214F6FAE6FDB80B20" box="[440,529,1353,1378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
does not have any microrhabds or quasiamphiasters which places it among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4210C9FAE5FF440BC4" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4210C9FAE5FF440BC4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC42176DFAC2FD610BC4" author="Muricy" box="[547,712,1389,1414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Muricy, G. (2011) Diversity of Indo-Australian Plakortis (Demospongiae: Plakinidae), with description of four new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 303 - 319. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410000743" type="journal article" year="2011">Muricy (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This species complex in the TWA includes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4211F5FAC1FEFF0BE8" authority="Moraes & Muricy, 2003" authorityName="Moraes & Muricy" authorityYear="2003" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4211F5FAC1FA910BC4" box="[1211,1336,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC421008FAC1FEE70BE8" author="Moraes" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Moraes, F. C. & Muricy, G. (2003) Taxonomy of Plakortis and Plakinastrella (Demospongiae: Plakinidae) from oceanic islands off north-eastern Brazil, with description of three new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 83, 385 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315403007239 h" type="journal article" year="2003">Moraes & Muricy, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42142CFA3DFE550BE8" box="[354,508,1425,1450]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zyggompha">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42142CFA3DFE550BE8" box="[354,508,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. zyggompha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421745FA3DFD250BE8" box="[523,652,1425,1450]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421745FA3DFD250BE8" box="[523,652,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. edwardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC421784FA3DFC820BE8" box="[714,811,1425,1450]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421784FA3DFC820BE8" box="[714,811,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By having two size classes of diods the new species is more similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421406FA19FE6F0B8F" box="[328,454,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e dw ard s i</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4214B1FA19FDCD0B8C" box="[511,612,1461,1486]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214B1FA19FDCD0B8C" box="[511,612,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that inhabit vertical shaded sides of reef boulders in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC4211FDFA1AFA990B8C" box="[1203,1328,1461,1486]" name="Martinique" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Martinique</collectingCountry>
|
||
and were collected along depths of
|
||
<quantity id="A9739B6CFFDFCC4214F9FA76FDB40BB3" box="[439,541,1497,1522]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" unit="m" value="24.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="22.0">
|
||
22–
|
||
<specimenCount id="788DFD00FFDFCC4214AFFA76FDB40BB3" box="[481,541,1497,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" type="generic">26 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589FA52FDD608AF" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
The external morphology of the new species differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42163EFA51FC580857" box="[880,1009,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e d w a rds i</emphasis>
|
||
by having an irregular surface with oscules that can be elevated with large openings. In
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217A9F98DFCCF087B" box="[743,870,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e d w a rds i</emphasis>
|
||
oscules are flush with the surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDFCC4211B5F98EFF51081C" author="Ereskovsky" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V., Lavrov, D. V. & Willenz, P. (2014) Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description of Plakina jamaicensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 285 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413000295" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ereskovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4210C6F98DFF1D081C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ectosome of the new species has more organized circular meshes than
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42111BF9E9FB74081C" box="[1109,1245,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42111BF9E9FB70081C" box="[1109,1241,1605,1630]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="edwardsi">P. edwardsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
without spicules cluttering open circular spaces. There is also an abundance of subectosomal lacunae that separates the ectosome from the choanosome in the new species that is not mentioned in the description of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421102F921FB6308E7" box="[1100,1226,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e d w a rd s i</emphasis>
|
||
. The choanosome also has more abundant circular meshes than in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217F3F91DFC95088B" box="[701,828,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e d w a rds i</emphasis>
|
||
. Spicules of specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDFCC4211DAF91EFA810888" box="[1172,1320,1713,1738]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, however, are similar in size and shape to
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4214B9F979FDDD08AF" box="[503,628,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. e dw ard s i</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDFCC421589F956FAB809A8" blockId="4.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Despite having similar spicule sizes to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4217C5F955FD5B0950" box="[651,754,1785,1810]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4217C5F955FD5B0950" box="[651,754,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new species differs in external morphology and in the skeleton arrangement of the ectosome and choanosome. Also, the color of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC4216A8F8B1FBE00974" box="[998,1097,1821,1846]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216A8F8B1FBE00974" box="[998,1097,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is green, contrasting with the brown of the new species. Sponge individuals of the new species are larger and thicker than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42118CF8EDFA810918" box="[1218,1320,1857,1882]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42118CF8EDFA810918" box="[1218,1320,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new species also has larger oscules and an irregular surface. The ectosome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDFCC42169EF8C9FB9C093C" box="[976,1077,1893,1918]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC42169EF8C9FB9C093C" box="[976,1077,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. dariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly differentiated without subectosomal lacunae. Spicules of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC421753F825FDD709E3" box="[541,638,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. d ar i ae</emphasis>
|
||
cross the surface of the ectosome while spicules in the ectosome of the new species never cross the surface. The shape of the small diods of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDFCC4216EDF801FBAC0987" box="[931,1029,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">P. d ar i ae</emphasis>
|
||
is also irregular with one end blunt which does not coincide with the shape of small diods in the new species that are always symmetrical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF46601FFDECC4315D9F8EFFBED09AD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/255303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" targetBox="[234,1337,199,1797]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDECC4315D9F8EFFBED09AD" blockId="5.[151,1436,1856,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDECC4315D9F8EFFEB30917" bold="true" box="[151,282,1856,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDECC431466F8EFFD930914" box="[296,570,1856,1878]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDECC431466F8EFFD930914" box="[296,570,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">Plakortis deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDECC431706F8EFFD360917" bold="true" box="[584,671,1856,1877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47CC57E0FFDECC431706F8EFFD360917" box="[584,671,1856,1877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) holotype (USNM1254645) (basibiont-brown) fully overgrown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDECC4315D9F8CFFE320937" box="[151,411,1887,1909]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDECC4315D9F8CFFE320937" box="[151,411,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">Xestospongia deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(epibiont-pink) in Panama; the specimen has been uplifted from the bottom to show the basibiont; oscules directed downwards are visible; (B) Bahamas USNM1254647 (brown) partially overgrown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDECC4311F9F8D0FAE109D1" box="[1207,1352,1917,1940]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDECC4311F9F8D0FAE109D1" box="[1207,1352,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pink); (C) tangential section of the ectosome (LM); (D) perpendicular section through the ectosome and choanosome (LM); (E) closeup of a perpendicular section through the choanosome (LM); (F) diods from specimens from Panama (SEM); (G-H) diods from specimens collected in the Bahamas (SEM); (I) triods from specimens from Panama (SEM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDDCC401589FF38FF4F0F02" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The specimen also shows morphological differences to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC40167DFF36FC190EF2" box="[819,944,151,176]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC40167DFF36FC190EF2" box="[819,944,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in that it has an irregular surface with large oscules. The skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014E2FF12FD830E97" box="[428,554,188,213]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014E2FF12FD830E97" box="[428,554,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of a loose and confused arrangement of diods in low density and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4010C9FF12FEF90EBA" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4010C9FF12FEF90EBA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diods are present in high density forming organized circular meshes. The dense arrangement of diods also forms subectosomal lacunae which are not present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401632FEAAFC550F5F" box="[892,1020,260,285]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401632FEAAFC550F5F" box="[892,1020,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Small diods in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4011F5FEAAFA930F5F" box="[1211,1338,260,285]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4011F5FEAAFA930F5F" box="[1211,1338,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDDCC401589FEE3FC7F0CEA" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The thick massive shape, brown color and dark color exudate, plus having some spicules reaching sizes>150 µm, led
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC4015B7FEDFFE150FCA" box="[249,444,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Zea, S., Henkel, T. & Pawlik, J. (2009) The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges. 2 nd Edition. Available from: www. spongeguide. org / 2 ndEdition (Accessed 3 Mar. 2016)" type="journal article">
|
||
Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401462FEDEFEC80FCA" box="[300,353,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to erroneously identify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC40179BFEDEFC040FCA" box="[725,941,367,392]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC40179BFEDEFC040FCA" box="[725,941,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401696FEDEFB1D0FCA" box="[984,1204,367,392]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401696FEDEFB1D0FCA" box="[984,1204,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This fact was later corrected (Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401471FE3AFED90FEF" box="[319,368,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014) after the molecular and spicular comparisons of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC401691FE3BFB6C0FEE" box="[991,1221,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401172FE3AFBC50FEF" box="[1084,1132,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated their distinctiveness. To understand their differences, we made direct comparisons of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC40118BFE16FA320F92" box="[1221,1435,439,464]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC40118BFE16FA320F92" box="[1221,1435,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401435FE72FDF30FB7" box="[379,602,476,501]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401435FE72FDF30FB7" box="[379,602,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDDCC4017E4FE73FCE90FB7" box="[682,832,476,501]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDDCC4016CCFE72FBB90FB7" box="[898,1040,476,501]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Morphologically, the ectosomal skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401452FDAEFE5F0C5A" box="[284,502,511,536]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401452FDAEFE5F0C5A" box="[284,502,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401665FDAEFBAB0C5A" box="[811,1026,511,536]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401665FDAEFBAB0C5A" box="[811,1026,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that spicules break the surface of the ectosome. Spicules also protrude inside circular meshes of the ectosome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401106FD8AFA8F0C7F" box="[1096,1318,548,573]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401106FD8AFA8F0C7F" box="[1096,1318,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4010C9FD8AFEF90C22" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4010C9FD8AFEF90C22" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
circular meshes are free of spicules. Spicule sizes are also significantly smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4010C9FDE6FEF90CC7" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4010C9FDE6FEF90CC7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014E0FDC2FCD70CC6" authority="Vicente et al. 2014" authorityName="Vicente et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[430,894,620,645]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halichondrioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014E0FDC2FD200CC7" box="[430,649,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. halichondrioides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC4017D6FDC3FCDF0CC6" author="Vicente" box="[664,886,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Vicente, J., Zea, S., Powell, R. J., Pawlik, J. R. & Hill, R. T. (2014) New epizooic symbioses between sponges of the genera Plakortis and Xestospongia in cryptic habitats of the Caribbean. Marine Biology, 161, 2803 - 2818. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2546 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Vicente
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4017B6FDC2FC980CC7" box="[760,817,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401137FDC2FAE60CC7" box="[1145,1359,620,645]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401137FDC2FAE60CC7" box="[1145,1359,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4010C9FDC2FEB80CEA" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4010C9FDC2FEB80CEA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are given below in the taxonomic remarks of the latter species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDDCC401589FD1BFE9A0A77" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401473FD1AFDB60C8F" box="[317,543,692,717]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401473FD1AFDB60C8F" box="[317,543,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported from Carrie Bow Cay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDDCC4016A3FD1BFB9E0C8F" box="[1005,1079,692,717]" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDDCC4016A3FD1BFB9E0C8F" box="[1005,1079,692,717]" country="Belize" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Belize</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, completely overgrown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4010CAFD1AFDBB0CB2" authority="Rutzler et al. 2014" authorityName="Rutzler et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4010CAFD1AFEBE0CB2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC401467FD78FDA30CB2" author="Rutzler" box="[297,522,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., van Soest, R. W. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Rützler
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014C9FD76FE6A0CB2" box="[391,451,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spicule size and shape of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401631FD76FBF40CB2" box="[895,1117,727,752]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401631FD76FBF40CB2" box="[895,1117,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC40104AFD78FF480D56" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., van Soest, R. W. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article">
|
||
Rützler
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC40102EFD76FA350CB2" box="[1376,1436,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are in agreement with
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014B4FD52FD720D57" box="[506,731,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014B4FD52FD7E0D57" box="[506,727,764,789]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">P. deweerdtaephila</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thus, its identity needs to be confirmed through molecular analysis, as the sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014ABFC8EFD6B0D7A" box="[485,706,799,824]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014ABFC8EFD6B0D7A" box="[485,706,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we used herein (see below) turned out to be distantly related to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4015B6FCEAFE670D1F" box="[248,462,836,861]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4015B6FCEAFE670D1F" box="[248,462,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014BBFCEAFD230D1F" box="[501,650,836,861]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014BBFCEAFD230D1F" box="[501,650,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4017D7FCEAFCDA0D1F" box="[665,883,836,861]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4017D7FCEAFCDA0D1F" box="[665,883,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widespread Caribbean species, and its many reports may encompass several of the species newly described in the last decade (e.g., Ereskovski
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401058FCC6FAE20DC2" box="[1302,1355,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC4015D9FC23FE350DE6" author="Domingos" box="[151,412,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Domingos, C., Moraes, F. & Muricy, G. (2013) Four new species of Plakinidae (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3718 (6), 530 - 544. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3718.6.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Domingos
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401459FC22FEE40DE7" box="[279,333,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it needs to be reassessed, preferably from
|
||
<typeStatus id="B130882BFFDDCC4016E5FC23FBA40DE7" box="[939,1037,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
material. The
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4011F0FC23FB4E0DE7" box="[1214,1255,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">cob</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401068FC23FAF50DE6" box="[1318,1372,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
gene sequences we used from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401482FC1EFD070D8A" box="[460,686,943,968]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401482FC1EFD070D8A" box="[460,686,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals were determined by Ereskovski
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401183FC1EFAAC0D8A" box="[1229,1285,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014) and Erpenbeck
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401458FC7AFEEF0DAF" box="[278,326,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008), respectively. The only character that apparently may distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4011CDFC7AFAF70DAF" box="[1155,1374,980,1005]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="angulospiculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4011CDFC7AFAF70DAF" box="[1155,1374,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. angulospiculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from our two new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4014EDFC58FDA30A52" box="[419,522,1015,1040]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4014EDFC58FDA30A52" box="[419,522,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is its lack of dark brown exudate (Ereskovski
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401159FC56FBEE0A52" box="[1047,1095,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013), but even this needs to be confirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDDCC401589FB90FDA80AAA" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The most important morphological character that differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4016DCFBEEFBC10A1A" box="[914,1128,1087,1112]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtaephila">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4016DCFBEEFBC10A1A" box="[914,1128,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. deweerdtaephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401193FB90FAED0A1A" box="[1245,1348,1087,1112]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401193FB90FAED0A1A" box="[1245,1348,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is that individuals have only been found associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401661FBCAFC780A3F" box="[815,977,1124,1149]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401661FBCAFC780A3F" box="[815,977,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No other sponge associations between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4015D9FB28FF570AE2" box="[151,254,1159,1184]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4015D9FB28FF570AE2" box="[151,254,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Plakortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401408FB26FE740AE2" box="[326,477,1161,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401408FB26FE740AE2" box="[326,477,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Xestospongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported other than the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC401610FB26FC5B0AE2" box="[862,1010,1159,1184]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC401610FB26FC5B0AE2" box="[862,1010,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">P. symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98B4D0AFFDDCC4016B4FB26FB300AE2" box="[1018,1177,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFFEA9BFFDDCC4016B4FB26FB300AE2" box="[1018,1177,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">X. deweerdtae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sponge pair (described below). This is the first time that an obligate symbiosis with a heterospecific sponge species is a taxonomic character of any sponge species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E343689FFDDCC401589FB5BFAB80B16" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The larger size of spicules in specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDDCC401790FB5AFC9E0B4E" box="[734,823,1269,1292]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AC4FF86BFFDDCC401790FB5AFC9E0B4E" box="[734,823,1269,1292]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
in comparison to those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="169C7619FFDDCC4011DFFB5BFA8D0B4F" box="[1169,1316,1268,1293]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="23090332FFDDCC40107AFB5BFA220B4E" box="[1332,1419,1268,1293]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,260,283]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of diods and triods (length and width) of holotypes (h) and paratypes (p) of Plakortis deweerdtaephila and Plakortis symbiotica. Triod measurements are actine length and width. Measurements are expressed as minimum – mean (± 1 standard deviation) – maximum. N = 30." pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), reflect a Caribbean wide geographical pattern present in many groups of sponges, attributed to the apparent enrichment of silicon that continental locations experience, in comparison to oceanic ones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1A4B78FFDDCC4011DBFA93FAAD0B16" author="Zea" box="[1173,1284,1340,1364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe colombiano: Catalogo cientifico, Colombia" type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |